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OBRABy  ^  CMS  C  AG  Op 
^^^^^ 


i'RESHisr'r:EiD  by 


Digitized  by 

the  Internet  Archive 

in  2015 

https://archive.org/details/reportsofpeabody03peab 


REPORTS 


OF  THE 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 


OF 


AMERICAN  ARCHiEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY, 


IN  CONNECTION  WITH 


HARVARD  UNIYERSITY. 


VOLUME  III 
1880-86. 


CAMBRIDGE  : 

PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OP  THE  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES. 

1887. 


PRINTED  AT  THE  SALEM  PRESS, 
Salem,  Mass. 


PKEFATOEY  NOTE. 


The  first  volume  of  the  Eeports  of  the  Peabody 
Museum  was  made  up  in  1876,  and  contained  all  the 
Eeports  of  the  late  Professor  Jeffries  Wyman,  the  first 
Curator,  whose  services  in  the  original  organization  of 
the  Museum,  until  his  lamented  death  in  1874,  can 
never  be  too  highly  appreciated.  That  volume  con- 
tained, also,  a  Eeport  by  Professor  Asa  Gray,  the  Cu- 
rator jjro  tempore  during  a  part  of  the  years  1874  and 
1875,  together  with  two  Eeports  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Put- 
nam, who  was  appointed  Curator  in  the  latter  year. 

The  second  volume,  which  was  made  up  in  1880, 
contained  four  Eeports  of  Mr.  Putnam,  with  several 
su^Dplementary  Papers  on  special  subjects  connected 
with  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology. 

The  present  volume  contains  the  annual  Eeports  of 
Mr.  Putnam,  as  Curator,  for  the  last  seven  years,  to- 
gether with  other  supplementary  Papers,  and  gives 

an  account  of  the  Museum  to  the  present  time. 

(iii) 


3G384 


iv 

The  three  volumes  together  furnish  a  complete  his- 
tory of  the  Institution  for  twenty  years,  under  the 
charge  of  successive  Curators. 

The  next  volume  will  commence  with  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  Museum  by  a  Professor  of  the  Uni- 
versity,—  Mr.  Putnam  having  been  appointed  "the 
Peabody  Professor  of  American  Archaeology  and 
Ethnology,"  at  Harvard  University,  on  the  12th  of 
January,  1887.  He  will  still  remain  Curator  ex  officio, 
agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  Mr.  Peabody's  Letter 
of  Trust. 

31  Marcli,lS87. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  III. 


rOURTEENTH  REPORT,  1880. . 

List  of  Trustees  and  Officers  of  the  Museum     ......  4 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Har- 
vard College    » 

Abstract  from  the  Records   6 

Report  of  the  Curator   

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1880  .  29 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1880  .  86 

Report  of  the  Treasurer    39 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator    40 

FIFTEENTH  REPORT,  1881. 

List  of  Trustees  and  Officers  of  the  Museum     ......  46 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Har- 
vard College   47 

Abstract  from  the  Records   48 

Report  of  the  Treasurer   49 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   50 

archieologtcal  research  in  america:  circular  letter  relat- 
ING TO   52 

Subscribers  to  Exploration  Fund   54 

Report  of  the  Curator   55 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1881  .  74 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1881 .  80 
Notes  on  the  Copper  objects  from  North  and  South  America 

contained  in  the  collections  of  the  Peabody  Museum. 

(Illustrated.)    By  F.  W.  Putnam   ,83 

SIXTEENTH  REPORT,  1882. 

List  of  Trustees  and  Officers  of  the  Museum   152 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Har- 
vard College   153 

Abstract  from  the  Records   154 

(V) 


vi 


CONTENTS. 


Sixteenth  Report  of  the  Treasurer  155 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator  156 

List  of  Subscribers  in  aid  of  Arch^ological  and  Ethnological 

Research  in  America  158 

Sixteenth  Report  of  the  Curator  159 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  yeapv  1882    .  193 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1882  .  203 
On  the  Social  and  Political  Position  of  Woman  among  the 

Huron-Iroquois  Tribes.    By  Lucien  Carr  207 

Notes  upon  Human  Remains  from  Caves  in  Coahuila,  Mexico. 

By  Cordelia  A.  Studley  233 

The  White  Buffalo  Festival  of  the  Uncpapas.    By  Alice  C. 

Fletcher  260 

The  Elk  Mystery  or  Festival  of  the  Ogallala  Sioux.  By 

Alice  C.  Fletcher  276 

The  Religious  Ceremony  of  the  Four  Winds  as  observed  by 

the  Santef.  Sioux.    By  Aiack  C.  Fletcher  289 

The  Shadow  or  Ghost  Lodge;  a  Ceremony  of  the  Ogallala 

Sioux.    By  Alice  C.  Fletcher  .   296 

The  Wa-wan,  ok   Pipe  Dance  of  the  Omahas.    By  Alice  C. 

Fletcher   308 


SEVENTEENTH  REPORT,  1883. 

Abstract  from  the  Records   334 

Seventeenth  Report  of  the  Treasurer   335 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   336 

Seventeenth  Report  of  the  Curator   339 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1883.  368 

List  op  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1883.  376 
Report  on  the  Meteoric  Iron  from  the  Altar  Mounds  in  the 

Little  Miami  Valley.    By  Leonard  P.  Kinnicutt     .   .    .  381 


EIGHTEENTH  REPORT,  1884. 

List  of  Trustees,  Officers  and  Special  Assistants  ....  888 
Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellovp's  of 


Harvard  College   389 

Abstract  from  the  Records   391 

Resolutions  on  the  death  of  Stephen  Salisbury  and  John  C. 

Phillips,  late  Trustees  of  the  Museum    395 

Eighteenth  Report  op  the  Treasurer   397 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   39S 

List  of  Subscribers  in  aid  of  Archaeological  and  Ethnolog- 
ical Research  in  America   400 


co:j?te>sTS.  vii 

Eighteenth  Erpokt  of  the  Curator   .  401 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1884.  419 
List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1884.  429 

Notes  on  the  Anomalies,  Injuries  and  Diseases  of  the  Bones 
of  the  Native  Peoples  of  North  America,  contained  in 

THE  OSTEOLOGICAL  COLLECTION  OF  THE  MUSEUIM.     BY  WiL- 

LiAM  F.  Whitney   433 

Explorations  in  Ohio  by  C.  L.  Metz  and  F.  W.  Putnam  :  The 
Marriott  Mound,  No.  1,  and  its  Contents.  By  F.  W.  Put- 
nam.   (Illustrated)  449 

NINETEENTH  REPORT,  1885. 

Abstract  from  the  Records    469 

Nineteenth  Report  of  the  Treasurer   473 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   474 

Nineteenth  Report  of  the  Curator   477 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1885  503 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1885  508 

TWENTIETH  REPORT,  1886. 

List  of  Trustees,  Officers,  and  Special  Assistants   516 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of 

Harvard  College   517 

Abstract  from  the  Records   519 

Twentieth  Rkport  of  the  Treasurer   525 

Cash  Account  OF  THE  Curator   526 

List  of  Subscribers  aiding  in  the  work  of  the  Museum  .  .  .  528 
An  Appeal  for  aid  in  the  explop.ations  :  Letter  from  the 

Curator  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Endorsement  of 

THE  Appeal  by  the  Trustees   529 

Twentieth  Report  of  the  Curator   635 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1886  571 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1886  676 
The  way  Bone  Fish-hooks  avere  made  in  the  Little  Miami 

Valley,  Ohio.  By  F.  W.  Putnam.  (Illustrated)  ...  581 
INDEX. 


FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORT 

OF  THE  TRUSTEES 


OF  THE 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 


OF 


AMEEIOAN  AEOKSOLOGT  AND  ETHNOLOGY. 


PRESENTED  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOWS  OP 
HARVARD  COLLEGE,  MAY,  1881. 


Vol.  III.     No.  1. 


CAMBRIDGE : 

PKINIED  BV  ORDER  OP  THE  TRUSTEES. 
1881. 


PRINTED  AT  THE  SALEM  PRESS, 
Salem,  Mass. 


CONTEISTTS. 


List  of  Trustees  and  Officers  of  the  Museum   4 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of 

Harvard  College    .   5 

Abstract  from  the  Records   q 

Report  of  the  Curator   7 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1880  .  29 

List  of  Donors  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1880  .    .  36 

Report  of  the  Treasurer   39 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   40 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 

OF 

AMERICAN  ARCHJ50L0GY  AND  ETHNOLOGY 

IN  CONNECTION  WITH 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 

FOUNDED  BT  GEOKGE  PEABODY,  OCTOBER  8,  1866. 


TRUSTEES. 

Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Boston,  1866.  Chairman. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Quincy,  1866;  resigned,  1881. 

Francis  Peabody,  Salem,  1866;  deceased,  1867. 

Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  1866.    Treasurer,  1866-1881. 

Asa  Gray,  Cambridge,  1866.    Fro  tempore  Curator  of  the  Museum,  1874. 

Jeffries  Wyman,   Cambridge,   1866;   deceased  1874.     Curator  of  the 

Museum,  1866-1874. 
George  Peabody  Russell,   Salem,   1866;   resigned,   1876.  Secretary, 

1866-1873. 

Henry  Wheatland,  Salem,  1867.    Successor  to  Francis  Peabody,  as 

President  of  the  Essex  Institute.    Secretary,  1873. 
Thomas  T.  Bouv£,  Boston,  1874-1880.    Successor  to  Jeffries  Wyman, 

as  President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
Theodore  Lyman,  Brookline,  1876.     Successor  to  George  Peabody 

Russell,  by  election. 
Samuel  H.  Scudder,  Boston,  1880.     Successor  to  Thomas  T.  Bouve, 

as  President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
John  C.  Phillips,  Boston,  1881.    Successor  to  Charles  Francis  Adams, 

by  election. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  MUSEUM. 
Frederick  Ward  Putnam,  Curator,  1875. 
LuciEN  Carr,  Assistant  Curator,  1877. 
Miss  Jennie  Smith,  Assistant,  1878. 

Edward  E.  Chick,  Assistant  in  charge  of  the  Building,  1878. 
(4) 


FOURTEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORT. 


To  THE  President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College 

The  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archae- 
ology and  Ethnology  herewith  respectfully  communicate  to  the 
Pre'^sident  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College,  as  their  Fourteenth 
Annual  Report,  the  Reports  of  their  Curator  and  Treasurer  pre- 
sented at  the  Annual  Meeting,  March  7,  1881. 

ROBERT  C.  WINTHROP, 
CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS, 
STEPHEN  SALISBURY, 
ASA  GRAY, 
HENRY  WHEATLAND, 
THEODORE  LYMAN, 
SAMUEL  H.  SCUDDER. 

Cambridge, 

MAT  31,  1881.  (K\ 


ABSTRACT  PROM  THE  RECORDS. 


Monday,  March  7,  1881.  The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  was  held  this  day,  at  2  p.m.,  in  the  Museum,  Cambridge. 
Present:  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Adams,  Salisbury,  Lyman,  Scudder, 
Wheatland,  and  the  Curator. 

The  Eeport  of  the  Treasurer  was  read  and  accepted  and  ordered  to  be 
printed  under  the  direction  of  the  Treasurer  and  Curator,  as  a  part  of  the 
Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board. 

Mr.  Salisbury  resigned  the  office  of  Treasurer,  the  duties  of  which  he 
had  performed  since  the  organization  of  the  Board. 

Voted,  that  the  Trustees  accept  his  resignation  with  deep  regret,  and 
desire  to  place  upon  record  their  sincere  thanks  for  his  long  and  valuable 
services  in  this  responsible  position. 

Mr.  Theodore  Lyman  was  unanimously  elected  Treasurer. 

The  Curator  submitted  his  report  on  the  expenditures  during  the  year, 
which  was  accepted  and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  Curator  read  his  report  on  the  operations  of  the  Museum  during 
the  year,  which  was  accepted  and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  Trp:asurer  was  authorized  to  pay  to  the  Curator  the  income  of  the 
funds  for  the  ensuing  year. 

Hon.  Charles  Francis  Adams  resigned  his  position  on  the  Board  of 
Trustees. 

The  Board,  in  accepting  his  resignation,  expressed  deep  regret  that  he 
should  feel  compelled  thus  to  sever  his  connection  with  them,  and  offered 
him  their  grateful  acknowledgments  and  best  wishes. 

Mr.  John  C.  Phillips  of  Boston  was  unanimously  elected  to  fill  the 
vacancy  on  the  Board  created  by  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Adams. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned. 

Henry  Wheatland, 

Secretary. 

(6) 


EEPORT  OF  THE  CUEATOE. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  Archceology  and 
Ethliology : — 

Gentlemen  : — Since  your  meeting  here,  a  year  ago,  considerable 
progress' has  been  made  in  the  arrangement  of  the  collections,  and 
numerous  changes  have  been  brought  about,  all  tending  towards 
the  final  grouping  and  proper  exhibition  of  the  various  objects  in 
the  Museum. 

The  collections  thus  far  exhibited  in  the  new  and  permanent 
cases  are  so  arranged  as  to  show  both  their  ethnological  and 
archaeological  bearings :  the  object  of  this  arrangement  being  to 
exhibit,  as  far  as  possible,  the  present  condition  of  a  people,  and 
to  trace  its  history,  its.  connections  and,  if  possible,  its  origin  in 
far  distant  time  by  the  records  which  we  have  of  its  life,  its  arts, 
and  its  industries.  Of  course,  by  such  an  arrangement,  the 
various  peoples  of  the  earth  will  be  unequally  represented  by  the 
collections  in  the  Museum,  and  there  always  will  be  gaps  to  be  filled. 
Still,  it  seems  to  me  that  it  is  the  proper  basis  upon  which  such  a 
Museum  as  this  should  be  arranged,  and  the  one  that  w^ill  prove  the 
most  instructive  in  the  effort  to  solve  the  great  problem  of  the 
origin  and  distribution  of  man.  When  the  time  shall  come  for  the 
transfer  of  the  collections  pertaining  to  the  nearly  related  nations 
of  mankind,  to  the  large  halls  which  we  shall  have  when  the  next 
section  of  the  building  is  erected,  the  natural  sequence  of  such 
an  arrangement  will  be  better  seen  and  understood,  than  it  is  in 
our  present  rooms,  where  the  separation  of  the  several  groups  has 
to  be  more  or  less  arbitrary.  In  making  this  separation,  geograph- 
ical divisions  have  been  followed.  In  pursuance  of  this  plan, 
the  northern  room  on  the  first  floor  is  now  given  to  objects  taken 
from  the  mounds  and  stone-graves  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
and  eastward,  to  which  are  added,  as,  probably,  belonging  to 
the  same  peoples,  the  objects  from  caves  in  Kentucky,  Ohio  and 
Tennessee. 

(7) 


By  this  arrangement  es^ery  student  may  draw  such  conclusions 
as  he  thinks  just  in  regard  to  the  relations  of  the  recent  Indian 
tribes  of  some  parts  of  the  country,  many  of  which  certainly  built 
mounds,  with  the  builders  of  earthworks  in  other  portions  of  the 
country,  and  of  different  times.  To  carry  out  the  comparison 
still  further,  the  student  may,  under  the  present  arrangement, 
go  to  another  room  where  he  will  be  able  to  study  objects  from 
known  Indian  tribes,  and  from  Indian  graves  found  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  ;  as  well  as  the  large  collection  of  stone 
implements,  and  other  objects  classed  as  surface  finds,  which  are 
consequently,  in  great  part,  he  work  of  unknown  or  doubtful 
periods,  although  the  probability  is  that  the  majority  of  such 
specimens  are  comparatively  recent. 

The  principles  of  this  arrangement  must  not  be  understood  to 
exclude  the  presentation  of  other  important  subjects,  such  as  the 
corresponding  developments  of  implements,  weapons,  arts  and 
customs  among  different  peoples,  and  other  auxiliary  collections 
illustrative  of  the  general  history  and  progress  of  man  from  geo- 
logical time. 

Since  the  last  meeting  the  three  cases  on  the  first  northern 
gallery,  which  were  then  occupied  by  the  "Bucklin  collection" 
from  Peru,  have  been  filled  with  objects  from  Central  America  and 
Mexico,  so  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  two  wall  cases  in  which 
the  small  Egyptian  collection  is  still  temporarily  exhibited,  this 
gallery  is  now  devoted  to  the  Mexican  and  Central  American 
collections. 

By  the  erection  of  cases  in  the  hall  on  the  second  floor,  room  has 
been  secured  there  for  the  exhibition  of  the  collections  from  the 
ancient  and  modern  Pueblos  and  the  Cliff-dwellings,  including  the 
series  of  models  of  Cliff-houses  and  Pueblos  which  were  formerly 
in  the  room  below.  There  is  still  room  for  another  case  on  the 
floor  of  this  hall,  which  will  soon  be  constructed  and  will  be  filled 
with  other  things  pertaining  to  the  Pueblo  collection,  which  are 
for  the  present  stored  in  the  workrooms.  The  walls  of  this  hall 
are  hung  with  a  series  of  large  photographs  taken  by  the  Geologic 
cal  and  Geographical  Surveys  under  the  direction  respectively  of 
Major  Powell  and  Capt.  Wheeler,  and  for  which  we  are  indebted 
to  the  gentlemen  named  and  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
the  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.  Among  these  photographs  are 
pictures  of  several  of  the  Moqui  towns  and  a  number  of  views 


9 


taken  at  Zuni,  as  well  as  several  views  of  ruined  Pueblos,  and  a 
few  photographs  of  the  inhabitants  of  Zuni.  Hay  den's  map  of  the 
country,  embracing  the  region  from  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  Colo- 
rado, on  which  the  positions  of  the  ruins,  cliff-houses,  and  present 
Pueblos  are  marked,  is  also  hung  in  this  hall. 

The  room  on  the  southern  side  of  the  hall  with  its  gallery 
has  also  been  arranged  and  opened  to  the  public  since  your  last 
meeting.  The  floor  of  this  room  is  devoted  to  the  collections  from 
South  America,  both  of  recent  and  ancient  times,  and  the  sequence 
and  connections  of  South  American  ethnology  and  archaeology  are 
there  fairly  shown. 

It  is  intended  to  devote  the  gallery  of  this  room  to  the  Pacific 
Islands  and  Australia,  but  until  the  collections  from  those  regions 
are  increased,  and  until  another  place  is  ready  for  the  small  col- 
lections from  Africa,  China,  India  and  Japan,  these  latter  will  be 
temporarily  exhibited  on  the  gallery,  as,  also,  for  a  short  time, 
will  be  a  portion  of  the  collection  relating  to  the  manufactures  of 
the  present  Indians  of  Mexico. 

The  northern  room  on  the  second  floor  has  also  been  rearranged 
during  the  past  year,  and  now  contains  the  articles  from  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America  and  a  few  small  special  collections, 
temporarily  exhibited  in  the  old  cases.  These  will  be  removed  in 
the  course  of  another  year  to  make  way  for  new  cases. 

The  general  collection  of  human  crania  and  skeletons  is  in 
process  of  arrangement  in  the  upper  rooms  and  cannot  be  opened 
to  the  public  for  a  year  or  more,  though  it  is  accessible  for 
study,  and  has  been  very  largely  used  by  special  workers  in  cra- 
niology  and  pathology.  Three  or  four  pathologists  are  now  en- 
gaged in  preparing  papers  based  upon  the  many  interesting 
osteological  specimens  preserved  in  this  collection.  In  this 
connection,  I  may  call  attention  to  the  recent  papers  on  the 
bony  tumor  in  the  ear  by  Dr.  J.  Clarence  Blake  (American  Jour- 
nal of  Otology),  based  upon  a  study  of  our  collection  of  crania 
from  the  mounds,  and  one  by  Mr.  Carr,  on  the  crania  of  the  New 
England  Indians,  just  printed  in  the  Memorial  Volume  of  the 
Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.  A  number  of  the  specimens 
have  also  been  borrowed  for  illustration  and  description  by  medi- 
cal men  of  Boston  and  Cambridge,  and  two  doctors  of  dentistry 
have  found  in  the  collection  much  of  interest  to  their  profession. 


10 


The  use  that  has  thus  been  made  of  this  collection  shows  its 
importance  in  other  ways  besides  its  strictly  ethnological  value, 
and  it  has  been  freely  opened  to  all  properly  qualified  inves- 


tigators. 


While  alluding  to  this  department  I  may  add  that  it  has  been 
very  largely  increased  during  the  year,  principally  by  the  transfer, 
by  Mr.  Agassiz,  of  the  collection  of  human  crania  from  the  Zoo- 
logical Museum.   By  this  transfer  we  receive  three  hundred  crania 
from  Peru,  fourteen  from  Hawaii,  four  from  India,  one  from  New 
Zealand,  one  from  Straits  of  Magellan,  and  five  of  North  American 
Indians,  also  portions  of  skeletons  from  Hawaii  and  Hayti,  and 
a  number  of  casts  of  skulls.    By  the  valuable  donation  from  Dr. 
W.  Sturgis  Bigelow  of  which  special  mention  is  made  in  another 
place,  twenty-one  mummied  heads  and  fourteen  crania  were  re- 
ceived from  Peru.    Three  heads  of  Egyptian  mummies  have  been 
received,  two  of  which   were  from  the  Boston   Society  of 
Natural  History  and  one  by  purchase.    Two  of  these  heads  are 
of  particular  interest  in  showing  the  method  of  dressing  the  hair 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians.    From  Dr.  Topinard  of  Paris  we 
have  received  a  valuable  addition  of  sixteen  crania  of  Frenchmen 
before  the  eighteenth  century.     The  collection  from  caves  in 
Mexico,  secured  by  Dr.  Palmer,  and  of  which  further  mention  will 
be  made,  contained  twenty-nine  well-preserved  crania  and  seven 
nearly  perfect  skeletons.    Professor  Pumpelly  has  presented  the 
cranium  and  portion  of  the  skeleton  of  an  Indian  dug  up  in  a  street 
of  Oswego,  N.  Y.  Mr.  S.  V.  Proudfit  has  sent  the  cranium  of  an 
Indian  child  from  a  grave  near  Glenwood,  Iowa.    In  the  collection 
obtained  by  Dr.  David  Mack  from  burial  mounds  in  Florida  are 
eleven  crania  and  many  fragments.    Mr.  Wm.  McAdams,  jr.,  of 
Otterville,  111.,  kindly  gave  to  the  Museum  the  four  crania  from 
mounds  in  Illinois  which  he  exhibited  at  the  Boston  Meeting  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.    The  ex- 
plorations of  Mr.  Curtis  in  Arkansas  have  added  forty-six  crania 
and  portions  of  numerous  skeletons,  among  which  are  many  inter- 
esting pathological  specimens,  to  our  already  large  and  important 
collection  from  the  southwestern  mounds.    In  the  Andrews  col- 
lection, recently  received,  there  are  several  very  old  crania  from  a 
mound  in  Ohio,  and  Mr.  Silas  Courtright  has  also  sent  us  a 
cranium  which  he  obtained  from  the  mound  explored  by  Prof. 


11 


Andrews.  These  last  make  a  very  valuable  addition  to  the  few 
crania  known  from  the  Ohio  mounds. 

To  the  late  Geo.  A.  Otis,  Surgeon  and  Brevet  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  U.  S.  A.,  we  have  been  indebted,  as  in  past  years,  for 
photographs  and  memoranda  relating  to  the  more  important  and 
remarkable  crania  received  at  the  Army  Medical  Museum,  of  which 
he  was  for  the  past  seventeen  years  the  indefatigable  and  honored 
curator.  An  old  and  intimate  friend  of  Prof.  Wyman,  he  ever  wel- 
comed me  most  cordially,  as  "Wyman's  successor  to  the  curator- 
ship  of  this  Museum,  and  our  official  relations  soon  ripened  into 
a  personal  friendship  to  be  severed  only  by  his  death.  By  the 
decease  of  Dr.  Otis  I  feel  that  I  have  lost  a  friend  upon  whose 
help  on  anatomical  subjects  I  could  always  rely,  and  that  anthro- 
pological science  and  the  Government  have  lost  a  long-tried  and 
faithful  worker  and  an  honored  officer. 

Death  has  indeed  been  severe  upon  the  friends  of  the  Museum 
during  the  past  year,  for  not  only  have  we  to  mourn  the  loss  of 
Dr.  Otis,  but  of  Count  Pourtai.es,  Dr.  Haldeman,  Prof.  Andrews 
and  Mr.  Curtis.  By  the  death  of  the  Keeper  of  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology,  L.  F.  de  Pourtales,  in  July  last,  not  only 
has  a  long  continued  personal  friendship  been  sundered,  but  the 
Museum  has  lost  one  who  was  deeply  interested  in  its  objects  and 
progress,  and  who  on  many  occasions  has  personally  and  officially 
given  his  kindly  and  valuable  assistance. 

Dr.  S.  S.  Haldeman  made  his  first  but  long  contemplated  visit 
to  the  Museum  in  August  last,  and  while  here  he  was  so  much  im- 
pressed with  the  importance  of  our  collections  and  method  of 
arrangement  that  he  promised  large  accessions  from  his  own  valu- 
able collection  from  the  Susquehanna  valley.  Returning  home, 
he  died  suddenly,  within  a  week,  and  before  he  had  time  to  carry 
out  his  good  intentions  in  relation  to  the  Museum.  During  the 
past  few  years  Dr.  Haldeman,  who  was  in  full  sympathy  with 
Dr.  Abbott's  work  in  New  Jersey,  was  in  the  habit,  from  time 
to  time,  of  giving  to  the  latter  specimens  of  particular  interest 
which  have  been  in  turn  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Dr. 
Abbott.  The  important  and  finely  illustrated  memoir  by  Dr. 
Haldeman,  on  the  contents  of  the  Rock-shelter  at  Chickies,  Penn- 
sylvania, published  since  his  death,  for  copies  of  which  we  are 
indebted  to  his  family,  will  ever  associate  his  name  vrith  American 
Archaeology. 


12 


Our  long-tried  and  faithful  fellow  workman,  Mr.  Edwin  Curtis  of 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  died  suddenly,  of  heart  disease,  at  his  home,  on 
the  6th  of  December  last.i   ^yben  I  was  engaged  in  making  explo- 
rations of  the  mounds  and  stone-graves  in  the  vicinity  of  Nashville 
in  1877,  I  secured  Mr.  Curtis  as  my  chief  assistant,  and  he  soon 
became  a  most  valuable  and  reliable  aid.    On  leaving  Tennessee  I 
arranged  with  him  to  carry  on  the  work  I  had  begun,  and,  acting 
under°  special  appropriations  granted  for  the  purpose,  he  has 
since  been  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time  at  work  exploring 
for  the  Museum  and  interesting  others  in  its  behalf.    After  a 
pretty  thorough  exploration  of  several  of  the  ancient  cemeteries 
and  mounds  in    Tennessee,    during  which  he  opened  several 
thousands  of  the  stone-graves  of  that  region,  the  contents  of  which 
are  now  in  the  Museum,  he  had  business  for  a  while  in  Kansas 
and  Missouri,  and  afterwards  in  the  central  portion  of  Arkansas. 
During  these  business  trips  he  was  able  to  spend  considerable  time 
in  archaeological  work,  with  the  important  results  which  have  been 
recorded  from  time  to  time  in  our  annual  reports.   In  the  winter  of 
1879  he  began  an  extensive  work  for  the  Museum  on  the  St.  Francis 
river  in  eastern  Arkansas,  and  remained  there  in  camp  with  sev- 
eral laborers,  exploring  mounds  and  old  village  sites,  until  the 
spring  freshets  of  1880  drove  him  from  the  field.  During  this  time 
he  made  a  thorough  examination  of  numerous  burial  mounds  which 
proved  to  be  exceedingly  rich  in  pottery  and  other  objects.  A 
portion  of  this  remarkable  collection  was  noticed  in  the  last  report, 
but  the  larger  part  was  not  received  until  last  spring  and  is 
recorded  in  the  list  of  additions  for  the  past  year.    The  whole  col- 
lection has  been  within  the  past  month  arranged  in  the  '^Mound- 
builders'  "  room,  and  it  will  ever  be  a  memorial  of  a  most  faithful 
and  devoted  friend  of  the  Museum. 


ISSO, 


1  Edwin  CUKXiswasborninXovth  Lansing,  Tompkins  Co.,  N.  l.,on  January 
and  died  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  December  6,  ISSO.  He  started  in  life  as  a  tailor.  In  1^63  he 
entered  the  Commissarv  department  in  Tennessee,  where  he  remained  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  He  soon  after  removed  his  family  to  Nashville  and  settled  there,  and  was 
emploved  by  the  Government  in  the  improvements  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland 
rivers^  He"  was  afterwards  employed  on  the  Mississippi  levee,  and  in  railroad  and 
bridge  building  in  various  portions  of  the  south  and  west.  Mr.  Curtis  had  a  sturdy 
honest  character,  which  combined  with  tlie  large  practical  experience  he  had  obtained 
and  a  knowledge  of  handling  his  men,  rendered  him  unusually  well  qualified  for  the 
hard  and  rough  labor  he  undertook  for  the  Museum,  while  his  enthusiastic  zeal  in  its 
behalf  was  not  onlv  a  great  source  of  pleasure  to  me,  but  resulted  in  making  many 
strong  friends  for  the  Museum  in  the  South,  to  whom  we  are  under  many  obligations. 


13 


Early  last  summer  Prof.  Andrews  ^  wrote  that  he  had  packed  a 
barrel  with  human  bones  and  other  objects  for  the  Museum.  He  then 
hoped  to  make  further  explorations  and  to  come  on  to  Cambridge 
with  the  specimens  in  the  summer,  but  he  was  soon  after  prostrated 
by  a  combination  of  gastric  and  nervous  troubles  which  resulted 
fatally.  During  his  geological  survey  of  portions  of  the  state  of 
Ohio,  Prof.  Andrews  was  impressed  with  the  importance  of  making 
a  careful  aud  thorough  exploration  of  the  mounds,  earthworks  and 
other  archaeological  remains  so  numerous  in  the  southern  portions 
of  the  state,  and  in  1875  he  offered  his  services  to  the  Museum. 
The  results  of  his  first  year's  exploration  for  the  Museum  are  given 
in  our  Tenth  Report,  which  contains  a  detailed  account  of  the 
numerous  mounds  he  examined,  with  descriptions  and  illustrations 
of  the  objects  found  in  them.  A  perusal  of  that  paper  will  show 
how  much  we  had  to  expect  from  our  friend,  had  he  been  spared  to 
continue  the  work  he  wished  so  much  to  accomplish.  His  last 
exploration  was  of  "Battle  Mound"  in  Fairfield  county,  and  the 
interesting  collection  obtained  at  that  time,  with  a  fine  series 
of  stone  implements  from  various  parts  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  has, 
within  the  past  month,  been  received  at  the  Museum,  just  as  he 
had  carefully  packed  them  not  long  before  his  death.  But  few^ 
explorers  of  our  mounds  have  been  so  well  prepared  for  the  careful 
work  required  as  was  Prof.  Andrews.  His  training  in  field  geology 
and  in  the  natural  sciences  was  of  great  value,  while  his  education 
enabled  him  to  describe  things  as  they  existed,  and  his  care  in 
preserving  and  labelling  the  articles  found  gave  such  an  authen- 

2  Rev.  Ebenezer  Baldwin  Andrews,  LL.  D.,  was  born  in  Danbury,  Conn.,  April 
29, 1821,  and  died  at  his  residence  in  Lancaster,  Oliio,  on  Aug.  14, 1880.  He  passed  his 
freshman  year  at  Williams,  but  on  his  bi-other  being  appointed  as  president  of  Marietta 
College  he  left  Williams  and  graduated  at  Marietta  in  1842.  Deciding  to  follow  his 
father  and  four  elder  brothers  in  the  ministry  he  entered  Princeton  Seminary  where  he 
graduated  in  1845.  He  then  settled  in  Housatonic,  Mass.,  and  afterwards  at  Isew 
Britain,  Conn.,  until  1851,  when  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Natural  Sciences  at 
Marietta,  which  chair  he  held  until  1869  when  he  was  appointed  on  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Ohio,  in  charge  of  the  southeastern  district.  Not  long  before  his  death  he  was 
appointed  by  the  President  one  of  the  inspectors  of  the  U.  S.  Mint.  During  the  war 
Prof.  Andrews  served  as  Major  and  Colonel  of  the  36th  Ohio  Regiment.  He  was  a  man 
of  more  tlian  ordinary  power  and  ability  and  contributed  largely  to  the  scientific 
and  educational  interests  of  his  adopted  state.  As  a  geologist  he  was  particularly 
interested  in  the  coal  and  oil  region  of  Ohio  and  West  Virginia,  and  his  contributions 
on  these  subjects  have  been  both  numerous  and  important.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  a  text  book  of  Geology  which  has  been  widely  used  in  the  western  schools  and 
colleges.  Highly  educated,  refined,  courteous,  aifectionate  and  sympathetic  in  dis- 
position, he  was  much  respected  and  beloved  by  all  his  numerous  friends. 


14 


ticity  to  the  collections  he  secured  that  his  methods  cannot  be 

too  biglilv  praised.  T./r  » 

As  will  be  seen  by  the  "List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum 
dm-ing  the  past  year,  many  accessions  have  been  made  notw^h- 
standtng  our  poverty  has  prevented  the  purchase  of  large  col- 
lections and  the  continuation  of  extensive  explorations.  ^ 

The  Bdcklin  collection  from  Peru  still  remains  stored  in  the 
Museum  subject  to  purchase,  and  it  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that 
the  means  have  not  yet  been  found  by  which  it  can  be  permanent 
secured  for  exhibition  in  our  cases.  Several  other  large  private 
collections  from  Mexico,  Central  America  and  the  Pacific  Ish^nds 
have  been  offered  to  the  Museum  at  fair  prices,  but  it  is  likely 
tliat  they  will  all  find  their  final  resting  places  in  Europe,  as  other 
American  Museums  seem  to  be  no  better  able  than  this  to  secure 
them  for  our  own  country.  t, 

The  largest  gift  during  the  year  was  that  received  from  Di.  W 
Sturg.s  BiOELOv.  of  Boston,  and  consists  of  a  large  collection  o 
Peruvian  relics.    It  is  particularly  rich  in  fabrics  and  garments  of 
various  kinds,  many  of  which  are  of  elaborate  and  interesting 
patterns,  both  woven  and  embroidered.    It  also  contains  several 
of  the  well-known  ancient  Peruvian  work-baskets  with  their  con- 
tents, also  personal  ornaments,  packages  of  corn,  beans  and 
prepared  food,  a  gonrd-dish  filled  with  crabs,  baskets  of  various 
patterns,  an  exceedingly  fine  lot  of  implements  and  weapons  made 
of  wood  and  stone,  and  a  remarkable  club  head  of  copper  or 
bronze,  consisting  of  several  rays  around  a  central  perforated  por- 
tion in  which  the  wooden  handle  is  inserted.  This  is  the  same  kmc 
of  weapon  as  one  presented  a  few  years  ago  by  Mr.  Agassiz  bu 
differs  in  having  each  point  engraved  to  represent  a  human  head 
which  faces  in  opposite  directions  on  alternate  points  ^  There  art 
also  in  this  collection  a  tattooed  human  arm,  the  skeleton  of  a 
"mummy"  with  its  cloth  wrappings,  and  a  number  of  heads  of 
"mummies"  which  are  extremely  interesting  as  they  show  he 
method  of  wearing  the  hair  by  these  old  Peruvians.  There  are  a  so 
a  number  of  crania,  several  of  which  are  artificially  distorted,  some 
being  much  flattened  and  others  exceedingly  elongated.    In  many 
ways  this  valuable  gift  has  added  greatly  to  the  importance  of  the 

„  rATv  w      Vattx  of  Philadelphia  there  is  another  club-head  of 

Tooth  Merid.  Lt.  G.  M.  Wheeler,  U.  S.  Engineers,  m  charge;  vol.  VII. 


15 


Peruvian  collection,  and  could  the  "Bucklin  collection"  now  be 
secured  we  should  indeed  have  a  most  instructive  representation 
of  Peruvian  antiquities. 

A  number  of  impressions  on  paper,  or  "squeezes"  of  inscrip- 
tions in  the  "Tombs  of  the  Kings,"  taken  by  Mrs.  Asa  Gray  a 
few  years  ago  and  presented  by  her  to  the  Museum,  makes  a  very 
interesting  addition  to  the  Egyptian  collection. 

From  the  Library  of  Harvard  College  we  have  received  the 
large  sheet,  now  on  our  walls,  containing  a  full  size  tracing,  of  the 
inscription  on  Dighton  Rock,  made  by  Prof.  Stephen  Sewall  of 
Harvard  in  1768.  This  is  the  fifth  of  the  copies  or  drawings  made 
of  this  famous  rock,  the  first  of  which  was  by  Dr.  Danforth  in 
1680.  A  recent  photograph  of  the  rock  hangs  near  this  tracing, 
and  a  comparison  of  the  two  will  show  several  of  the  modern 
improvements  on  the  old  Indian  record. 

From  Mr.  Agassiz  the  Museum  has  received,  in  addition  to  the 
large  collection  of  crania  already  mentioned,  several  valuable 
objects  from  Mexico  which  were  obtained  by  the  late  Prof. 
Agassiz  during  the  Hassler  Expedition.  Two  "  sacrificial  yokes" 
of  stone,  and  a  human  head  in  profile  cut  in  stone,  are  of  par- 
ticular interest  and  unlike  anything  in  the  Museum. 

To  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  Dr.  Frank  W.  Langdon  we  are  much 
indebted,  in  continuation  of  former  favors,  for  a  number  of  objects 
found  during  the  explorations,  which  these  and  other  gentlemen 
connected  with  the  Madisonville  Literary  and  Scientific  Society 
are  so  faithfully  making  of  an  ancient  and  very  extensive  burial 
place  in  the  Little  Miami  Valley  in  Ohio.  The  care  with  which 
this  remarkable  cemetery  is  being  explored  by  the  Society  at 
Madisonville  is  worthy  of  much  praise,  and  the  many  interesting 
and  important  discoveries  that  have  been  made  are  carefully 
described,  with  numerous  illustrations,  in  the  three  parts  of  the 
journal  of  the  explorers  already  printed  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  C.  F.  Low. 

Mr.  Geo.  W.  Sweet  has  sent  to  the  Museum  a  small  collection 
of  objects  obtained  by  the  partial  examination  of  a  mound  in 
Dakota  Territory,  which  is  of  special  interest  from  the  character 
of  the  pottery.  While  only  fragments  of  a  number  of  vessels  of 
various  sizes  were  found  in  the  mound,  they  show  that  the  pottery 
was  well  made  of  fine  clay,  black,  and  principally  ornamented  by 
impressions  of  twisted  cords  of  several  sizes. 


16 


Another  interesting  little  lot  of  pottery  is  that  received  from 
Dr.  D.  S.  Kellogg,  and  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  Plattsburg  on 
Lake  Champlain.  The  diversity  of  ornament— cord-marked,  in- 
cised and  stamped  — on  these  fragments  is  very  great,  and  of  con- 
siderable interest  in  the  study  of  early  and  rude  decorative  art. 

Mr.  S.  V.  Proudfit  has  also  sent  to  the  Museum  a  number  of 
fragments  of  pottery  from  Wells  Co.,  Iowa,  accompanied  by  an 
interesting  manuscript  recording  his  exploration  of  an  old  Indian 
site  from  which  he  obtained  the  specimens. 

To  the  new  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  the  Museum  is 
indebted  for  a  collection,  consisting  of  nine  pieces  of  pottery,  ob- 
tained by  his  brother,  the  late  Rev.  D.  C.  Scudder,  from  a  mega- 
lithic  cist  in  the  Madura  district,  southern  India.  These  speci- 
mens were  described  and  figured  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History  for  1865,  and  as  they  are  the  only 
representatives  we  have  of  the  early  wheel-made  pottery  of  India, 
they  are  an  important  addition  to  our  small  collection  of  objects 
from  that  country. 

In  the  last  report,  mention  was  made  of  the  reception  of  a 
number  of  objects  from  Japan,  obtained  for  the  Museum  by 
Prof.  E.  S.  Morse,  during  his  residence  in  that  country  as 
Professor  of  Zo51ogy  in  the  University  of  Tokio.  Since  the 
return  of  Prof.  Morse,  these  have  been  arranged  in  the  second 
southern  gallery  and  have  been  properly  labelled  under  his  direc- 
tion. The  collection  is  of  particular  interest  in  illustrating  the 
daily  life  of  the  Japanese,  and  also  contains  a  well  selected  series 
of  ancient  and  modern  pottery,  the  value  of  which  is  greatly 
increased  by  the  authenticity  of  the  name  and  date  of  each 
piece.  The  small  models  of  a  Japanese  house,  parlor,  kitchen 
and  junk  are  of  general  interest. 

The  only  collection  purchased  during  the  year,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  small  lot  from  Mr.  Dodge  mentioned  farther  on,  is  the 
one  from  Mr.  Collier,  for  which  a  special  appropriation  was  made 
at  the  last  meeting.  This  is  catalogued  under  317  entries,  and 
consists  principally  of  stone  implements  and  ornaments  from  the 
Ohio  valley,  a  number  of  things  from  the  mounds  in  Ohio  and 
Virginia,  and  two  bronze  implements  from  Great  Britain. 

B^y  the  kindness  of  a  friend,  a  small  sum  of  money  was  given  to 
be  expended  in  explorations,  and  as  Dr.  David  Mack  was  then  in 
Florida  and  had  expressed  a  desire  to  make  an  exploration  of 


17 


some  of  the  mounds  in  Orange  county  at  an  estimated  expense  of 
less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  the  money  thus  received  was  sent  to 
him  with  proper  instructions  in  relation  to  the  work  to  be  done. 
The  numerous  objects  received  from  this  exploration  are  of  par- 
ticular interest  as  they  add  further  proof  that  many  of  the  burial 
mounds  of  Florida  were  erected  by  the  Indians  after  contact  with 
the  Spaniards.  One  group  of  mounds  was  enclosed  by  an  em- 
bankment, and  was  very  likely  the  site  of  an  Indian  village.  In 
a  burial  mound  in  this  group^  a  number  of  ornaments  made  of 
silver,  copper  and  brass  were  found,  also  glass  beads  and  iron 
implements,  which  were  associated  with  pottery  and  stone  imple- 
ments of  native  make.  This  furnishes  conclusive  evidence  that 
the  Indians  of  Florida  continued  to  build  mounds  over  their  dead 
after  European  contact ;  for  the  care  with,  which  the  exploration 
was  made,  and  the  depth  at  which  the  skeletons  and  their  associated 
objects  were  found,  are  conclusive  as  to  the  burials  bein^  the  orio-i- 
nal  ones  in  the  mound  and  not  those  of  an  intrusive  people. 
From  this  statement  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  all  the  mounds 
of  Florida  are  of  so  late  a  period,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  region  was  early  inhabited  by  a  mound-building  people, 
probably  the  second  or  third  in  succession  to  those  who  formed 
the  Jirst  and  very  old  shellheaps  which  are  found  in  many  parts  of 
the  state. 

Last  winter,  word  was  most  reluctantly  sent  to  Dr.  Flint,  who 
has  for  some  time  been  so  zealous  in  his  explorations  in  Nicaragua, 
that  the  incomfe  of  the  Museum  would  not  permit  further  expenditure 
for  explorations  at  present.  He  was  then  busy  in  the  vicinity  of 
Tola  and  much  to  his  disappointment  he  closed  his  labors  and 
forwarded  the  results  of  his  latest  work  to  the  Museum.  These 
consisted  of  numerous  specimens  of  pottery,  a  number  of  stone 
implements,  and  ornaments  of  shell,  bone  and  stone,  including  a 
few  of  jadeite,  adding  much  to  the  former  large  collections  for 
which  we  are  indebted  to  his  labors.  As  soon  as  time  will  permit 
for  a  careful  study  and  description  of  the  important  collections 
which  have  been  received  from  Dr.  Flint,  his  notes  will  be 
embodied  in  a  paper  which  will  contain  much  of  interest  relating 
to  the  early  people  of  Nicaragua.  The  many  copies  he  has  care- 
fully made  of  the  inscriptions  on  the  rocks  and  in  the  caves  will 
also  prove  a  A^alnable  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  the  enigmati- 
cal rock  inscriptions  of  Central  America.  It  is  greatly  to  be 
Report  of  Peabody  Museum,  HI.  2 


18 


was  in  eastern  Arkansas.    J.u  Aatalo-rue  under 

several  thousand  specimens,  is  recorded  in  the  <=^t^'«= 

interest.    One  human  bone,  the  upper  half  of  a  t.bia,  is  of  parUc 
,o™    0..  ..^  .«.  J^^^^ 

tT-'S  .iS y.....  -  ~' »' * 

and  can  x  ^  missing)  has  several  perfora- 

waslnvened  over  the  jar,  and  served  to  protect  it.    Many  of  these 
rsra:rLanienteLith  incised  lines  for.^^^^^^^^^^^ 
or  .vith  knobs  and  finger-nail  marks     Only  a  single  g 

rated     These  have  sharp  edges,  but  it  does  not  i 
able  that  they  were  used  as  cutting  implements.    A  numbei  of 

dently  tbe  remains  ot  neckiaceb. 


19 


partly  preserved  the  cord  upon  which  the  objects  were  strung, 
and  has  also  stained  the  bones  of  the  necks  about  which  they 
were  placed.   Considerable  red  ochre,  both  in  mass  and  powdered, 
and  several  little  lumps  of  a  pink  pigment,  were  found  in  some  of 
the  graves,  often  placed  in  small  cups  and  jars.  Stone  implements 
were  not  very  numerous,  but  a  number  of  arrowpoints  and  knives 
of  flint,  polished  celts  and  other  implements  of  well-known  forms, 
were  obtained  from  the  graves.    Of  implements  made  of  bones 
and  of  antlers  there  are  many  specimens,  and  also  a  number  of 
beads  made  of  bone.    Among  the  implements  made  of  antlers, 
there  is  a  beautiful  sharp  chisel  which  has  been  protected  from 
decay  by  a  slight  burning.    This  is  the  only  one  of  the  kind  I 
know  of  from  the  mounds  and  resembles  very  closely  some  of 
those  from  the  Swiss  lakes.    Another  article  made  from  an  antler 
is  of  a  singular  character.    It  is  of  the  full  length  of  the  antler 
of  a  large  deer,  and  has  been  carefully  and  symmetrically  cut 
down,  and  smoothed  from  base  to  point  so  that  it  now  has  the 
shape  and  curvature  of  a  small  tusk  of  an  elephant.    Near  the 
base,  a  hole  has  been  drilled  in  which  is  placed  a  small  plug  of 
bone.     Charred  corn-cobs,  nuts  and  acorns,  and  numerous  bones 
of  mammals,  birds  and  fishes,  give  us  an  idea  of  the  food  of  the 
people  ;  and  some  charred  pieces  of  string  and  rope  indicate  the 
vegetable  fibres  of  which  they  made  use.    This  brief  account  of 
this  important  collection  conveys  but  a  slight  idea  of  its  interest 
and  ethnological  value. 

The  mounds  from  which  these  numerous  objects  were  obtained 
are  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Francis  river,  and  are  usually 
surrounded  by  earthwalls  and  ditches  forming  enclosures  of  from 
three  or  four  to  about  eighteen  or  twenty  acres  in  extent.  In  some 
of  these  enclosed  fields,  which  have  been  under  cultivation  for 
twenty  or  thirty  years,  the  ground  was  strewn  with  stone  imple- 
ments of  various  kinds,  fragments  of  pottery,  pieces  of  shell  and 
other  objects,  which  have  been  turned  up  by  the  plough. 

The  largest  of  the  mounds  in  the  Stanley  group,  of  about  twenty, 
was  forty  feet  high  by  about  the  same  in  diameter  on  top.  The 
other  mounds  in  this  group  were  five  or  six  feet  in  height  and  about 
fifty  in  diameter,  but  like  most  of  the  lower  mounds  they  had  been 
reduced  in  size  by  cultivation.  Many  of  the  mounds  in  the  other 
groups  were  from  five  to  eight  feet  in  height,  but  those  called  the 
Rose  mounds  are,  if  I  correctly  understand  Mr.  Curtis'  notes,  n.umer- 


20 


ous  little  tumuli  covering  a  natural  elevation  of  about  fifteen  feet 
and  of  five  or  six  acres  in  extent.  While  in  some  of  the  enclosures 
the  burials  seem  only  to  have  been  made  in  the  mounds,  in  others 
there  were  many  graves,  from  three  to  five  feet  in  depth,  all  about 
the  mounds.  These  graves  contained  pottery  and  other  objects  of 
the  same  character  as  those  found  in  the  mounds,  and  the  shape 
and  condition  of  the  crania  are  the  same  from  both ;  so  that  there 
seems  to  be  no  reason  to  doubt  that  they  all  pertain  to  one  people. 

That  these  former  inhabitants  of  this  region  were  of  the  same 
people  with  those  who  lived  in  southeastern  Missouri,  where  simi- 
lar earthworks  and  enclosures  have  been  found,  and  are  so  well 
described  in  the  Memoir  of  the  Archaeological  Section  of  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Science,  there  can  be  no  doubt ;  and  that  they 
were  closely  allied  to  the  stone-grave  people  and  moundbuilders 
of  the  Cumberland  valley  in  Tennessee  seems  to  be  probable,  but 
there  were  many  slight  variations  in  their  customs,  and  also  appar- 
ently in  their  crania,  that  indicate  differences  of  time,  or  suggest 
tribal  distinctions.    That  these  remains  from  Arkansas  are  those 
of  a  people  who  were  the  immediate  ancestors  of  the  village 
Indians  of  that  region,  mentioned  by  the  early  writers,  is  very 
probable  ;  but  that  in  these  remains  we  have  what  is  left  of  the 
people  who  were  in  direct  contact  with  the  early  white  explorers 
is  very  doubtful  from  the  negative  fact  of  the  absence  of  all 
articles  of  European  manufacture  in  the  graves  and  mounds.  Of 
course  this  is  simply  negative  evidence,  but  as  we  know  from  the 
contents  of  Indian  graves  and  mounds  made  after  contact  with  the 
white  men,  that  glass  beads,  ornaments  and  implements  of  gold, 
silver,  brass,  bronze  and  iron,  and   other  valued  possessions 
obtained  from  the  whites,  were  buried  with  the  dead,  as  well  as 
objects  of  native  make,  the  negative  evidence  I  have  mentioned  is 
of  considerable  weight ;  particularly  when  we  have,  as  m  the 
case  of  the  Cumberland  valley  and  St.  Francis  and  Missouri 
explorations,  the  evidence  of  the  contents  of  many  thousand 
graves.    The  only  thing  obtained  by  Mr.  Curtis  on  the  St. 
Francis,  indicating  that  Indians  lived  there  who  were  in  contact 
with  the  whites,  is  one  of  the  little  pointed  handles  of  antler 
which  has  the  remains  of  two  iron  points,  possibly  nails,  embedded 
in  one  end.    Of  course  this  implement  was  used  after  the  arrival 
of  the  whites,  but  although  it  is,  with  the  exception  of  the  iron, 
the  same  as  those  found  in  the  graves  and  mounds,  this  particular 


21 


one  was  found  on  the  surface^  in  a  ploughed  field,  and  while  it  may 
have  been  of  the  time  of  the  last  of  the  mound  people  of  the  region, 
it  is  far  more  likely  to  have  been  of  a  more  recent  date.  Had  this 
single  implement  been  found  in  a  mound  associated  with  other 
objects,  the  story  it  would  have  told  would  have  been  far  different. 

In  the  last  report,  mention  was  made  of  a  number  of  singular  and 
large  flint  implements  obtained  by  Mr.  Curtis  from  a  mound  in 
Stuart  Co.,  Tennessee,  and  I  have  now  to  add  that  the  three  large 
flint  "cores"  from  the  same  place,  which  were  left  at  the  time  for 
want  of  transportation,  were  received  last  spring.  We  have  now 
five  of  these  chipped  masses  of  flint,  three  of  which  were  from 
the  mound  and  two  were  found  in  a  ploughed  field  near  by. 
They  are  by  far  the  largest  masses  of  worked  flint  that  have,  to 
my  knowledge,  ever  been  found.  They  vary  in  length  from  twenty- 
two  to  twenty-five  inches,  and  in  width  from  six  to  eight  inches, 
and  are  smaller  at  the  ends  than  in  the  middle.  While  such 
chipped  masses  are  generally  called  "cores"  these  are  very  likely 
the  rough  blocking-out  of  large  implements,  similar  to  some  of  the 
finished  specimens  from  the  mounds  in  Tennessee,  and  are  of 
special  interest  in  showing  the  amount  of  labor  required  to  make 
a  large  flint  implement. 

As  mentioned  in  the  last  report,  Dr.  Edvtard  Palmer  was  en- 
gaged during  the  close  of  the  year  1879  in  explorations  in  Texas. 
Although  from  want  of  funds  it  became  necessary  to  recall  him 
from  the  field,  he  found  the  means  to  continue  his  work  for  a  few 
months  longer,  and  having  received  information  of  some  old  burial 
caves  in  the  State  of  Coahuila,  he  went  to  the  place,  and  notwith- 
standing the  excessive  heat  and  the  many  difficulties  that  beset 
him,  he  met  with  great  success,  returning  with  a  large  and  beyond 
question  the  most  important  collection  ever  made  in  that  portion 
of  Mexico.  As  I  hope  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  this  col- 
lection, in  which  Dr.  Palmer's  notes  will  be  incorporated  with 
descriptions  and  illustrations  of  the  numerous  objects  obtained 
from  the  several  caves  as  a  special  paper,  I  will  only  mention  here 
that  a  number  of  skeletons  were  found  done  up  in  bundles  just 
as  they  had  been  placed  probably  before  the  Spanish  occupation 
of  the  country.  As  these  caves  had  been  entered  by  the  nitre 
workers  many  of  the  human  remains  had  been  destroyed.  Hun- 
dreds, and  according  to  some  reports  thousands,  of  the  bundles 
or  "mummies"  had  been  used  as  fuel,  and  it  was  therefore  only 


22  > 

in  the  least  accessible  portions  of  the  caves  that  the  objects  ob- 
tained by  Dr.  Palmer  were  found.  In  one  case  these  were  found 
under  a  deposit  several  inches  thick  consisting  of  the  droppings 
of  rodents ;  and  in  another  cave  a  breccia,  in  which  were  thou- 
sands of  bones  of  bats  and  small  rodents,  was  found  deposited 
over  the  human  remains.  The  similarity  of  these  bundles  of 
human  remains,  or  "mummies"  as  they  are  generally  called, 
from  the  Mexican  caves,  to  those  which  have  been  found  in  the 
caves  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  is  of  great  interest. 

As  has  been  the  case  in  all  his  explorations,  Dr.  Palmer 
procured  such  natural  productions  from  the  vicinity  of  the  caves 
as  would  help  in  determining  the  material  of  which  the  old  things 
were  made,  and  we  are  thus  enabled  to  exhibit  the  leaves,  fibres 
and  other  vegetable  productions  from  which  the  cloth,  baskets  and 
numerous  other  articles  were  constructed  by  the  people  who  placed 
their  dead  in  the  caves. 

To  Dr.  Abbott  the  Museum  is  indebted  for  many  specimens 
obtained  from  New  Jersey  and  from  his  correspondents  in  various 
places.  At  very  small  expense  to  the  Museum,  he  has  continued 
his  explorations  of  the  Trenton  gravels,  from  which  he  has  se- 
cured a  number  of  implements.  The  interest  in  regard  to  this 
discovery  has  much  increased  during  the  past  year  ;  and  while  some 
individuals,  who  are  not  at  all  acquainted  with  the  facts,  have 
denied  the  actual  discovery  of  stone  implements,  in  place,  in  the 
gravel  beds  at  Trenton,  and  others,  apparently  acting  from  a 
general  unbelief  in  everything  that  bears  at  all  upoTi  the  antiquity 
of  man,  have  thought  that  there  must  be  some  mistake  in  regard 
to  the  age  of  the  gravels,  there  is  now  no  doubt  in  the  minds  of 
the  few  who  have  made  a  careful  study  of  the  gravel  deposit  at 
Trenton,  of  the  accuracy  of  Dr.  Abbott's  work  and  the  importance 
of  his  discoveries.  Several  geologists  have,  during  the  past  season, 
investigated  these  deposits,  particularly  Mr.  Lewis  of  Philadelphia 
and  Mr.  Wright  of  Andover,  and  as  I  understand  the  conclusions 
that  have  been  reached,  the  Trenton  implement-bearing  gravel 
is  a  deposit  resting  on  and  against  the  Tertiary  marine  gravel, 
in  the  old  flood  plain  at  the  bend  of  the  river  at  Trenton.  This 
more  recent  gravel  has  been  brought  down  by  successive 
torrents  formed  by  the  melting  of  glaciers  far  up  the  valley  of  the 
Delaware,  which  have  cut  through  an  old  and  very  extensive 
moraine,  bringing  down  an  immense  amount  of  material  and 


23 


spreading  it  over  the  lower  and  wider  part  of  the  valley  at,  the 
Trenton  bend.  These  successive  deposits  have  thus  buried  the 
implements  lost  by  the  palaeolithic  men  who  probably  lived  on 
the  old  Tertiary  bluffs  and  hunted  and  fished  along  the  valley 
and  over  this,  in  their  time,  constantly  increasing  gravel  de- 
posit. Thus  the  evidence  seems  conclusive  that  New  Jersey 
was  inhabited  at  the  time  of,  and  probably  long  before,  the  final 
dissolution  of  the  last  glacial  epoch.  How  long  that  time  is  in 
years  has  not  yet  been  determined,  but  the  evidence  seems  at 
present  unquestionable  that  in  this  way  implements  lost  by  man 
were  buried  below,  at  least,  thirty  feet  of  a  gradually  deposited 
gravel,  and  at  nearly  all  levels  from  that  depth  to  the  present 
surface  soil,  where  the  same  forms  of  implements  are  also  found 
associated  with  others  of  the  recent  Indians.  Some  persons  have 
stated  that  the  implements  have  only  been  found  in  the  gravel 
itself  by  Dr.  Abbott  and  that  in  such  an  important  matter  cor- 
roborative testimony  was  desirable.  Without  for  a  moment 
admitting  that  there  was  any  question  in  my  mind  as  to  the 
authenticity  of  the  statements  made  by  Dr.  Abbott,  I  will  here 
assert  that  others,  including  myself,  have  found  implements  in 
place  in  the  gravel,  and  that  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History  the  whole  subject  was  carefully  dis- 
cussed and  the  evidence  supposed  to  be  wanting  by  some  as  to  the 
actual  finding  of  specimens  in  situ  in  the  gravel,  was  given  in 
detail.  Doubts  have  also  been  expressed  by  some  persons  as  to 
the  artificial  character  of  the  implements  in  question,  but  this  is 
a  matter  that  has  always  been  so  easy  of  proof  by  the  study  of 
specimens  in  the  Museum,  that  it  is  only  necessary  to  invite  any 
doubter  to  come  and  see  for  himself.  In  the  volume  which  Dr. 
Abbott  is  now  carrying  through  the  press  there  will  be  a  portion 
devoted  to  the  important  subject  of  palseolithic  man,  and  the  whole 
question  will  be  treated  in  detail  with  the  help  of  Mr.  H.  C.  Lewis 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Geological  Survey,  who  will  give  a  chapter 
on  the  gravels  of  Trenton. 

The  work  by  Dr.  Abbott,  to  which  I  have  alluded,  now  nearly 
through  the  press,  is  entitled  "Primitive  Industry,  or  Illustrations 
of  the  Handiwork  in  Stone,  Bone  and  Clay,  of  the  native  races  of 
the  Northern  Atlantic  Seaboard  of  America."  The  volume  is  based 
upon  the  collections  in  this  Museum,  and  as  about  four  hundred  of 
the  figures  which  it  will  contain  were  drawn  from  our  specimens,  it 


24 


will  to  a  certain  extent  form  an  illustrated  hand-book  of  a  portion 
of  the  Museum. 

To  Mr.  David  Dodge  of  Boston,  we  are  indebted  for  a  remark- 
able and  interesting  collection  of  rade  stone  implements  from 
Wakefield  in  this  state.  These  implements  are  of  palseolithic  forms 
and  may  indicate  the  existence  at  Wakefield  of  conditions  some- 
what like  those  at  Trenton,  particularly  as  the  ploughed  fields,  in 
which  many  of  the  specimens  were  found  by  Mr.  Dodge,  are  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  gravel  probably  of  glacial  origin.  Of  course 
further  and  extensive  examinations  of  this  locality  will  be  made, 
for  unless  the  implements  are  actually  found  in  the  gravel  itself, 
we  cannot  assign  them  to  the  paleolithic  age,  as  in  this  country 
wc  have  too  many  instances  of  the  use  of  implements  of  paleolithic 
forms  by  the  neolithic  folk,  to  permit  us  to  call  such  specimens 
as  these"^  from  Wakefield  unquestionably  palaeolithic,  until  their 
counterparts  have  been  found  in  the  gravel  from  which  these  may 
have  been  ploughed.  The  discovery  of  other  specimens,  similar 
to  those  found  In  the  fields,  associated  with  stone  chips  of  all 
sizes,  in  an  old  deposit  on  a  hill  near  tlie  field,  probably  indicates 
a  place  where  such  implements  were  made. 

Mr.  Dodge  was  also  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain  a  stone  implement 
or  ornament  from  a  peat  bog  at  Wakefield.  This  is  of  the  type  of 
the  objects  to  which  the  term  "  bird-shaped  "  has  been  given,  but 
it  is  not  perforated  with  the  two  holes  as  is  the  case  with  most  of 
these  objects.  It  was  found  on  the  sand-bed  under  about  seven 
feet  of  peat  and  is  of  great  interest  as  the  first  stone  implement, 
to  my  knowledge,  that  has  been  found  under  the  peat  in  New  Eng- 
land. 

By  the  action  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Arch^olog- 
ICAL  Institute  of  America,  the  American  collections  obtained  by 
Mr.  Baxdeliek,  under  the  direction  of  the  Institute,  will  be  made 
over  to  the  Museum  as  a  permanent  deposit.  In  fulfilment  of  this 
decision,  we  have  already  received  the  collection  forwarded  from 
Santa  Fe,  which  contains  the  objects  obtained  by  Mr.  Bandelier 
during  his  explorations  of  the  sites  of  old  Pueblos,  particularly 
that  of  old  Pecos  on  the  Kio  Grande,  south  of  Santa  Fe,  and  also  a 
number  of  articles  obtained  from  the  people  of  the  present  Pueblos 
of  Cochiti  and  San  Domingo.  After  Mr.  Bandelier's  report  is 
printed  by  the  Institute,  these  specimens  will  be  arranged,  labelled 
and  exhibited  in  the  new  case,  now  in  process  of  construction,  in 


25 


the  hall  with  the  rest  of  the  Pueblo  collections.  This  action  of  the 
Arch£eological  Institute  will  probably  be  the  means  of  securing  to 
the  Museum  a  number  of  valuable  specimens,  and  certainly  no  more 
appropriate  place  exists  for  their  arrangement  and  comparative 
study  than  in  this  Museum. 

After  passing  several  months  on  the  Rio  Grande,  Mr.  Bandelier 
has  been,  within  the  last  month,  sent  by  the  Institute  to  cooperate 
with  M.  Charnay  in  the  Lorillard  explorations  of  Chiapas  and 
Yucatan. 

F or  an  account  of  the  other  additions  during  the  year  I  must 
refer  to  the  list  hereto  annexed,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that 
over  four  thousand  entries  have  been  made  in  the  catalogue  since 
the  last  meeting. 

With  the  object  of  making  the  Museum  library  of  ready  access 
to  workers  in  the  Museum,  and  to  such  as  may  consult  it  for  special 
purposes,  I  have  thought  it  best  to  begin  the  work  while  the 
library  is  still  small,  and  have  therefore  removed  to  the  upper 
room  all  the  volumes  and  pamphlets  that  did  not  relate  to  archae- 
ology, ethnology,  philology  and  human  anatomy,  the  four  great 
divisions  of  Anthropology  to  which  the  work  in  the  Museum  is 
specially  directed. 

The  remaining  volumes  and  pamphlets  have  been  catalogued  on 
cards  under  the  names  of  their  authors,  and  the  analysis  of  the 
volumes,  with  proper  cross  references  to  special  subjects,  is  now 
being  made.  Already  about  eight  hundred  catalogue  cards  have 
been  prepared  and  placed  in  alphabetical  order  in  the  little  cata- 
logue cabinet  purchased  for  that  purpose.  As  it  was  in  many  ways 
advisable  to  have  this  work  done  by  one  familiar  with  the  system 
of  cataloguing  adopted  at  the  College  Library,  Miss  Bobbins,  a 
former  assistant  at  the  Library,  has  been  employed  for  the  purpose 
and  has  faithfully  performed  her  duties.  To  Mr.  Scudder  the 
Assistant  Librarian,  in  charge  of  the  work  of  cataloguing  at  the 
College  Library,  I  am  indebted  for  advice  and  assistance  in  this 
work. 

By  an  arrangement  with  Mr.  Winsor,  the  books  received  at  the 
Museum  are  recorded  in  the  Library  Bulletin  in  common  with  the 
other  department  libraries  of  the  University,  and  for  this  reason  it 
will  not  be  necessary  to  give  in  this  report  the  titles  of  the  books 
received  during  the  past  year,  as  has  been  the  custom  heretofore. 

Since  your  last  meeting,  new  cases  have  been  put  up  on  the  floor 


9 


26 


and  -allevv  of  the  soutbern  room  of  U.e  second  story  and  m  the 
adioining  hall,  and  also  the  new  central  case  in  the  northern  room 
below  Mr.  Willson,  who  has  continued  to  perform  th.s  iinpoi-tant 
.ork/is  now  engaged  in  building  those  on  the  ^-'J"'!  ""p^^^" 
gallery,  which  will  soon  be  completed.  In  tins  work  M.  Chick 
has  civen  much  assistance  ;  and  all  the  glaz.ng,  paint.ng  and  clmg, 
and  Ure  fitting  of  the  shelves  has  been  done  by  him.  at  a  consider- 
able saving  to  the  Museum. 

Mr  Chick  has  .also  proved  a  most  efficient  assistant  in  ^allOUS 
other' wavs,  as  well  as  in  taking  charge  of  the  building.  I  may 
particulady  mention  that  the  framing  of  all  the  pictures  and  pho- 
Lraphs  about  the  building  has  been  done  by  liim  ;  and  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  acknowledge  the  many  little  ways  in  which  he  has 
helped  in  the  general  work  of  the  Museum,  and  the  faithful 
manner  in  whit^i  he  has  performed  his  duties  with  due  considera- 
tion to  economy.  . 

Mv  C. BR  has  continued  his  voluntary  services  during  the  .  eai 
and  has  given  me  much  assistance,  particularly  in  the  work  of 
catalo^ruins  the  numerous  additions  to  the  Museum.    lu  addition 
to  the"  preparation  of  the  paper  I  have  already  mentioned  on 
L  "Crania  of  New  England  Indians."  Mr.  Cans  special 
studies  for  the  past  year  have  been,  on  the  ^^f'^^^^ 
of  the  connection  of  the  tribes  of  recent  Indians  with  e 
.•moundbuilders."    This  laborious  work  of  consulting  all  the 
old  authors  and  comparing  their  accounts  of 
the  Indians  during  the  first  settlement  of  the  conn  ry  with  the 
e  ults  Obtained  from  arch.^ological  .ork  in  the  field,  has  been 
very  much  needed  for  the  proper  understanding  of  the  connections 
of  the  various  Indian  tribes,  and  will  probably  be  productive  of 
many  -ood  results.    It  will  at  all  events  put  a  check  on  too  hastN 
.eneraUzations  as  to  the  great  antiquity  of  «H  the  mounds  and 
Earthworks  in  North  America,  and  will  give  to  the  Indian  a  mu 
higher  place  in  the  scale  of  civilization  than  it  has  usually  been 
hi!  lot  to  receive.    It  will,  however,  still  remain  for  archa.olog> , 
craniolo..v  an.l  philology  to  determine  the  racial  connections  ot  tlie 
Indian  tribes  with  each  other,  and  to  trace  their  migrations  through 
past  times  and  their  connections  with  peoples  of  distant  lands. 

Miss  Smuh  has  been  regularly  employed  as  an  assistant  ui  he 
Museum  during  the  past  year  and  has  become  so  familiar  wuh  the 
duties  of  her  position  and  the  general  work  in  the  Museum,  as  to 


27 


render  the  continuation  of  her  faithful  services  very  important  to 
the  welfare  of  the  collections,  which  are  now  over  four  times  the 
size  they  were  when  they  first  came  under  my  charge  and  about 
three  times  as  large  as  when  removed  from  the  old  rooms  in 
Boylston  Hall ;  consequently  the  labor  for  their  proper  care  and 
arrangement  has  greatly  increased  during  the  past  few  3'ears. 

In  closing  this  brief  summary  for  the  year,  I  cannot  refrain 
from  expressing  my  regrets  that  we  have  been  forced  to  discontinue 
the  explorations,  which,  thanks  to  the  small  accumulations  during 
the  early  years  of  the  Museum,  we  were  able  to  carry  on  for  a  short 
time  with  such  success.  Should  you  make  the  appropriations  for 
the  coming  year  in  accordance  with  the  scheme  which  I  have  made 
out  after  consultation  with  the  auditor  of  your  board,  it  will  leave 
only  SI158  for  the  general  expenses  for  the  year,  including  the 
printing  of  the  annual  report.  Of  course,  while  this  will  enable 
the  work  to  go  on  and  secure  the  proper  care  and  arrangement  of 
the  collections,  as  during  the  past  year,  it  will  not  allow  of  any 
expenditure  for  collections  and  explorations,  or  for  the  publication 
of  special  papers. 

The  large  amount  of  valuable  and  authentic  material  received 
from  the  special  explorations  by  the  Museum,  as  shown  by  the 
contents  of  this  room  alone,^  and  the  important  facts  relating  to 
the  past  of  our  country,  which  have  been  obtained,  are  certainly 
sufficient  inducements  to  continue  the  American  explorations  if  the 
means  can  be  secured.  It  is  only  by  extensive,  thorough  and 
systematic  work  of  this  character,  that  we  can  hope  to  trace 
the  migrations  of  tribes  and  races  over  our  continent  and  follow 
them  back  in  time.  The  continuation  of  the  explorations  so  well 
begun  by  the  Museum  is  also  most  desirable  at  this  time  ;  for  since 
the  great  increase  in  the  number  of  persons  who  are  more  or  less  in- 
terested in  making  collections,  the  antiquities  of  the  country  are 
being  explored  at  random,  and  often  in  a  very  superficial  and  un- 
satisfactory manner,  while  foreign  institutions  have  their  agents 
here  who  compete  with  wealthy  private  collectors  and  pay  high 
prices  for  all  that  can  be  obtained,  thus  encouraging  the  hunter 
for  curiosities  as  well  as  the  maker  of  fraudulent  specimens.  Of 

4  The  room  here  referred  to  is  the  northern  one  on  the  first  floor,  which  contains  the 
large  and  important  collections  from  the  mounds  of  the  United  States,  while  on  the 
gallery  are  those  from  Central  America  and  Mexico.  To  these  several  collections  special 
attention  has  been  called  in  this  and  the  two  preceding  reports. 


28 

course  the  time  is  not  distant,  when  little  that  is  undisturbed, 
either  by  the  plough  or  the  general  collector,  will  remain  to 
reward  the  careful  student  for  his  pains.    Under  these  creum- 
stances,  it  appears  to  me  that  the  time  has  come  when  an  appeal 
for  aid  to  enable  the  Museum  to  enter  upon  more  extended 
work  would  meet  with  success.    I  am  the  more  inclined  to  make 
this  statement  as  my  own  feeble  presentation  of  the  subjec  to 
various  persons,  during  the  past  winter,  leads  me  to  hope  that  an 
appeal  to  the  public  would  meet  with  the  wished-for  reception  .f  it 
were  started  under  your  sanction  and  direction,  with  a  plain  state- 
ment of  the  necessity  of  increased  means  for  the  work  which 
the  Museum  is  so  well  prepared  to  perform,  as  well  as  of  the 
security  it  offers  as  a  place  for  the  final  deposit  of  the  treasures 
obtained  and  for  the  lasting  care  that  its  present  means  provide 
for  all  that  is  received.    The  fact  that  this  Museum  was  ixjunded 
especially  for  the  preservation  of  collections,  and  the  study  of 
American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology,  and  that  it  is  the  on  y  one 
of  its  character  in  the  country,  will,  when  properly  made  known 
to  the  public,  unquestionably  have  the  effect  desired,  ,f  at  the 
same  time  the  general  impression  of  its  great  wealth  can  be 
dispelled. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  W.  Putnam, 


Curator. 


FEABODT  MTTSEmi  AMERICAX  AKCH^OLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY, 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  7, 


LIST  OF  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM  AND  LIBEAEY  FOE  THE 

YEAR  1880. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM. 

20550  —  20560.  Fragments  of  pottery  from  the  McElmo  Canon  and 
the  ruins  on  the  Animas  river,  Colorado  Territory. —  Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Wm.  F.  Morgan. 

20561 — 20878.  A  large  and  varied  assortment  of  stone  implements 
of  the  usual  Ohio  valley  patterns,  from  Franklin,  Pickaway,  Eoss,  Clinton, 
Fairfield,  Van  Wert,  Warren,  Lawrence,  Clarke  and  Butler  Counties,  Ohio ; 
and  from  Boone  and  Kenton  Counties,  Kentucky ;  stone  ornaments  from 
Franklin,  Eoss,  Pickaway,  Licking,  Hamilton  and  Clermont  Counties, 
Ohio,  and  from  Campbell  County,  Kentucky ;  stone  pipes  from  Franklin 
County,  Ohio,  and  the  banks  of  Cedar  river,  Iowa,  and  also  casts  of 
others,— one  in  form  of  a  duck,  from  Ohio,  and  another  from  West- 
moreland Co.,  Penn.  ;  implements  of  hematite  from  Franklin  and  Pickaway 
Counties,  Ohio;  fragments  of  pottery  from  Franklin  Co.,  Ohio,  and  from 
Boone  Co.,  Ky ;  a  stone  spearpoint  from  New  Haven,  Conn. ;  two  bronze 
celts  from  Great  Britain,  and  iron  arrowheads  made  by  the  modern  Indians. 
Embraced  in  this  collection  are  stone  implements  and  ornaments  from 
mounds  in  Delaware,  Clermont,  Butler,  Fairfield,  and  Franklin  Counties, 
Ohio,  from  Boone  and  Campbell  Counties,  Ky.,  and  also  from  a  mound  in 
Virginia;  a  stone  pipe,  hematite  celt,  and  sheet  of  mica  from  mounds, 
respectively,  in  Franklin,  Eoss  and  Delaware  Counties,  Ohio;  a  cup  stone, 
a  perforated  tooth,  and  a  chungke  stone  from  mounds  in  Boone  and  Mason 
Counties,  Ky. ;  stone  pipe  and  copper  earring  from  one  in  Indiana,  shell 
beads  from  one  near  Jamestown,  Va.,  and  a  stone  celt  and  spearpoint  from 
another  near  Andalusia,  111. —  By  Purchase  from  E.  B.  Collier. 

20879 — 20926.  A  collection  of  stone  implements  and  ornaments  from 
Butler  Co.,  Ohio;  a  stone  ornament,  and  an  implement  of  slate  with  the 
figures  1745  carved  on  it  since  its  discovery,  from  a  mound  in  the  same 
County.—  Collected  by  E.  T.  Shepherd,  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C. 
Abbott. 

20927.  A  perfect  stone  knife,  of  semilunar  form,  from  East  Jaflray, 
N.  H.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  C.  J.  Mason. 

20928.  Indian  doll,  representing  a  squaw  with  a  child  on  her  back.— 
Presented  by  Miss  Anne  P.  Shaler, 

20929  —  20931.  Grooved  stone  axe,  flint  points,  and  worked  piece  of 
antler  from  Hamilton,  Ohio.—  Collected  and  presented  by  W.  S.  Kennedy. 

(29) 


30 


20932.  Grooved  stone  axe  found  in  Quincy  Street,  Cambridge.— Col- 
lected and  presented  b}^  Dr.  H.  A.  Hagen. 

20933  —  209-1:4.  Earthen  pot  and  fragments  of  potterj^ ;  perforated 
shells ;  bears'  teeth ;  implements  of  bone  and  stone,  and  pieces  of  antler, 
one  ^Yorked  and  another  charred,  from  an  ancient  cemetery  at  Madison- 
ville.  Ohio.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  F.  AY.  Langdox. 

20945  —  20956.  Implements  of  bone,  stone  and  horn,  and  perforated 
shells,  from  the  same  cemetery. —Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  L. 
Metz. 

20957.    Stone  knife  from  Brookviile,  Ind.  —  Collected  and  presented 
by  Dr.  F.  ^V.  Laxgdon. 

20958—22357.    This  fine  collection,  covering  1399  distinct  entries  in  the 
catalogue  for  this  year,  and  taken  almost  entirely  from  mounds  and  graves 
along  the  St.  Francis  river,  in  Cross  and  other  counties  of  northeastern 
Arkansas,  is  composed  of  earthen  vessels  of  the  kind  usually  denomi- 
nated "Missouri  pottery,"  and  of  implements  and  ornaments  of  stone, 
bone,  horn,  shell,  and  copper,  with  a  fcAV  articles  made  of  cannel  coal, 
the  use  of  which  is  unknown.    There  are  also  a  number  of  human  crania, 
and  other  bones  both  human  and  animal,  some  of  which  show  marks  of 
fire.    As  this  collection  is  spoken  of  at  some  length  on  a  preceding  page, 
it  is  unnecessary  here,  to  do  more  than  call  attention  to  the  great  predom- 
inance of  articles  of  pottery,  and  the  comparative  scarcity  of  those  of 
stone  and  other  materials.    Among  the  former  there  are  over  eight  hun- 
dred specimens  of  jars,  pots,  bottles,  etc.,  of  the  same  general  forms  and 
patterns  as  those  found  in  the  mounds  of  southeastern  Missouri  and  in 
the  stone  graves  of  Tennessee.    Eighty-one  of  them  are  more  or  less 
ornamented  in  colors,  and  in  one  hundred  and  six  the  figure  of  a  bird  or 
of  some  other  animal- usually  a  fish  or  a  frog -is  rudely  imitated.  It 
is  worthy  of  note  that  in  this  large  collection  there  is  not  a  single  attempt 
to  represent  the  human  figure,  the  nearest  and  in  fact  the  only  approach 
to  it,  being  in  the  vase  elsewhere  described,  which  is  in  the  shape  of  a 
human  head.    In  this  respect  it  difl-ers  from  similar  collections  from 
Missouri  and  Tennessee,  in  which  there  are  always  a  considerable  number 
of  vessels  in  human  form.    Another  noteworthy  fact  is  the  absence  of 
stone  pipes,  thou-h  there  are  twenty  of  clay.    As  these  pipes  were 
undoubtedly  the  work  of  the  people  who  were  buried  in  these  mounds, 
it  seems  fair  to  conclude  that  the  moundbuilders,  taken  as  a  whole, 
did  not  limit  themselves  in  the  use  of  the  materials  out  of  which  they 
made  their  pipes,  any  more  than  they  did  in  the  shape  and  form  which  they 
gave  them.    Included  in  this  collection,  but  occupying  only  seven  num- 
bers in  the  catalogue,  are  a  few  stone  implements  from  the  mounds  and 
graves  in  Tennessee.    Among  them  are  three  of  the  large  masses  of 
chipped  flint,  of  which  mention  has  been  previously  made,  a  spindle- 
whorL  arrowhead,  and  drills.- Explorations  conducted  for  the  Museum 

by  Edwin  Curtis. 

22358  —  22475.    Japanese  vases,  bowls  and  jars,  of  porcelam  and 
pottery,  some  of  which  date  back  from  one  to  two  thousand  years; 


31 

stone  amulets  or  ornaments,  a  bow-drill  with  whorl,  masks,  animal 
heads  of  grotesque  form  carved  in  wood;  articles  of  wearing  apparel, 
such  as  are  used  to-day  by  different  classes  of  Japanese ;  and  models  of 
the  interiors  of  parlor  and  a  kitchen,  also  of  a  j,unk,  w^ith  specimens  of 
native  wood,  all  from  Japan.  With  these  there  are  also  an  Aino  poisoned 
arrow,  sheath-knife,  carved  moustache  sticks,  and  a  wooden  spoon. — 
Collected  by  Prof.  E.  S.  Morse,  acting  for  the  Museum. 

22476  —  22488.  Saw  made  of  bottle  glass  from  King  George's  Sound, 
west  Australia,  collected  by  Professor  Liveksedge;  fine  stone  celts,  for- 
merly belonging  to  the  Pinley  collection,  from  Greece ;  rude  stone  imple- 
ments from  Abbeville  and  St.  Acheul,  France ;  grooved  stone  hammer  from 
Alderley  Edge,  implement  of  quartzite  from  Robin  Hood  Cave,  flint  flakes 
from  Church-hole  Cave,  and  casts  of  implements  (figured  in  '-Early  Man 
In  Britain")  from  the  upper  and  lower  stages  of  Robin  Hood  cave,  Eng- 
land.—Presented  by  Prof.  W.  Boyd  Dawkins  of  Manchester,  England, 

22489.  Carved  ornament,  such  as  worn  on  the  hair  by  warriors  of  the 
Marquesas  Islands,  made  from  a  human  arm  bone,  found  in  a  well  at 
Scarboro,  Maine. —  Collected  by  Edward  Tompson  and  presented  by  the 
late  J.  WiNGATE  Thornton. 

22490  —  22491.  Casts  of  bone  ornaments  precisely  like  the  above  from 
the  Marquesas  Islands,  and  also  human  hair  from  an  anklet  from  the  same 
Islands. —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Voy. 

22492.  Kappa  cloth  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands. —  Collected  by  the 
U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition  under  Commodore  Wilkes  and  presented  by 
the  Boston  Society  op  Natural  History. 

22493.  Cast  of  flint  implement  from  the  lower  cave  earth  in  Robin 
Hood  Cave,  England.-  Collected  and  presented  by  Prof.  W.  Boyd  Daw^- 

KINS. 

22494  —  22495.  Hand-made  wire  cloth  from  Nijnii  Novgorod  —  Col- 
lected by  the  Hon.  G.  V.  Fox,  and  presented  by  the  Museum  of  Compar- 
ative Zoology. 

22496  —  22499.  Casts  of  fragments  of  pottery,  of  an  earthen  cylinder 
and  tablet,  and  also  of  human  tibia3  from  the  shell  heaps  at  Omori,  Japan. 
Types  of  specimens  figured  by  Prof.  E.  S.  Morse.  — Presented  by  the 
Imperial  University  op  Tokio. 

22500  —  22642.  Earthen  vases,  some  of  them  ornamented  in  colors, 
and  a  mask  and  mould  of  the  same  material,  an  "idol"  in  lava,  human 
bones,  stone  implements,  and  beads  and  ornaments  of  jadeite,  from  places 
around  Lake  Nicaragua;  shell  ornament  from  the  cave  at  Cucirizna; 
stone  implements  and  ornaments,  piece  of  charred  wood,  human  and  ani- 
mal bones,  earthen  vessels  and  toys,  some  of  them  painted,  small  human 
figures  in  terra  cotta,  and  animal  heads  of  the  same  material,  from  burial 
mounds  on  the  plain  west  of  Tola,  Nicaragua.  —  Explorations  of  Dr. 
Earl  Flint,  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

22643.  Wooden  seats  from  Brazil.  —  Collected  by  the  Hassler  Expedi- 
tion and  presented  by  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

22644  —  22911.    Six  "  mummies  "  or  dried  human  bodies  with  the  wrap- 


32 


pings  from  burial  caves  in  Coahuila,  Mexico.    In  the  bundles  containing 
the  human  skeletons  were  also  implements  and  ornaments.   Among  these 
are  feather  ornaments,  shell  beads,  and  necklace  of  snakes'  vertebrae  ;  bas- 
kets, pieces  of  matting,  wicker  work,  nets,  cords,  twine,  and  cloth,  some 
of  which  is  ornamented  in  colored  figures,  all  made  from  the  fibre  of  the 
Agave ;  shell  ornaments ;  stone  implements,  among  them  several  knives 
fastened  in  wooden  handles ;  braided  sandals ;  circular  pads  to  protect 
the  head  when  carrying  burdens,  made  of  grass  and  Agave  fibre.  A  num- 
ber of  crania,  and  articles  similar  to  those  mentioned  above,  were  found 
upon  the  floor  of  the  caves,  apparently  from  other  bundles  in  which  bodies 
were  wrapped.    Besides  these  articles  found  in  the  caves  and  which  will 
form  the  subject  for  a  special  paper.  Dr.  Palmer  obtained  specimens  of 
the  Agave  which  seems  to  have  played  as  prominent  a  part  in  the  domes- 
tic economy  of  these  people,  as  it  does  in  that  of  the  Indians  of  to-day; 
also  a  corn  husker,  hat,  leather  sandals,  water  bottle,  rattles,  and  a 
crown  of  artificial  flowers,  such  as  are  now  made  and  used  by  the  Indians 
of  Coahuila.   He  was  also  fortunate  enough  to  secure  an  old  Spanish  olive 
jar  which  is  an  exact  counterpart  of  one,  noticed  in  a  former  report,  which 
was  from  a  mound  in  Florida.    There  is  also  in  this  collection  a  large  and 
interesting  series  of  stone  implements  from  Georgetown,  Texas,  and  a  few 
fra-ments  of  pottery,  two  stone  knives  and  some  broken  implements  of 
the^ame  material  from  Longview,  Texas,  the  latter  collected  by  Mr.  John 
Allex  AVare  of  that  place.  —  Explorations  conducted  for  the  Museum  by 
Dr.  Edward  Pa'lmer. 

22912  —  22917.  Two  stone  yokes,  and  two  human  faces  in  profile, 
carved  in  stone,  and  fragments  of  pottery  probably  from  Mexico.  —  Col- 
lected by  the  Hassler  Expedition  and  presented  by  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology. 

22918—22973.  Crania  and  other  human  and  animal  bones,  some  show- 
ing marks  of  Are,  fragments  of  pottery,  with  painted,  stamped,  and  in- 
cised ornamentation ;  shells,  ornaments  of  silver,  brass  and  copper,  glass 
beads,  stone  celts  and  arrowheads,  iron  tomahawk  and  pieces  of  bog  iron 
from  mounds  in  Florida.  -  Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr. 
David  Mack. 

22974  —  22975.  Mummied  human  head  and  foot,  from  the  tombs  at 
Memphis,  Egypt.  —  By  Purchase. 

22976  —  22980.  Cups,  pipe,  osirids,  and  an  earthen  lamp  from  Egypt. 
—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mrs.  S.  D.  Warren. 

22981.  Carved  stone  head  from  Idalium. 

22982.  Iron  tomahawk  from  Crawford,  Miss. —Presented  by  Mr.  A. 
F.  Berlin. 

22983.  Stone  sinker  from  Saugus,  Mass.  — By  Exchange. 

22984.  A  small  human  face  carved  on  stone,  from  Wellfleet,  Mass.  — 
Collected  and  presented  by  Rev.  B.  F.  De  Costa. 

22985.  Stone  pipe,^  sim.ilar  in  execution  and  material  to  those  from  the 

1  This  pipe  is  figured  and  an  account  of  it  is  given  on  page  324  of  Dr.  Abbott's 
work  entitled  "  Primitive  Industry  or  Illustrations  of  the  Handiwork  in  Stone,  Bone 
and  Clay  of  the  Native  Races  of  the  Northern  Atlantic  Seal)oai  d  of  America." 


33 


Northwest  coast,  found  at  a  depth  of  two  to  three  feet  in  North  Carver, 
Plymouth  Co.,  Mass.  —  By  Puhchase. 

22986  —  23006.  Stone  implements  from  Lebanon  Co. ,  Penn.  —  Collected 
and  presented  by  H.  L.  Ellig. 

23007.  Grooved  stone  axe  from  Washington  Co.,  Ark.  —  Collected  by 
Midshipman  J.  C.  Drakk,  U.  S.  N.,  and  presented  by  Prof.  Chaiiles  E. 

MUXKOE. 

23008—23014.  Fragments  of  steatite  pots  and  stone  implements  from 
Oxford  Co.,  North  Carolina.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Cabot. 

23015  —  23019.  Stone  implements  from  Castorland  Station,  Lewis  Co., 
N.  Y.—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  Hudson  Stephens. 

23020—23022.  Birch  bark  panier  from  Lake  Superior,  "squeezes" 
from  the  "  tomb  of  a  priest "  at  Thebes,  Egypt,  and  model  of  a  steam- 
boat, made  of  pith  by  a  Nubian  child.- Collected  and  presented  by  Mrs. 
Asa  Gray. 

23023.  Calvariura  and  human  bones  from  Main  St.,  Owego,  N.  Y.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Prof.  E.  Pumpelly. 

23024.  Clay  pipe  from  St.  Lucia,  W.  L— Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  F.  Ober. 

23025.  Cast  of  the  "Gass  tablet,"  —  Presented  by  the  Davenport 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

23026.  Fragment  of  Zulu  pottery  from  South  Africa.— Presented  by 
Mrs.  Isabella  James. 

23027—23030.  Cranium  and  jaw  from  Silver  Creek,  Iowa,  and  frag- 
ments of  pottery  from  ancient  Indian  lodges  in  Mills  Co.,  Iowa.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  S.  V.  Proudfit. 

23031.  Flint  chips  and  broken  arrowhead  from  Fort  Sisseton,  Dakota 
Ter.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  Gecks. 

23032  —  23034.  Notched  and  painted  sticks  left  by  the  Pueblo  Indians, 
on  Mt.  Taylor,  New  Mexico.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  G. 
Thompson. 

23035—23062.  Fragments  of  pottery,  showing  different  methods  of 
ornamentation,  from  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Dr. 
D.  S.  Kellogg. 

23063  —  23071.  Earthen  vases  and  stands  from  megalithic  cists  in 
Periakulam,  Madura  district.  South  India.—  Collected  by  the  late  Rev.  D. 
C.  Scudder  and  presented  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder. 

23072  —  23073.  Mats  probably  from  West  Africa.  —  Collected  by  the 
late  Dr.  Charles  Pickering  and  presented  by  Mrs.  Pickering. 

23074  —  23075.  Casts  of  steatite  dishes  in  the  Amherst  Museum.  — 
Presented  by  Prof.  E.  Hitchcock. 

23076  —  23084.  Several  crania,  heads,  sheath-knife,  human  hair,  and 
fragment  of  cloth  ornamented  with  buttons,  belonging  to  Dull  Knife's 
band  of  Cheyenne  Indians,  who  were  killed  in  1879.— Collected  by  S.  W. 
Garman,  and  presented  by  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

23085  —  23092.  Two  mummied  heads  from  Thebes,  Egypt.— Collected 
by  the  late  John  Lowell,  jr.  ;  Kappa  cloth,  and  '  e  material  from  which 
Ricport  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  3 


84 


it  is  made,  also  a  pounder  or  instrument  used  in  makinj;  it,  from  tlie 
Hawaiian  Islands;  grass  cloth  and  a  cap  probably  of  African  manufacture. 
—  Presented  by  the  Boston  Socikty  of  Natuual  llisrouY. 

23093—23098.  Crania  and  perforated  shells  from  mounds  on  the  blulf 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river,^  and  a  fragment  of  a  skull  from  a 
mound  in  St.  Charles  Co.,  Mo.— Collected  and  presented  by  the  lion.  Wm. 
McAdams. 

23099  — 231U.  Sixteen  French  crania.— Fresented  by  the  SociArfe 
d'An  TiiKOPOLOtUE  of  Taris. 

23115.  Carib  table  from  Salibria,  Island  of  Dominica.— Collected  by 
Mr.  S.  W.  Gaum  AN. —By  ruuciiASK. 

23I1G.  Small  dish  with  human  head,  made  in  iuiitation  of  similar  ar- 
ticles from  the  mounds  in  southeastern  Missouri.— Bresented  by  Dr.  F.  E. 

lllIJ[>EK. 

23117  23192.     Human  bones,  some  burned;  charcoal;    shells,  and 

implements  of  bone  and  stone  fi'om  Battle  Mound  in  Fairtlold  Co.,  Ohio; 
stone  implements  of  the  usual  patterns  from  the  surface  in  ditterent  sec- 
tions of  Ohio ;  a  celt  nnide  of  limonite  from  Ironton,  Ohio,  collected  by  the 
Hon.  John  Campbell  ;  an  oval  stone  cup  from  Beach  City,  Ohio,  collected 
by  Mr.  Joskpu  Getty  ;  a  spearpoint  from  Newark,  Ohio,  collected  by  ,hulge 
Buckingham;  human  bones  and  fragments  of  stamped  pottery  from 
Fort  George  Island,  Florida,  collected  by  Mr.  Cutlek  W.  Andkews  ;  human 
bones,  shell  beads,  and  fragments  of  pottery  from  St.  Johns  river,  Florida, 
opposite  the  light  house,  collected  by  Miss  Claua  L.  xVndkkws.—  Explor- 
ation conducted  for  the  Museum  by  the  late  Prof.  K.  B.  Ani>rewj>. 

23193—23547.  A  collection  of  over  three  hundred  crania  from  Ancon 
and  Pacasmayo,  Peru,  with  a  few  other  human  bones  and  specimens  of 
hair,  collected  by  the  Hasslek  Expedition,  nnder  the  late  Prof.  Louis 
Agassiz;  cranium  from  Tierra  del  Fuego,  of  doubtl\il  nationality,  col- 
lected on  the  same  expedition ;  fifteen  crania  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
collected  by  the  late  Dr.  C.  F.Wlxslow;  crania  and  stone  celts  from 
India,  collected  by  Mr.  W.  Theobald,  jr.  ;  an  imperfect  skeleton  from 
Christchiirch,  New  Zealand,  collected  by  Dr.  J.  Haast;  human  bones 
from  Hayti,  W.  I.,  collected  by  Dr.  D.  F.  Weinland;  human  bones  from 
McGregor,  Iowa ;  a  human  skeleton  of  unknown  origin,  casts  of  the  cra- 
nia of  individuals  belonging  to  thirteen  ditlerent  peoples.— Presented  by 
the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

23548  — 235G0.  Grooved  stone  axe  from  Dover,  Delaware;  a  collection 
of  stone  implements  from  Little  Creek,  Kent  Co.,  Del.,  and  fragments  of 
pottery  from  shell  mounds  at  Capo  lleulopen,  collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  II.  K.  Benneit. 

23-,(;i —23704.    A  collection  of  stone  implemonts  and  ornaments  and 
fragments  of  pipes  ?ind  other  articles  of  pottery  from  Trenton,  Crosswicks 
Creek  and  Lake  Hopatcong,  New  Jersey.    In  it  are  a  series  of  paheolithics 
found  at  ditferent  di^pths,  and  twenty-seven  grooved  stone  axes,  two 
2These  crania  are  moufeionea  in  Mr.  MoAdiinis-  papor  on  uuciont  mounds^  in  llUnoks 


\ 


35 


stone  mortars,  four  unfinished  ornamental  axes,  and  a  large  and  varied 
collection  of  stone  implements  of  jasper,  quartz  and  argillite,  such  as  are 
usually  found  on  the  surface  in  New  Jersey. —  Exploration  conducted  for 
the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

23765  —  23775.  Stone  implements  of  the  usual  New  Jersey  patterns, 
and  fragments  of  pottery  from  Trenton.— Collected  and  presented  by 
EiCHARD  M.  Abbott. 

23776  —  23858.  Grooved  stone  axe  from  Bainbridge,  Penn.,  and  stone 
implements  and  a  brass  arrowhead  from  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.  — Col- 
lected by  the  late  Dr.  S.  S.  Haldemaj^;  a  large  series  of  stone  imple- 
ments and  ornaments  of  the  usual  Ohio  valley  forms,  from  Butler  Co., 
Ohio,  together  with  flint  points  from  California,  Iowa,  Indiana  and  Ken- 
tucky, all  collected  by  Mr.  R.  T.  Shepherd  of  Monroe,  Ohio ;  a  small 
carved  stone  from  Burlington  Co.,  New  Jersey,  collected  by  Mr.  Herbert 
Coleman.— Presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

23859  —  23869.  Stone  implements  from  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  fragments 
of  pottery  and  stone  knives,  drills  and  arrowheads  from  Oswego,  N.  Y.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mrs.  Ernest  Ingersoll. 

23870.  Cast  of  a  stone  ornament  from  Conestoga,  Penn. — Collected  by 
P.  C.  HiLLER  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

23871  —  23880.  Flint  points  from  a  newly  ploughed  field  near  Saratoga 
Lake,  N.  Y. ;  stone  arrowheads  from  Saratoga  Springs,  and  a  flint  im- 
plement from  the  gravel  (probably  disturbed)  one  mile  west  of  Saratoga 
Springs,  N.  Y.— Collected  and  presented  by  Lieut.  Com.  A.  R.  McNair, 
U.  S.  Navy. 

23881.  Stone  pipe  with  human  face  cut  on  it,  from  the  surface  near 
Pomeroy,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Charles  Dabxey  Hortox. 

23882.  Cranium  from  Battle  Mound,  Eairfleld  Co.,  Ohio.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  Samuel  Courtright. 

23883  —  23963.  A  large  earthen  jar  and  a  portion  of  a  bowl,  ornamented 
in  colors,  two  small,  stone  idols  —  one  representing  a  puma  and  said  to 
be  *' Shyayaq,"  god  of  the  chase;  grooved  and  notched  stone  axes,  and 
flakes  of  obsidian  and  chalcedony  from  the  Pueblo  of  Cochiti  and  neigh- 
borhood ;  turquoise  ear-rings,  shell  ornaments,  fragments  of  pottery- 
some  of  European  make  —  obsidian  chips,  stone  hammers  and  grinding 
stones  (manos) ,  from  the  pueblo  of  Santo  Domingo;  fragments  of  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  pottery,  obsidian  chips  and  arrowheads,  human  and  ani- 
mal bones,  metate  and  grinding  stones,  and  specimens  of  clay,  rock,  tim- 
bers and  the  adobe  mortar  from  the  Pueblo  of  Pecos  and  vicinity.— Col- 
lected by  Mr.  Ad.  E.  Bandeliee,  and  presented  by  the  Arch^ological 
Institute  of  America. 

23964  —  24139.  This  valuable  collection  from  ancient  graves  in  Peru  is 
especially  rich  in  the  number  of  "  mummied "  heads  preserved  in  their 
original  wrappings,  and  in  the  quantity  and  variety  of  the  specimens  of 
cotton  and  woollen  cloth,  and  garments  made  from  it.  Many  pieces  of 
this  cloth  are  elaborately  ornamented  with  colored  figures,  both  woven 
and  embroidered.  There  are  also  several  work  baskets  with  their  usual 
contents,  such  as  needles,  thread,  and  bunches  of  wool  and  cotton,  and  a 


36 


number  of  wooden  implements,  some  of  which  were  doubtless  used  m 
weaving.  The  collection  also  contains  a  number  of  large  wooden  imple- 
ments for  agricultural  purposes.  Among  the  other  articles  worthy  of 
special  notice,  arc  cup-stones,  pestles,  and  polishing  stones  ;  dolls  made  of 
pottery,  ornaments  of  shell,  feathers  and  copper,  small  silver  disks  from 
the  mouths  of  mummies,  gourd  bottles  and  dishes,  nets  with  corn,  beans, 
nuts,  and  other  articles  of  food;  slings,  club  heads  of  copper  and  stone, 
and  a  tattooed  arm.-  Presented  by  Dr.  W.  Sturgis  Bigelow. 

24140—24377.  Pipes  of  Buffalo  horn  from  Calcutta;  knife  from  Mo- 
rocco, wooden  shoes  from  Holland ;  calabashes,  ornamental  boxes,  cassava 
bread'  and  roasted  plantains  from  Surinam;  iron  tomahawk-pipe  from 
Nebraska ;  pipes  made  of  catlinite  from  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  stone  celts, 
o-ouges  and  grooved  axes  from  Arizona,  Dakota,  Indiana,  New  Jersey, 
Maine  and  Massachusetts;  stone  knives,  arrowheads  and  other  stone 
implements  from  Nebraska,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Pennsylvania,  New  York, 
and  numerous  places  in  Massachusetts;  arrowheads  from  a  cave  in 
western  New  York ;  polishing  and  hammer  stones,  stone  sinkers  pestles 
and  perforated  stones  from  different  localities  in  Massachusetts ;  and  a 
lar-e  collection  of  stone  chips  and  implements,  some  of  them  very  rude 
and  resembling  the  Hurtle  backs'  of  New  Jersey,  and  other  palaeolithic 
forms,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Wakefield,  Mass.  In  this  collection  there 
is  a  bird-shaped  "totem"  of  stone  which  was  found  six  feet  deep  in  a  peat 
bog  near  Wakefield,  and  is  interesting  as  being  the  only  specimen  in  the 
Museum  from  the  peat  of  New  England, 


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3  The  titles  of  Anthropological  works  received  by  the  Masenra  are  publishe(l  in  the 
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37 


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REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archceology  and 
Mhnology  in  connection  with  Harvard  University  : 


Stephen  Salisbury,  Treasurer,  respectfully  presents  his  Fourteenth  Annual  Re- 
port : — 


The  Treasurer  has  in  his  keepinj?  Thirty  Massachusetts  Coast  Defence  Specie  Reg- 
istered Notes,  each  for  $5,000,  dated  July  1,  1863,  due  July  1,  1883,  the  ffift  of  George 
Peabody,  Esq.,  to  this  Museum,  viz. :—  o  o 

Nine  Notes  of  $5,000,  No.  45  to  No.  54,  belonging  to  Collection  Fund. 

Nine  Notes  of  $5,000,  No.  55  to  No.  H3,  belonging  to  Professor  Fund. 

Twelve  Notes  of  $5,000,  No.  64  to  No.  75,  belonging  to  Building  Fund. 


The  Treasurer  for  Collection  Fund  is  charged  with, 

Feb.  4, 1880,  balance  of  account   $1250  00 

July  6, 1880,  6  montlis' Interest  on  Mass.  5  per  cent.  Notes  to  1st     .  ll->5  GO 

July  6,  1880,  6  months'  Interest  on  Mass.  5  per  cent.  Notes,  Professor  Fund     .  1125  GO 

Jan.  4, 1881,  6  months'  Interest  on  Mass.  5  per  cent.  Notes  to  1st   l]25  00 

Jan.  4, 1881,  6  months'  Interest  on  Mass.  5  per  cent.  Notes,  Professor  Fund    .  1125  00 

$5750  00 


And  the  Treasurer  for  Collection  Fund  is  credited  with, 

Feb.  18,  1880,  paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Cui  ator,  by  vote  of  Trustees  $12.50  00 

J uly  21,  1880,  paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  by  vote  of  Trustees   2250  00 

Jan.  3,  1881,  paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  by  vote  of  Trustees   2250  00 

$5750  00 


The  Treasurer  for  Building  Fund  is  charged  with, 

Feb.  4, 1880,  balance  of  account   *  500  00 

J  uly  6, 1880,  6  months'  Interest  on  Mass.  5  per  cent.  Notes  to  1st  "'.'.*.''  1500  00 
Jan.  3, 1881,  6  months' Interest  on  Mass.  5  per  cent.  Notes  to  1st  1500  00 

$35(10  00 


And  the  Treasurer  for  Building  Fund  is  credited  with, 

Feb.  18, 1880,  paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  by  vote  of  Trustees   $  500  00 

July  21, 1880,  paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  by  vote  of  Trustees   ]500  00 

Jan.  3,  1881,  paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  by  vote  of  Trustees  1500  00 

$3500  00 


March  7, 1881.  " 

STEPHEN  SALISBURY,  Treasurer. 

I  certify  that  the  above  Report  of  Stephen  Salisbury,  Treasurer,  is  v\^ell  vouched  and 
truly  stated,  and  the  thirty  Mass.  5  per  cent.  Specie  Notes  registered,  each  for  $5,000 
are  m  the  possession  of  the  Treasurer. 

March  3, 1881.  "  SAMUEL  F.  HAVEN,  AudUor. 

(39) 


40 


CASH  ACCOUNT 


F.  "W.  Putnam,  Curator,  in  Account  with 

1880-81. 

To  Building  Fund. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account  $648  14 

Received  from  Stephen  Salisbury,  Treasurer   3500  00 

Received  from  Lambert  Bros.,  allowance  on  glass   1  88 

Museum  Fund,  payment  of  amount  advanced  on  last  account  .    .      644  02 

  $4794  04 


To  Museum  Fund. 


Received  from  Stephen  Salisbury,  Treasurer      .......  $5750  00 

From  Building  Fund,  on  account  cases  made  1868-74    644  02 

From  Building  Fund,  lor  library  cabinet   8  50 

From  Woman's  Educational  Assoc.,  expenses  of  lecture  ...  5  00 

From  Reports  sold  

From  a  friend  for  explorations   00 


6501  40 


$11,295  44 


41 


OF  THE  CURATOR. 

Pedbody  Museum  of  American  ArchcBology  and  Ethnology. 

By  Building  Fund. 


Cr. 

1880-81. 


Paid  Museum  Fund,  on  account  of  cases  made  fi  om  lS()8-74     .    .     $644  02 

Paid  Museum  Fund,  for  library  cabinet   8  50 

Cases,  stock  and  labor   3210  58 

200  wooden  ti  ays  (drawers  imder  cases)   30  00 

72  chairs  ;    .    .    .    .        35  OJ 

Repairing  plastering   30  87 

Incidentals  and  materials  used   04  CO 

  $4023  57 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account   770  47 

4794  04 


By  Museum  Fund. 


Paid  Building  Fund  amount  advanced  on  last  account   ....  $644  02 

Explorations  and  collections   1075  10 

Library,  books,  labels  and  cataloguing   59  09 

Water  tax,  two  years   50  CO 

Express,  postage  and  telegraph   358  74 

Drawings  and  illustrations   53  50 

Printing  12th  and  13th  Reports   603  45 

Paper,  envelopes  and  labels   21  CO 

Mounting  idol  from  Nicaragua  and  Palenque  tablet   36  87 

Cement   8  00 

Fuel   11  00 

Incidentals   43  02 

Salaries   3379  oo 

  6343  39 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account   158  01 


6501  40 


$11,295  44 


I  have  examined  this  account,  with  the  vouchers,  and  find  it  correct. 

Theodore  Lyman. 

Feb.  26,  1881. 


FIFTEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORT 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 


AMERICAN  AEOHjEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY. 


PRESENTED  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOWS  OP 
HARVARD  COLLEGE,  JUNE,  1882. 


Vol.  III.    No.  2. 


CAMBRIDGE : 

PEINTED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES. 

1882. 


OF  THE  TRUSTEES 


OF  THE 


OF 


PRINTED  AT  THE  SALEM  PRESS, 
Sjllem,  Mass. 


c  o  ]sr  T  E  ]sr  T  s . 


List  of  Trustees  and  Officers  of  the  Museum   46 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of 
Harvard  College   

Abstract  from  the  Records   48 

Report  of  the  Treasurer   49 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   50 

Arch^ological  Research  in  America  :  Circular  letter  relating  to.  52 

Subscribers  to  Exploration  Fund   54 

Report  of  the  Curator   55 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1881    .  74 

List  of  Donors  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1881    .  80 

Notes  on  the  Copper  Objects  from  North  and  South  America 
contained  in  the  collections  of  the  Peabody  Museum.  Illus- 
trated.  By  F.  W.  Putnam,   83 

(45) 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 

OF 

AlilERICAy  ARCHiOLOGT  A^'D  ETH^-QLOGT 

ly  COXNECTIOX  WITH 

HAEVARD  UNIVERSITY. 

FOU>-PED  BY  GEOKGE  PEABODY,  OCTOBES  8,  1866. 


TEUSTEES 


Robert  C.  ^inthrop,  Boston,  1866.  Chairman. 
Charles  Francis  Ada^is,  Quincy,  1S66 ;  resigned,  1881. 
Francis  Peabody,  Salem,  1866;  deceased,  1867. 
Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  1866.    Treasurer,  1866-1881. 
ASA  Gray,  Cambridge,  1866.    Fro  tempore  Curator  of  the  JIuseum,  18-4. 
Jeffhiks  Wyman,  Cambridge,  1866;  deceased  187i.    Curator  of  the  Mu- 
seum. 1866-1874. 

George  Peabody  Eussell,   Salem,   1866;  resigned,   1876.  Secretai-y, 
1866-1873. 

HENBY  Wheatland,  Salem,  1867.     Successor  to  Francis  Peabody,  as 

Pre'^ident  of  the  Essex  Institute.    Secretary,  1873. 
THO.L.S  T.  BOUT6,  Boston,  1874-1880.     Successor  to  Jeffries  Wyman, 

as  President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Xataral  History. 
THEODORE  LY.I.N,  Brookliue,   1876.    Successor  to  George  Peabody 

Eussell,  by  election.    Treasurer,  1881-1882. 
SAMUEL  H.  SCUDDER,  Boston,  1880.    successor  to  Thomas  T.  Bouve,  as 

President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
JOHN  C.  PHILLIPS,  Boston,  1881.    Successor  to  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
by  election.    Treasurer,  1882. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  MUSEUM. 
FREDERICK  Ward  Putnam,  Curator,  1875. 
LuciEN  Carr,  Assistant  Curator,  1877. 
Miss  Jennie  Smith,  Assistant,  1878. 
Miss  C.  A.  Studley,  Assistant,  1882. 

Edward  E.  Chick,  Assistant  in  charge  of  the  Building,  1878. 
C46) 


FIFTEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORT. 


To  THE  President  and  Fellows  op  Harvard  College  :— 

The  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archse- 
ology  and  Ethnology  herewith  respectfully  communicate  to  the 
President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College,  as  their  Fifteenth 
Annual  Eeport,  the  Reports  of  their  Curator  and  Treasurer  pre- 
sented at  the  Annual  Meeting,  February  24,  1882. 

robp:rt  c.  winthrop, 
stephen  salisbury, 

ASA  GRAY, 
HENRY  WHEATLAND, 
THEODORE  LYMAN, 
SAMUEL  H.  SCUDDER, 
JOHN  C.  PHILLIPS. 

Cambridge, 
June  22,  1882. 


ABSTRACT  PROM  THE  RECORDS. 


Friday,  February  24,  1882.  The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  was  held  this  day  at  noon,  in  the  Museum,  Cambridge.  Present : 
Messrs.  Wisthuop,  Salisbury,  Gray,  Lyman,  Scudder,  Phillips, 
Wheatland  and  the  Curator. 

The  Report  of  the  Treasurer  was  read  and  accepted,  and  ordered  to 
be  printed  as  a  part  of  the  Fifteenth  Annual  Keport  of  the  Board. 

MR.  Lyman  stated  that  when  he  accepted  the  office  of  Treasurer  at  the 
last  meetin-  it  was  with  the  understanding  that  he  was  only  to  hold  the 
office  temporarily.  He  therefore  offered  his  resignation,  which  was  ac 
cepted,  and  the  thanks  of  the  Board  were  voted  for  his  efficient  services 
during  the  past  year. 

On  nomination  of  Mr.  Lyman,  Mr.  Johk  C.  Phillips  w.as  unanimously 
elected  Treasurer. 

Mr.  LYMAN  called  attention  to  the  circular  letter  which  had  recently 
been  issued  by  authority  of  the  Board,  requesting  aid  to  enable  the 
Museum  to  renew  its  explorations  in  America,  and  stated  that  several 
subscriptions  had  already  been  received  in  response. 

The  Curator  presented  his  account  of  the  expenditures  for  the  year, 
which  was  accepted  and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  Curator  read  his  Annual  Report,  which  was  accepted  and  ordered 
to  be  printed. 

The  appropriations  for  the  year  were  voted. 
The  Board  then  adjourned  to  meet  on  March  15. 

THE  ADJOURNED  MEETING  was  held  ou  March  15,  1882  at  -oon  at  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston  Present :  Messr  s^ 
WiNTHROP,  Salisbury,  Gray,  Scudder,  Phillips,  heatland  and  the 
Curator.  .  , 

The  Curator  reported  a  plan  for  proposed  explorations,  which  vyas 
accepted^and  it  wa's  voted  that  the  Treasurer  be  authorized  to  pay  the 
Cui  rTOR  twenty.five  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  the  amount  received  to 
date  from  the  subscriptions  in  aid  of  archaeological  research  in  America, 
to  be  expended  in  accordance  with  the  accepted  plan. 

It  was  also  voted  that  the  Treasurer  and  Mr.  Lyman  be  authorized  to 
reinvest  the  funds  of  the  Museum. 

The  Board  then  adjourned.  ^^^^^  Wheatland, 

Secretary. 

(48) 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER. 


Ethnology  m  connection  with  Harvard  University : 
THEOBOHK  LTMAK,  Treasurer,  re^pectfuHy  presents  the  foUowtag  Annua.  Eeport  :- 
Eegtel~;nirereT^  Massachusetts  Coast  Defence  Specie 

,  .S3S,  t.e „r;^r  e  p:x°:"i;:cs;s'Hu!:r'  '^"^ 

»s  charged  with, 

July  6, 1881.  Six  months'  Interest  on  above  to  J„ly  i 

Jan.  12, 1882.  Six  months' Interest  on  above  to  Jan!  1  ^^'^'^ 

'    3750  00 

$7500  00 

And  is  credited  with,  ' 
July  6, 1881,  Paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

For  account  of  Building  Fund,    .   .   .  *i^oo  no 

For  account  of  Museum  Fund,  2250  'o 

Jan.  12,  1882,  Paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

For  account  of  Building  Fund,    ....  ^i^on  no 

For  account  of  Museum  Fund  2250  00 

$3750  00 
$7500  00 

FEB.  24, 1882.  THEODORE  LYMAN,  Treasurer. 

(49) 


Report  of  Pjsabody  Museum,  III. 


50 

CASH  ACCOUNT 


-p.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  in  Account  with 

1881-82. 

To  Building  Fund. 


Balance  on  hand  from  last  accoimt  .  •  • 
Received  from  Theodore  Lyman,  Treasurer 


$770  47 
3000  00 

  $3770  47 


To  Museum  Fund. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account  •  ;    '    *    *  ^^JJ 

From  Building  Fund,  2d  payment  account  of  cases  made  m  1868-<4  600  00 

From  Building  Fund,  part  salary  of  E.E.  Chick,  • 

Reports  sold  *  „„  ^.^ 

Received  from  Theodore  Lyman,  Treasurer   ____  579071 


$9561  18 


51 


Cr. 

1881-82. 


OF  THE  CUEATOR. 

Pedbody  Museum  of  American  Archceology  and  Ethnology. 

By  Building  Fund. 

Paid  Museum  Fund,  2d  payment  acct.  cases  1868-74    .    .  $600  00 

Flooring  1st  Southern  gallery  '    '      292  17 

Cases,  stock  and  labor  *.*.*.*.'.*    lOlO  88 

Furniture,  and  materials  used  56  on 

Part  salary  of  E.  E.  Chick  \    ......    .      500  00 

— —   $2459  85 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account   1310 

3770  47 


By  Museum  Fund. 

Explorations  and  collections   $843  75 

Library,  books,  labels  and  cataloguing     .    .    43  47 

Stationery  and  ink   26  33 

Binding  278  copies  of  Reports,  Vols.  I  and  11.'    .    .    .                '  12360 

Stereotyping  and  Printing  14th  Report  .    ...  ir^o 

Fuel  and  Gas     ^^^  f 

WaterTax   25  00 

Express,  postage  and  telephone                  *.    *.   *..***  152  65 

Craniometrical  instruments  ....  ok 

Caligraph  '.    \    '.   \       '    '    '  11 

Incidentals     °°  7 

Salaries   f 

  3871  00 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  .   .  . 


5557  69 
233  02 


5790  71 


$9561  18 

I  have  examined  this  account,  with  the  vouchers,  and  find  it  correct. 

Feh.  11,  1882.  THEODORE  LTMAN. 


In  conformity  luith  a  vote  passed  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  in  1881,  the  following  circular  letter  was 
issued  in  January,  1882. 

ARCH^OLOGICAL  RESEARCH  IN  AMERICA. 


In  1866  Mr.  George  Peabody  gave  $150,000  to  found  a  Mu- 
seum of  American  Archieology  and  Ethnology  :  stipulating  in  his 
instrument  of  trust  that  $60,000  should  be  invested  for  accumu- 
lation as  a  building  fund.  In  1876,  the  Trustees  began  the  erec- 
tion of  the  first  section  of  the  building,  on  land  given  by  Harvard 
College.  This  structure,  which  is  one-fifth  of  the  one  contem- 
plated, was  completed  two  years  later. 

Since  1878  three  rooms  and  their  galleries  together  with  the 
central  hall  have  been  provided  with  cases,  and  the  large  collec- 
tions from  North,  Central,  and  South  America,  and  the  smaller 
collections  from  Egypt,  Southern  Africa,  Asia,  Australia  and  the 
Pacific  Islands  have  been  arranged  in  them.  These  rooms  are  now 
open  free  to  visitors  between  the  hours  of  nine  and  five.  The 
large  collections  from  Europe,  particularly  rich  in  objects  illus- 
trating the  stone  age  of  Denmark  and  Italy,  and  in  interesting 
remains  from  the  Swiss  Lakes,  are  now  in  course  of  arrangement 
for  the  room  which  will  be  provided  with  cases  in  the  spring. 

The  collections  of  human  crania  from  all  parts  of  the  world, 
the  numerous  human  skeletons,  and  the  pathological  specimens  of 
prehistoric  times,  are  already  sufficient  to  fill  the  upper  room  and 
adjoining  hall,  and  will  be  arranged  as  soon  as  cases  are  provided 
for  the  purpose. 

The  Trustees  have  thus  secured  to  the  public  a  fire-proof  build- 
ing, containing  large  and  valuable  collections,  comprising  several 
hundred  thousand  specimens,  which  are  recorded  under  nearly 
thirty  thousand  distinct  entries.  These  have  been  placed  under 
proper  care  and  arranged  in  accordance  with  the  demands  of  mod 
ern  anthropological  science. 

An  instructive  and  attractive  Museum  has  in  this  way  been 
formed  where,  from  time  to  time,  free  descriptive  lectures  are 
given  by  the  Curator.     To  this  Museum,  students  may  come  for 
special  investigations,  with  the  assurance  that,  so  far  as  American 
(52) 


53 


archaeology  is  concerned,  they  have  access  to  the  most  important 
collections  that  have  been  brought  together,  while  the  material 
for  comparison  with  that  of  other  parts  of  the  world  is  not  want- 
ing. The  opportunities  afforded  by  the  Museum  for  archaeological 
and  ethnological  investigations  have  enabled  its  officers  and  other 
students  to  make  a  number  of  researches,  accounts  of  which  have 
been  published  in  tlie  Annual  Reports  of  the  Trustees,  in  Me- 
moirs of  Societies,  in  National  and  State  Reports,  and  in  various 
journals.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  work  done  at  the 
Museum,  and  under  its  direction,  has  had  a  marlced  influence  on 
the  methods  of  archaeological  and  ethnological  research  in  this 
country. 

While  the  results  attained  are  most  satisfactory,  it  must  be 
evident  that  the  small  income  of  $4500  per  annum,  derived  from 
the  $90,000  given  by  Mr.  Peabody  for  the  care  and  increase  of  the 
Museum,  is  now  scarcely  adequate  for  its  care  alone,  and  that  the 
increase  of  the  collections  must  depend  entirely  upon  gifts  of 
specimens,  which,  although  large  and  important,  are  not  such  as 
will  enable  the  Museum  to  hold  its  own  in  the  rapidly  increasing 

growth  of  the  science  for  whose  development  it  was  founded  a 

growth  which  has  far  exceeded  the  anticipations  of  sixteen  years 
ago. 

The  Trustees  therefore  ask  your  aid  to  enable  them  to  renew 
the  explorations  in  America,  which  were  successfully  begun  under 
the  direction  of  the  first  Curator,  the  late  Dr.  Jeffries  Wyraan,  and 
continued  with  excellent  results  by  his  successor,  the  present 
Curator,  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam,  until  the  whole  of  the  limited  in- 
come was  required  for  the  increased  expense  of  maintaining  the 
growing  collections. 

The  Trustees  are  the  more  urgent  in  asking  for  aid  at  this  time, 
as  they  are  satisfied  of  the  importance  and  justice  of  the  following 
statement  made  by  the  Curator  in  his  last  Annual  Report  :— 

"  The  large  amount  of  valuable  and  authentic  material  received  from 
the  special  explorations  by  the  Museum,  and  the  important  facts  relating 
to  the  past  of  our  country,  which  have  been  obtained,  are  certainly  suffi- 
cient inducements  to  continue  the  American  explorations,  if  the  means 
can  be  secured.  It  is  only  by  extensive,  thorough  and  systematic  work  of 
this  character,  that  we  can  hope  to  trace  the  migrations  of  tribes  and 
nations  over  our  continent  and  follow  them  back  in  time.  The  continua- 
tion of  the  explorations  so  well  begun  by  the  Museum  is  also  most  de- 
sirable at  this  time ;  for  since  the  great  increase  in  the  number  of  persons 


* 


54 


who  are  more  or  less  interested  in  making  collections,  the  antiquities  of 
the  country  are  being  explored  at  random,  and  often  in  a  very  superficial 
and  unsatisfactory  manner,  while  foreign  institutions  have  their  agents 
here  who  compete  with  wealthy  private  collectors  and  pay  high  prices  for 
all  that  can  be  obtained,  thus  encouraging  the  hunter  for  curiosities  as 
well  as  the  maker  of  fraudulent  specimens.  Of  course  the  time  is  not 
distant,  when  little  that  is  undisturbed  either  by  the  plough  or  the  gen- 
eral collector,  will  remain  to  reward  the  careful  student  for  his  pains. 
Under  these  circumstances,  it  appears  to  me  that  the  time  has  come  when 
an  appeal  for  aid  to  enable  the  Museum  to  enter  upon  more  extended 
work  would  meet  with  success.  I  am  the  more  inclined  to  make  this 
statement,  as  my  own  feeble  presentation  of  the  subject  to  various  per- 
sons leads  me  to  hope  that  an  appeal  to  the  public  would  meet  with  the 
wished-for  reception,  if  it  were  started  under  your  sanction  and  direc- 
tion, with  a  plain  statement  of  the  necessity  of  increased  means  for  the 
work  which  the  Museum  is  so  well  prepared  to  perform,  as  well  as  of  the 
security  it  ofi"ers  as  a  place  for  the  final  deposit  of  the  treasures  obtained 
and  for  the  lasting  care  that  its  present  means  provide  for  all  that  is 
received.  The  fact  that  this  Museum  was  founded  especially  for  the 
preservation  of  collections,  and  the  study  of  American  Archaeology  and 
Ethnology,  and  that  it  is  the  only  one  of  its  character  in  the  country,  will, 
when  properly  made  known  to  the  public,  unquestionably  have  the  effect 
desired,  if  at  the  same  time  the  general  impression  of  its  great  wealth 

can  be  dispelled."  ^  _  _ 

f  Robert  C.  Winthkop, 
I  Stephen  Salisbury, 
I  Asa  Gray, 
Trustees,  ^  Henry  Wheatland, 
I  Theodore  Lyman, 
I  Samuel  H.  Scudder, 
l^JoHN  C.  Phillips. 

Contributions  may  be  sent  to  Theodore  Lyman,  Treasurer, 

191  Commonwealth  Avenue, 
Boston. 


In  answer  to  this  circular  the  following  subscript 
received  : 

Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Col.  Theodore  Lyman,  Brookline, 
John  C.  Phillips,  Esq.,  Boston, 
Mrs.  Augustus  Hemenway, 
Samuel  D.  Warren,  Esq., 
Mrs.  Gardner  Brewer, 
Dk.  C.  a.  Ware, 
Dr.  R.  M.  Hodges, 
Mrs.  G.  H.  Shaw, 
Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop, 
Wm.  D.  Weeden,  Esq  ,  Providence,  R.  I. 


ons  have  already  been 


$500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
300  00 
200  00 
100  00 
100  00 
100  00 
50  00 

$3350  00 


EEPOET  OF  THE  CUEATOE. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  Archaeology  and 
Ethnology :  — 

Gentlemen  :— As  is  well  known  to  you,  and  as  is  stated  in  the 
last  report,  the  explorations,  which  for  several  years  had  been  so 
successfully  prosecuted  by  the  Museum,  were  reluctantly  sus- 
pended two  years  ago,  but  it  is  now  probable  that  the  means  will 
soon  be  forthcoming  for  the  renewal  of  field  work,  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent at  least,  as  several  friends  of  the  Museum  have  generously 
headed  a  subscription  paper  for  that  purpose.  Should  our  hopes 
be  realized  and  a  few  thousand  dollars  be  secured  for  immediate 
use  in  explorations,  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  results  equal  in 
importance  to  those  already  attained  will  be  the  reward  of  those 
who  may  give  their  assistance  in  the  important  work  of  exploring 
the  ancient  remains  of  our  continent,  the  interest  in  which  is  rap- 
idly increasing  as  the  facts  revealed  by  careful  explorations  are 
made  known. 

The  discontinuance  of  work  in  the  field  has,  naturally,  caused 
a  large  decrease  in  the  number  of  specimens  received  at  the  Mu- 
seum during  the  past  year  as  compared  with  the  receipts  during 
the  few  years  when  the  active  explorations  were  in  progress. 
While  this  falling  off"  in  receipts  is  very  much  to  be  regretted,  we 
have  the  satisfaction  of  recording  a  number  of  gifts  from  friends 
in  various  parts  of  the  country.  For  a  notice  of  these  in  detail 
I  must  refer  to  the  annexed  list  of  additions,  comprising  the 
1767  entries  in  the  catalogue  during  the  year,  and  only  refer  in 
particular  to  a  few  of  the  more  prominent  collections  received. 

To  Prof.  D.  P.  Penhallow,  who  was  for  several  years  in  Japan, 
we  are  indebted  for  a  valuable  series  of  objects  obtained  from  the 
Ainos  of  Yesso.  Prof.  Penhallow  lived  for  some  time  with  this 
interesting  people  and  has  generously  given  to  the  Museum  the 
things  which  he  obtained,  including  fire  sticks,  moustache  sticks, 
a  prayer  stick,  bow  with  poisoned  arrows,  knives  and  other  ob- 

(55) 


56 


jects  of  domestic  use.  A  hand-loom  with  all  its  parts  complete, 
having  upon  it  a  piece  of  cloth  in  process  of  weaving  from  a  large 
skein  of  grass  thread,  is  of  especial  interest  for  comparison  with 
similar  hand-looms  from  the  Indians  of  Mexico,  and  various  wooden 
implements  from  the  ancient  graves  of  Peru. 

From  Mr.  H.  R.  Bennett,  we  have  received  a  collection  of  over 
two  thousand  stone  implements  which  he  gathered  in  Delaware. 
This  collection  is  of  particular  importance  from  the  fact  that  a 
large  portion  of  it  was  obtained  from  the  site  of  an  old  Indian 
village  on  Morgan's  creek.  One  interesting  lot  is  the  first  collec- 
tion we  have  received  from  the  shellheaps  of  Delaware.  Among 
the  other  specimens,  are  several  fine  grooA^ed  axes,  some  having 
two  grooves,  similar  to  many  of  the  stone  axes  from  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  A  large  axe  of  polished  serpentine,  a  "bird  totem," 
and  a  large  lot  of  arrowpoints  and  chipped-stone  knives  are  also 
worthy  of  particular  mention,  while  the  collection  as  a  whole  is  of 
great  interest  in  comparison  with  the  twenty  thousand  or  more 
specimens  in  the  Abbott  collection  from  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Ben- 
nett has  thus  not  only  made  the  Museum  the  recipient  of  his  val- 
uable collection,  but  he  proposes,  in  return  for  a  proper  prospec- 
tive reciprocation  on  our  part,  to  continue  his  collecting  and  give 
to  the  Museum  all  the  specimens  he  may  secure. 

Dr.  Abbott  has  continued  to  send  to  the  Museum  from  time  to 
time  during  the  past  3'ear  such  lots  of  specimens  as  he  could  ob- 
tain at  little  or  no  expense,  and,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to 
the  additions  recorded  under  his  name  during  the  past  year,  we 
have  received  at  a  mere  nominal  expense  many  stone  implements 
and  other  objects  from  New  Jersey  principally  collected  by  him- 
self, and  also  several  lots  from  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  England, 
which  he  had  received  from  his  correspondents,  thus  showing  his 
continued  interest  in  the  Museum  and  his  desire  to  do  all  in  his 
power  in  furtherance  of  its  objects,  and  we  must  remember  that 
all  his  labors  are  gratuitous. 

In  connection  with  Dr.  Abbott's  work  I  may  call  attention  to 
the  little  pamphlet,  which  the  Museum  has  distributed,  containing 
the  several  papers  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History,  to  which  reference  was  made  in  the  last  report. 
At  the  meeting  mentioned.  Dr.  Abbott  and  several  other  gentle- 
men, particularly  interested  in  the  subject  of  the  discovery  of  im- 
plements in  the  gravel  beds  at  Trenton,  communicated  their  views 


57 


relating  to  tbe  implements  and  the  geological  conditions  under 
which  they  were  found.  As  the  Museum  has  been  so  thoroughly 
identified  with  this  important  subject,  in  connection  with  Dr.  Ab- 
bott's discoveries,  it  seemed  in  every  way  proper  that  there  should 
be  issued  to  its  correspondents  a  special  edition  of  the  pamphlet 
as  a  full  statement  of  the  facts  and  conclusions  reached  relating 
to  the  occurrence  of  palaeolithic  man  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of 
North  America. 

I  may  also  here  mention  the  recent  publication  of  Dr.  Abbott's 
volume  entitled  "Primitive  Industry."  As  nearly  all  the  speci- 
mens figured  in  this  work  are  in  the  Museum,  it  is  to  a  consider- 
able extent  a  hand-book  of  that  portion  of  our  collection  relating 
to  the  archaeology  of  the  Eastern  states.  To  all  persons  inter'- 
ested  in  the  early  history  of  man  in  America,  as  shown  by  his 
works  in  stone,  bone  and  clay,  this  volume  is  of  the  first  impor- 
tance and  will  necessarily  long  be  a  standard  work  of  reference. 

During  the  past  year,  Mr.  Dodge,  acting  as  an  agent  for  the  Mu- 
seum, has  continued  his  collecting  of  the  rude  stone  implements  in 
the  vicinity  of  Wakefield  in  this  state,  and  has  added  largely  to 
the  collection  from  this  old  site.    We  now  have  specimens  in 
every  stage  of  manufacture,  from  the  masses  broken  from  the  rock 
to  the  perfect  forms  of  the  rude  implements,  which,  from  the  great 
number  of  chippings  and  small  detached  masses  of  rock  found  in 
the  vicinity,  were  unquestionably  made  in  large  quantities.  It 
yet  remains  to  be  settled,  however,  to  which  period  of  the  stone 
age  these  specimens  can  with  certainty  be  referred.    That  our  re- 
cent Indians  used,  many  exceedingly  rude  stone  implements  can- 
not be  questioned,  and  even  to-day  among  the  western  tribes, 
stones  picked  up  at  random  are  used  for  various  domestic  purposes, 
and  when  a  camp  is  changed  many  such  are  left  with  other  things 
which  are  of  too  little  value  to  be  taken  away.    From  these  facts 
it  is  evident  that  the  ruder  implements  and  utilized  natural  forms, 
are  not  a  certain  evidence  as  to  the  period  of  development  of  the 
people  who  made  use  of  them.    That  we,  in  camping  out,  are  so 
often  forced  to  make  use  of  stones,  shells,  bones,  and  withes  of 
roots  or  bark,  should  be  considered  in  drawing  deductions  from 
the  rude  character  of  any  set  of  implements.    The  customs  of  our 
Indian  tribes  show  that  in  American  Archaeology  it  is  necessary 
to  be  exceedingly  cautious  in  drawing  our  conclusions.  Hence 
while  the  rude  implements,  chips,  and  refuse  material  found  about 


58 


Wakefield  may  indicate  that  an  early  or  rude  people  lived  there 
we  have  not  yet  the  evidence  necessary  to  prove  that  any  other 
people  than  the  Indians  were  inhabitants  of  this  region. 

To  Mr.  Agassiz  we  are  indebted  for  numerous  specimens  re- 
ceived by  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

Among  the  other  gifts  I  take  great  pleasure  in  mentioning  the 
collection  of  Pottery  presented  by  Mrs.  S.  B.  Schlesinger.  This 
consists  of  over  a  hundred  objects,  about  half  of  which  are  from 
mounds  in  southeastern  Missouri,  and  the  rest  are  from  the  present 
Pueblos  of  southern  New  Mexico.  As  the  few  specimens  of  recent 
Pueblo  pottery  which  we  had  were  from  the  region  of  Santa  Fe,  this 
little  collection  from  the  southern  Pueblos  is  a  most  acceptable 
addition  to  the  Museum.  Among  the  pieces  from  Missouri  there 
are  several  which  show  slight  variations  from  those  we  had  from 
that  region.    Thus  the  whole  collection  is  a  valuable  acquisition. 

In  the  last  report  mention  was  made  of  the  receipt  from  the  Ar- 
CH^OLOGiCAL  INSTITUTE  of  AMERICA,  of  a  collcctiou  of  objccts  ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Bandelier  during  his  studies  and  explorations  at 
Old  Pecos,  and  the  eastern  Pueblos  of  Cochiti  and  San  Domingo. 
These  have  recently  been  arranged  in  the  large  table  case  in 
the  same  hall  with  the  models  of  the  Pueblos  and  Cliff-houses 
and  collections  from  modern  and  ancient  Pueblos.  The  collection 
made  by  Mr.  Bandelier,  during  his  INIexican  expedition  under  the 
direction  of  the  Institute,  has  also  been  received  in  accordance 
with  the  decision  of  the  Institute  as  mentioned  in  the  last  report. 
This  collection,  which  is  principally  from  Cholula  and  vicinity,  con- 
tains a  number  of  stone  implements,  a  few  "idols"  carved  in  stone, 
some  interesting  pottery,  and  a  number  of  other  ancient  and  mod- 
ern objects.  Among  the  pottery  vessels  are  several  unlike  any  we 
had,  and  in  many  respects  the  collection  will  add  to  the  interest  of 
our  Mexican  gallery.  Mr.  Bandelier's  report  on  his  researches  in 
Mexico  will  soon  be  issued  by  the  Institute. 

In  this  connection  I  may  mention  that  we  have  recently  received 
through  Mr.  Fred.  A.  Ober  several  copper  implements  obtained 
by  him  in  Oajaca.  These  are  of  two  kinds,  and  as  they  are  un- 
questionably of  considerable  antiquity  they  are  of  particular  impor- 
tance owing  to  the  great  variety  of  ancient  copper  implements  from 
Mexico.  Previously  we  had  but  one  in  the  Museum.  They  will  be 
described  and  figured  in  a  special  paper  on  the  copper  objects  in 
the  Museum,  which  I  have  prepared  to  accompany  this  report. 


59 


From  Prof.  W.  Boyd  Dawkins,  the  Museum  has  received  a 
small  but  interesting  collection  of  objects  from  English  caves. 
This  contains  a  number  of  flint  flakes  with  the  bones  and  teeth  of 
the  cave  bear,  rhinoceros,  hyena,  and  other  extinct  animals,  and 
has  an  additional  value  coming  from  one  whose  labors  have  iden- 
tified him  with  the  explorations  of  the  caves  in  England.  Profes- 
sor Dawkins  has  also  given  to  the  Museum  a  number  of  casts  of 
type  specimens  of  flint  implements  which  he  has  figured  in  several 
reports  upon  his  cave  explorations. 

Another  small  collection  of  particular  interest  consists  of  a  se- 
ries illustrating  the  method  of  making  pottery  by  the  Caribs  of 
British  Guiana.  This  was  obtained  in  person  several  years  ago 
by  Prof.  H.  A.  Ward,  of  whom  the  collection  was  purchased.  It 
consists  of  a  mass  of  clay  ready  for  the  potter,  a  number  of  ves- 
sels ready  for  burning,  others  which  have  been  burnt,  and  several 
ornamented  in  colors.  Also  the  small  gourd  scrapers  of  several 
shapes  with  which  the  potter  smoothed  the  vessels,  and  the  small 
smooth  stones  used  in  polishing  their  surfaces.  The  whole  col- 
lection was  purchased  by  Professor  Ward  of  an  Indian  woman  who 
was  engaged  in  the  work  at  the  time  and  whose  full  stock  he  ob- 
tained. Among  the  unburnt  vessels  are  several  that  are  small  and 
rude  which  Professor  Ward  saw  the  Indian  woman  make  and  give 
to  her  children  to  play  with,  in  order  to  amuse  them  while  she  con- 
tinued her  work.  These  toy  vessels  suggest  that  many  of  the 
small  objects  of  a  similar  character  found  in  mounds  and  graves 
may  have  been  the  playthings  of  children,  as  I  have  already  stated 
was  probably  the  case  with  those  which  I  obtained  in  Tennessee, 
from  stone  graves  containing  the  remains  of  skeletons  of  children. 

From  Dr.  Emil  Schmidt  we  have  received  two  small  soapstone 
pots  made  near  Sondrio  in  northern  Italy.  The  following  account, 
which  Dr.  Schmidt  has  been  so  kind  as  to  send  me,  relating  to  the 
early  manufacture  of  soapstone  pots  in  the  old  world,  and  their 
continued  use  in  some  places,  is  so  full  of  interest  in  relation  to 
the  old  Indian  quarries  in  this  countrj-,  where  the  same  method  of 
obtaining  the  masses  from  the  quarries  was  employed,  that  I  re- 
produce his  letter  entire. 

Essen  (Rhenish  Prussia),  March,  1881. 

Dear  Sir : 

I  take  the  liberty  of  sending  you  two  European  stone  pots, 
which  I  hope  will  be  of  some  interest,  showing  in  many  points  of  their 


GO 


manufacture  a  close  resemblance  to  that  observed  at  Angell's  farm  and 
at  Santa  Catalina. 

In  August  last  returning  from  Italy,  I  passed  the  little  town  of  Cliia- 
yenna.  It  is  situated  on  the  river  Maira  near  its  junction  with  the  Lira, 
the  first  coming  down  from  two  of  the  oldest  Alpine  passes,  the  Septimer 
and  the  Maloggia,  the  latter  from  the  Spliigen.  To  the  south  the  valley 
of  the  Maira  is  bordered  by  a  range  of  mountains  chiefly  composed  of 
granite,  gneiss  and  hornblende  schists.  One  of  the  last  spurs  projects 
right  to  the  houses  of  Chiavenna  like  a  bold  promontory;  it  consists  of 
soapstone  ("schistes  de  Malenco"  of  the  Swiss  geologists).  Its  walls  are 
nearly  perpendicular;  its  summit,  called  the  Paradiso,  is  planted  with 
vines,  oranges  and  figs,  and  commands  a  splendid  view  over  the  town 
situated  immediately  at  its  foot  and  over  the  three  valleys  radiating  towards 
the  north,  east,  and  south.  It  was,  of  course,  originally  in  unbroken  con- 
nection with  the  whole  mountain  ridge,  being  only  the  last  spur  of  it ;  but 
now  it  is  completely  separated  by  a  transverse  artificial  cutting,  whose 
floor  goes  down  nearly  to  the  level  of  the  valley.  It  runs  from  K".  K".  W. 
to  S.  S.  E. ;  its  length  is  a  little  over  400  feet,  its  maximum  height  150 
and  its  width  30  feet,  the  walls  being  nearly  perpendicular. 

When  I  entered  this  cutting  I  was  struck  by  the  traces  of  old  stone-pot 
quarries,  and  I  remembered  at  once  the  description  of  similar  quarries 
given  by  you  and  Schumacher.  The  walls  are  covered  with  markings  of 
cutting  (metallic)  tools ;  nowhere  are  to  be  seen  traces  of  boring  or  gun- 
powder blasting.  Marks  of  stone  pots  having  been  worked  are  very  fre- 
quent, showing  every  stage  of  manufacture  from  the  first  cut  to  the  final 
detaching  of  the  bowlder.  I  made  a  few  sketches  of  some  of  them,  copies 
of  which  I  send  you  enclosed.^  It  seems  that  the  spot  where  a  pot  was 
to  be  w^orked  out  was  often  first  marked  by  a  cross  (fig.  2),  or  horse- 
shoe-like marking  (fig.  3).  The  groove  was  first  cut  at  right  angles  ;  dur- 
ing the  progress  of  the  deepening,  the  corners  of  the  bowlder  by  and  by 
became  rounded  ofi".  If  the  groove  was  sufficiently  deep,  the  strokes  were 
conducted  in  a  converging  direction  so  that  the  neck  of  the  bowlder  be- 
came more  and  more  narrow  and  at  last  the  mass  being  only  in  weak  co- 
herence with  the  rock  was  easily  detached  by  levers. 

Fig.  1  shows  the  beginning  of  a  groove ;  it  is  drawn  only  on  three  sides 
and  at  right  angles  ;  the  bowlder  is  33  cm.  long  and  28  cm.  broad. 

In  fig.  2  the  corners  are  rounded  but  the  groove  not  yet  conducted  all 
around;  the  bowlder,  signed  by  a  cross-like  mark,  is  25  cm.  in  diameter. 

Fig.  3  shows  three  bowlders  in  difl'erent  stages  of  working;  the  one  to 
the  left  (a)  is  35  cm.,  the  middle  one  (6)  27  cm.  in  diameter,  the  third 
(c)  is  27  cm.  long  and  18  broad;  b  is  signed  by  two  horseshoe-like  mark- 
ings, c  shows  a  T-liive  cutting.  The  groove  is  shallow  around  a,  deeper 
at  6,  and  deepest  around  c,  a  corner  of  which  seems  to  have  been  broken 
off  during  the  cutting  of  the  groove.  Fig.  4  represents  a  ball-like  pot- 
bowlder  of  30  cm.  diameter,  worked  nearly  all  around ;  being  25  to  30  feet 

1  These  interesting  drawings  are  preserved  in  the  Museum,  and  the  references  to 
them  are  here  retained  for  future  comparison.    F.  W.  P. 


61 


above  the  floor,  the  view  is  much  foreshortened.  Finally,  in  fig.  5,  the 
pot-mass  is  quite  detached  by  breaking  the  small  neck.  The  impressions 
of  the  tools  show  that  the  strokes  have  been  conducted  in  a  radial  direc- 
tion, diverging  from  it  only  from  below  because  of  the  difficulty  of  the 
working. 

In  the  western  wall  about  60  feet  above  the  floor,  the  word  SALVIVS  in 
large  letters  is  cut  in  the  rock.  At  the  southern  entrance  about  10  or 
15  feet  above  the  floor,  on  both  walls  corresponding  holes  and  grooves  may 
be  seen,  the  latter  converging  like  a  gable.  Probably  these  holes  sup- 
ported the  beams  and  rafters  of  a  roof,  perhaps  of  the  workshop  of  the 
old  potters. 

In  the  pavement  of  the  streets  as  well  as  in  the  walls  of  the  houses  and 
garden  terraces,  thousands  of  "nuclei"  may  be  found,  which  prove  that  at 
Chiavenna  the  bowlders  were  not  only  broken,  but  also  finished  into  stone 
pots  by  means  of  the  turning-lathe.  They  are  all  in  the  shape  of  an  ob- 
tuse cone,  with  a  shallow  hole  (from  the  lathe's  mandril)  in  the  centre  of 
the  base;  the  surface  shows  the  circular  impressions  of  the  chisel. 

It  was  related  to  me  that  similar  traces  of  soapstone  quarries  exist 
near  Chiavenna  and  at  Plurs,  but  none  of  them  are  worked  at  this  time. 

When  were  the  pots  of  the  Paradiso  cutting  manufactured? 

History  tells  us  that  Galeazzo  II,  duke  of  Milan,  at  that  time  master  of 
Chiavenna,  in  13G3  for  the  purpose  of  fortifying,  began  cutting  the  ditch 
that  separates  the  Paradiso  from  the  mountain  ridge,  and  that  the 
ditch  was  finished  in  1405  by  Giovanni  Maria  Visconti.  Probably  there 
existed  a  smaller  ditch  a  long  time  before ;  this  would  be  shown  by  the 
engraved  Latin  name  SALVIVS  in  the  upper  part  of  the  western  wall.  Also 
it  is  known  that  the  Gauls  had  fortified  the  Paradiso  already  before  the 
time  of  the  Romans.  Pot-stones  may  have  been  broken  there  since  that 
time  and  their  manufacture  may  have  been  continued  until  the  achieve- 
ment of  the  ditch.  Of  course,  the  stone-pot  manufacture  was  most  flourish- 
ing in  the  district  in  the  first  centuries  of  our  era,  and  at  Plurs  it  continued 
until  1618,  when  this  place  was  totally  destroyed  and  covered  by  the 
falling  down  of  Mount  Conto.  Still  soapstone  pots  are  now  manufactured 
to  a  certain  extent  at  Lazanda  in  the  Malenco  valley  near  Sondrio.  From 
there  also  are  brought  the  "lavezzi"  (stone  pots  from  "lebes,"  basin,) 
which  the  conservative  families  of  Chiavenna  still  use,  and  of  which  I 
send  you  two  specimens.  New  stone  pots  are  first  warmed  and  rubbed 
with  flit  and  onions  ;  if  used  for  some  time  they  have  a  black,  greasy  and 
rather  disgusting  appearance,  yet  the  ladies  of  Chiavenna  praise  their 
good  qualities,  especially  for  preserving  food  and  milk.  One  of  the  dishes 
I  bought  at  Chiavenna  resembles  your  figure  in  the  11th  Report  (p.  273). 
It  is  also  provided  with  two  knob-like  handles.  In  the  Guide  of  Gsell- 
Fels  (Oberitalien,  p.  74),  I  find  a  quotation  of  Gubler  describing  the  manu- 
facture of  soapstone  pots  at  Plurs  (of  course  before  its  destruction  in 
1618).  I  give  it  to  you  in  his  original  words  :  "  Neben  Plurs  auf  seiner 
Linkeu  liegt  das  alte  Bergwerk  der  Steinen,  so  zum  Hausbrauch  tiichtig 
gemacht  werden.   Die  Bergleute  ledigen  mit  ihreu  eisernen  Instrumenten 


62 


inwendig  von  dem  Berge  ganze  Stiick,  die  sie  folgends  heraus  in  die 
Werkstatten,  die  unten  am  Wasser  stehen,  fertigen ;  daselbst  formiren 
sie,  was  ihuen  beliebt,  durch  eiiie  besondere  Drelierkunst,  die  vom  Wasser 
getrieben  und  von  dem  Drelier  vollfiihrt  wird.  Den  Stein  machen  sie  hohl 
wie  einen  Kessel,  da  ja  der  aiisserst  den  grossten,  der  innerst  den  kleinsten 
abgibt;  sie  werden  fein  diinn  gemaclit  und  einer  nach  dem  andern  abge- 
dreht,  als  wann  eine  Zwiebel  von  dem  einen  Umlauf  zum  andern  sich 
abschalt." 

1  send  to-day  by  mail  the  case  witli  the  two  pots ;  perhaps  they  will  ar- 
rive a  few  days  after  this  letter.  Hoping  that  they  will  come  safe  to  your 
hands  and  that  they  will  interest  you  a  little  as  the  European  counterparts 
of  your  American  stone  pots,  I  remain,  dear  sir, 

Yours  truly, 

Dr.  E.  Schmidt. 

An  object  of  Historical  interest  is  the  cast  of  the  "Endicott 
Rock"  kindly  forwarded  to  the  Miiseam  by  the  Directors  of  the 
Winnipiseogee  Lake  Cotton  and  Woollen  Manufacturing  Company. 
This  rock^  which  is  at  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  near  the  Weirs,  was 
inscribed  by  the  Commissioners  acting  under  an  order  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court  in  1652,  as  marking  what  they  believed  to  be  the  north- 
ernmost part  of  the  Merrimack  river,  they  mistaking  the  outlet  of 
the  lake  for  the  source  of  the  river.  As  this  inscription  is  probably 
the  oldest  cut  upon  a  granite  rock  in  New  England,  it  is  of  con- 
siderable importance  archseologically  in  giving  a  clew  to  the  rate  of 
weathering  of  rocks  of  that  character. 

My  own  field-work  during  the  past  season  was  confined  to  a  trip  to 
the  now  well-known  cemetery  near  Madisonville,  Ohio,  and  to  a 
brief  visit  in  September  to  the  place  known  as  Indian  Hill  in  Ken- 
tucky, about  fifteen  miles  from  Mammoth  Cave.  On  the  top  of  this 
hill,  which  is  difficult  of  access,  the  sides  in  many  places  being  nearly 
vertical  natural  walls  of  rock  of  considerable  height,  were  found 
a  large  earth-circle  and  the  remains  of  several  stone-graves.  The 
latter  had,  however,  been  disturbed,  and  the  limited  time  at  my 
disposal  prevented  a  careful  search  through  the  growing  corn  for 
others.  All  about  on  the  hill-top  were  signs  of  an  ancient  village 
site,  and  a  number  of  stone  implements  were  found  on  the  ploughed 
ground  of  the  corn-field. 

A  trench  was  cut  through  a  portion  of  the  circle,  and  I  became 
satisfied  that  this  circle,  as  I  have  found  to  be  the  case  in  other 

2  An  account  of  this  rock  has  recently  been  published  by  James  B.  Francis,  Esq.,  of 
Lowell,  and  a  brief  account,  with  a  wood-cut,  is  given  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Essex 
Institute,  Vol.  IX,  p.  155. 


63 


places,  marked  the  site  of  a  habitation.  Had  this  hill  been  ex- 
amined before  it  was  put  under  cultivation,  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  much  of  interest  would  have  been  secured,  but  the  ploughing 
of  the  ground  over  a  large  portion  of  it  for  several  years  has  now 
made  it  a  place  where  only  surface  relic  hunting  could  be  followed 
with  success. 

During  my  trip  to  Madisonville  I  was  most  cordially  received 
by  the  several  gentlemen  of  that  town  who  are  so  carefully  con- 
ducting the  explorations  of  the  ancient  village  site  and  burial  place. 
The  following  brief  report  of  this  trip  was  published  in  the  Har- 
vard College  Bulletin,  for  July  last : 

"In  April  last,  by  the  kind  invitation  of  the  Madisonville  Literary  and 
Scientific  Society,  I  made  a  partial  exploration  of  the  Ancient  Cemetery 
at  Madisonville,  in  the  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio.  The  burial  ground, 
which  has  now  become  famous  in  American  archaeology,  is  in  close  prox- 
imity to  an  old  village  site,  on  which  can  still  be  traced  the  circular  ridges 
of  earth,  indicating  the  places  where  once  were  the  habitations  of  the 
people,  in  the  midst  of  which  is  an  earth  mound  about  five  feet  high. 

For  over  two  years  several  gentlemen  of  the  Madisonville  Society, 
which  through  the  liberality  of  the  proprietors  has  control  of  the  land, 
have  been  engaged  in  a  careful  exploration  of  the  old  cemetery,  and  dur- 
ing this  time  very  much  of  interest  has  been  discovered. 

The  cemetery  probably  extends  over  fifteen  or  more  acres  of  the  exten- 
sive plateau,  and  is  in  places  still  covered  with  a  growth  of  large  trees  of 
various  kinds,  forming  what  is  termed  the  primeval  forest.  From  twelve 
to  eighteen  inches  of  leaf-mould  overlies  the  hard-pan  of  the  plateau. 

About  three  acres  of  the  cemetery  have  been  dug  over,  foot  by  foot, 
and  many  objects  have  been  discovered,  particularly  with  the  skeletons, 
which  are  generally  found  at  a  depth  of  two  or  three  feet.  Over  six  hun- 
dred skeletons  have  been  thus  far  discovered.  A  number  of  crania  have 
been  secured,  and  I  brought  home  several  for  the  Museum,  for  which  I  am 
specially  indebted  to  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  who  has  paid  particular  attention  to 
the  human  remains  and  has  secured  a  valuable  pathological  collection. 

There  have  been  found  with  the  skeletons  a  number  of  vessels  of  pot- 
tery. The  most  common  of  these  are  small  cooking  pots  with  rather 
pointed  bottoms  and  with  four  handles.  Most  of  these  vessels  are  sim- 
ply cord-marked,  but  occasionally  one  is  found  ornamented  with  incised 
lines,  or  with  rows  of  circular  indentations.  Two  have  been  obtained  on 
which  were  small  and  rudely  made  medallion  figures  representing  the  hu- 
man face,  similar  to  many  from  the  Missouri  and  Arkansas  mounds.  On 
one  pot  a  similarly  formed  head  is  on  the  edge  so  as  to  face  the  inside  of 
the  vessel.  About  half  a  dozen  small  vessels  have  a  very  interesting  form 
of  decoration  which  seems  thus  far  to  be  peculiar  to  this  place.  These 
are  known  as  the  *  Lizard '  or  '  Salamander '  pots.    On  some  of  these  ves- 


64 


sels  the  salamander,  which  is  fairly  modelled,  is  on  the  surface  of  the 
broad  flat  handles  on  opposite  sides,  on  others  these  ornaments  are  placed 
between  the  handles,  and  on  one  they  form  the  handles.  In  all,  the  head  of 
the  salamander  is  on  the  edge  or  lip  of  the  vessel,  and  in  one  or  two  it  is 
even  carried  over  a  little  on  the  inside,  similar  to  some  of  the  conceits  on 
Japanese  pottery.  The  four  legs  and  the  tail  of  the  animal  are  bent  so  as 
rudely  to  give  an  artistic  effect,  and  the  potter  who  conceived  the  idea  of 
thus  decorating  common  cooking  vessels  probably  had  artistic  feeling 
above  the  common  standard. 

A  few  other  forms  of  vessels  are  represented  by  single  specimens.  Such 
are  an  ordinary  pot  attached  to  a  hollow  stand  a  few  inches  high ;  two  ves- 
sels joined  together  one  above  the  other,  the  upper  without  a  bottom  ;  and 
a  flat,  oblong  dish  v/ith  handles  at  each  end.  The  salamander  ornament, 
and  the  character  of  the  broad  flattened  handles,  may  be  said  to  be  the  prin- 
cipal peculiarities  of  the  pottery  thus  far  found  in  the  cemetery.  In  gen- 
eral character  and  finish,  it  is  unlike  the  dark  pottery  of  the  Missouri  type, 
but  it  evidently  belongs  to  a  corresponding  period  in  the  development  of 
the  art,  and  approaches  both  the  Missouri  type  and  the  Michigan-mound 
type,  so  far  as  we  can  judge  from  the  few  specimens  yet  known  from  the 
latter  region. 

Pipes  of  various  shapes,  cut  from  several  kinds  of  stone,  some  slightly 
carved,  have  been  found  with  the  skeletons  and  under  the  leaf-mould, 
as  have  also  various  implements  of  stone,  particularly  chipped  arrow- 
heads, knives,  drills,  polished  celts,  hammer-stones,  etc.  ;  but  I  believe 
that  not  a  single  grooved  axe  has  yet  been  found  in  the  cemetery  proper, 
although  they  are  common  in  the  neighborhood.  Numerous  bone  im- 
plements, and  some  shell  and  copper  ornaments  have  also  been  found  with 
the  skeletons. 

It  is,  however,  to  the  singular  '  ash-pits'  which  have  been  discovered  in 
this  cemetery  that  I  wish  to  call  particular  attention,  and  it  was  to  their  ex- 
amination that  I  gave  the  greater  part  of  my  time. 

These  ash-pits,  as  they  have  been  well  named,  are  circular  excavations 
in  the  hard-pan  of  the  plateau,  from  three  to  four  feet  in  diameter  and  from 
four  to  seven  feet  deep  from  the  surface  of  the  leaf-mould.  Most  of  the 
pits  are  of  about  the  same  diameter  from  top  to  bottom,  but  several  have 
been  found  which  are  one  or  two  feet  wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top. 
At  the  bottom  of  some  of  the  pits  a  small  circular  excavation  has  been 
found,  either  directly  in  the  centre  or  on  one  side. 

That  nearly  all  of  the  four  hundred  pits  thus  far  discovered  in  the  cem- 
etery were  made  before  the  six  hundred  bodies  (whose  skeletons  have  been 
exhumed)  were  buried,^  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  a  large  number  of  the 
skeletons  were  found  over  the  pits,  and  most  of  the  burials  seem  to  have 
been  made  just  below  the  recent  soil  or  leaf-mould,  which,  so  far  as  I  could 
judge  from  my  hasty  observations,  seems  to  have  been  formed  over  the 
pits.  If  this  should  prove  to  be  the  case,  the  antiquity  of  the  pits  would 
be,  probably,  considerably  beyond  that  of  the  four  or  five  hundred  years 

3  Since  this  was  written  many  more  skeletons  and  ash-pits  have  been  found. 


Co 


indicated  by  the  large  forest  trees  growing  over  them.  That  the  place  had 
been  also  used  as  a  cemetery,  at  a  time  preceding  the  digging  of  some  of 
the  pits,  was  conclusively  shown  by  the  fact  that  skeletons  found  at  a 
depth  of  from  one  to  two  feet  in  the  hard-pan,  below  the  leaf-mould 
had  been  disturbed  when  the  pits  were  dug.  In  one  instance,  in  my  own 
exploration  of  a  pit,  the  upper  part  of  a  human  skull  was  found  just  out- 
side the  wall  of  the  pit;  the  rest  of  the  skeleton,  probably,  had  been  re- 
moved  when  the  pit  was  dug.  In  a  few  other  instances  Dr.  Metz  has  no- 
ticed that  a  skeleton  had  been  disturbed  and  the  bones  placed  in  unnatural 
positions  on  the  sides  of  a  pit,  as  if,  when  making  the  excavation, 
the  workers  had  come  upon  a  skeleton  and  had  carefully  taken  up  such  of 
the  bones  as  were  in  the  way  and  placed  them  with  the  undisturbed  bones 
on  one  side  or  the  other.  But  this  complication  of  facts  in  regard  to  the 
comparative  age  of  the  pits  and  the  burials  is  only  one  of  the  many  prob- 
lems to  be  solved  in  relation  to  this  interesting  locality. 

The  contents  of  the  pits  themselves  are  of  peculiar  interest,  and  the 
purpose  for  which  they  were  made  is  still,  I  think,  a  mystery,  althou-h  of 
course,  several  theories,  more  or  less  plausible,  have  been  advanced  ' 

The  average  pit  may  be  said  to  be  filled  with  ashes  in  more  or  less  de- 
fined layers.    Some  of  these  layers,  particularly  near  the  top,  seem  to  be 
mixed  with  the  surrounding  gravel  to  a  greater  or  less  extent;  but  gen- 
erally after  removing  the  contents  of  the  upper  third  of  the  pit,  a  mas's  of 
fine,  gray  ashes  is  found,  which  is  from  several  inches  to  over  two  feet  in 
thickness.    Sometimes  this  mass  of  ashes  contains  thin  strata  of  char- 
coal, sand  or  gravel.    Below  the  mass  of  ashes,  burnt  stones  have  been 
found  in  some  of  the  pits,  and  also  occasionally  in  the  ashes.  Through- 
out the  whole  mass  of  ashes  and  sand,  from  the  top  of  the  pit  to  the  bot- 
tom, are  bones  of  fishes,  reptiles,  birds  and  mammals.  Those  of  the  larger 
species  of  mammals,  such  as  the  elk,  deer  and  bear,  are  generally  brol^n 
and  all  are,  apparently,  the  bones  of  animals  that  have  been  used  as 
food.    In  some  pits,  as  in  one  which  I  opened,  about  half  a  bushel  of  such 
bones  have  been  taken  out.    With  the  bones  are  the  shells  of  several  spe- 
cies of  Unionidae,  of  which  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  or  more  have  been 
taken  from  a  single  pit.  Many  of  the  valves,  but  always  of  the  species  hav- 
ing  massive  shells,  have  a  large  circular  piece  cut  out  near  the  centre 
1  here  are  also  found  in  these  pits  many  and  often  large  pieces  of  pottery,' 
but  up  to  h.s  time  the  only  whole  vessel  obtained  from  a  pit  was  the  one 
found  m  the  last  of  the  six  that  were  emptied  during  my  visit  ^ 

A  large  number  of  implements  made  of  bones  and  of  deer  and  elk  antlers 
have  been  found  Those  made  of  elk  antlers  are  in  most  cases  adapted 
for  digging  or  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  are  often  so  large  and  so 
wel  made  as  to  prove  that  they  were  efi-ective  implements.  One  form  of 
miplement  which,  so  far  as  I  know,  has  not  been  found  in  any  Ther 
place  IS  made  from  a  leg-bone  of  a  deer  or  an  elk.  These  singular  Ion 
CroLr^'l  bones  have  Sharp  edges,  bevelled  on  the  inside  and 
were  probably  used  as  scrapers  of  some  kind  until  the  bone  was  gradu- 

TlEPolTr  V  """''""^  ^If  "^'^  ''''^  '"""^  '^^^^''y  opened. 

-Ukpoet  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  5 


66 


ally  worn  througH  la  the  centre,  as  shown  by  a  large  numb  r  of  hah  es 
as  \yellas  bv  several  perfect  specimens  showing  vanons  stages  of  use 
One  which  had  been  used  but  little,  if  at  all,  was  taken  from  one  of  the 
pits  opened  undermy  direction.   The  most  common 
the  -awls,'  or  pointed  bones  of  many  sizes,  of  forms  ""^'"^^to  f  o^« 
found  in  other  places.    Among  other  objects  made  of  bone  are  beads  and 
small  whistles  or  .bird-calls'  made  from  the  hollow  bones  o  ^^^J^  '  ^'f 
also  flat  and  cylindrical  pieces  with  'tally'  notches  and  marks  cu  apon 
them.    Short,  cylindrical  pieces  of  antler,  carefully  cut  aud  polished  (snn- 
ilar  objects  have  been  found  in  the  grave-mounds  in  Arkansas)  are  often 
found.    Two  or  three  harpoon-points  and  a  few  bone  flsh-hooks  have  also 

''TrrowTo'luts,  drills,  scrapers  and  other  chipped  instruments  of  stone 
are  common.  A  few  polished  celts  and  also  several  rough  hammer- 
stones  have  been  found  in  the  pits. 

A  number  of  objects  of  copper,  particularly  beads,  have  been  taken 
from  the  pits,  as  have  also  several  pipes,  of  various  shapes,  cut  out  of 

'Tus  list  of  objects,  which  is  far  from  being  complete,  is  sufficient  to 
show  that  anvthing  used  by  the  people  who  made  these  pits  may  be  ex- 
peered  to  turnup  during  future  explorations ;  and  if  the  same  care  is 
taken  in  the  continuation  of  the  work  as  has  thus  far  been  given,  very  much 
of  importance  relating  to  the  life  of  the  people  will  probably  be  d.scov- 

''It  yet  remains  to  call  attention  to  the  discovery  of  a  large  amount  of 
carbonized  corn  at  the  bottom  of  two  of  the  pits.  >!  ^^/^ 
the  corn  had  been  covered  with  bark,  twigs,  and  matting,  wnich  were 
alo  burnt  In  one  of  the  pits  were  several  bushels  of  corn  some  of 
Which  was  on  the  cob  and  below  the  rest.  Above  the  corn  the  pit  was 
med  with  the  usual  mass  of  ashes,  containing  animal  bones,  shells  and 

°*Ttt'"bottom  of  one  of  the  pits,  and  under  the  usual  mass  of  ashes, 
animal  remains  and  potsherds,  in  a  layer  of  ashes  about  a  foot  in  thick- 
ness, there  was  found  a  perfect  human  skeleton.  This  is  the  only  pit  of 
over  four  hundred  that  have  been  opened  in  which  human  bones  haTe 
been  found,'  and  this  has  been  taken  as  evidence,  as  far  as  it  goes,  that 
these  pits  ;ere  the  places  of  temporary  deposit  for  the  dead,  the  bodies 
bein"  afterward  removed  tor  final  burial  in  mounds  or  other  places.  It 
seem°s  to  me,  however,  that  the  fact  that  the  skeleton  was  under  the  same 
materials-  shes,  animal  remains,  etc.-  as  found  in  the  other  pits,  which 
.  Te  alwavs  in  more  or  less  perfect  and  undisturbed  strata,  is  deed  d  y 
opposed  "to  the  theory  that  the  pits  were  temporary  graves.    It  lather 

.  I„  one  of  the  pits  recently  opened  the  contents  of  which  were  sent  to  the  Museum, 

'':i::::^:^:xx:i::rz:^     .... . ...  - ---rw 

enes  of  interest  have  been  made  which  will  soon  be  reported  m  detail  by  Messrs.  Low 
and  Metz. 


67 


indicates  that  in  this  single  instance,  from  some  special  motive,  this  pit 
was  utilized  as  a  grave.  The  same  reasons  would  hold  good  for  not  re- 
garding the  pits  as  caches  for  corn  and  other  objects  to  be  temporarily 
preserved. 

This  brief  sketch  of  this  interesting  cemetery  would  not  be  complete 
without  reference  to  two  or  three  areas  about  fifty  feet  in  diameter,  in 
which  neither  ash-pits  nor  skeletons  have  been  found.  It  should  also  be 
noted  that  a  large  kitchenmidden,  several  feet  in  thickness  and  of  con- 
siderable extent,  exists  at  the  head  of  a  small  ravine.  An  extended  explo- 
ration of  this  great  refuse  pile  by  Dr.  Metz  showed  that  it  contained  the 
same  character  of  materials  found  in  the  pits,  and  it  evidently  belongs 
to  the  same  period.  I  will  only  add  that  a  large  amount  of  interesting 
material  was  secured  during  my  visit  to  this  ancient  cemetery,  for  which 
the  Museum  is  indebted  to  the  liberality  of  the  gentlemen  of  the^Madison- 
ville  Society,  who  not  only  kindly  permitted  me  to  explore  the  place, 
but  also  gave  me  many  objects  that  had  been  previously  obtained." 

On  my  return  to  Madisonville  in  September,  I  had  the  pleasure 
of  making  arrangements  with  the  Madisonville  Society  by  which 
the  Museum  will,  by  paying  a  portion  of  the  expenses  of  explor- 
ation, receive  its  share  of  all  that  is  obtained  as  the  work  of  ex- 
cavation proceeds.  I  am  satisfied  that  by  joining  the  Madisonville 
Society  in  this  work,  the  Museum  will  not  only  receive  im- 
portant additions  to  its  collections,  but  that  the  encouragement 
thus  given  to  a  local  society  which  is  working  with  care  and  wis- 
dom, and  is  preventing  the  random  exploration  of  prehistoric  sites 
in  the  vicinity,  will  have  good  results  in  stopping  to  a  certain 
extent  the  wanton  destruction  of  mounds  and  other  important 
ancient  works  by  mere  curiosity  hunters,  or  by  dealers  in  "relics." 

We  have  already  received  the  first  instalment  of  the  material 
obtained  since  the  cooperation  of  the  Museum,  and  information 
that  a  second  lot  has  been  forwarded  to  the  Museum.  Our  connec- 
tion with  this  work  has  also  resulted  in  the  presentation  of  many 
specimens  by  those  who  have  heretofore  sustained  the  principal 
cost  of  the  explorations,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  reference  to  the  list 
of  additions  over  the  names  of  Messrs.  C.  F.  Low,  P.  P.  Lane 
C.  L.  Metz,  and  E.  A.  Conkling. 

To  Mr.  Thomas  Cleneay  we  are  indebted  for  a  considerable 
collection  of  chipped  implements  and  other  specimens  from  the 
Ohio  valley,  which  he  kindly  selected  from  the  duplicates  of  his 
large  private  collection. 
It  will  be  noticed  by  reference  to  the  list  of  contributors  to  the 


68 


Library,  that  91  volumes,  and  208  pamphlets  and  serials  have  been 
received  from  72  different  sources,  during  the  year.  As  stated  in 
the  last  Report,  all  the  more  important  volumes  and  pamphlets  are 
recorded  under  their  titles  in  the  Quarterly  Bulletin,  published  by 
the  College,  which  contains  the  list  of  additions  to  all  the  libraries 
in  the  University.  But  I  must  not  fail  to  call  your  attention  to  the 
important  series  of  volumes  presented  by  the  Anthropological 
Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  This  valuable  ad- 
dition to  our  library  consists  of  a  full  series  of  the  Journal  of  the 
Anthropological  Institute,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  of  the 
early  numbers,  now  out  of  print,  the  many  publications  of  the  Eth- 
nological and  Anthropological  Societies  of  London,  previous  to 
their  union  and  the  formation  of  the  present  Institute.  To  the 
officers  of  the  Institute  we  are  particularly  indebted  for  this  valu- 
able gift,  and  I  may  add  that  the  Journal  of  the  Institute  is  also 
kindly  forwarded  to  the  Museum  as  published. 

In  connection  with  this  reference  to  the  library,  I  may  mention 
the  deposit  by  the  heirs  of  the  late  Samuel  Batchelder,  of  the  great 
work  on  Egypt  published  by  the  Commission  under  Napoleon,  con- 
sisting of  nine  quarto  volumes  of  text  and  fourteen  volumes  of 
folio  plates.  These  volumes  are  contained  in  a  black  walnut  case 
and  are  received  as  a  deposit  subject  to  use  in  the  Museum. 

During  the  past  year  much  has  been  done  in  the  internal  work 
of  the  Museum.  The  cases  on  the  second  northern  gallery  have 
been  built,  and  are  now  being  filled  with  collections  relating  to 
the  recent  and  present  Indian  tribes.  This  gallery  will  soon  be 
thrown  open  to  visitors,  and  will  form  an  interesting  and  instruc- 
tive addition  to  the  collections  on  exhibition. 

A  new  case  has  also  been  put  in  the  central  hall  on  the  second 
floor,  and  has  been  filled  with  objects  from  the  adobe  mounds  and 
ruined  pueblos  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico. 

The  first  southern  gallery  has  been  floored  over  so  as  to  separate 
it  from  the  room  below,  and  will  soon  be  provided  with  suitable 
cases  for  the  European  collections,  to  which  it  will  be  devoted ; 
while  one  side  of  the  room  below  has  been  recently  cased  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  library.  In  this  connection  I  may  also  call 
your  attention  to  the  several  desks  and  tables,  which  form  a  portion 
of  the  movable  furniture  of  this  room  and  of  the  work-room  on  the 
upper  floor.    These  have  been  made  of  cherry  to  correspond  with 


69 


the  cases,  by  Mr.  Chick.  Many  photographs,  engravings  and 
squeezes,  now  hung  on  the  walls  in  various  parts  of  the  Museum, 
have  been  framed  by  Mr.  Chick,  during  the  past  year. 

The  authors'  catalogue  of  the  library  has  been  kept  up  to 
date  by  Miss  Smith,  who  has  also  made  considerable  progress 
m  the  analytical  work  or  cataloguing  of  separate  papers  in  sedals 
and  in  bound  volumes. 

As  it  is  intended  to  keep  the  library  entirely  within  its  legitimate 
limits.  It  IS  my  hope  to  have  it  so  arranged  and  catalogued  as  to  be 
readily  available  for  the  purposes  of  Museum  work. 

In  no  other  year  since  I  have  had  charge  has  so  much  been  done 
to  make  the  Museum  and  its  objects  known  to  the  public,  or  so 
much  use  been  made  of  its  collections  for  purposes  of  instruction 
and  research.    I  have  already  mentioned  the  volume  written  by 
Dr.  Abbott,  which  was  in  great  part  based  on  materials  in  the 
Museum,  and  in  aid  of  which  every  facility  in  my  power  was  given. 
Mention  has  also  been  made  of  the  special  edition  of  the  pamphlet 
on  the  palaeolithic  implements  of  New  Jersey  which  has  been  sent 
out  by  the  Museum.    I  may  now  add  that  the  large  quarto  vol- 
ume containing  my  reports  on  the  archeology  of  California,  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexico,  made  to  Lieut.  G.  M.  Wheeler,  U.  S.  E  in 
charge  of  the  U.  S.  Geographical  Surveys  west  of  the  100th  meri- 
dian,  under  the  direction  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  was  issued 
from  the  Government  office  in  November  last,  although  the  volume 
was  completed  and  stereotyped  in  1879,  the  date  upon  the  title 
page.    This  volume  is  in  great  part  the  result  of  researches  in  the 
Museum,  and  contains  many  references  to  our  specimens,  and 
numerous  figures  taken  from  our  Californian  collection.    It  also 
contains  a  chapter  on  the  crania  of  Indians  of  California,  written 
by  Mr.  Carr,  which  is  based  upon  the  large  collection  of  crania, 
received  from  the  exploration  of  Mr.  Schumacher. 

In  addition  to  these  publications,  I  have  had  the  pleasure  of 
making  several  communications  to  the  Boston  Society  of  Natu- 
ral History,  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Es- 
sex Institute  and  the  Harvard  Natural  History  Society.  These 
were  upon  subjects  connected  with  my  researches  at  the  Museum 
or  were  descriptions  of  particular  collections  received  durino-  the 
year.  Dr.  Palmer  also  gave  last  winter,  to  the  Natural  History 
Society  of  Boston,  an  account  of  the  collection  which  he  obtained 


70 


for  the  Museum  from  the  Mexican  caves  ;  and  Prof.  D.  P.  Penhal- 
low  did  the  same  in  relation  to  the  Aino  collection  which  he  had 
presented  to  the  Museum.   Mr.  Carr  has  finished  his  important  work 
on  the  historical  evidence  in  regard  to  agriculture,  sun  worship 
and  mound-building,  among  many  of  our  Indian  tribes.    This  will 
soon  be  published  in  full  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Kentucky  Geolog- 
ical Survey.    Several  portions  of  this  memoir  have  been  read  by 
Mr.  Carr  before  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.    His  pa- 
per on  the  Crania  of  New  England  Indians  based  on  specimens  in 
the  Museum,  was  published  by  the  Natural  History  Society  during 
the  past  year.    Dr.  F.  W.  Whitney,  the  Curator  of  the  Museum 
of  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  has  continued  during  the  year 
his  researches  upon  our  osteological  collection  and  is  preparing  a 
paper  for  our  next  report  on  the  numerous  pathological  specimens 
in  the  collection.    He  has  also  made  use  of  several  of  our  inter- 
esting specimens  in  his  remarks  before  the  Mass.  Medical  Society. 

From  these  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  important  use  is  con- 
stantly being  made  of  the  valuable  material  in  the  Museum  and 
that  it  is  available  for  ail  legitimate  purposes. 

The  number  of  visitors  to  the  Museum  is  steadily  increasing 
as  its  character  is  better  understood.  Hardly  a  day  passes,  that 
I  am  not  called  upon  to  answer  the  questions  of  interested  visitors. 
Many  schools  and  classes  also  come  to  the  Museum,  and  when 
notified  of  such  visits  I  have  endeavored  to  make  them  profitable  to 
the  scholars.  The  great  interest  in  the  Archaeology  and  Ethnol- 
ogy of  America,  manifested  by  many  of  the  visitors,  induced  me 
last  spring  to  off"er  a  free  course  of  four  explanatory  lectures  in 
the  several  halls  of  the  Museum,  when  I  had  the  gratification  of  find- 
ing that  more  people  wished  to  attend  the  lectures  than  could  well 
be  accommodated,  and  that  a  thorough  and  widespread  interest  in 
American  Archaeology  prevailed.  This  preliminary  course  has  led 
to  my  ofi'ering  another  of  six  gallery  lectures  on  Thursday  after- 
noons, which  commenced  yesterday.  For  this  course,  free  tickets 
to  the  number  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  have  been  given  out  on 
application,  this  being  the  largest  number  which  our  rooms  could 
accommodate."^  The  subjects  to  be  discussed  in  this  course  are  as 
follows  :  first  the  Mounds  and  their  contents  ;  second,  the  Pottery 


7  The  demand  for  admission  to  these  lectures  was  so  far  in  excess  of  the  accommo- 
dations that  the  course  was  repeated  on  the  following  Saturdays. 


71 


from  the  Mounds  ;  third,  Ancient  and  Modern  Pueblos  ;  fourth, 
Mexico  and  Central  America ;  fifth.  South  America ;  sixth,  An- 
cient Peruvian  Art. 

I  have  also  just  concluded  a  free  course  of  nine  lectures  before 
members  of  the  classes  for  Private  Collegiate  Instruction  for 
Women  in  Cambrido^e. 

While  the  various  matters  mentioned  have  naturally  taken  much  ' 
of  my  time,  I  can  but  believe  that  they  are  such  as  you  would 
wish  to  have  continued  within  such  limits  as  will  not  lead  to  the 
neglect  of  the  administrative  duties  of  the  Museum  and  of  the 
proper  arrangement  and  care  of  the  collections,  which  must  neces- 
sarily receive  my  first  attention.  In  these  last  named  duties  I 
have,  as  heretofore,  received  help  from  Mr.  Carr,  who  continues 
his  voluntary  services,  and  from  Miss  Smith  and  Mr.  Chick. 

I  have  also  the  gratification  of  stating  that,  by  the  liberality  of 
a  few  friends,  the  services  of  Miss  C.  A.  Studley  as  an  assistant 
in  the  Museum  have  been  secured  without  encroaching  upon  the 
limited  means  derived  from  the  Museum  funds.  Miss  Studley  was 
at  the  Museum  for  three  months  of  the  past  year,  as  a  special  stu- 
dent in  craniology,  and  commenced  work  as  an  assistant  on  the 
first  of  January  last. 

It  would  be  unfitting  to  close  this  summary  of  the  year  without 
alluding  to  the  loss  of  two  friends  of  the  Museum,  who  not  only 
took  a  deep  interest  in  its  objects,  but  were  also  distinguished  for 
their  contributions  to  American  Archaeology. 

Dr.  Samuel  F.  Haven  was  born  in  Dedham,  Mass.,  May  28, 1806, 
and  died  at  Worcester,  Sept.  5,  1881.  For  forty  years  he  was  the 
active  librarian  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society  at  Worces- 
ter, and  during  this  period,  he  made  numerous  contributions  to 
early  American  History.  It  is  however  for  other  reasons  that  I 
feel  called  upon  to  refer  to  him  in  this  report.  For  nine  years  he 
acted  as  auditor  of  accounts  for  the  treasurer  of  your  Board.  In 
1855  he  sent  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  a  concise  and  thorough 
summary  of  the  various  opinions  in  regard  to  the  Archseology  of 
the  United  States. 

This  memoir,  printed  the  following  year  in  the  eighth  volume  of 
the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  is  a  work  to  which 
every  student  of  American  Archaeology  must  often  turn  for  guid- 
ance in  many  things  relating  to  the  early  history  of  the  science 


72 


in  this  countr3\  The  careful  and  concise  manner  in  which  it  was 
prepared,  and  the  critical  discussions  it  contains,  will  ever  keep 
Dr.  Haven's  name  associated  with  those  of  the  foremost  workers 
in  the  subject  to  which  it  relates. 

The  Hon.  Lewis  H.  Morgan  was  born  at  Aurora,  Caj^uga  Co., 
New  York,  Nov.  21,  1818,  and  died  at  Rochester,  Dec.  17,  1881. 
His  ancestors  were  of  early  New  England  stock,  and  he  often  men- 
tioned with  pride  that  he  was  thoroughly  American  in  blood  and  in 
thought.    He  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1840,  and  soon  after 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  settled  at  Rochester.    In  1855  he 
became  interested  in  the  development  of  the  iron  and  railroad  in- 
terests about  Lake  Superior,  and  gradually  gave  up  his  legal  prac- 
tice.   During  this  time  he  made  the  observations  which  resulted  in 
his  charming  book  upon  the  "American  Beaver  and  its  Works."  It 
is,  however,  his  great  interest  in  the  Indian  tribes,  and  his  works 
based  upon  his  observations  of  the  character  of  their  government 
and  systems  of  kinship,  which  have  made  his  name  so  well  known 
and  have  given  to  him  an  honorable  and  enduring  position  in  sci- 
ence and  letters.    Soon  after  his  college  days,  he  joined  a  secret 
society,  known  as  the  "Grand  Order  of  the  Iroquois"  which  was 
modelled  on  the  governmental  system  of  the  Six  Nations  and  to 
this  fact  is  probably  due  the  turn  taken  by  his  investigations.  Led 
by  his  connection  with  this  Society  to  look  into  the  government  and 
kinship  of  the  Six  Nations,  he  soon  began  to  write  letters  upon  tlie 
Iroquois,  and  in  1851  published  his  famous  work  entitled  the  League 
of  the  Iroquois.    This  was  followed  by  several  papers  on  kindred 
subjects,  which  have  been  so  often  quoted  as  to  be  well  known  to 
all,  after  which  came  his  three  great  works  :  the  Systems  of  Consan- 
guinity, a  thick  quarto  volume  of  the  Smithsonian  Contributions, 
published  in  1870  ;  Ancient  Society,  published  in  1877,  a  small  oc- 
tavo volume  in  which  are  condensed  most  of  his  various  thoughts  and 
essays  ;  and  finally ,  his  last  quarto  volume  issued  from  the  Bureau  of 
Ethnology  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  "House  Life  and  Archi- 
tecture of  the  North  American  Indians,"  which  was  published  only 
a  few  days  before  his  death.    In  1878,  Mr.  Morgan  made  a  trip 
to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  and  on  his  return  presented  to  the  Mu- 
seum drawings  of  the  ground  plan  of  the  ruins  of  a  large  Stone 
Pueblo  on  the  Animas  river,  which  he  had  examined.    This  plan, 
and  the  paper  which  accompanied  it,  containing  many  of  his  ma- 


73 


tared  views,  relating  to  American  Archseology  and  Ethnology,  is 
given  in  the  Twelfth  Report. 

Mr.  Morgan's  interest  in  the  Museum  was  very  great,  and  during 
three  pleasant  visits  made  to  me  in  late  years,  he  expressed  him- 
self most  enthusiastically  in  regard  to  the  work  it  was  accomplish- 
ing. This  is  not  the  place  to  dwell  upon  the  value  of  his  labors, 
but  that  the  methods  pursued  by  him  have  left  a  strong  impress 
upon  archaeological  research  in  this  country  is  the  universal  ver- 
dict. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  W.  Putnam, 

Curator  of  the  Museum, 

Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archeology  and  Ethnology, 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  24,  1882. 


LIST  OF  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM  AND  LIBRARY  FOR  THE 

YEAR  1881. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM. 
24378—  24379.    Flint  implements  from  Glencoe,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Mo., 
probably  used  as  spades  or  hoes.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
Peyton  Carr. 

24380  —  24419.  Celts  of  stone  and  hematite,  together  with  a  fine  as- 
sortment of  flint  hoes,  scrapers,  knives,  drills,  spearpoints  and  arrow- 
heads from  Allenton,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Mo.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
Charles  E.  Pilling. 

24420  —  24494.  A  large  and  varied  collection  of  stone  celts,  drills, 
scrapers,  knives,  hammerstones  and  flint  points  from  Ohio;  knives,  ham- 
merstones  and  spearpoints  from  Kentucky;  and  specimens  of  stone 
knives  and  flake  scrapers  from  Indiana.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Cleneay. 

24495.  Snowshoes,  Chippewa  Indian.  —Collected  and  presented  by  Dr. 
S.  Kneeland. 

24496  —  24522.  Five  "Sepulchral  Tablets"  from  ancient  graves  in 
Peru,  collected  by  Prof.  Orton;  earthen  bottles,  bowls,  dishes  and  cook- 
ing pots,  with  prepared  clay,  polishing  stones,  scrapers  made  of  gourds, 
and  a  pot,  dish,  and  several  toys  of  unbaked  clay,  from  the  river  Esse- 
quibo,  British  Guiana;  fragment  of  earthen  vessel  from  Barbadoes;  a 
rude  shell  axe  with  a  handle  from  Yap  Island,  one  of  the  Carolines,  and  an 
adze,  made  from  Turtle  bone,  also  on  a  handle,  from  Mortlock  Islands.— 
By  purchase  from  Messrs.  Ward  and  Howell. 

24523.  Grooved  stone  axe  from  near  Cherokee  Bayou,  Rusk  Co., 
Texas.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  John  A.  Ware. 

24524—24525.  A  modern  pot  and  bowl  of  steatite,  from  Malenco 
valley,  near  Chiavenna,  Italy.  Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  Emil 
Schmidt. 

24526.  Stone  flake  from  Marblehead  Neck,  Mass.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Prof.  G.  F.  Wright. 

24527.  Buckskin  leggings,  fringed  with  Sioux  scalps,  formerly  belong- 
ing to  Wae-ga-sa-pi,  a  Ponca  chief.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  T.  H. 
Tibbles. 

24528.  Fragment  of  the  old  gate  of  St.  Augustine,  Florida.  Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 

24529.  Seeds  of  the  Sophora  from  Monterey,  Mexico.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 

(74) 


75 


24530  —  24539.  Stone  spearpoints  and  arrowheads,  also  a  grinding 
stone  or  "Manos;"  chips  and  broken  implements  of  obsidian  and  chal- 
cedony; perforated  stone  ornaments  and  fragments  of  painted  pottery  of 
the  ancient  pueblo  type,  from  Prescott,  Arizona. — Collected  and  presented 
by  Mr.  J.  Thomas  Brown. 

24540 — 24554.  Broken  stone  gouge  from  Kennebec  river,  near  Swan 
Island,  Maine ;  stone  sinkers,  spear  and  arrowpoints,  with  fragments  of 
pottery,  and  steatite  pots  from  near  Kittrell's,  North  Carolina. — Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  Samuel  Cabot. 

24555.  Broken  stone  points  from  Mason  Co.,  Texas. — Collected  and 
presented  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 

24556  —  24557.  Feathered  prayer  sticks  from  the  Indians  of  Laguna, 
New  Mexico;  fragments  of  painted  and  polished  pottery  from  the  San 
Juan  Valley,  N.  M. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Barber. 

24558  —  24559.  Scalp  of  a  white  girl,  fifteen  years  old,  burned  by  the 
Cheyennes  in  1878;  flint  chips  and  broken  points  from  Fort  Sisseton. 
— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  Gecks. 

24560.  Casts  of  stone  tablet  from  Piqua,  Ohio. — Presented  by  Mr. 
MoRiTZ  Fischer. 

24561  —  24562.  Casts  of  earthen  pots  from  Eastern  Missouri,  now  in 
the  collection  of  Messrs.  CoUett  and  Kendall,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. — Pre- 
sented by  Messrs.  Collett  and  Kendall. 

24563  —  24578.  Bones  of  Rhinoceros  tichorhinus,  mammoth,  horse, 
reindeer,  Hyaena  spelaea  and  fox,  with  flint  flakes  and  implements  of  quart- 
zite  from  caves  in  England. — Collected  and  presented  by  Prof.  W.  Boyd 
Dawkins. 

24579  —  24603.  Mat  used  as  carpet,  and  for  wrapping  the  dead  ;  dagger, 
sabre,  bow  and  arrows,  some  of  them  poisoned;  fire  sticks;  harp;  mus- 
tache lifters,  carved  and  plain;  wooden  tray,  spoons  and  ladle;  and  a 
loom  in  complete  working  order  with  specimen  of  the  cloth  on  it,  all 
made  and  used  by  the  Ainos  of  Japan. — Collected  and  presented  by  Prof. 
D.  P.  Penhallow. 

24604.  Medicine  in  wax  ball  from  China. — Presented  by  Miss  Esther 
O.  Clarke. 

24605—24607.  Calabash,  colored  black,  from  Montalegre,  Brazil;  or- 
namented earthen  bowl,  from  Breves,  Brazil,  and  a  basket  from  East 
Bolivia. — Collected  by  Prof.  L.  Agassiz  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  Agassiz. 

24608.  Stone  inscribed  with  hieroglyphics  from  tomb  at  Sakkara, 
Egypt. — Collected  by  Com.  J.  D.  Elliott,  U.  S.  Navy,  and  presented  by 
Harvard  College. 

24609 — 24614.  Earthen  jar,  small  clay  image  and  stone  pestle  from 
mound  at  Tola,  Nicaragua;  shell  beads  from  Calebra  Bay,  Costa  Rica. 
A  mineral,  natural  form,  taken  by  Mr.  Agarte,  from  a  mound  at  San 
Ramon,  Rivas  Plain,  Nicaragua. — Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  Earl 
Flint, 

24615  —  24850.    Grinding  stone,  obsidian  flakes  and  fragments  of  dif- 


76 


ferent  kinds  of  pottery,  some  plain,  some  burnished  and  others  painted  in 
different  colors,  from  Coronango,  north  of  Cholula,  Mexico;  grinding 
stones  and  raetates,  celts,  goui^os,  hamraerstones,  beads,  grooved  stones, 
stone  dish  and  human  images  cut  from  stone;  chips,  points,  cores,  and 
flakes  of  obsiilian  and  chalcedony,  bone  implement,  shell  ornament, 
portions  of  human  skeletons;  earthen  disks,  spindle  whorls,  strainers, 
■whistles,  moulds,  stamps,  with  a  few  water  bottles,  dishes  and  vases, 
and  a  large  number  of  plain  and  painted  human  and  animal  heads  in 
pottery,  from  the  surface  and  from  excavations  in  and  about  the  city 
of  Cholula  and  other  localities,  in  the  state  of  Pueblo,  Mexico. — Col- 
lected by  Mr.  Ad.  P.  Baxdeliee,  and  presented  by  the  Arch^ological 
Institute  of  America. 

24851.  Indian  cranium  from  Salem,  Mass. — Presented  by  Miss  C.  A. 
Stl'dley. 

24852  —  24854.  Human  bones  from  a  mound  at  Pomona,  Florida,  with 
fragments  of  stamped  and  plain  pottery  from  shellheaps  at  the  same  place. 
— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  James  D.  Wyeth. 

24855.  Femur  of  Cheyenne  Indian.  Collected  by  Mr.  S.  ^V.  Garmax, 
and  presented  by  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

24856.  A  stone  gorget  from  Boone  Co.,  Ky.— Presented  by  Mr.  Robert 
Clarke. 

24857.  Grooved  stone  axe  found  near  Mammoth  Cave,  Ky. — Collected 
by  Dr.  Davexport.  and  presented  by  Mr.  Fraxcis  Klett. 

24858  —  24875.  Stone  muUer,  celt,  hatchet,  knives  and  points,  with 
broken  and  rude  implements  of  the  same  material  from  Indian  Hill,  fif- 
teen miles  from  Mammoth  Cave,  Ky. ;  a  fragment  of  braided  rope,  and 
beads  made  of  cornstalk,  on  a  string,  found  by  Mr.  Wm.  Cutoff  in  Salt 
Cave,  Ky.— Exploration  of  F.  W.  Putxa^i,  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

24876  —  24878.  Cap  made  of  cocoanut  fibre  by  the  Indians  of  Aspin- 
wall;  stone  sinkers  from  Point  Keys,  Marion  Co.,  California.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  S.  Kxeelaxd. 

24879.  Rudely  carved  stone,  ploughed  up  on  the  southeast  point  of 
Winthrop,  near  shore  of  Boston  harbor.— Presented  by  :Mr.  A.  C.  Good- 
ell,  jr. 

24880.  Flint  flakes,  much  weathered,  from  the  old  Mills  farm,  S.  W. 
Bethel,  near  Songo  Pond,  Maine.— Collected  by  Mr.  D.  E.  Mills,  and 
presented  by  Dr.  N.  P.  True. 

24881  —  24882.  Flint  points  from  Schoharie,  X.  Y.  Collected  by  Mr. 
O'Briax,  and  presented  by  Mrs.       D.  Boardmax. 

24883  —  25016.  Hammerstones,  knives,  scrapers,  drills,  sharpening 
stone,  celt,  and  flakes  of  stone;  earthen  pot  and  numerous  fragments  of 
plain,' incised  and  cord-marked  pottery;  bones  of  bear,  deer,  bird,  fish 
and  turtle,  some  of  them  marked  by  fire;  perforated  shells  and  disks  of 
shell;  red  ochre;  burnt  clay;  awls,  cylinders,  scrapers,  beads,  and  a 
whistle  of  bone ;  gouge-shaped  implement  of  antler ;  fragments  of  worked 
bone  and  antler ;  and  human  remains  from  the  ash-pits  in  the  Ancient 
Cemetery  at  Madisonville,  Ohio;  human  remains,  flint  scrapers  and 


77 


points,  stone  pipe,  stone  celt,  and  fragments  of  pottery  from  the  leaf  mould 
over  the  ash-pits  at  Madisonville,  Ohio. — Exploration  of  F.  W.  Putnam, 
conducted  for  the  Museum. 

25017—25020.  Notched  stone  sinker,  rude  flint  point,  and  a  worked 
piece  of  antler  from  the  dirt  turned  over  in  digging  into  the  ash-pits  at 
Madisonville,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Thomas  Clenkay. 

25021  —  25131.  Sharpening  stones,  knives,  drills,  celt,  arrowheads, 
chips  and  rude  and  broken  implements  of  stone;  bone  beads,  cylinders, 
awls,  and  marked  and  cut  fragments  of  the  same  material ;  chisels  and 
implements,  probably  used  for  digging,  made  of  antler;  nine  human 
crania;  bones  of  deer,  fish  and  turtle;  teeth  of  bear  and  beaver;  a  piece 
of  copper;  burnt  corncobs  and  nuts;  plain,  punched  and  cord-marked 
pots;  fragments  of  pottery,  incised,  nail-marked  and  plain,  from  the  ash 
pits  at  the  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio. —Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  Col.  P.  P.  Lane,  Messrs.  E.  A.  Conkling  and 
C.  F.  Low,  and  the  Madisonville  Literary  and  Scientific  Society. 

25132  —  25258.  Human  crania  and  other  bones;  shells  of  Unio  and 
pieces  cut  from  them;  teeth  of  bear,  beaver,  elk  and  deer;  cut  and 
worked  fragments  of  bones  and  antler;  beads,  whistle,  needle,  points  and 
a  pipe  of  bone;  chisels,  handles,  gouge,  cylinders,  a  harpoon  point,  and 
digging  and  cutting  implements  made  of  antler;  fragments  of  pottery; 
piece  of  worked  cannel  coal ;  red  ochre  ;  sharpening  stones  and  flint  cores ; 
knives,  scrapers,  drills  and  points  of  same  material;  a  grooved  stone, 
a  celt  and  a  carved  stone  pipe,  representing  the  head  of  an  animal.— Col- 
lected by  Mr.  Matthias  Britten,  from  the  ash-pits  at  the  Ancient  Ceme- 
tery, Madisonville,  Ohio.— Subscription  to  exploration  by  the  Museum. 

25259  —25260.  Cord-marked  pot,  with  four  handles,  from  an  ash-pit  at 
Madisonville,  and  fragments  of  cranium  from  a  mound  near  Chillicothe, 
Ohio. — Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

25261.  Half  of  a  stone  gorget  from  the  surface  near  Madisonville,  Ohio. 
—Collected  and  presented  by  F.  W.  Putnam. 

25262  —  25265.  Fragments  of  pottery,  flint  chips  and  a  worked  bone 
from  Turpin's  Hill  near  Madisonville,  Ohio,  and  stone  mullers  from  Cler- 
mont Co.,  Ohio  —Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Conkling. 
.  25266  —  25274.  Flint  knives,  points,  and  three  stone  celts  from  Warren 
Co.,  Ohio,  and  a  stone  celt  from  Madisonville,  Ohio.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Charles  Weiskoff,  Jr. 

25275.  Small  stone  tablet  from  a  grave  on  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Cal  

Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Paul  Schumacher. 

25276.  Cast  of  stone  image  from  the  Pueblo  of  New  Pecos,  New  Mex- 
ico—Presented by  Mr.  A.  H.  Thompson. 

25277  —  25280.  Four  specimens  of  modern  pottery  from  the  Pueblos 
near  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.— Presented  by  Dr.  Egbert  H.  Lamborn. 

25281.  A  Pandean  pipe  made  and  used  by  the  negroes  near  Crawfords- 
ville.  Miss.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  A.  F.  Berlin. 

25282—25289.  Fragments  of  human  bones,  some  of  them  burned; 
flint  knife  ;  fragments  of  pottery,  worked  bones,  and  beads  of  shell  and 


78 


bone  from  mounds  in  Davis  Co..  Kansas,  three  miles  west  of  Junction 
City.— Collected  by  Mr.  Charles  H.  Sternberg,  and  presented  by  Mr. 
Alex.  Agassiz- 

25290  —  25298.  Club  from  the  Fiji  Islands;  assegais,  bow  and  iron 
pointed  arrows  from  east  coast  of  Africa ;  a  model  of  a  boat,  a  bow.  and 
arrows  with  wooden  and  iron  points,  the  latter  poisoned,  also  reeds  used 
in  makin?  arrows,  from  Surinam.  South  America.— Bt  Purchase  from 
Mr.  David  Dodge. 

25299.  Human  cranium  and  bones  from  Revere. — Collected  by  Mr.  E. 
H.  Whorf,  and  presented  by  Dr.  Walter  Faxon. 

25300.  Shell  beads  from  the  province  of  >"ew  Brunswick. — Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  Charles  H.  Carman. 

25301  —  25393.    Fifty -seven  modem  pots  and  dishes  of  different  forms, 
some  of  them  animal  and  bird  shaped,  from  the  Pueblos  of  New  Mexico, 
and  forty-one  pieces  of  Missouri  pottery  from  monnds  near  Diehlstadt, 
,  Missouri.— Collected  by  Dr.  G.  J.  Engeoiaxx.  and  presented  by  Mrs. 

S.  B.  SCHLESrSGER. 

25394  —  25398.  A  quartz  knife,  m  '.e  an:,  broken  stone  implements,  and 
fragments  of  stone  pestle  and  s:c:.:::e  po:.  from  Apponaug,  Pv.  I.— Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  Ebex  Putnam. 

25399  —  254r«>D.  Stone  points  from  Lake  Champlain. — Collected  by  Mr. 
Faxon,  and  presented  by  Dr.  Walter  Faxon. 

25401.  Broken  stone  points  from  Hartford.  Conn.— Presented  by  Mr. 

S.  W.  COWLES. 

25402.  Eude  stone  point  from  yorth  Andover,  Mass. — Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  AaBON  Thompson. 

25403  25407.    Stone  points  from  Ohio. — Presented  by  Mr.  S.  W. 

CoWLES. 

2540S  —  25431.  Grooved  stone  axe  and  celts  of  the  same  material; 
perforated  stones,  and  fragment  of  a  stone  tablet,  flint  points,  knives, 
scrapers,  and  rude  implements  from  Massillon.  Ohio. — Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  A.  P.  S.  Pease. 

25432  —  25512  A  collection  of  stone  knives,  daggers,  drills,  scrapers, 
and  points  of  different  sizes  and  shapes  from  Kentucky  and  Ohio,  also 
points  from  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Maryland.- Collected  by  Mr.  R.  T. 
Shepherd,  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

25513  —  25638.  Eleven  palaeolithics ;  grooved  stone  axes ;  notched  and 
grooved  sinkers ;  hammer  arid  polishing  stones:  stone  celts;  and  a  col- 
lection of  knives,  scrapers,  drills  and  points  in  jasper,  quartz  and  argil- 
lite,  from  different  places  in  the  neighborhood  of  Trenton.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

25639  —  25646.  Flint  flakes  and  scrapers  from  England,  and  flake  knife 
and  core  from  Thebes.— Collected  by  Sir  John  Lubbock,  and  presented 
by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

25647  —  25671.  Grooved  stone  axe:  hammer,  sharpening  and  slick 
stones;  notched  sinkers;  fragments  of  pottery,  and  knives  and  points  in 
jasper  and  argillite  from  Trenton,  N.  J.— Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  Richard  M.  Abbott. 


79 


25672  —  25674.  Three  earthen  drinking  vessels  from  Pueblos  near 
Santa  F^,  New  Mexico. — Presented  by  Messrs.  John  C.  Watson  and 
H.  W.  Wesson. 

25675.  A  painted  water  bottle  from  pueblo  of  Zuni.— Collected  in  1853, 
and  presented  by  Prof.  Jules  Marcou. 

25676  —  26022.  This  collection,  covering  three  hundred  and  forty- 
seven  distinct  entries  in  the  catalogue,  and  numbering  several  thousand 
specimens,  is  of  special  value.  With  the  exception  of  fragments  of 
pottery,  a  stone  celt,  and  some  other  implements  of  the  same  material 
from  the  shellheaps  of  Cape  Henlopen,  it  is  chiefly  from  Kent  county, 
Delaware.  Many  of  the  implements,  and  among  them  some  miniature 
copies  of  the  palagolithics  from  the  valley  of  the  Somme,  were  found 
upon  Ihe  surface,  on  the  site  of  an  Indian  village  and  are  therefore,  pre- 
sumably, of  recent  origin.  As  a  rule,  the  specimens  closely  resemble 
similar  articles  from  New  Jersey,  in  material,  shape  and  finish,  though  it 
is  worthy  of  note  that  in  this  entire  collection  there  are  less  than  a  dozen 
of  the  well-defined  scrapers,  so  abundant  in  the  New  Jersey  collection 
of  Dr.  Abbott.  It  may  give  some  idea  of  the  value  of  this  collection  to 
state  that  it  includes,  among  other  things,  eighty-four  grooved  stone  axes, 
twenty-three  celts,  one  of  them  a  magnificent  specimen  of  serpentine ; 
many  pestles,  hammer,  grinding,  rubbing  and  sharpening  stones ;  with 
hundreds  of  jasper,  quartz  and  argillite  knives  and  points,  from  Little 
Creek,  Jones  River,  Duck  Creek,  and  other  points  in  Kent  and  Sussex 
counties,  Delaware-  grooved  axes  and  bird-shaped  ornament  from 
Church  Creek,  Dorchester  Co.,  Maryland;  stone  celt  from  Wyoming 
Valley,  Penn. ;  perforated  stone  ornament  from  West  Virginia;  stone 
spearpoint  from  Choctaw  Co.,  Alabama;  iron  tomahawk  from  Cape  Hen- 
lopen, and  rubbing  and  polishing  stones,  perforated  stone  ornament,  clay 
pipe  stems,  and  stone  flakes  from  shellheaps  at  the  same  place. — Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Bennett. 

26023  —  26024.  Four  copper  axes  from  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  and  a  copper 
knife  from  Teotitlan  del  Valle,  Southern  Mexico. — By  Purchase  from 
Mr.  F.  A.  Ober. 

26025.  Stone  celt  used  by  the  early  settlers  of  Pitcairn's  Island. — Col- 
lected by  Capt.  JosiAH  S.  Knowles  of  Oakland,  California,  and  presented 
by  Mrs.  Lucien  Cakr. 

26026 — 26129.  A  large  and  interesting  collection  of  chips,  flakes, 
cores  and  rude  stone  implements  from  different  localities  in  Stoneham 
and  Wakefield,  Mass. — Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Mr. 
David  Dodge 

26130  —  26144.  Two  crania,  one  of  them  copper  stained ;  human  bones 
and  hair,  iron  nails,  and  fragments  of -vyood,  probably  portions  of  coffins; 
iron  knives,  clay  pipes,  fragments  of  cloth,  a  brass  spoon,  and  three  leaden 
bullets,  flint  flakes,  and  a  perforated  stone  ornament,  which  was  after- 
wards used  as  a  mould  for  buttons,  with  three  leaden  buttons  which  were 
cast  in  the  mould,  from  an  Indian  burial  place  in  Kingston,  Mass.  —Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  L.  H.  Keith 


80 


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81 


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82 

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NOTES  ON  THE  COPPER  OBJECTS  FROM  NORTH  AND  SOUTH 
AMERICA,  CONTAINED  IN  THE  COLLECTIONS 
OF  THE  PEABODY  MUSEUM. 


By  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator  of  the  Museum. 


Native  copper  is  pretty  widely  distributed  throughout  North 
America  and  some  portions  of  South  America,  either  in  place  or 
as  bowlders  in  the  drift,  and  it  can  hardly  be  questioned  that  it  was 
early  noticed  in  the  neolithic  period  and  made  use  of  by  the  vari- 
ous tribes  who  lived  in,  or  visited,  the  districts  whence  it  was 
obtained.  It  is  also  probable  that  the  metal  was  obtained  through 
intertribal  trade,  and  that  objects  made  of  it  would  be  regarded  as 
valuable  possessions  which  in  course  of  time  would  find  their  way, 
by  barter  and  as  plunder,  to  many  distant  tribes.  Thus  we  find, 
to-day,  in  our  explorations,  objects  made  of  copper,  as  widely 
distributed  and  under  nearly  as  many  and  varied  conditions  as 
stone  implements  of  neolithic  forms.  It  must  not,  however,  be 
understood  from  these  remarks  that  all  the  peoples  of  America, 
both  North  and  South,  had  reached  one  and  the  same  stage  in 
manufacturing  from  copper  the  various  objects  for  which  they 
found  it  adapted,  for  the  contrary  is  the  fact. 

In  North  America,  outside  of  Mexico,  before  the  coming  of  Eu- 
ropeans, there  is  no  evidence,  as  yet,  that  copper  was  used  other- 
wise than  as  a  substance  which  could  be  hammered  and  cut  into 
many  desired  shapes.  In  Mexico,  Central  America,  Peru  and 
Chili,  there  is  no  doubt  that  copper  was  both  cast  and  hammered, 
and  by  some  nations  was  also  mixed  with  tin  or  with  gold  and 
cast  in  moulds  ;  but  the  difficulty  of  melting  and  casting  unalloyed 
copper  is  far  too  great  to  be  easily  overcome,  and  the  statements 
about  the  discovery,  in  the  United  States,  of  copper  implements 
which  were  unquestionably  cast  in  moulds  should  be  regarded  as 
hasty  conclusions  until  we  have  other  information  on  the  subject 
than  seems  yet  to  haVe  been  obtained. ^ 

1 1  have  called  attention  to  this  point  in  a  short  article  in  the  Kansas  City  Review  for 
Dec,  1881,  in  which  I  question  the  discovery  of  cast  copper  implements  and  of  the 
moulds  said  to  have  been  found  in  Wisconsin.  Since  that  article  was  written,  the  sup- 
posed discovery  of  the  moulds  has  been  shown  to  be  without  the  slightest  foundation 

(83) 


84 


As  these  notes  are  intended  simply  as  a  brief  account  of  the 
objects  made  of  copper,  to  be  followed  by  descriptions  of  others 
made  of  bronze,  gold  and  silver,  by  the  natives  of  America,  and 
contained  in  the  Museum,  they  are  thus  necessarily  limited,  and 
of  course  many  forms  of  ornaments  and  implements  known  to 
archffiologists  will  not  be  mentioned  as  they  are  not  represented 
in  the  Museum. 

Copper  from  the  Mounds  and  Indian  Graves. 

Ornaments  and  implements  made  of  copper  have  been  found  in 
considerable  number  in  burial  mounds  in  many  portions  of  the 
United  States,  both  in  connection  with  inhumation  and  cremation, 
and  also  in  the  stone-graves  of  Tennessee  as  well  as  in  Indian 
graves  of  a  comparatively  recent  period.  They  have  also  been 
found  on  the  surface  of  ploughed  fields,  and  have  been  accident- 
ally discovered  in  various  ways.  So  far  as  relates  to  the  collection 
in  the  Museum  the  copper  objects,  principally  from  the  mounds 
and  graves,  can  be  grouped  under  the  following  headings. 

Beads. 

These  may  be  classed  as  cylindrical,  convex  and  spiral.  The 
most  common  and  simple  are  the  little  cylinders  made  of  small  flat 
and  thin  pieces  of  copper  which  have  been  rolled  up,  leaving  one 
edge  slightly  overlapping  the  other  ;  or,  if  made  from  a  larger  piece, 
the  copper  is  sometimes  rolled  once  or  twice  on  itself,  in  this  way 
making  a  thicker  cylinder. 

Such  cylinders  are  in  the  Museum  as  follows  : — 
No.  20130.  This  lot  consists  of  about  a  dozen  small  copper  cyl- 
inders which  were  found  with  the  neck-bones  of  a  child  in  one  of 
the  Stanley  Mounds  on  the  St.  Francis  River,  Ark.,  by  the  late 
Mr.  Edwin  Curtis  during  the  explorations  which  he  made  for  the 
Museum.    They  evidently  formed  part  of  a  necklace  containing 

of  fact.  I  may  also  add  that  several  copper  implements,  which  I  have  seen,  supposed 
to  have  been  cast,  were  unquestionably  hammered. 

The  following  extract  from  Strachey's  Virginia,  Avritten  about  1612,  to  which  my 
attention  has  been  called  by  Mr.  Carr,  is  of  interest  in  this  connection:  "  and  tor 
copper,  the  hills  to  the  norwest  have  that  store  as  the  people  themselves,  remembered 
in  the  first  chapter,  called  the  Bocootauwanaukes,  are  said  to  part  the  solide  mettall 
from  the  stone,  without  fire,  bellowes  or  additament  and  beat  it  into  plates,  the  like 
whereof  is  hardly  found  in  any  other  part  of  the  world."  -  Page  132  in  the  publications 
of  the  Hakluyt  Society.  London,  1849. 


85 


also  shell  beads,  pieces  of  flat  and  ornamented  shells,  shell  pendants 
and  a  circular  piece  of  perforated  bone.^  Forty-eight  pieces  be- 
longing to  this  necklace  were  saved.  Notwithstanding  the  copper 
cylinders  are  very  much  corroded  and  are  very  brittle,  several  of 
them  are  still  on  the  string,  which  has  been  preserved  by  the  action 


Fig.  1. 


No.  20130.  Parts  of  a  Necklace  of  Copper  Cylinders,  Shell  Beads,  Shell  and  Bone 
Ornaments,  found  with  skeleton  of  child.  Stanley  Mound  on  St.  Francis  Riv.,  Ark, 

of  the  copper,  and  alternating  with  these  are  shell  beads,  showing 
that  probably  all  the  beads  and  ornaments  found  with  the  neck- 
bones,  which  are  copper-stained,  were  strung  together  as  a  neck- 
lace, portions  of  which  are  shown  in  fig.  1. 

•  Cut  from  the  plastron  of  a  Small  turtle,  and  shown  in  the  left  lower  corner  of  fig.  1. 


86 


No.  20133.  The  two  beads  catalogued  under  this  number  were 
also  found  by  Mr.  Ccrtis,  with  the  neck-bones  of  a  child,  in 
another  grave  in  the  same  mound  with  the  last.  In  this  instance, 
while  the  neck-bones  are  much  stained  b}^  the  copper,  only  the 
remains  of  two  cylinders  were  found  in  contact  with  about  a  dozen 
large  shell  beads.  The  most  perfect  of  the  cylinders  is  about  one 
and  one-half  inches  in  length  and  contains  a  fragment  of  the  twisted 
cord  upon  which  it  was  strung. 

No.  22008.  Four  copper  cylinders  found  with  a  number  of  large 
shell  beads  near  the  neck-bones  of  a  young  person,  in  the  Rose 
Mound,  on  the  St.  Francis  River,  Ark.  Near  this  skeleton  were 
two  earthen  bowls  and  a  shell  "pin."  The  cylinders  are  about 
one  and  a  fourth  inches  in  length  and  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  are  much  corroded.    Collected  by  Edwin  Ccrtis. 

No.  20396.  A  copper  cylinder  of  about  the  same  size  and  char- 
acter as  the  four  last  described  and  considerably  corroded.  This 
was  found  in  a  mound  on  the  Spoon  River,  Peoria  Co.,  111.,  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Adams. 

No.  20402.  One  cylinder  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in 
length  and  two  small  cylindrical  beads,  one  of  which  is  about 
one-half  of  an  inch  in  length  and  the  other  a  quarter  of  an  inch, 
were  taken  from  a  second  mound  on  the  Spoon  River.  Four 
chipped  knives  or  daggers  and  a  mass  of  red  ochre  were  near  the 
beads.    Also  collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Adams. 

No.  18995.  The  remains  of  a  small  cylindrical  bead  of  copper 
with  the  twisted  fibre  upon  which  it  was  strung.  This  bead  was 
found  at  the  bottom  of  the  Parker  Mound,  near  Elmore,  111.,  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Adams. 

No.  20306.  Two  cj^linders  similar  to  those  already  described, 
although  one  is  made  from  an  irregularly  shaped  piece  of  copper, 
so  that  when  it  was  rolled  up  one  end  of  the  bead  was  made  larger 
than  the  other.  These  were  found  in  a  mound  near  Fort  Lincoln, 
Dakota  Territory,  and  as  the  copper  still  has  much  of  its  natural 
color  and  is  but  very  slightly  corroded,  it  is  probable  that  these 
beads  are  far  more  recent  productions  than  those  already  men- 
tioned from  the  mounds  in  Arkansas  and  Illinois.  In  the  same 
mound  were  found  fragments  of  cord-marked  pottery,  two  flint 
scrapers  and  two  flint  arrowheads,  with  several  charred  corn-cobs. 
There  are  several  reasons  for  believing  the  mounds  about  Fort 
Lincoln  to  be  comparatively  recent,  and  the  condition  of  these 


87 


copper  beads  seems  to  corroborate  the  conclusion.  Collected  by 
Mr.  Geo.  W.  Sweet. 

No.  6171.  This  lot  contains  sixteen  copper  beads  varying  from 
less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length. 
They  are  all  considerably  corroded.  Fragments  of  the  string  are 
still  preserved  in  one  or  two  of  the  beads,  and  the  lot  evidently 
formed  a  portion  of  a  necklace  of  the  child  about  whose  cervical 
vertebrae  they  were  found.  In  contact  with  the  copper  beads  and 
evidently  forming  part  of  the  same  necklace  were  twelve  incisor 
teeth  of  the  moose  (No.  6170),  each  perforated  at  the  end  of 


Fig.  2. 


Nos.  6170  and  6171.  Copper  Beads,  and  perforated  Teeth  of  Moose,  forming  part  of 
necklace  of  a  child.  Mound  on  St.  Clair  River,  Mich. 


the  root.  "When  found  one  of  the  copper  beads  was  adhering  to 
one  of  the  teeth,  and  Mr.  Gillman  thinks  the  teeth  and  beads  alter- 
nated on  the  string,  as  shown  in  fig.  2.  From  a  mound  on  the 
St.  Clair  Eiver,  Mich.  Collected  by  Mr.  Henry  Gillman.  For 
an  account  of  this  mound  and  its  contents,  see  Sixth  Report  Pea- 
body  Museum,  p.  16. 

No.  4898.  About  fifty  small  cylinders,  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  and  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  an  inch  in  length. 
Nearly  ten  inches  of  the  string,  made  of  vegetable  fibre,  is  pre- 


« 


88 


served,  and  about  half  of  the  beads  still  remain  upon  it.  Many 
of  this  lot  of  beads  are  considerably  corroded.  An  account  of  the 
mound  on  the  Detroit  River,  Mich.,  in  which  these  beads  were 
found  by  Mr.  Henry  Gillman,  is  given  in  the  Sixth  Report  of 
Peabody  Museum,  p.  12.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  among  the 
stone  implements  and  other  objects  found  in  this  mound  were  a 
beautifully  polished  double-edged  axe  made  of  jadite,  a  small  ves- 
sel of  pottery  about  the  size  of  a  thimble,  two  cord-marked  jars, 
and  the  small  abnormal  human  cranium  to  which  reference  has 
been  made  by  several  writers. 

No.  4764.  This  lot  consists  of  five  pairs  of  small  copper  cylin- 
ders about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  about  one  inch  in 
length.  These  cylinders  seem  to  have  been  fastened  side  by  side 
in  pairs,  as  each  pair  is  now  firmly  united  by  the  change  that  has 
taken  place  on  the  surface  of  the  copper.  A  number  of  shell 
beads  were  received  with  these  and  also  a  small  piece  of  buckskin 
fringe,  preserved  by  the  action  of  the  copper.  From  a  mound  at 
Ferry  Point  on  the  Marlborough  estate,  Strafford  Co.,  Virginia. 
Collected  by  Mr.  B.  R.  Alden  Scott. 

No.  12292.  Two  specimens,  the  most  perfect  of  which  is  about 
an  inch  in  length  and  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  from  an 
ancient  burial  place  near  Highgate,  Vt.,  collected  and  presented  by 
the  late  Professor  J.  B.  Perry.  These  beads  are  two  of  a  number 
found  in  contact  with  the  neck-bones  of  a  child.  The  two  verte- 
brae received  with  them  are  copper-stained. 

No.  17342.  Twenty-three  small  copper  cylinders  or  beads,  each 
about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  together  measuring 
four  and  a  half  inches  in  length.  From  an  Indian  grave  at  Revere, 
Mass.  Collected  by  Mr.  L.  K.  Washburn.  In  the  same  grave 
with  these  beads,  which  are  but  slightly  corroded,  were  found  a 
stone  pipe,  the  bowl  of  which  had  been  repaired  by  a  band  of  brass 
wrapped  about  it ;  a  small  knife  made  of  brass ;  two  triangular 
arrowheads  made  of  brass;  and  two  circular  ornaments  also  of 
brass ;  which  prove  that  the  burial  was  after  European  contact. 
No  other  objects  were  found  in  the  grave  and  we  have  no  account 
of  the  condition  of  the  bones  of  the  skeleton. 

No.  12868.  In  the  year  1868  Dr.  Edward  Palmer  collected 
from  an  Indian  grave  at  Harpswell,  Me.,  portions  of  buckskin,  and 
fringe  of  vegetable  fibre,  which  he  considered  as  the  remains  of  an 
Indian  belt.    On  the  fragments  of  buckskin  there  are  many  green 


89 


colored  impressions  which  show  that  the  belt  was  ornamented  by  a 
number  of  copper  beads  or  cylinders.  With  the  fragments  of  the 
leather  and  string  there  are  an  irregular  and  flat  piece  of  copper, 
about  two  inches  long  by  one  in  width,  much  corroded,  and  broken 
along  all  but  one  edge,  and  three  cylinders  of  copper,  which  al- 
though they  are  much  corroded  still  contain  the  twisted  vegetable 
fibre  upon  which  they  were  strung.  The  largest  and  most  perfect 
of  these  cylinders  is  nearly  two  and  a  half  inches  in  length  and 
about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  others  seem  to  have 
been  about  the  same  size  originally,  but  are  now  broken,  and  all  are 
so  much  corroded  as  to  be  very  brittle.  In  this  instance  we  have 
a  good  illustration  of  the  preservative  power  of  the  salts  of  cop- 
per, as  the  vegetable  fibre,  the  skin  and  even  the  hair  upon  it,  are 
preserved  by  contact  with  the  copper  pieces,  while  the  latter  are 
nearly  decayed  by  oxidation. 

No.  26618.  During  the  explorations  of  the  Ancient  Cemetery 
at  Madisonville,  Ohio,  copper  ornaments  have  been  found  with  skel- 
etons, in  or  just  under  the  leaf-mould,  and  also  with  the  many 
other  interesting  objects  from  the  singular  "ash-pits."  By  far  the 
larger  number  of  these  ornaments  are  simple  cylinders  of  copper, 
but  with  them  have  also  been  found  a  few  copper  pendants  of  sim- 
ple shapes,  such  as  are  described  farther  on,  and  a  singular  oell- 
like  object  which  has  been  figured  in  the  report  on  the  explorations 
by  the  Madisonville  Society,  Part  ii,  p.  32.  As  is  the  case  with 
most  of  these  copper  ornaments,  this  interesting  object  was  found 
with  the  skeleton  of  a  child,  between  one  and  two  feet  from  the 
surface,  at  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  leaf-mould. 

Among  the  articles  of  copper  obtained  by  the  Museum  during 
these  explorations,  are  a  number  of  cylinders  most  of  which  evi- 
dently formed  portions  of  necklaces. 

Near  the  bottom  of  the  leaf-mould,  about  eighteen  inches  from 
the  surface,  with  the  remains  of  a  skeleton  of  a  child,  there  were 
found  portions  of  a  necklace  made,  in  part  at  least,  of  three  large  cop- 
per cylinders,  a  number  of  spiral  wire  beads  and  a  cross-like  pen- 
dant, as  shown  in  fig.  3.  The  cervical  vertebrae,  the  collar  bones, 
and  a  portion  of  the  under  jaw  were  much  discolored  by  the  action  of 
the  copper  which  was  very  much  corroded  and  brittle.  Several  of 
the  spiral  beads  were  in  fragments  and  even  the  pendant  was  broken 
in  two  pieces.  The  three  large  cylinders  still  preserved,  and  shown 
in  the  figure,  are  each  one  and  a  fourth  inches  long  by  three-eighths 


90 


of  an  inch  in  diameter.  In  one  of  them  is  a  small  mass  of  what 
seems  to  be  the  remains  of  a  strip  of  leather  or  buckskin  upon 

which  the  several 
things  forming  the 
necklace  were  prob- 
ably strung,  and  on 
the  outside  of  one  is 
a  substance  which 
may  possiblj^  be  the 
remains  of  a  piece  of 
bark.  Collected  by 
F.  AV.  Putnam  in 
connection  with  the 
Madisonville  Explo- 
rations. 

No.  26638.  Ten 
feet  from  the  skele- 
ton last  mentioned, 
another  of  these 
cylinders  was  found 
in  the  leaf -mould, 
eighteen  inches 
from  the  surface. 
In  this  instance  it 
was  not  associated 
with  human  bones. 
Collected  by  F.  W. 
Putnam. 

No.  26611.  In 
the  leaf-mould  with 
the  skeleton  of  an- 
other 3^oung  child, 
the  bones  of  which 
were  so  much  de- 
cayed that  none 
could  be  saved,  were 
found  ten  small  cyl- 

Nos.  26618,  26619,  26620.  Necklace  made  of  Copper      mders,  two   bits  of 
Beads  of  two  kinds,  and  Avith  a  Cruciform  Pendant        wire,    a   small  flat 
of  copper.    Found  with  skeleton  of  child.  coppcr,  and 

Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio.  t'  i  i  j 


91 


Fig.  4. 


a  small  copper  pendant.  These  several  objects  are  shown  in  fig.  4, 
These  little  cylinders  are  each  one-eighth  of  an  inch  or  less  than 
that  in  diameter,  and  vary  very  much  in  length,  as  shown  in  the 
figure.  The  three  smallest  together  measure  not  much  over  half 
an  inch  in  length,  while  the  largest  of  the  lot  is  an  inch  long. 
The  action  of  the  copper  has  preserved  the  fine  two-strand  string 
of  twisted  fibre  which  still  holds  them  together.  Collected  by 
F.  W.  Putnam. 

No.  26612.  The  flat  piece  of  copper  found  with  the  fragments  of 

a  necklace,  referred  to  in 

the  preceding  paragraph  and 

represented  in  fig.  4  (lower 

figure  on  the  right),  is  evi- 
dently a  piece  from  which  a 

small  cyUnder,  like  those 

last  mentioned,  was  to  be 

made,  and  I  have  therefore 

classed  it  with  the  beads.  It 

consists  of  a  piece  of  native 

copper,  hammered  until  it  is 

about  as  thick  as  ordinary 

writing  paper,  and  after- 
wards cut  into  its  present 

shape,   as    shown  by  its 

slightly  rough  or  undulating 

edges.  It  is  three-fourths  of 

an  inch  long  and  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  wide.  Collected 
by  F.  W.  Putnam. 

No.  26824.  Two  copper 
cylinders  are  in  the  collec- 
tion, which  were  obtained 
from  two  of  the  "ash-pits'* 
during  the  exploration  of  the  ancient  Cemetery  at  Madisonville, 
by  Mr.  M.  Britten.  Like  nearly  all  the  other  things  obtained 
from  the  ashes  in  the  pits,  these  cylinders  are  better  preserved 
than  those  found  in  the  leaf-mould,  although  they  have  turned 
green.  One  is  nearly  two  inches  long  and  one-quarter  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  shows  by  the  laminations  upon  it  that  two  pieces 


Nos.  26G11,  26612,  26613,  26614.  Copper  Orna- 
ments found  with  skeleton  of- child.  An- 
cient Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio. 


92 


of  copper  were  pounded  together  in  order  to  make  the  cylinder  of 
its  present  length. 

Ko.  26798.  This  second  specimen  from  the  ash-pits  is  about 
one  inch  in  length  and  slightlj^  more  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter.  Its  surface  is  smooth  and  there  is  a  decided  patina 
upon  it,  such  as  is  noticed  upon  very  old  bronze. 

No.  26637.  During  the  explorations  of  the  last  day  of  my  work 
at  the  Ancient  Cemetery  at  Madisonville,  the  skeleton  of  a  woman 
was  found  in  the  leaf-mould,  with  which  was  the  skeleton  of  a  child, 
two  or  three  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  its  death.  With  these 
skeletons  were  found  twenty-two  copper  cylinders  varying  from  one 
to  two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  length,  and  about  one-quarter  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  These  cylinders  are  considerably  decomposed 
and  are  very  brittle.  With  these  were  found  portions  of  a  large 
bead  made  of  bone,  and  three  charred  kernels  of  corn.  Four  copper 
rings,  described  on  page  96,  were  on  the  finger  bones  of  the  woman. 
I  regret  that  owing  to  a  heavy  rain  at  the  time  this  skeleton  was 
uncovered  a  thorough  examination  could  not  be  made  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  grave  while  in  place.    Collected  by  F.  W.  Putnam. 

No.  8992.  In  the  year  1876,  the  late  Prof.  E.  B.  Andrews,  act- 
mo-  for  the  Museum,  explored  a  number  of  mounds  in  southeast- 
ern Ohio,  of  which  a  full  account  is  given  in  the  Tenth  Annual 
Report.     During  these  explorations  a  number  of  articles  made  of 
copper  were  found,  among  them  the  lot  of  beads  to  which  refer- 
ence is  now  made.    Professor  Andrews  states  that  the  mound  in 
which  these  beads  were  found  was  on  the  land  of  Mr.  George  Connett 
in  Wolf  Plain.    It  had  long  been  ploughed  over,  and  at  the  time  of 
its  exploration  was  about  six  feet  high  and  forty  in  diameter. 
About  five  feet  from  the  top,  charcoal  and  ashes  were  found,  in 
which  were  the  remains  of  a  partially  burnt  human  skeleton  and 
about  it  the  copper  beads  were  placed.    Their  distribution  was  such 
as  to  lead  Prof.  Andrews  to  conclude  that  they  were  not  worn  as 
ornaments  at  the  time  of  death  of  the  person  buried,  but  were  sim- 
ply deposited  in  the  grave  as  property.    With  these  were  found 
about  fifty  beads  made  of  shell,  and  a  singular  copper  implement 
described  on  page  108.  It  is  important  to  note  that  no  other  objects 
were  found  in  the  mound.      For  further  details  in  relation  to  this 
interesting  exploration,  and  for  an  account  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  body  seems  to  have  been  burnt,  I  must  refer  to  Vol.  ii,  p.  59, 
of  Reports  of  the  Museum. 


93 


Fig.  5. 


Prof.  Andrews  states  that  many  of  the  beads  had  so  far  decayed 
that  they  could  not  be  saved,  and  those  collected  show  the  action  of 
fire  upon  them.    Several  are  slightly  warped  or  unrolled  by  the 
heat  which  was  not  sufficient  to  melt  the  copper,  although  the  hu- 
man bones,  and  wood  surrounding  them,  were  in  places  reduced  to 
ashes.    It  is  probably  due  to  the  fire  and  ashes  that  so  large  a  num- 
ber of  copper  beads  with  the  other  copper  objects  were  so  well  pre- 
served.   The  shell  beads  also  show  that  they  were  subjected  to 
great  heat.    The  four  hundred  and  eighty-two"^copper  beads  found 
in  the  mound  were  made  in  the  same  manner  as  the  cylinders,  al- 
ready described,  but  they  were  formed  from  rather  thicker  pieces 
of  copper,  most  of  which  were  carefully  cut  so  as  to  give  even 
edges,  and  the  length  of  each  bead  is  about  equal  to  its  diameter. 
While  many  of  them  were  made 
by  simply  rolling  the  copper  so 
that  one  edge  slightly  overlaps 
the  other,  others  show  that  the 
copper  was  rolled  twice  upon 
itself  as  represented  in  the  fore- 
ground of  fig.  5.   Between  these 
two  extremes  are  many  vari- 
ations, but  as  a  whole  the 
beads  are  well  made,  and  were 
probably  hammered  as  they 
were  rolled  over  a  twig  of  hard 
wood.     The  largest  in  the  lot 
is  half  an  inch  and  the  smallest  is  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch 
in  length.    They  form  a  string  ten  feet  and  nine  inches  in  length, 
and  weigh  one  pound  six  ounces.     Several  in  the  lot  have  become 
firmly  united  by  the  corroding  process,  like  the  two  shown  on  the 
right  in  fig.  5,  which  now  have  the  appearance  of  one  large  bead. 

A  second  form  of  beads,  upon  which  much  more  labor  was  bestowed , 
was  made  by  rolling  up  a  small  strip  of  copper,  as  in  the  case  of 
ordinary  cylinders,  but  these  strips  were  first  hammered  so  as  to 
produce  a  thin  edge  on  each  side  of  a  thicker  central  portion. 
A  convex  strip  of  copper  was  thus  made,  and  when  rolled  up,  so  that 
one  end  slightly  overlapped  the  other,  a  bead  was  formed  which  had 
a  greater  outside  diameter  in  its  centre  than  at  each  end,  while 


No.  8992.  Copper  Beads  found  with  burnt 
skeleton  in  the  Connett  Mound, 
Wolf  Plain,  Ohio. 


94 


the  hole  through  the  bead  was  of  a  uniform  diameter  throughout. 
Two  lots  of  such  beads  are  in  the  Museum  from  mounds  in  Ohio. 

No.  8945.  In  1875  a  mound  about  eighteen  feet  high,  in  Wolf 
Plain,  Ohio,  was  partly  removed  in  order  to  build  a  schoolhouse 
upon  its  site.  About  eight  feet  from  the  top  of  the  mound  and 
about  fifteen  feet  from  the  outer  edge  on  the  northwestern  side,  the 


Fig.  (3. 


No.  8945.    Copper  Beads  oa  piece  of  Leather.   Frum  Schoolhou&e  Mound,  Wolf 

Plain,  Ohio. 


earth  was  found  to  be  extremely  hard  and  dry.  In  this  dry  earth, 
which  probably  had  never  been  wet  since  placed  on  the  mound,  a 
fragment  of  an  article  made  of  the  prepared  skin  of  deer  or  buffalo, 
four  layers  in  thickness,  and  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diameter,  was 
found.  Upon  the  surface  of  this  skin  were  probably  two  or  three 
hundred  of  the  carefully  made  convex-beads,  which  were  strung 


95 


upon  thongs  of  buckskin.  The  impressions  of  the  beads  on  the 
fragment  secured  for  the  Museum  by  Prof.  Andrews  show  that 
they  were  arranged  in  a  symmetrical  pattern  over  the  surface  of  the 
skin  as  shown  in  fig.  6.  Six  of  the  seven  beads  still  with  the  frag- 
ment are  strung  on  two  strips  of  buckskin  and  are  considerably 
corroded.  Prof.  Andrews  thought  the  object  might  have  been  a 
portion  of  an  ornamental  dress,  but  from  the  fact  that  the  article 
was  made  of  four  layers  of  the  dressed  skin  and  that  there  are 
traces  on  the  under  side  of  a  coarsely  woven  fabric  of  vegetable  fi- 
bre, it  seems  to  me  probable  that  the  fragment  may  have  once 
formed  a  portion  of  a  leather  shield,  the  outer  surface  of  which 
was  ornamented  by  the  hundreds  of  once  bright  copper  beads. 
For  the  fragment  in  the  Museum,  represented  in  fig.  6,  we  are  in- 
debted to  Mr.  Peter  Martin.^ 

No.  15671.  Six  beads  of  the  same 
character  as  those  found  with  the  frag- 
ment of  skin,  were  received  in  the  Wm. 
Clogston  collection,  and  are  marked 
"From  a  mound  near  Newark,  Ohio." 
These  are  much  corroded  but  show  more 
care  in  their  manufacture  than  those  from  no.15671.  Copper  Beads 
the  schoolhouse  mound.  They  are  rep-  from  a  Mound  near 
resented  in  fig.  7.     The  smallest  is  about  Newark.  Ohio, 

one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long. 

The  beads  which  come  under  the  third  group  are  formed  by  coil- 
ing a  piece  of  copper  wire  upon  itself,  like  a  spiral  wire-spring.  The 
wire  was  evidently  made  by  rolling  and  pounding  small  pieces  of 
native  copper  into  compact  masses  of  small  diameter  and  of  vary- 
ing lengths.  All  of  the  beads  of  this  character  which  I  have  seen 
were  found  in  the  Ancient  Cemetery  at  Madisonville,  Ohio,  and 
are  mentioned  in  the  account  of  the  explorations  by  the  Madison- 
ville Society. 

No.  26619.  With  the  copper  cylinders  mentioned  under  No. 
26618  and  forming  part  of  the  necklace  represented  in  fig.  3,  were 
thirteen  of  the  spiral  wire-beads  and  a  few  fragments  of  others. 
Six  of  them,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  are  united  into  one  corroded 
mass  ;  the  others  are  better  preserved  and  show  that  they  were 

3For  further  details  of  this  mound,  see  Prof.  Andrews'  account  in  Reports  of  Pea- 
body  Museum,  Vol  ii,  p.  65.  f  jred 


96 


formed  as  described  on  the  preceding  page.  In  a  few  the  wire  is 
coiled  twice  or  thrice  upon  itself,  but  most  are  made  of  a  single 
coil.  The  wire  is  about  the  size  of  a  pencil  lead  and  the  beads 
are  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

No.  26613.  On  page  90,  attention  has  been  called  to  a  number 
of  copper  objects  found  with  the  skeleton  of  a  child  during  the 
Madisonville  explorations,  all  of  which  are  represented  in  fig.  4. 

Two  of  the  objects  there  shown 
are  probably  portions  of  wire 
beads.  The  comparatively 
long  undulating  piece  of  wire 
represented  on  the  right  of  the 
figure  was  probably  once  coiled 
up  as  a  bead,  and  the  semi- 
circular piece  shown  on  the 
left  is  probably  a  portion  of 
a  large  spiral  bead. 

Finger  Rings. 

Nos.  26633,26634.  On  the 
finger  bones  of  the  woman  bur- 
ied with  a  child  in  the  Ancient 
Cemetery  at  Madisonville,  and 
referred  to  when  describing  the 
large  lot  of  copper  cylinders 
on  page  92,  were  found  four 
rings  made  of  copper.  These 
rings  were  on  the  first  pha- 
langes of  the  first  and  second 
fingers  of  each  hand.  The 
bones  are  colored  green  by  the 
copper.    The  rings,  two  of 
which  are  shown  in  fig.  8,  are  made  of  bands  of  copper  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  wide  and  two  and  one-half  to  two  and  three- 
quarters  inches  in  length,  which  have  been  rolled  up  lengthwise 
with  one  end  slightly  overlapping  the  other.  The  rings  thus  formed 
are  each  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.    The  native 
copper  of  which  they  were  made  has,  in  places,  changed  to  azurite 
and  malachite.   The  fingers  of  the  woman  were  evidently  long  and 
slender,  and  all  the  bones  of  the  skeleton  indicate  a  rather  sUght 
person  of  middle  age. 


Kos.  26633,  26534.    Copper  Finger  Rings 
found  on  finger  bones  of  skeleton  of 
a  woman.   Ancient  Cemetery, 
Madisonville,  Oluo. 


97 


It  IS  worthy  of  note  that  although  nearly  a  thousand  skeletons 
have  been  discovered  in  this  old  cemetery  this  is  the  only  one  with 
which  finger  rings  have  been  found.  That  the  custom  of  wearin- 
rings  was  not  very  common  among  prehistoric  people  of  the  United 
States,  IS  evident  from  the  fact  tliat  this  is  the  only  instance  which 
has  come  under  my  observation,  although  I  have  personal  know- 
ledge  of  the  contents  of  several  thousand  ancient  graves. 


Bracelets, 


Several  copper  bracelets  very  similar  in  shape  to  the  plain  pen- 
annular  bronze  bracelets  found  in  the  old  world,  have  been  obtained 


Fig.  9. 


No.  1586.   Copper  Bracelet.   From  a  Moiiud  in  Mt.  Storling,  Ky. 

from  the  ancient  graves  and  mounds  in  the  United  States.  One  is 
in  the  Museum  from  a  mound  in  Kentucky. 

No.  1586.  The  bracelet  under  this  number,  shown  in  fio-  9 
was  received  in  1868  through  Prof.  N.  S.  Shaler  from  Judge 
Apperson,  who  presented  it  with  several  other  articles  from  a 
mound  in  Mount  Sterling,  Kentucky,  which  was  removed  about 
twenty-five  years  before.  This  mound  was  about  twenty  feet  hio-h 
and  one  hundred  in  diameter.  Only  a  single  skeleton  was  found 
m  It,  with  which  were  several  stone  implements,  a  broken  pipe  a 
large  copper  "breast-plato,"  and  the  bracelet  here  recorded,  besides 
other  things  which  unfortunately  have  been  scattered  without  a 
record  having  been  kept.  The  bracelet  is  very  much  corroded  and 
Report  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  7 


98 


Fig.  10. 

i1. . 

/    y'.  • 

/  ill, 

k 

has  a  thick  coating  of  green  rust.  It  is  oval  in  shape,  but  the  two 
ends  are  an  inch  apart.  The  longest  out- 
side diameter  is  about  three  inches,  and 
the  transverse  is  tAvo  inches.  The  piece 
of  copper  from  which  it  was  made  was 
hammered  round.  The  central  portion 
is  three-eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  while 
the  ends  are  only  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

Peijdants. 

Under  this  heading  I  include  such 
small  ornaments  as  seem  to  have  been 
worn  about  the  neck,  in  most  instances 
probably  forming  parts  of  necklaces. 

No.  26614.  The  simplest  pendant 
consists  of  a  thin  flat  piece  of  copper 
rounded  at  the  top  and  perforated  for 
attachment  by  a  string.  This  pendant 
formed  part  of  the  necklace  found  with 
the  skeleton  of  a  child,  already  referred 
to  on  page  91,  in  the  Ancient  Cemetery 
at  Madisonville  and  is  represented  in  fig. 
4.  This  little  ornament  is  very  much 
decayed  and  broken  on  the  edges,  but 
when  perfect  it  was  seven-eighths  of  an 
inch  long,  and  five-eighths  wide.  From 
such  simple  pendants  there  is  a  natural 
transition  to  the  cruciform  ornaments  of 
which  there  are  three  specimens  in  the 
Museum. 

No.  11832.    The  "cross,"  of  which 
fig.  10  is  a  representation,  I  found  in  a 
stone-grave  on  the  hill  near  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  on  which  Fort  ZollicoflTer  was 
r.'^    n    T  vn.  erected  during  the  civil  war.    In  the 

No  11832.     Copper    Cruciform  1       ^.  i      *-  AT 

Pendant.  From  a  Stone-grave.    aCCOUnt  of  my  explorations  about  Nash- 

Nashviiie,  Tenn.  ^^.^jg       ^377^  Annual  Reports  of  the 

Museum,  Vol.  11,  p.  307,  I  called  attention  to  this  ornament, 
which  was  found  on  the  breast-bone  of  an  adult  skeleton.    In  the 


ml  \^  ^ 


99 


Fig.  11. 


c 


same  stone-grave,  or  cist,  there  were  fragments  of  an  earthen 
dish.  On  the  surface  of  the  copper,  which  is  considerably  cor- 
roded,  there  are  traces  of  a  finely  woven  fabric  with  which  the 
ornament  was  in  contact,  and  a  minute  fragment  of  string  is  still 
preserved  just  above  the  hole.  The  length  of  this  pendant  is  five 
and  one-fourth  inches  from  edge  to  edge.  In  my  remarks  upon  the 
origin  of  this  form  of  ornament,  I  have  stated  that  it  seems  to  be 
a  simple  design  to  make  and  one  of  natural  con- 
ception, and  there  seems  to  be  no  more  reason 
for  considering  it  a  symbol  of  Christianity  than 
the  "cross"  on  the  tablet  of  Palenque.'  The 
modifications  of  this  design,  in  the  two  other 
specimens,  here  figured,  which  have  been  since 
found  in  widely-distant  places,  seem  to  confirm 
this  view.^ 

No.  22131.  In  this  pendant  as  will  be  noticed 

by  a  glance  at  fig.  11,  the  "arms  of  the  cross" 

are  represented  by  simple  notched  projections 

from  the  piece  of  copper,  the  lower  end  of  which 

is  also  notched.    It  is  slightly  over  three  inches 

in  length  and  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide. 

One  surface  of  this  ornament  is  considerably  cor- 
roded, and  traces  of  what  may  possibly  have 

been  a  woven  fabric  can  be  made  out  with  a 

lens.    It  was  found  by  Mr.  Edwin  Curtis  in  the 

Rose  Mound,  on  St.  Francis  River,  Arkansas. 
No.  2GG20.  The  third  cruciform  ornament  in 

the  Museum  was  found  with  the  skeleton  of  a 
child  in  the  Ancient  Cemetery  at  Madisonville, 
with  several  copper  beads  already  described  un- 
der numbers  2GG18  and  26619,  and  there  can 
be  but  little  doubt  that  it  was  the  pendant  of  a 
necklace.  The  form  of  this  ornament  can  be  best  understood 
by  reference  to  fig.  3.  It  is  about  three  inches  long  and  one 
and  one-half  wide  across  the  "arms."  The  copper  luas  changed 
to  a  red  oxide  and  has  become  very  brittle.  When  found  it 
was  broken  in  two  and  bent  and  cracked  across  the  lower  portion. 

*  Since  this  page  was  put  in  type  I  have  been  informed  by  Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher 
that  the  Sioux  in  some  of  their  ceremonies  draw  the  figure  of  a  cross,  which  si-nifieg 
the  four  winds,  and  it  may  be  that  the  cruciform  ornaments  originated  in  this  way  and 
may  have  a  special  signification. 


No.  22131.  Copper 
P  c  n  d  a  n  t.  From 
Kose  Mound,  St. 
Francis  River,  Ark. 


100 


An  ornament  of  a  similar  character,  found  with  another  skeleton 
in  this  ancient  cemetery,  has  been  figured  in  the  Report  of  the  ex- 
plorations by  the  Madisonville  Society,  Part  ii,  p.  34.  In  some  re- 
spects this  pendant  is  nearer  in  form  to  the  one  in  the  Museum 
from  Arkansas.  Dr.  Joseph  Jones  has  also  figured  a  copper 
pendant,  on  which  is  a  figure  having  the  form  of  a  cross,  which 
was  found  with  three  others  in  a  stone-grave  in  Tennessee. 

Breast  Ornaments. 

There  are  several  copper  ornaments  which  I  am  inclined  to  class 
under  this  heading  simply  because  some  of  them  were  found  resting 
on  the  breast  bones  of  skeletons,  and  because  others  seem  to  be 
better  adapted  to  such  use  than  for  any  other  purpose.     It  is  well 


Fig.  12. 


NOA580.   Copper  Breast-ornament,  \  diameter.  Mound  at  Mt.  Sterling,  Ky. 


known,  too,  that  the  custom  of  wearing  ornaments  of  various 
kinds  in  this  way  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  wide-spread 
amoncr  nations.  Our  present  Indians  are  much  given  to  hanging 
various  objects  about  the  neck  and  allowing  them  to  rest  upon  the 
breast,  and  in  many  of  the  descriptions  of  the  Indians  by  the  early 
writers  such  ornaments  are  mentioned. 

No  1580.  The  large  copper  -breastplate"  catalogued  under 
this  number,  and  shown  of  one-half  its  diameter  in  outline  m  fig. 


101 


12,  was  found  in  the  mound  at  Mount  Sterling,  Kentucl^y,  already 
referred  to  when  describing  the  bracelet  (No.  1586)  on  a  previous 
page,  and  was  also  presented  by  Judge  R.  Apperson.    It  is  made 
of  a  large  piece  of  native  copper  which  was  hammered  until  re- 
duced to  a  nearly  equaLthickness  of  about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch. 
As  there  are  no  signs  of  overlapping  along  the  edges  it  is  hardly 
to  be  doubted  that  the  concave  edges  and  rounded  corners,  pro- 
ducing its  symmetrical  form,  were  cut  after  the  copper  had  been  re- 
duced to  its  present  thickness.    Unfortunately  its  surface  has  been 
somewhat  rubbed  since  it  was  found.    The  two  holes  in  the  centre 
of  the  plate  were  di  illed  from  the  side  opposite  to  that  shown  in 
the  figure,  and  looked  at  from  that  side  there  are  signs  of  a  very 
slight  smoothing  or  wearing  of  the  holes  as  if  by  use  ;  but  as  such 
a  heavy  plate  would  probably  be  firmly  attached  to  the  string  by 
which  it  was  suspended,  v^e  could  hardly  expect  to  be  able  to  de- 
tect decided  signs  of  wear,  and  the  slightly  polished  appearance  of 
the  holes  may  be  the  result  of  recent  handling.    The  holes  are  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  just  one  inch  apart.     The  dis- 
tance from  the  edge  of  each  hole  to  the  concave  margin  above  and 
below  varies  very  slightly  from  one  and  one-half  inches,  and 
the  distance  measured  to  the  side  margin  nearest  each  hole  is  exactly 
two  inches,  while  the  distance  from  the  centre  of  either  of  the 
holes  to  the  extreme  edge  of  the  two  rounded  corners  nearest 
the  hole  is  just  three  and  one-fourth  inches.   The  greatest  length 
of  the  plate  is  six  and  three-eighths  inches  and  its  greatest 
width  is  four  and  three-eighths  inches.     Allowing  for  a  loss  of 
one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  the  process  of  rounding  each  corner 
and  excavating  the  edges,  we  should  have  a  plate  of  just  six 
and  one-half  by  four  and  one-half  inches  before  the  edges  were 
cut  and  rounded. 

Stone  tablets  of  similar  outline  to  this  one  of  copper  and  with 
one  or  two  holes,  have  been  described  as  ornaments  or  as  im- 
plements, according  to  the  special  fancy  of  the  writer,  and  it  is 
very  likely  that  objects  closely  allied  in  shape  may  have  served  for 
various  purposes  at  different  times  or  with  different  peoples. 

No.  12023.  During  my  explorations  of  the  ancient  enclosure 
at  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  of  which  a  detailed  account  is  given  in  the 
Eleventh  Report  of  the  Museum,  I  found,  in  two  of  the  sixty 
stone-graves  contained  in  the  burial  mound,  portions  of  two  cop- 
per ornaments  which  have  proved  to  be  very  interesting  in  show- 


102 


ing  the  advance  the  people  of  this  old  town  had  made  in  the  art  of 
working  copper.  These  ornaments  were  found  on  the  breast 
bones  of  adalt  skeletons  in  the  graves,  as  mentioned  on  pp.  343-4  of 
Vol.  II  of  the  reports.  The  largest  fragment  obtained  of  one  of 
these  ornaments  is  shown  in  fig.  13.  The  several  fragments  saved 
of  this  interesting  copper  ornament  show  that  it  was  circular  in 
shape  and  from  four  to  five  inches  in  diameter,  and  that  it  was  made 
of  three  layers  of  very  thin  copper,  hardly  thicker  than  ordinary 
writing  paper,  which  were  held  together  by  small  copper  rivets 
passing  through  square  or  oblong  holes  cut  in  the  thin  plates  of 


Fig.  13. 


No.  12023.  Portion  of  Copper  Br  east- ornament,  showing  rivets.  From  a 
Stone-grave,  Lebanon,  Tenn. 

copper.  Two  of  these  rivets  are  shown  in  the  central  portion  of 
the  figure  with  three  others  below  them.  The  thin  plates  of 
copper,  which  are  very  brittle,  have  a  distinctly  corrugated  surface 
which,  while  greatly  increasing  the  general  effect  of  the  object 
as  an  ornament,  must  have  added  very  much  to  the  labor  in 
making  it.  In  the  same  grave  were  an  earthen  pot,  and  three  small 
arrowheads  beautifully  chipped  from  a  dark  variety  of  chert. 

No.  12021.  The  fragments  of  this  specimen  are  extremely  brit- 
tle, but  they  show  that  it  was  an  ornament  of  about  the  same  size 
and  character  as  the  one  last  described.    The  corrugations,  how- 


103 


ever,  are  in  the  form  of  a,  series  of  concentric  circles  which  are  so 
evenly  made  that  it  seems  as  if  they  must  have  been  formed  over 
a  pattern,  possibly  made  of  a  coiled  twig,  like  the  bottom  of  a 
basket,  over  which  the  thin  sheet  of  copper  was  placed  flat  and  then 
pressed  into  the  crevices.  Some  such  process  as  this  would  pro- 
duce the  alternating  rounded  and  grooved  portions  on  the  surface 
of  the  ornament.  As  already  stated,  I  obtained  this  ornament 
from  the  breast  bones  of  a  skeleton  in  the  same  burial  mound  with 
the  one  last  described,  but  it  was  in  the  lowest  tier  of  graves  and 
one  of  the  oldest  in  the  mound.  The  clavicles,  sternum  and  upper 
ribs  of  the  skeleton  are  colored  green  by  contact  with  the  copper. 
In  the  same  grave  were  two  vessels  of  pottery. 

Dress  Ornaments.  ^ 

Among  the  copper  ornaments  in  the  Museum  there  are  several 
thin  and  flat  pieces  which  have  two  or  more  small  holes  as  if  for 
fastening  to  some  other  object,  presumably  some  portion  of  a  gar- 
ment, head-dress,  or  a  belt.  These  I  bring  together  under  this 
heading. 

No.  15914.  This  specimen  is  simply  a  thin  sheet  of  copper 
about  four  by  four  and  one-half  inches,  which  has  been  slightly 
folded  over  some  object  so  that  it  is  not  quite  flat,  and  the  central 
portion  has  rather  indistinctly  outlined  upon  it  a  lozenge  shaped 
figure,  as  if  caused  by  pressure  from  the  under  or  concave  surface. 
Near  the  centre  of  the  piece  there  are  two  small  round  holes  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  apart,  and  half  an  inch  from  them  on  one  side 
are  two  others.  By  passing  threads  through  these  four  holes  the 
piece  of  .copper  could  be  firmly  secured  to  any  other  object.  Two 
opposite  edges  are  still  straight  and  but  little  decayed,  but  the 
other  two  are  much  broken  and  ragged,  from  decay  of  the  metal, 
which  has  become  brittle  by  oxidation.  This  simple  ornament  was 
probably  hammered  out  of  a  sheet  of  native  copper.  It  was  found 
by  the  late  Mr.  Edvtin  Curtis  while  continuing  the  explorations 
at  Old  Town,  Tennessee,  under  my  direction,  in  1878.  The  mound 
from  which  this  was  obtained  was  of  the  same  character  as  those 
I  have  described  in  the  second  volume  of  Reports  of  the  Museum, 
p.  311,  as  made  up  of  stone-graves  placed  in  several  tiers.  The 
mound  at  Old  Town,  which  was  on  Mr.  Gray's  land,  was  sixty  by 
eighty  feet  in  diameter  and  contained  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 


104 


graves  arranged  in  four  tiers.  Over  fifty  other  stone-graves  were 
also  opened  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  moiuid.  The  copper 
ornament  was  found  in  grave  No.  120,  in  which  the  bones  of  the 
skeleton  were  so  much  decayed  that  none  were  saved,  and  no  other 
things  were  in  the  grave. 

Ko.  15947.  The  specimen  under  this  number  is  only  a  small 
portion,  about  one  inch  by  half  of  an  inch  in  size,  of  a  band  of  thin 
copper,  in  which  is  one  of  the  holes  by  which  it  was  secured  to 
some  object.  It  was  found  in  grave  Ko.  107  of  the  mound  on  Mr. 
Gray's  farm  at  Old  Town,  and  with  it  were  three  stone  implements, 
several  shell  beads,  the  teeth  of  a  comb  made  of  bone,  and  pieces 
of  mica. 

No.  17280.  On  the  farm  of  Mr.  Rutherford  in  Sumner  Co., 
Tenn.,  there  was  a  collection  of  about  one  hundred  stone-graves 
within  a  circular  enclosure  of  earth,  and  about  twenty  more  were 
found  just  outside  the  embankment.  These  graves  were  all  opened 
by  Mr.  Curtis  and  m  three  of  them  copper  objects  were  found. 
Grave  No.  C3,  within  the  enclosure,  contained  two  skeletons  and 
with  these  wei  e  about  twenty  small  and  much  decayed  fragments  of 
what  seem  to  be  the  remains  of  a  thin  copper  band.  No  other  ob- 
ject was  found  in  this  grave. 

No.  21454.  From  one  of  the  graves  in  the  Fortune  Mound  on 
the  St.  Francis  River,  Arkansas,  Mr.  Curtis  obtained  a  pottery 
dish,  on  the  edge  of  which,  and  forming  a  handle,  was  represented 
the  head  of  a  bird  ;  also  a  small  pot  colored  red,  and  three  frag- 
ments of  a  small  copper  band  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in 
width  and  probably  when  perfect  about  two  inches  long.  These 
fragments  are  thin  and  -brittle  but  in  one  of  the  holes  in  one  frag- 
ment, partly  covered  with  a  deposit  of  the  copper,  is  a  minute  bunch 
of  twisted  vegetable  fibres.  Both  of  the  other  fragments  are  per- 
forated, one  in  two  places,  and  the  other  in  one.  One  of  the  frag- 
ments shows  that  it  was  made  of  two  layers  of  thin  copper. 

No.  21594.  In  a  grave  three  feet  from  the  surface  of  a  burial 
mound  on  Mr.  Halcomb's  land  on  the  St.  Francis  River,  Ark.,  Mr. 
Curtis  found  the  anterior  portion  of  the  skull  of  an  adult  person, 
across  the  frontal  bone  of  which  was  a  band  of  thin  copper  about 
one  inch  wide  and  three  inches  long,  with  two  small  holes  at  each 
end  by  which  it  was  probably  fastened  to  some  kind  of  a  head- 
dress or  fillet.  The  place  on  the  skull  where  the  copper  was  lying 
is  colored  green  and  there  can  be, no  doubt  in  this  instance  of  the 


105 


use  to  which  such  bands  were  sometimes  put.  In  the  same  grave 
was  a  perfect  vessel  of  pottery. 

No.  11017.  Among  the  interesting  results  obtained  by  the  late 
Professor  E.  B.  Andrews  during  his  explorations  of  mounds  in 


Fig.  M. 


Fig.  15. 


No.  11017.  Copper  Ornament  found  witli  ljurnt  human  bones  in  the  Connett 
Mound,  Dover,  Ohio. 

Ohio,  for  the  Museum,  were  those  in  connection  with  the  "large 
mound"  on  Mr.  Woodruff  Connett's  farm  in  Dover,  Athens  Co.,  a 
full  account  of  which  is  given  in  Vol.  ii,  p.  71,  of  the  Museum  Re- 
ports. This  mound  was  eighteen  feet  high  and  eighty-five  feet  in 
diameter.  It  contained  two  deposits  of  burnt 
human  bones,  in  the  lower  of  which,  and  at 
the  very  bottom  of  the  mound,  were  found 
two  copper  ornaments  which  had  been  burnt, 
evidently  at  the  time  the  body  was  cremated, 
and  were  collected  with  the  burnt  bones 
over  which  the  mound  had  been  erected .  One 
of  the  ornaments  is  a  thin  and  much  decayed 
band  of  copper  about  three  inches  long  and 
one  and  one-half  in  width,  with  serrated  edges 
and  two  perforations.  The  illustration  given 
in  Professor  Andrews*  report  is  here  repro- 
duced as  fig.  14. 

No.  11016.  The  figure  of  the  other  copper  ornament  found 
with  the  burnt  bones  and  referred  to  in  the  last  paragraph  is  repro- 
duced here  as  fig.  15.  This  consists  of  a  copper  band  folded  upon 
itself,  which  was  probably  fastened  through  the  four  holes  at  the 
corners.    It  is  slightly  more  than  one  inch  in  width  and  about  the 


No.  IIOIG.  Copper  Band 
found  with  burnt  human 
bones  in  the  Connett 
Mound,  Dover,  Ohio. 


106 


same  in  its  longest  diameter  at  the  end  where  the  corners  meet. 
Professor  Andrews  has  suggested  that  it  might  have  been  an  orna- 
ment fastened  to  the  hair.    A  tube  about  six  inches  long  and  finely 


Fig.  16,  a.  FIG.  16,  b. 


made  of  oolitic  limestone  was  also  found  with  the  burnt  bones  and 
these  two  copper  ornaments. 

No.  18313.  In  1879,  Mr.  Curtis  opened  a  mound  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  F.  S.  Glass,  in  Franklin,  Tenn,  which  was  twenty-one  feet 


107 


high  and  of  a  similar  character  to  the  one  just  referred  to  in 
Ohio,  inasmuch  as  the  deposit  of  human  bones  found  in  it 
were  the  remains  of  a  body  which  had  been  cremated,  and  this 
mound  was  also  remarkable  for  the  several  copper  objects  which 
it  contained.  Eight  feet  from  the  top  of  the  mound  were  the 
burnt  human  bones,  principally  fragments  of  the  cranium,  with- 
which  were  found  the  spool-shaped  objects  (18310)  described 
farther  on,  and  two  small  shell  beads.  Near  the  bottom  of  the 
mound,  in  the  centre,  was  a  large  piece  of  mica,  and  six  inches 
under  the  mica,  in  a  bed  of  ashes,  were  the  copper  axe  described 
under  No.  18314,  and  the  copper  band  represented  of  full  size 
by  the  two  views  in  fig.  16.  Just  under  the  ashes,  at  the  very 
bottom  of  the  mound,  was  a  small  cavity  covered  by  a  stone, 
in  which  was  a  small  amount  of  red  oxide  of  iron  and  a  large 
piece  of  mica.  At  various  depths  in  the  mound,  there  were  found 
a  bone  implement,  a  large  crystal  of  galena,  a  piece  of  burnt 
limestone,  a  small  mass  of  burnt  clay,  and  a  number  of  animal 
bones  which  were  not  burnt. 

The  copper  band  is  four  and  one-half  inches  long  and  a  little 
over  one  and  a  half  inches  wide.  It  is  very  brittle  and  at  both 
ends  on  the  grooved  side  the  copper  has  turned  to  a  green  carbonate 
and  is  considerably  decomposed.  This  band  was  probably  made 
from  thin  sheets  of  native  copper  which  were  pounded  together, 
and  in  some  places  two  layers  of  copper  can  be  traced  by  the 
laminations,  although  its  thickness  is  not  more  than  double  that 
of  good  letter  paper.  The  sheet  of  copper  thus  prepared  was 
a  square  of  four  and  one-half  inches.  Two  deep  grooves  were 
then  made  parallel  to  each  other,  and  extending  the  whole  length 
of  the  piece,  leaving  a  central  raised  portion  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  wide,  between  them  as  seen  in  fig.  16,  h. 

The  band  seems  then  to  have  been  folded  over  a  piece  of  wood 
half  an  inch  in  thickness,  to  which  it  was  secured,  as  indicated  by 
four  holes  at  the  corners  where  the  band  overlaps,  on  the  surface 
opposite  the  grooves,  as  shown  in  fig,  16,  a.  Portions  of  the  wood 
are  still  preserved  within  the  band. 

Of  course  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  exact  use  to  which 
such  an  object  as  this  was  put,  but  it  seems  probable  that  it  was 
an  ornament  of  some  kind,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  was  at- 
tached to  a  belt  or  some  other  part  of  the  dress  of  the  owner. 


108 


TUBES. 


No.  8993.  On  page  92  reference  lias  been  made  to  the  explora- 
1-  tion  of  a  mound  on  Mr. 

George  Connett's  land  on 
Wolf  Plain,  Ohio,  by  Prof. 
Andreavs  in  which  were 
found,  in  connection  with 
burnt  human  remains,  a  large 
number  of  copper  beads,  de- 
scribed under  Ko.  8992. 

In  the  ashes  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  burnt  skeleton, 
Prof.  Andrews  found  the  cop- 
per tube  described  by  him  on 
page  61,  Vol.  ii,  of  Reports 
of  the  Museum.  As  the  re- 
duced figure  given  on  that 
page  is  not  quite  correct  it  is 
here  represented  of  full  size 
as  figure  17.  Prof.  Andrews 
thought  that  this  tube  was 
made  by  first  cutting  the  flat 
sheet  of  copper,  which  is 
about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch 
thick,  so  as  to  leave  it  much 
wider  at  the  flattened  end, 
but  it  seems  to  me  more  prob- 
able that  the  copper  sheet 
was  of  about  equal  width 
throughout,  and  that  it  was 
simply  rolled  upon  itself  until 
one  edge  overlapped.  The 
overlapping  edge  was  closely 
united  to  the  other  by  ham- 
mering over  a  piece  of  hard 
wood  placed  in  the  tube.  One 
end  of  the  tube  was  then  flat- 
tened and  widened  by  ham- 
mering, the  central  portion 
No.  8993.  Copper  Tube.  From  the  Conneit     bein^^  kept  open,  and  tiie  end 

Mound,  "Wolf  Plain,  Ohio.  ° 


10^ 


turned  over,  thus  closing  the  tube  at  one  end,  but  through  the 
copper  at  this  end  a  hole  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter was  cut,  or  punched,  a  little  to  one  side  of  the  centre.  The 
tube  so  formed  is  very  evenly  and  symmetrically  made,  and  is  five 
and  a  half  inches  loug.  It  is  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter in  the  circular  portion  and  two  inches  wide  at  the  flattened 
end.  The  copper  is  much  oxidized  and  in  places  has  changed  to 
a  green  carbonate. 

We  do  not  know  the  purpose  for  which  stone  and  copper  tubes,  of 
the  general  shape  of  the  one  here  figured,  were  made.  They  were 
probably  ornaments,  but  as  their  sliape  closely  resembles  that  of 
the  tubular  smoking  pipes,  we  must  not  overlook  the  possibility 
of  their  being  pipes.  Although  the  form  of  the  tube  here  de- 
scribed may  seem  inconvenient  for  a  pipe,  yet  if  it  were  fitted 
with  a  mouth-piece  of  wood  or  bone,  it  would  be  as  well  adapted 
for  smoking  as  the  conical  tubes  of  stone  found  in  California 
graves,  which  are  unquestionably  pipes. 


Spool-shaped  Ornaments. 

Among  the  copper  objects  found  in  the  mounds  from  time  to 
time,  exhibiting  careful  and  painstaking  work,  are  the  several  or- 
naments which,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  have  been  designated 
"spool-shaped."  The  use  made  of  objects  of  this  character  has 
not  yet  been  determined.  Were  they  from  Mexico  or  Peru  they 
could  with  reason  be  considered  as  ear  ornaments,  similar  to  the 
large  disks  represented  in  the  ears  of  men  in  the  ancient  terra- , 
cotta  figures  from  both  these  countries.  While  they  resemble  such 
objects  however,  it  is  hardly  probable  that  they  were  so  used, 
for  in  the  human  figures  in  terra-cotta  which  I  have  seen  from  the 
mounds  and  stone-graves  in  the  United  States,  the  ears  are  repre- 
sented as  pierced  with  small  holes  for  the  suspension  of  objects,  and 
not  one  shows  anything  placed  in  the  lobe  of  the  ear,  so  common 
in  the  terra-cottas  from  Mexico  and  Peru.  They  could  have  been 
fastened  to  the  ears,  however,  as  pendants,  and  both  specimens 
before  me  have  a  mass  of  fibre  wound  about  the  central  axis,  over 
which  are  the  remains  of  buckskin  strings,  one  of  which  still 
shows  a  loop  as  if  to  suspend  the  ornament,^ but  this  will  not  war- 
rant their  classification  as  earrings  until  other  facts  indicating 
their  use  as  such  are  obtained,  and  it  will  be  best  for  the  present 


110 


to  cotitini-ie  to  call  them  "spool-shaped"  ornaments,  as  Dr.  Rau 

has  desisfnated  the  one  he 


Fig.  18,  a. 


No,  18310.   Outer  surface  of  upper  half  of  a 
Copper  Spool-shaped  Ornament.  From 
Mound  in  Franklin,  Tenn. 


has  figured  in  the  account  of 
the  collection  of  the  National 
Museum. 

No.  18310.  The  two  orna- 
ments recorded  under  this 
number  were  found  by  Mr. 
Curtis  in  the  mound  on  the 
farm  of  Mr.  F.  S.  Glass,  in 
Franklin,  Tenn.,  of  which  a 
brief  account  has  been  given 
on  pp.  106  and  107.  They 
were  discovered  about  eight 
feet  from  the  surface  of  the 
mound,  near  some  burnt  hu- 
man bones,  principally  con- 


sisting of  small  fragments  of  a  cranium. 

These  objects  exhibit  a  degree  of  skill  in  working  copper  into 
symmetrical  forms  which  goes  far  to  prove  the  advance  that  some 
American  tribes  had  made  in  ^^^^ 
the  ornamental  arts.  The 
method  of  their  manufacture 
seems  to  have  been  nearly  as 
follows : 

A  circular  piece  of  copper 
was  hammered  over  a  wooden 
pattern,  until  the  metal  was 
shaped  into  the  concavo- 
convex  form  shown  in  fig. 
18,  a,  outer  surface,  and  18,6, 
inner  surface  (natural  size). 
Two  such  circular  pieces 
formed  the  upper  and  under 
portions  of  the  ornament  and 
were  held  in  place  by  being 
closely  fitted  and  slightly 
folded  over  two  similarly 
shaped  but  smaller  pieces.  These  two  inner  pieces  were  held  to- 
gether by  passing  a  cylinder  of  copper  through  holes  punched  in 


No,  18310.   Inner  surface  o/  lower  half  of  a 
Copper  Spool-shaped  Ornament,  showing 
the  fibre  wound  around  the  central 
portion.    From  Mound  iu 
Franklin,  Tenn. 


Ill 


their  centres,  the  ends  of  which  were  clinched  before  the  outer 
pieces  were  put  on.  As  a  further  means  of  securing  all  the  parts 
firmly  together  a  small  and  thin  cylinder  of  copper,  closely  fitting 
the  margins  of  the  holes  in  the  upper  and  lower  pieces,  was  passed 
through  the  connecting  cylinder,  and  forced  apart  a  little  at  each 
end  so  as  to  hold  firmly  the  outside  pieces  like  a  hollow  rivet. 
Around  the  central  axis  of  each  specimen  a  fine  vegetable  fibre 
has  been  closely  wouud,  increasing  the  diameter  of  the  axis  to 


Fig.  19. 


No.  18310.  A  Spool-shaped  Ornament  of  Copper,  showing  the  fibre  and  strip  of 
buckskin  wound  and  tied  about  the  central  portion.  From  Mound 
in  Franklin,  Tenn. 

about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  and  around  this,  in  both  instances, 
a  piece  of  prepared  skin  has  been  wound  and  tied,  as  shown  in 
fig.  19,  which  represents  the  smaller  of  the  two  specimens  of 
natural  size.  In  this  specimen  the  buckskin  thong  ends  in  a  loop 
as  if  for  suspension  of  the  object.  The  copper  of  which  these 
ornaments  were  made  is  now  very  brittle  and  has  turned  into  a 
green  carbonate.  The  fibre  and  skin  about  the  central  axis  have 
been  preserved  by  the  action  of  the  copper  upon  them. 

Copper-sheathed  Ornaments. 

The  great  value  of  copper  in  ancient  times  in  North  America  is 
apparent  from  its  being  so  extensively  employed  for  ornaments ; 
but  of  all  its  adaptations  for  ornamental  purposes,  there  are  none 
which  show  better  that  the  soft  and  malleable  nature  of  the  metal 
vras  understood  than  the  copper-covered  wooden  objects  of  various 
shapes  which  have  been  found  in  the  mounds  and  stone-graves. 
The  copper  with  which  these  wooden  objects  were  sheathed  was 
hammered  into  very  thin  sheets  and  folded  closely  over  the  wood. 


112 


In  every  instance  that  has  come  under  my  observation  the  altera- 
tion of  the  thin  plates  of  native  copper  to  the  green  carbonate  of 
copper  is  complete,  and  although  the  metal  has  become  very  brit- 
tle, and  has  in  some  instances  nearly  disappeared  by  oxidation,  its 
penetration  of  the  wood  has  been  generally  sufficient  to  preserve 
the  form  of  the  object.    Great  care  is  necessary,  however,  when 


Fig.  20. 


taking  such  ornaments  from  the  graves 
and  in  handling  them  afterwards. 

These  ornaments  are  not  only  inter- 
esting from  the  manner  in  which  the 
copper  was  used,  but  equally  so  in  fur- 
nishing the  evidence  that  wood  was 
carved  ;  and  from  the  few  wooden  things 
thus  fortunatel}^  preserved  we  certainly 
have  the  right  to  draw  the  inference  that 
wood  was  probably  largel}^  used  for  other 
purposes,  as  it  is  more  than  probable 
that  a  people  who  could  cut  and  carve 
wood  into  shapes  such  as  these  would 
also  make  use  of  it  in  many  other  ways. 
Although  the  specimens  of  these  copper- 
sheathed  ornaments  could  be  grouped  as 
beads,  earrings,  and  button-like  orna- 
ments, I  have  thought  it  best  to  bring 
them  together  for  the  purposes  of  de- 
scription under  one  heading. 

No.  14119.  There  can  be  but  httle 
doubt  from  their  character,  and  from  the 
positions  in  which  they  were  found,  that 
the  two  remarkable  objects  recorded 
under  this  number  were  attached  to  the 
ears  of  the  person  with  whose  skeleton 
they  were  found,  one  on  each  side  of 
the  skull.  The  stone-grave  from  which 
they  were  taken  was  one  of  a  number  in  a  mound  which  was 
situated  on  the  bluff  of  the  Big  Harpeth  river,  two  miles  above 
Bell's  Iron  Works,  and  was  opened  in  1878  by  the  late  Mr.  Edwin 
Curtis,  while  continuing  the  explorations  in  Tennessee  under  my 
direction.  Their  shape  will  be  better  understood  by  a  glance  at  figs. 
20  and  21.    They  are  made  of  wood  which,  after  being  carefully 


No.  14119.  Ear-ornament  of 
Wood,  covered  with  Copper. 
From  a  Stone-grave  on  the  Big 
Harpeth  River,  Teun. 


113 

shaped  an<i  smootlieci,  was  split  lengthwise  for  the  purpose  of 
making  a  symmetrical  and  smooth  oval  cavity,  as  shown  In  fio- 
2  ,  a,  and  21,  b.     In  this  cavity  small  pebbles  of  quartz  were 
placed,  as  represented  in  fig.  21,  b,  which  would  give  a  slight 
jmghng  sound  as  the  head  of  the  wearer  was  moved  abo°ut 
The  two  pieces  were  then  put  together  and  held  in  place  by  a 


Fig.  21,  a. 


Fig.  21.  6. 


Big  Harpeth  River,  Tenn. 

eovenng  of  very  thin  plates  of  copper,  which  were  firmly  united 

tas'  iTd  ^'Itr'^rr'''  ^"  ''^^•^  smooth'surface 
IhichThe  ,     H  "PP'^'"  ^"'J  ^  wade  by 

which  the  pendant  was  fastened  to  the  ear.    The  copper  covering 

T'ZZ  t'"'1  !"  °"  portionTharreariy 

disappeared  by  oxidation,  leaving  a  green  stain  on  the  wood 
The  shape,  symmetry,  and  skill  displayed  in  these  ear-penZl 
Keport  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  g 


lU 


are  evidence  of  thoiiglitful  design  and  careful  and  laborious  exe- 
cution. They  are,  also,  so  far  as  I  can  recall,  the  only  ancient  or- 
naments found  in  the  United  States  which  can  be  classed,  almost 
beyond  question,  as  earrings,  using  that  term  for  all  ornaments  in 
any  way  fastened  to  the  ear.  I  have  already  called  attention  to 
the  custom  of  perforating  the  ears  as  shown  in  the  ancient  pottery 
from  the  mounds,  and  I  may  add  that  a  fine  large  jar  in  the  Mu- 
seum, which  was  found  in  a  mound  in  Arkansas,  represents  a 
human  head  with  the  rim  and  lobe  of  the  ear  perforated  in  six 
places  as  if  for  the  purpose  of  attaching  many  ornaments. 

These  ear-pendants  are  each  three  and  a  half  inches  long  by  one 
and  a  quarter  wide,  and  not  quite  an  inch  in  thickness  through  the 
central  portion.  Not  over  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness  is  left 
in  that  part  of  the  wood  hollowed  for  the  reception  of  the  pebbles. 

Each  pendant  is  curved  at  the 
small  end  which  gives  a  finish  to 
the  ornament  not  shown  in  the 
illustrations. 

No.  22132.  In  the  same  mound 
on  the  Rose  plantation  on  the  • 
St.  Francis  river,  Arkansas,  in 
which  the  cruciform  pendant  No. 
22131  was  found,  Mr.  Curtis  ob- 
tained, four  feet  from  the  top  of 
the  mound,  the  copper-covered  object  catalogued  under  this  num- 
ber.   It  was  not  found  associated  with  the  bones  of  a  skeleton,  but 
on  a  mass  of  ashes  in  a  place  where  the  clay  comprising  the  mound 
had  been  burnt  red.    Several  such  fire  places  were  found  in  the 
mound.    In  shape  this  is  identical  with  several  of  the  large  ear 
ornaments  represented  upon  pottery  figures  from  Central  America 
and  Peru,  and  had  it  been  found  in  either  of  those  countries  I 
should  have  little  hesitation  in  considering  it  an  ear  ornament ; 
but  as  alreadv  stated,  I  do  not  know  of  any  facts  to  show  that  such 
ornaments  were  worn  in  the  ears  of  the  people  who  made  the 
mounds  in  our  western  and  southern  states.     It  must  therefore  re- 
main for  the  present  in  the  group  of  ornaments  about  which  we 
hope  for  more  information.    It  is  made  of  a  cylindrical  piece  of 
wood  which  in  its  present  dry  and  shrunken  condition  is  about  half 
an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  smallest  end,  and  nearly  an  inch  meas- 
ured at  the  rim  of  the  rounded  or  convex  portion,  as  shown  in  fig. 


No.  •22132.   Copper-covered  Ornament. 
From  the  Rose  Mound,  Ark. 


115 


Fig.  23. 


22.  Over  this  wood  three  pieces  of  thin  sheet-copper  have  been 
wrapped.  One  piece  covered  the  convex  portion  with  its  ed-es 
folded  down  over  the  rim  of  wood.  The  second  piece  was  about 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  wide  and  was  rolled  about  the  smaller  por- 
tion extending  from  the  rim  to  the  opposite  end.  The  third  piece 
covered  the  small  end.  The  wood  was  thus  completely  enclosed 
by  copper,  but  the  metal  has  changed  to  a  green  carbonate  and  in 
some  places  has  disappeared,  leaving  a  green  stain  on  the  wood. 
About  the  part  close  to  the  rim  a  string  had  been  wound,  as 
shown  by  the  minute  portions  of  copper-charged  vegetable  fibres 
which  are  faintly  indicated  in  the  illustration. 

No.  21520.  A  thin  piece  of  wood,  preserved  by  the  action  of 
copper  upon  it,  was  found  by  Mr. 
Curtis  in  a  mound  on  Mr.  For- 
tune's place  in  Cross  Co.,  Arkan- 
sas, in  connection  with  a  human 
skeleton  and  a  spoon  carved  from 
the  shell  of  a  Unio.    As  this  bit 
of  wood  seems  to  be  a  portion  of 
a  circular  disk,  it  is  very  likely  the 
remains  of  one  of  the  button-like 
objects  such  as  are  mentioned 
farther  on  from  the  stone-graves 
in  Tennessee. 

No.  11364.  A  thin  piece  of 
copper,  about  one  inch  in  length 
and  half  an  inch  in  width,  which 
seems  once  to  have  been  part  of 
the  covering  of  a  convex  surface,  was  found  in  a  grave  near  Gib- 
son's Station,  Virginia,  in  1876,  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Johnson,  who  pre- 
sented it  to  the  Museum. 

No.  18479.  In  1879  Mr.  Curtis  opened  about  seventy  stone- 
graves  pn  the  farm  of  Mrs.  Williams  in  Dover,  Tenn.,  from  which 
many  things  of  interest  were  obtained.  In  grave  No.  8  of  this  lot 
two  circular  pieces  of  wood,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter 
and  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  were  found  with  the  human 
bones.  One  of  these  is  shown  in  fig.  23.  These  disks  are  covered 
with  thin  copper  on  one  surface  only,  the  edges  of  which  were 
folded  over  the  wood.  It  may  be  that  the  two  disks,  which 
are  of  the  same  size,  were  fastened  together  by  something  passing 


No.  18479.  Wooden  Disk,  covered  with 
Copper  on  one  surface  and  stained  red 
on  the  opposite.  From  a  Stone- 
grave  on  Mrs.  Williams' 
larm,  Dover,  Tenn. 


116 


throuo-hthe  hole  in  the  centre  of  each,  but  as  the  surface  opposite 
to  the^'one  having  the  copper  upon  it,  in  both  instances,  is  stained 
with  a  red  pigment,  as  if  they  were  once  painted,  it  is  as  probable 
that  each  disk  formed  a  separate  ornament. 

No  18467.  In  grave  No.  57  of  the  lot  opened  on  Mrs.  Williams 
farm,  mentioned  on  the  preceding  page,  Mr.  Curtis  found  a  piece  oi 
copper-stained  wood,  which  seems  to  be  a  segment  of  a  disk  which 
was  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 
On  one  edge  of  the  fragment  two  small  bits  of  copper  still  remain, 
showino-  that  the  wood  was  probably  covered  with  the  metal.  In 
the  same  grave  were  fifteen  beads  made  of  shell,  and  a  piece  of 
white  quartz^. 

No.  17248.  In  the  fourteenth  grave  of  the  lot  of  about  one  hun- 
dred  inside  the  earthwork  on  Mr.  Rutherford's  farm,  in  Sumner  Co., 
Tenn.,  of  which  mention  has  been  made  on  p.  104,  were  found  a 
shell  bead,  two  vessels  of  pottery  — one  of 
which  was  a  jar,  the  upper  part  representing  the 
head  of  an  owl— and  the  stud-like  ornament 
recorded  under  this  number.  Fig.  24  lepre- 
.ri.  sents  the  object  as  seen  in  profile,  but  the 
ol^r^ToTwoTa  broken  edges  of  the  wood,  and  the  crumbling 
covered  with  Copper  ^opper-co verino"  of  the  upper  part  make  it  diffi- 
^^o":  cuU  to  represen^t  it  in  a  satisfactory  way  williout 

on  Mr.  Rutherford's  exacrgerating  by  giving  smoother  lines  than 
farm,  Tenn.  now'^'exist.  "  The  upper  portion  of  this  stud- 

shaped  piece  of  wood  is  circular  and  regularly  convex,  and  is 
covered  with  a  very  thin  piece  of  copper  which  is  folded  over  the 
upper  edge  made  by  the  groove  separating  the  upper  from  the  lower 
half  of  the  stud.  The  lower  portion  of  the  wood,  not  having 
been  covered  with  copper,  is  somewhat  decayed  and  irregular, 
but  it  evidently  was  once  a  thin  circular  base.  It  is  about  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  one  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
thickness.  A  hole  about  the  size  of  a  pencil-lead  passes  through 
the  centre  from  top  to  bottom. 

No  18414.  On  the  Perkins  farm  on  the  Cumberland  River, 
about  one  hundred  miles  below  Nashville,  Mr.  Curtis  explored 
a  small  burial  mound  containing  about  forty  stone-graves,  ar- 

^On  page  45  of  his    Explorations  of  the  Aboriginal  Remains  of  Tent-essee,'^^^^^^^^ 
sonian  Contributions,  1876,  Professor  Jones  mentions  copper-covered  objects  of  wood 
which  he  found  iu  stone-graves  near  Nashville. 


117 


Fig.  25. 


No.  18414.  Wooden  Bead, 
Copper  stained.  From 
Stone-grave  in  Mound 
on  Perkins'  farm,  Tenn. 


Fig.  26. 


ranged  as  already  described  on  p.  103.  In  one  of  these  graves 
he  found  two  spherical  beads  cut  from  wood,  one  of  which  is  rep- 
resented of  natural  size  in  fig  25.  These  wooden  beads  were 
once  sheathed  with  thin  copper,  as  shown  by  the  minute  frag- 
ments of  green  carbonate  of  copper  still 
remaining  upon  them,  and  the  green  stain 
over  the  wood.  The  beads  are  carefully 
made,  and  are  fine  specimens  of  wood  cut- 
ting. The  hole  passes  lengthwise  through 
the  bead,  and  is  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

No.  11837.  In  the  fall  of  1877  I  explored 
a  large  mound  on  the  estate  of  the  Love  family  near  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  of  which  a  short  account  is  given  on  page  357  of  the  second 
volume  of  Reports  of  the  Museum.  Near  this  mound  there  were 
formerly  many  stone-graves.    This  old  cemeteiy  had  long  been 

ploughed  over  and 
fragments  of  human 
bones  and  pottery  were 
scattered  over  the  field. 
There  was  one  grave, 
however,  that  had  not 
been  disturbed.  On  ex- 
amination of  this  grave 
I  found  the  skeleton 
nearly  decayed,  but 
close  to  the  remains  of 
one   of  the  temporal 
bones  there  was  a 
small  circular  mass  of 
green  carbonate  of  cop- 
per, which  seemed  to 
be  the   remains  of  a 
copper-covered  wooden 
bead  or  spherical  orna- 
ment about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  length. 

No  17264.  An  ornament  of  great  interest,  and  the  only  one  of 
the  character  of  which  I  have  knowledge,  was  found  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Curtis  in  the  thirty-third  stone-grave  which  he  opened  inside  of 
the  earthwork  on  Mr.  Rutherford's  farm  in  Sumner  Co.,  Tenn. 


No.  172fi4.   Ornament  of  Bnffalo-horn,  Copper  and 
Wood.  From  a  Stone- grave  on  Mr. 
Rutherford's  farm,  Tenn. 


118 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  this  burial-place  when  de- 
scribing the  objects  under  Nos.  17248  and  17280.  In  the  same 
<.rave  with  this  ornament  were  the  shell  of  a  Busycon,  several 
shell-beads,  a  small  stone-disk,  a  crystal  of  quartz  and  one  of 
galena,  several  small  stones,  fragments  of  shells,  and  broken 

bones  of  animals. 

Fio-.  26  represents  the  outer  surface  of  the  ornament  of  full 
size  ^  The  under  portion,  or  base,  is  made  of  a  disk  of  wood,  one 
and  three-quarters  inches  in  diameter  and  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
thick,  from  which  there  rises  a  central  boss  about  an  eighth  of  an 
inch    The  upper  surface  of  the  wood  is  covered  by  a  thin  sheet  of 
copper  folded  over  the  edge  of  the  wood  into  a  groove.  Through  the 
centre  of  the  boss  is  a  small  hole.  Over  this  copper-covered  surface 
was  placed  a  circular  piece  of  buffalo  horn,  nearly  two  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter,  and  not  over  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick. 
The  central  portion  of  this  disk  of  horn  has  been  evenly  cut  out, 
leavin-  a  hole  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  through  which 
rises  the  copper-covered  boss  of  the  wooden  disk.    The  copper  on 
the  wood  is  now  much  decayed  and  turned  to  a  green  carbonate, 
and  the  horn  has  become  dingy  and  stained  ;  but  when  placed 
in  the  grave  this  object  was  probably  one  of  considerable  beauty 
as  well  as  of  complicated  design,  and  is  another  instance  of  the 
skill  and  labor  bestowed  on  personal  ornaments  by  the  people  who 
buried  their  dead  in  the  stone-graves  of  Tennessee.    The  broken 
edo-e  of  one  portion  of  the  disk  of  horn  is  probably  the  place 
wirere  two  holes  were  made  for  suspending  the  object,  and  as  a 
few  fragments  of  horn  were  found  with  it,  which  seem  to  have 
been  detached  from  this  portion,  there  may  have  been  a  slight 
projection  of  horn  at  that  part  of  the  disk.    The  under  surface  of 
the  wood  is  rough,  and  it  is  probable  that  it  was  fastened  to  some 
material  which  has  since  decayed. 

Implements. 

Under  this  heading  I  record  the  few  copper  implements  in  the 
Museum  from  North  America,  without  the  limits  of  Mexico.  Be- 
yond question  they  are  all  made  from  masses  of  native  copper,  sim- 
ply by  hammering,  as  shown  by  the  laminations,  or  by  the  irregu- 
larities of  the  surface  so  characteristic  of  small  masses  of  the  native 
metal.   It  is  probably  in  part  the  irregular  and  granulated  surface 


119 


of  the  native  copper,  and  in  part  the  oxidation  of  the  metal, 
that  has  led  to  the  inference  that  some  of  the  copper  axes 
were  cast.  Mr.  E.  G.  Squier,  on  page  78  of  his  excellent  memoir 
on  the  Aboriginal  Monuments  of  the  State  of  New  York,  pub- 
lished in  the  Smithsonian  Contributions,  Vol.  ii,  1850,  has  given 
a  figure  of  a  copper  axe  ploughed  up  in  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y., 
of  which  he  says  "from  the  granulations  of  the  surface,  it 
appears  to  have  been  cast  in  sand,"  and  argues  that  it  was 
either  obtained  from  Mexico  or  Peru,  "  or  made  by  some  Indian 
artisan  after  intercourse  with  the  whites  had  instructed  him  in 
the  art  of  working  metals."  A  careful  study  of  all  the  copper 
implements  I  have  seen,  in  many  collections  in  the  country, 
has  convinced  me  that  what  Mr.  Squier  has  considered  as  evidence 
of  casting  in  the  specimen  he  describes  is  the  natural  surface  of  the 
copper,  from  the  reasons  stated  above.^  A  very  interesting  copper 
axe  in  the  State  Geological  Museum  of  Indiana  is  of  particular 
value  in  showing  the  primitive  way  of  treating  copper,  as  this 
specimen  was  evidently  made  from  a  mass  of  native  copper,  which, 
while  it  was  furnished  with  an  edge  by  hammering  and  rubbing, 
has  a  groove  around  the  central  portion,  apparently  made  by 
pecking  in  the  same  way  that  the  grooves  about  many  of  the  stone 
axes  were  formed.  Some  writers  have  suggested  that  many  of  the 
copper  axes  were  made  by  placing  a  mass  of  native  copper  in  a 
form  or  mould  cut  in  stone,  and  then  hammering  the  metal  until  it 
assumed  the  shape  of  the  mould.  This,  however,  implies  a  far 
greater  labor  than  is  necessary  to  accomplish  an  end  which  could 
as  well  be  reached  b}^  simply  hammering  the  mass  into  shape  on 
any  flat  stone  ;  and  until  we  find  at  least  two  specimens  of  ex- 
actly the  same  size  and  shape,  bearing  evidence  of  being  produced 
in  that  way,  it  is  not  necessary  to  look  beyond  the  most  simple 
means  for  the  formation  of  all  the  implements  of  copper  that  I 
have  seen. 

No.  15398.  This  copper  axe  was  received  in  a  collection  made 
bj  Mr.  Wm.  Clogston,  and  the  only  information  we  have  regard- 
ing it  is  that  it  was  found  in  Lewiston,  Maine.     I  know  of  three 

«  Since  this  was  put  in  type,  I  have  received  from  Dr.  Chas.  Ran  a  pamphlet  con- 
taining a  reprint  of  his  papers  with  a  number  of  notes  in  the  preface.  In  one  of  these 
notes  Dr.  Ran  states  that  he  saw  the  axe  in  question  several  years  since,  and  that  a 
portion  of  it  had  been  cut  off  by  an  expert  for  examination,  which  had  proved  it  to  be 
made  from  native  copper,  simply  by  hammering. 


120 


other  similar  copper  axes  found  in  New  England,  and  there  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  that  this  was  obtained  from  Maine.  It  very 
closely  resembles  the  axe  foundin  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.,  to  which 
I  have  referred  above  as  described  by  Mr.  Squier.  It  is  three 
and  a  quarter  inches  long  by  two  and  a  quarter  in  width  across 
the  edge,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness  in  the  middle. 
Fig.  27  represents  the  implement  of  full  size  and  shows  its 


Fig.  27. 


No.  15398.   Copper  Axe.  From  Lewiston,  Me. 


irregular  outline.  In  producing  the  edge  the  hammering  was 
moi^  on  one  side  than  the  other,  and  either  the  maker  was 
satisfied  with  a  very  blunt  edge  or  else  it  has  been  dulled  by 
use.  The  signs  of  hammering  are  distinctly  traceable  in  the 
lateral  expansion  of  the  blade,  and  in  the  foldings  along  the 
edges  of  the  two  broad  surfaces.  The  end  opposite  to  the  cut- 
ting edge  is  wedge-shaped,  and  slightly  grooved,  as  shown  in 
the  fio-ure.  The  whole  surface  is  very  much  corroded  and,  except 
where  it  seems  to  have  been  recently  rubbed  off  in  cleaning  the 


121 


specimen,  is  covered  by  a  green  carbonate.  The  original  irregu- 
larities of  the  mass  of  native  copper,  from  which  it  was  made, 
though  reduced  by  hammering  and  oxidation,  are  in  places  dis- 
tinctly traceable.  Judging  from  its  shape,  this  little  axe  was 
probably  fixed  to  a  wooden  handle  by  passing  it  through  a  slit  in 
the  wood  and  then  lashing  it  into  place. 

No.  18314.  A  small  copper  axe,  of  much  better  finish  than  the 
last,  was  found  by  Mr.  Curtis  in  the  mound  on  the  farm  of  Mr. 

Fig.  28. 


No.  18314,  Copper  Axe.    From  Mound  in  Franklin,  Tennessee. 

Glass  in  Franklin,  Tennessee,  to  which  reference  has  already 
been  made  on  pages  106,  107,  110.  This  specimen  is  represented 
of  Its  full  size  in  fig.  28.  It  is  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick  in  its 
central  part  and  about  half  as  thick  at  its  flat  end  or  head,  which 
distinctly  shows  where  the  ragged  edge  of  the  mass  of  copper 
from  which  It  was  hammered  out  was  turned  over  and  hammered 
down  as  represented  in  the  figure.  The  edge  is  two  and  a  quarter 
inches  wide,  well  formed,  and  finished  by  hammering  equally  on 
both  sides.  Its  length  is  two  and  three  quarters  inches.  On  both 
broad  surfaces  distinct  laminations  of  the  copper  can  be  traced 


122 


although  the  places  where  they  occur  have  been  very  much  ham- 
mered so  as  to  connect  the  laminations  firmly  with  the  rest  of  the 
mass.  The  front  and  back  edges  are  smooth  and  flat.  There  is  a 
slight  battering  of  the  cutting  edge  as  if  from  use,  and  over  the 
whole  surface  of  the  implement,  which  was  made  very  smooth  by 
hammering,  the  metal  has  changed  slightly  to  a  green  carbonate. 

No.  2949.  The  long  slender  copper  axe 
catalogued  under  this  number  could  as  well 
be  called  a  chisel,  were  it  not  that  the  cut- 
ting edge  has  been  expanded  laterally  by 
hammering,  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  two 
small  blades  previously  described,  and  from 
the  resemblance  it  has  to  them  except  in  its 
length.    Fig.  29  represents  the  implement 
of  one-quarter  size,  or  of  one-half  its  length 
and  width.  The  measurements  are  :  length, 
seven  and  three-quarters  inches  ;  width  at 
the  blunt  end,  one  and  a  half  inches,  in  the 
middle,  one  and  three-quarters,  and  across 
the  cutting  edge  a  little  more  than  two  and 
a  quarter  inches.    Its  greatest  thickness  in 
the  central  portion  is  a  little  less  than  a 
quarter  of  an  inch,  and  at  the  blunt  end  is 
slightly  less.    It  is  very  roughly  made, 
evidently  from  an  irregularly  shaped  sheet 
or  rather  thin  mass  of  native  copper  which 
has  been  folded  over  and  hammered  to- 
gether, leaving  the  laminations  and  the  line 
of  union  where  one  portion  of  the  copper 
\^  was  folded  upon  another  distinctly  defined, 
as  shown  in  the  figure.    The  cutting  edge 
was  made   by  pounding  on  both  sides 
of  the  blade  and  is  slightly  expanded 
by  this  process.     One  corner  has  been 
broken  off  and  is  battered  as  if  by  use. 

The  surface  of  the  copper  appears  to  have  been  partially 
protected,  as  in  places  it  remains  smooth  and  is  of  the  natural 
red-copper  color,  while  other  parts  are  changed  by  oxidation  and 
the  surface  has  turned  to  a  green  carbonate.  Over  about  one- 
half  of  the  flat  surface,  opposite  to  that  shown  in  the  figure, 


No.  2949.  Copper  Axe,  ^. 
From  Lick  Creek  Mound, 
Tennessee. 


123 


there  are  many  very  fine  lines  in  relief  which,  under  a  powerfal  lens, 
have  the  appearance  of  delicate  feathers,  and  it  may  well  be  that  the 
implement  was  enclosed  in  wrappings  of  which  the  skin  of  a  bird 
made  a  part,  in  a  similar  manner  to  some  of  the  copper  axes  found 
in  Illinois,  described  and  figured  by  Dr.  Farquharson,  which  were 
wrapped  in  cloth.  This  rude  but  interesting  implement  was  found 
by  the  Rev.  E.  O.  Dunning  in  1871,  while  making  explorations  for 
the  Museum  in  eastern  Tennessee,  of  which  an  account  is  given  in 
the  Fifth  Annual  Report,  page  11.  The  mound  in  which  this  axe 
was  found  is  known  as  the  Lick  Creek  Mound."  It  is  situated 
about  fifty  yards  from  the  Creek,  near  its  junction  with  the  Nola- 
chucky  River.  It  was  originally  about  thirty  feet  high  and  seventy- 
five  feet  in  diameter.  The  remains  of  about  sixty  skeletons  were 
found  in  the  mound  and  with  them  a  large  collection  of  objects  of 
various  kinds,  includiug  pottery,  pipes,  carved  shells,  a  great  quan- 
tity of  shell  beads  and  many  stone  implements,  of  which  an  account 
is  given  in  the  report  referred  to.  In  the  centre  of  the  mound  the 
remains  of  two  chambers,  or  tombs,  apparently  made  of  cedar  logs, 
were  found,  one  above  the  other  a  few  feet  apart,  and  in  each  were 
the  remains  of  a  single  skeleton.  With  one  of  the  skeletons  the 
copper  axe  was  found  with  a  number  of  other  articles.  It  is  un- 
fortunate that  the  exact  position  and  the  association  of  the  many 
objects  are  not  indicated  in  the  account  of  this  mound,  from  which 
so  many  interesting  things  were  obtained. 

No.  26482.  During  the  present  year  the  Abbott  Collection  in 
the  Museum  has  received  many  interesting  additions  and  among 
them  are  two  copper  spearheads  which  were  found  by  Mr.  F.  De 
Cou  in  a  field  near  Dr.  Abbott's  house.  These  are  the  first  copper 
implements  found  in  the  vicinity,  although  thousands  of  stone  im- 
plements have  been  collected  in  the  same  and  adjoining  fields,  the 
relics  from  which  have  become  so  well  known  through  the  researches 
and  writings  of  Dr.  Abbott,  and  the  collection  he  has  made  for 
the  Museum. 

In  their  general  shape  and  in  having  notched  tangs,  these  spear- 
heads closely  resemble  one  in  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wis- 
consin, figured  by  Dr.  Emil  Schmidt,  Plate  iv,  fig.  11,  but  the 
Wisconsin  specimen  has  the  point  serrated  while  in  those  from 
New  Jersey  the  edges  are  smooth.  Fig.  30  represents  one  of  the 
spears  of  full  size,  and  it  will  be  noticed  that  it  resembles  many 
of  the  large,  leaf-shaped  points  chipped  from  chert  and  jasper  which 


124 


have  been  found  in  various  parts  of  tlie  United  States.  This 
specimen  was  dug  up  wliile  cultivating  tlie  field.  It  was  made 
from  a  mass  of  native  copper,  hammered  into  shape,  as  shown  by 
several  small  laminations  which  can  be  distinctl}^  traced  notwith- 
standing the  surface  was  pounded  quite  smooth  and  flat.  The  edge 
was  afterwards  sharpened  all  around,  including  the  base  of  the  tang, 

by  rubbing  on  a  stone.  The  two  deep 
notches  on  each  side  defining  the 
tang,  and  indicating  that  this  point 
was  fastened  to  a  shaft  by  lashings, 
were  evidently  cut  after  the  edge  had 
been  sharpened.  On  the  surface  of 
the  left  lower  portion,  there  is  a  slight 
ridge  which  was  probably  formed  by 
the  rolling  up  and  breaking  off  of  a 
small  thin  la^^er  of  copper.  The  base 
on  the  right  has  at  some  time  been 
torn  by  a  blow  which  has  caused  a 
fracture  extending  nearly  to  the  end 
of  the  lowest  notch  on  that  side  and 
almost  detaching  the  piece.  On  a 
line  with  this  fracture  there  is  a  slight 
indenture  which  leads  me  to  think 
the  fracture  was  caused  b}'  a  plough, 
although  this  portion  is  as  much 
changed  as  the  rest  by  oxidation. 
The  notch  near  the  point  is  probably 
due  to  a  natural  fold  in  the  copper 
which  broke  out  in  hammering.  The 
original  native  copper  has  become 
partly  changed  to  the  green  carbonate 
and  red  oxide,  and  over  the  surface 
are  man}^  little  granulations,  as  if 
grain!  of  sand  had  become  fastened 
to  the  metal  b}'  the  oxidation  of  the  copper.  The  specimen  is 
three  and  seven-eighths  inches  long,  and  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
in  thickness  except  where  the  edge  has  been  rubbed  down. 

No.  26480.  The  second  spearpoint  received  from  Dr.  Abbott 
was  ploughed  up  within  a  few  feet  of  the  place  where  the  other 
was  turned  out  with  the  spade,  and  it  is  very  likely  that  they  w^ere 


No.  26482.  Copper  Spear.  From 
Treuton,  Kew  Jersey. 
Abbott  Collection. 


125 


Fig.  31. 


once  together  in  a  grave  and  became  separated  during  tlie  long 

cultivation  of  tbe  field.    This  spear  is  longer  and  more  slender 

than  the  one  just  described,  and  also  differs  from  that  in  having  a 

raised  central  ridge  its  whole  length  on  one  side,  as  shown  in  fig. 

31.    The  opposite  surface  is  flat  with 

the  exception  of  a  slight  concave  por- 
tion about  an  inch  in  length  at  one  side 

of  the  centre,  where  the  copper  is  not 

quite  as  thick  as  in  other  parts.    It  was 

evidently   made   from    an  irregularly 

shaped  and  thin  mass  of  native  copper 

which  had  been  folded  upon  itself  and 

hammered  until  the  edges  were  closely 

united,  but  their  lines  of  union  can  be 

traced   in   several  places,  particularly 

aloug  the  edge  represented  on  the  left 

in  the  figure,  and  on  the  lower  part  of 

the  tang,  where  a  portion  of  one  layer 

of  the  metal  has  been  detached.  The 
central  ridge  was  probably  formed  by 
pounding  the  copper  towards  the  centre 
while  forming  the  thin  and  compara- 
tively sharp  edges.  The  point  is  rounded 
and  shows  signs  of  considerable  wear. 
As  will  be   seen  by  reference  to  the 
figure  the  tang  has  three  broad  notches 
cut  upon  one  side  and  two  upon  th 
other,  with  two  small  indentations  be 
low  them  as  if  the  tang  had  once  been 
symmetrical  but  had  been  broken  in  use. 
The  implement  is  four  and  one-fourth 
inches  long,  one  and  three-eighths  wide 
in  the  centre  and  about  three-sixteenths 
of  an  inch  in  thickness  measured  through 
the  central  ridge. 

No.  4903.  This  long  and  pointed  implement  may  be  classed  as 
an  awl,  or  a  pin.  It  is  ten  and  a  quarter  inches  long  and  was  made 
by  pounding  a  mass  of  native  copper  so  as  to  form  an  implement 
with  a  square  end  and  four  flat  surfaces,  each  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
wide,  for  half  its  length,  then  rounding  the  copper  and  gradually 


No  26480.  Copper  Spear.  From 
Trenton,  New  Jersey. 
Abbott  Collection. 


126 


ff 


'i7' 


Fig.  33.  producing  a  point  at  tlie  opposite 

Fia.  32.  ^        end.    In  a  portion  of  tlie  rounded 

part  there  are  two  splits  in  tlie 
copper  where  portions  have  sepa- 
rated, as  shown  in  fig.  32  which 
represents  the  specimen  of  one- 
half  its  length  and  width.  It  has 
a  thin  coating  of  green  carbonate 
of  copper.  This  implement  was 
found  by  Mr.  Henry  Gillman  in 
the  mound  on  the  Detroit  River, 
Michigan,  from  which  was  ob- 
tained the  singular  human  cranium 
already  alluded  to  on  page  88 
when  describing  the  copper  beads 
No.  4898. 

No.  2180.  In  the  collection  of 
objects  from  Alaska,  there  are 
three  harpoon  points  made  of  na- 
tive copper  by  the  present  Indians. 
They  are  of  particular  interest 
as  reproductions  in  metal  of  an 
•\  early  form  of  bone  harpoon.  They 

were  made  by  hammering  and  cut- 
ting the  metal  into  shape.  Each 
is  provided  with  a  hole,  cut  near 
the  sharpened  and  rounded  base, 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  the 
point  by  a  string  to  the  shaft,  in 
the  same  manner  that  points  of 
bone  of  a  similar  pattern  are 
fastened.  The  smallest  of  the 
three,  fig.  33,  is  five  and  a  half 
inches  long  and  has  four  long 
barbs,  all  on  one  side,  as  is  the 
case  with  the  others.  The  sec- 
ond specimen  is  six  and  three- 
quarters  inches  long  and  has  five 
barbs.  The  third  is  seven  and  a 
quarter  inches  in  length  and  has  six  barbs.    The  early  explorers 


No.  4903.  Cop- 
per Awl  or  Pin,  |. 
From  a  Mound 
on  the  Detroit 
River,  Mich. 


No.  2180.  Copper 
Harpoon-point. 
From  Alaslsa. 


127 


of  the  Northwestern  Coast  mention  that  copper  was  used  by  the 
natives  for  various  purposes,  and  it  is  likely  that  such  barbed 
points  as  these  have  long  been  made  b}^  the  fisherman  of  the  coast 
from  copper  obtained  by  barter  with  the  interior  tribes. 

Masses  of  Copper. 

Several  explorers  have  mentioned  the  discovery  of  masses  of 
native  copper  in  the  mounds  of  the  western  states,  and  it  is  very 
probable  that  masses  of  the  metal  were  collected,  or  obtained  by 
barter,  and  retained  as  valued  possessions  for  the  purpose  of 
working  into  desired  objects.  There  are  two  small  masses  in  the 
Museum  under  the  following  catalogue  number. 

No.  9865.  From  "  an  Indian  grave"  near  Burkesville,  Kentucky, 
collected  by  Mr.  C.  L.  S.  Mathews.  These  two  small  irregular 
masses  of  copper  are  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  while  they 
have  the  appearance  of  small  nuggets  of  the  native  ore,  their  bright 
glossy  surfaces  give  to  them  the  appearance  of  having  been  slightly 
melted  or  fused  in  contact  with  some  other  substance.  There 
is  no  record  of  the  condition  of  the  skeleton  in  the  grave  in  which 
they  were  found,  or  of  other  objects  in  the  grave. 


Copper  Implements  from  Mexico. 

When  Dr.  Valentini  was  writing  his  very  instructive  and  valu- 
able paper  on  Mexican  Copper  Tools,  published  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society  in  1879,  he  regretted  that  he 
had  not  been  able  to  see  a  single  specimen  of  a  copper  or  bronze 
implement  from  Mexico,  and  all  the  writers  of  recent  times,  when 
alluding  to  Mexican  copper  tools,  have  to  turn  to  the  meagre  notices 
of  the  three  specimens  figured  by  Du  Paix  in  1806,  for  their  prin- 
cipal information,  although  mention  has  been  made  of  the  dis- 
covery of  several  deposits,  or  hoards,  of  copper  implements  in  the 
country.  It  is,  therefore,  particularly  important  that  the  eight 
specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Museum,  and  five  others  for 
the  use  of  which  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Stephen  Salisbury,  jr., 
should  be  described  in  detail.  One  of  the  axes  has  been  subjected 
to  a  careful  analysis  by  Prof.  S.  S.  Sharples  who  reports  that  it  is 


128. 


made  of  pare  copper,  and  one  of  the  hoes  was  tested  at  the  Chemical 
Laboratory  with  tlie  same  result.  As  the  other  specimens  agree 
with  these  in  color  and  hardness,  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 
that  they  also  are  of  unalloyed  copper.  The  fact  that  the  specimens 
analyzed  consist  of  pure  copper  is  also  of  importance  in  indicating 
that  it  was  either  made  from  native  copper  or  from  metal  obtained 
from  a  nearly  pure  ore  which  could  be  reduced  by  the  primitive 
methods  within  the  means  of  the  people.  Beyond  the  fact  that 
copper  is  found  scattered  through  Mexico  to  a  considerable  extent, 
consisting  of  vitreous  and  red  oxide  ores,  with  native  copper  in  a 
limited  quantity,  I  can  find  but  little  information  that  is  of  import- 
ance in  relation  to  the  probable  methods  by  which  the  Mexicans 
obtained  the  metal.  As  there  can  be  no  doubt,  however,  in  relation 
to  the  knowledge  that  they  had  of  tin,  which  they  must  have  ob- 
tained by  smelting  the  ore,  it  is  not  reasonable  to  deny  to  them 
the  knowledge  of  smelting  copper. 

Dr.  Valentini,  who  has  entered  at  considerable  length  upon  a 
discussion  of  the  evidence  in  support  of  the  statements  about  the 
metals  mentioned  by  Cortez  and  Bernal  Diaz,  quotes  the  following 
words  from  a  letter  by  Cortez  :  "  I  have  seen  for  sale  trinkets 
made  of  gold  and  silver,  of  lead,  bronze,  copper  and  tin,"  and  as 
he  has  brought  out  so  much  of  interest  from  the  meaning  of  the 
ancient  Mexican  picture-writings,  and  from  the  authors  of  the 
period  of  the  Conquest,  I  cannot  do  better  than  refer  to  his  paper 
for  further  information  on  this  subject.  He  has,  however,  made 
the  suggestion  that  the  laton,  which  was  said  to  be  a  copper  alloy, 
consisting  either  of  a  mixture  of  tin  (true  bronze),  or  of  gold  or 
silver,  was  a  natural  mixture  of  the  ores,  and  was  known  to  the 
natives  simply  as  soft  or  hard  copper  of  different  colors  ;  but  this 
will  hardly  stand  a  scientific  scrutiny,  and  in  connection  with  the 
suggestion  it  is  well  to  recall  the  analysis  of  a  Mexican  chisel 
given  in  the  Anales  del  Museo  de  Mexico,  Vol.  i,  p.  117,  as  quoted 
by  Evans,  Ancient  Bronze  Implements  of  Great  Britain,  p.  166, 
which  is  stated  to  contain  "  97.87  copper  and  2.13  of  tin."  In 
future  notes  upon  the  metallic  objects  in  the  Museum,  I  shall  have 
occasion  to  mention  numerous  articles  from  South  America  which 
are  of  cast  bronze,  and  also  of  alloys  of  copper  and  gold,  but  so 
far  as  our  specimens  from  Mexico  go,  they  simply  prove  that  the 

■>  Dana  gives  the  composition  of  sulphnret  of  tin  as :  sulphur  30,  tin  27,  copper 
30,  iron  13,  and  states  that  this  ore  has  only  been  found  in  Cornwall. 


129 


copper  implements  we  have  were  wrought  into  their  present  shape 
by  the  hammer  from  pure  copper.  This  may  have  been  obtained 
in  a  native  state,  but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  was  melted 
and  cast  into  bars  and  sheets  from  which  the  implements  were 
formed  by  hammering,  although  these  exhibit  greater  skill  in  the 
work  and  nicety  of  finish  than  those  recorded  on  previous  pages 
from  the  United  States. 

Notwithstanding  the  abundance  in  Mexico  of  axes  and  other 
objects  made  of  copper  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  and  the  sub- 
sequent finding  of  several  large  hoards,  there  is  no  doubt  about 
their  present  rarity  in  collections,  both  in  and  out  of  Mexico,  and  it 
is  evident  that  in  common  with  the  gold  and  silver  ornaments  very 
few  have  been  saved  from  the  melting  pot.  Mr.  Ad.  F.  Bandelier 
called  my  attention  to  the  rarity  of  copper  implements  in  Mexi- 
can collections,  and  Dr.  R.  H.  Lamborn  has  written  me  to  the 
same  efl'ect  from  Mexico,  in  answer  to  my  request  that  he  would 
look  for  them  particularly  during  his  visit.  In  his  letter  he 
states  that  he  has  seen  but  three  copper  implements  of  unques- 
tionable antiquity,  although  he  made  many  inquiries.  Two  of 
these  were  needles,  originally  about  as  thick  as  ordinary  knitting 
needles  and  about  foul-  inches  in  length.  They  were  much  decom"^ 
posed,  but  one  still  showed  a  large  and  well-formed  eye,  like 
that  in  a  common  darning  needle.  These  were  said  to  have  been 
found  in  a  tomb  near  the  pyramids.  The  other  implement  was  a 
small  well-made  chisel  or  axe,  five  inches  long  and  one  and  three- 
quarters  wide  across  the  cutting  edge.  This  was  in  the  extensive 
collection  of  the  late  Sr.  Baches,  and  was  the  only  copper  object 
contained  in  the  collection. 

No.  18117.  In  1878,  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  while  engaged  in 
explorations  for  the  Museum,  opened  a  small  tumulus  three^miles 
from  Venis  Meicis  in  the  state  of  San  Luis  Potosi.  He  there 
found  several  of  the  terra-cotta  images,  ornaments  and  spindle- 
whorls,  so  common  throughout  the  country.  With  these  were 
three  vessels  of  pottery,  a  stone  ornament,  a  number  of  obsidian 
flakes,  a  crystal  of  quartz,  two  grinding  stones,  a  stone  mortar, 
and  the  small  copper  axe  recorded  under  this  number.  This  small 
mound  was  evidently  the  site  of  an  ancient  dwelling,  andtherecan 
be  no  doubt  of  the  considerable  antiquity  of  the  objects  found. 
The  axe  is  wedge-shaped,  with  a  flat  head  which  is  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  thickness  and  seven-eighths  in  width,  gradually  becom- 
Repoht  of  Peaboi>y  Museum,  in.  9 


130 


ing  wider  and  thinner  to  its  cutting  edge,  where  it  is  an  inch  and 
three-quarters  wide.  It  is,  judging  from  its  red  color  and  softness, 
of  pure  copper.  Over  its  whole  surface  are  unmistakable  signs 
that  it  was  wrought  by  hammering,  either  from  a  mass  of  native 
copper  or  from  a  short  bar  of  the  cast  metal.  In  compactness 
and  homogeneity  it  is  like  the  other  copper  axes  we  have  from  Mex- 
ico, and  decidedly  different  from  those  I  have  described  from  the 
United  States.  It  is  this  fact  that  suggests  that  the  implement 
was  wrought  from  a  block  of  the  metal  about  two  inches  long 

Fig.  4. 


No.  18117.   Copper  Axe;  a,  the  broad  surface,  b  edge,  showing  thickness. 
From  a  Tumulu  in  San  Luis  Po  osi. 

which  had  been  formed  by  casting.  A  small  cavity  and  slight 
fracture  on  the  head  of  the  axe  also  have  the  appearance  of  a  flaw 
in  casting  the  metal.  Tliere  is,  however,  no  doubt  that  its 
present  shape  was  produced  by  hammering,  and  in  doing  this  the 
edcxes  were  expanded  and  have  only  been  partially  hammered 
down  as  can  be  distinctly  seen  by  the  hammer  marks  on  the  still 
existincr  ridges.  The  cutting  edge  is  slightly  rounded  as  shown 
in  34,  a,  and  was  formed  by  working  on  both  sides  as  shown 
in  fi-  34,  6.    About  a  third  of  the  edge,  on  the  left  as  represented 


131 


Fig.  35. 


in  the  figure,  is  much  battered  by  use,  and  taken  altogether,  this 
little  wedge-shaped 
axe  looks  as  if  it  had 
done  considerable 
service  for  its  former 
owner.    The  only  fig- 
ures I  can  recall  of  a 
Mexican  axe  of  this 
shape  are  the  one  on 
the  left  of  the  three 
axes  from  Yucatan, 
reproduced  from  the 
Dresden  Codex,  in  cut 
8  of  Dr.  Valentini's 
article,  which  is  rep- 
resented as  set  in  a 
slightly  curved  han- 
dle ;   and  fig.  58  of 
Mr.  Squier's  paper  on 
American  Copper 
Implements,   in  the 
Smithsonian  Contri- 
butions, Vol.  II,  copied 
from  a  Mexican  paint- 
ing. 

Nos.  26023  and 
26206.  In  August, 
1881,  a  number  of 
copper  axes,  all  of 
nearly  the  same  size 
and  of  one  pattern, 
were  found  near  Tla- 
colula,  Oaxaca,  but 
the  circumstances  re- 
lating to  the  discovery 
I  have  been  unable 
to  learn.  Soon  after 
they  were  found,  Mr. 
Frederick  Ober  was 
travelling  through  the  country,  and  six  of  them  were  given  to 


No.  26023.  Copper  Axe.   From  Oaxaca. 


132 


him  by  the  owner,  who  prized  them  simply  on  account  of  their 
being  pure  copper,  as  he  had  discovered  by  slightly  filing  one 
sideband  cutting  a  small  piece  off  the  blade  of  each.    Some  of 
them  had  been  cleaned  of  the  green  carbonate  of  copper  with 
which  they  were  covered,  by  scraping  and  filing,  but  others 
were  fortunately  left  untouched,  except,  as  above  stated,  on  the 
edge  of  the  blade.   Four  of  the  six  specimens  brought  home  by 
m.  Ober  were  obtained  for  the  Museum.    A  short  time  after- 
wards Mr.  Alexander  Agassiz  was  travelling  in  Mexico  and 
met  with  two  axes  of  the  same  lot,  which  are  filed  and  cut  in 
the  same  way  as  the  Ober  specimens,  but  are  otherwise  uninjured 
and  are  still  covered  with  the  coating  of  green  carbonate  and  have 
a  slight  patina.     These  specimens  Mr.  Agassiz  presented  to  the 
Museum  with  a  number  of  other  interesting  objects  which  he  ob- 
tained during  his  travels  from  Yucatan  to  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Mr.  Stephen  Salisbury,  jr.,  has  also  received  three  axes  from  the 
same  lot,  from  Mr.  L.  H.  Aym6,  and  has  kindly  let  me  have  them 
for  comparison  with  the  others.  I  have,  therefore,  the  opportunity 
of  studying  nine  specimens  of  this  important  lot  of  axes  which  are 
of  the  form  most  usually  represented  in  the  ancient  Mexican  picture 
writings,  where  they  are  shown  as  set  in  wooden  handles  which 
are  usually  curved.    This  method  of  mounting  the  implement  m  an 
eye  near  the  end  of  the  handle  shows  them  to  be  axes  beyond 
question.    They  are  also  represented  without  handles  in  the  pic- 
tures illustrating  the  tribute  of  different  towns  to  the  controlling 
power.    Both  of  these  forms  of  representing  axes  can  be  seen  m 
cuts  1  to  6  of  Dr.  Valentini's  article  to  which  Ibave  several  times 
referred.    They  also  resemble  the  axe  from  Quilapan,  figured  by 
Du  Paix,  but  are  not  quite  as  broad,  and  are  a  little  longer. 

As  already  stated,  these  nine  axes  are  all  of  the  same  general 
pattern  and  nearly  of  the  same  size.  The  largest  of  the  lot  is  rep- 
resented of  full  size  in  fig.  35,  and  the  smallest  in  fig.  36  of  which 
fio-.  h  is  a  section.  No  two  are  of  exactly  the  same  dimensions, 
but  when  placed  in  a  series  the  variations  from  one  to  the  other 
are  very  sli-ht.  The  largest  is  slightly  less  than  five  and  three- 
quarters  inches  long  and  a  little  over  two  and  a  half  inches  wide, 
measured  from  point  to  point  across  the  rounded  blade.  The  small- 
est  is  slio-htly  more  than  five  inches  in  length  and  is  two  and  a 
quarter  inches  in  width  across  the  blade.  The  gradations  between 
these  two  extremes  are  best  illustrated  by  the  series  of  outlines 


133 


given  in  fig.  37.  In  width  at  the  flat  but-end,  or  head,  there  is  still 
less  variation,  that  being  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  some,  and 


Fig.  36. 


No.  26023.  Copper  axe ;  a  broad  surface,  h  section.  Trom  Oaxaca. 

not  quite  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  others.  In  thickness  in  the 
central  part  they  vary  from  one-quarter  to  three-eighths  of  an  inch. 


134 


Fig.  37. 


Outlines  of  nine  copper  axes  from  Oaxaca,  to  show 
the  individual  variatious  produced  by 
hammering. 


The  principal  varia- 
tion in  thickness  is  at 
the   extreme  end  or 
head  of  the  axe,  which 
in  one  of  the  two  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Agassiz 
and  also  in  one  of  Mr. 
Salisbury's  specimens 
is  a  full  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  thickness, 
while  all  the  others  are 
about   two-thirds  as 
thick.   In  all,  this  end 
is  considerably  thin- 
ner than  the  central 
portion  as  will  be  seen 
by  looking  at  the  sec- 
tion given  in  fig.  36,  b. 
In  all  but  the  Agas- 
siz specimen  with  the 
thickest  end,  which 
has  the  lateral  edges 
slightly  rounded  off, 
the  edges  and  the 
broad  surfaces  are  flat 
and  smooth.  From 
these  remarks  it  will 
be  seen  that  while  the 
variations  between 
the  nine  specimens 
are  so  slight  that  they 
can  all  be  said  to  be 
of  one  pattern  and  of 
about  the  same  size, 
they  are  yet  sufficient 
to  show  that  they  were 
not  all  made  in  one 
and  the  same  mould. 
To  exemplify  this  I 
have  introduced  fig. 


135 


37  which  shows  the  outlines  of  the  nine  specimens  placed  one 
over  the  other.    They  might,  however,  have  been  rough  cast  in 
two  or  three  moulds  of  nearly  the  same  size,  and  then  finished  with 
the  hammer,  as  were  the  ancient  bronze  implements  of  Europe  ; 
but  it  seems  more  likely  that  if  any  casting  was  done  it  was  simply 
in  the  form  of  bars  about  five  inches  long,  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  wide  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  that  from  such  bars 
the  axes  were  wrought  entirely  by  the  aid  of  the  hammer.  That 
they  were  hammered  there  is  not  the  slightest  doubt,  as  the  foldings 
of  the  copper  where  it  expanded  along  the  edges  can  be  traced  here 
and  there  on  all  the  specimens,  although  such  expansions  have  been 
carefully  hammered  down.    In  one  of  Mr.  Salisbury's  specimens 
which  has  a  much  thinner  blade  than  any  of  the  others,  there  are 
fractures  at  the  two  points  of  the  blade  which  were  unquestionably 
caused  by  the  great  expansion  of  the  metal  while  making  the  thin 
blade  with  a  hammer.    Another  of  Mr.  Salisbury's  specimens  has 
the  but-end  considerably  battered  as  if  from  long  use.  Analysis 
has  proved  that  one  specimen  was  of  pure  copper,  and  as  the  color 
and  hardness  of  the  others  are  the  same  as  the  one  analyzed,  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  they,  were  all  of  pure  metal,  and  we  must 
either  believe  that  they  were  made  from  rough  cast  bars  or  from 
compact  masses  of  native  copper.    The  smooth  compact  surface 
of  these  specimens  is  entirely  unlike  the  laminated  and  granulated 
surface  of  the  copper  axes  from  the  United  States  already  des- 
cribed. 

It  is  stated  that  Cortez  employed  the  Mexicans  to  cast  for  him 
eight  thousand  arrowheads  of  copper,  and  it  is  also  known  that  he 
obtained  from  them  copper  and  tin,  which  led  him  to  the  discovery 
of  the  source  of  the  tin  in  the  province  of  Tachco,  from  which 
place  he  secured  sufficient  tin  to  mix  with  the  copper  he  had  re- 
ceived from  the  natives  to  cast  several  small  bronze  cannon.  With 
these  facts  before  us  it  seems  probable  that  the  Mexicans  aided  their 
manufacture  of  axes  by  casting  bars  as  near  the  desired  shape  and 
size  as  was  most  convenient.  The  fact  that  they  used  moulds  in 
making  ornaments  and  spindle-whorls  of  terra-cotta,  as  shown  by 
such  moulds  in  the  Museum,  tends  to  confirm  the  statement  of  the 
early  writers  that  moulds  were  used  for  the  casting  of  metals. 

No.  26024.  Captain  Du  Paix  gives  a  figure  of  natural*  size 
(Kingsborough,  Vol.  iv,  PI.  i,  25,  fig.  75,)  of  a  copper  implement 
four  and  a  quarter  inches  long,  by  five  and  three-quarters  in  width 


136 

from  point  to  point  of  rounded  blade.  Of  this  he  makes  the  fol- 
lowing statement  (Kingsb.  Vol.  yi,  p.  446)  :  In  Zochs,  a  town  in 
the  vicinity  of  Oaxaca,  I  was  shown  a  copper  implement,  in  the 
house  of  an  Indian  laborer  named  Pasqual  Bartolano,  who  a  short 
time  before  my  arrival  [180G]  discovered,  when  ploughing  his  field, 
twenty-three  dozen  of  these  tools,  contained  in  two  large  earthen 
pots,  in  very  good  preservation  ;  they  are  all  of  cast  metal,  and 
of  similar  form  ;  they  only  differ  from  each  other  a  little  in  length 
but  appear  to  be  of  equal  thickness."  He  then  states  that  the  use 
of  these  instruments  was  unknown.  Afterwards  he  was  led  from 
a  picture  which  he  saw  at  Mitla  to  believe  they  were  the  blades  of 
hoes.^ 

The  T-shaped  pieces  of  copper  mentioned  by  several  early  writers 
as  native  coins  were  very  likely  such  copper  blades,  and  Mr.  Ban- 
croft, in  his  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States,  Yol.  iv,  383,  al- 
luding to  the  specimens  described  by  Du  Paix  considers  them  as 
used  for  money,  and  further  adds  that  he  has  a  precisely  similar 
article  from  one  of  the  Mexican  ruins.  As  regular  articles  of 
tribute  or  as  implements  in  constant  demand,  these  implements 
would  unquestionably  have  a  standard  value  among  a  people  so  far 
advanced  in  the  arts  as  the  ancient  Mexicans  ;  but  I  fully  agree 
with  Dr.  Valentin!  in  his  conclusion  that  objects  of  this  character 
were  not  manufactured  for  the  purpose  of  serving  as  coin. 

Mr.  Ober,  while  at  Teotitlan  del  Valle,  a  town  between  Oaxaca 
and  Mitla,  in  1881,  had  a  similar  copper  implement  given  to  him, 
and  was  told  that  it  was  found,  with  many  others  like  it  buried 
in  a  large  earthen  jar.  This  specimen  I  obtained  for  the  Museum, 
and  it  is  represented  of  one-quarter  size  (one-half  diameter)  in  fig. 
38.  It  is  six  and  a  quarter  inches  long  and  five  and  three-quarters 
wide,  from  point  to  point  of  the  circular  blade.  It  was  evidently 
cut  from  a  sheet  of  copper  about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick,  and 
the  blade  has  been  made  thinner  by  hammering,  until  a  thin  but 
not  a  sharp  cutting  edge  was  produced.  That  the  implement  was 
cut  from  the  copper  sheet  is  shown  by  the  slight  irregularities  or 

8  Du  Paix  also  gives  a  figure  of  a  round  chisel  flattened  at  its  circular  cutting  edge, 
which  he  obtained  near  the  city  of  Oaxaca.  (Kingsb.  Vol.  iv,  PI.  I,  25,  fig.  77,  and  text 
Vol.  IV,  p.  44G.)  On  the  same  plate  he  also  represents  a  polished  mass  of  copper  py- 
rites which  has  had  two  holes  bored  into  it  as  if  for  its  attachment  to  some  other  object. 
This  is  interesting  in  indicating  the  kind  of  ore  which  may  have  been  smelted  and  also 
from  its  resemblance  to  a  similar  ornament  of  sulphuret  of  iron  in  the  Museum  from 
Peru.  Du  Paix  also  mentions  (p.  457)  that  while  at  Mitla  he  obtained  several  copper 
implements  of  various  sizes  and  shapes. 


137 

notches  made  by  the  cutting  tool  along  the  concave  or  upper  mar- 
gins of  the  blade,  from  each  point  inward.  Above  this  part,  for 
the  whole  length  on  both  sides  and  across  the  top,  the  copper  has 
been  evenly  hammered  so  as  to  form  a  considerable  ridge  bordering 
the  flat  surface  of  each  side  of  the  implement.  This  has  resulted 
in  widening  the  edge  to  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch,  around  what 
may  be  called  the  shank.  This  part  of  the  implement  is  one  and 
three-fourths  inches  wide  where  it  merges  into  the  blade  and  one  and 


Fig.  38. 


No.  26024.  Copper  Hoe,  i.   From  Teotitlan  del  Valle. 


three-eighths  at  its  end.  Were  it  not  that  the  semicircular  edge 
of  the  blade  is  too  blunt  to  answer  for  cutting  purposes  it  would 
be  natural  to  call  the  implement  a  knife,  to  be  held  in  the  hand. 
The  figure  given  by  Du  Paix  represents  the  borders  of  the  shank 
turned  over  in  the  same  manner  as  in  our  specimen,  which  is  not 
the  case  in  the  copies  of  the  figure  given  by  Squier,  and  particu- 
larly so  in  the  one  given  by  Valentini,  which  represents  this  part 
as  rounded.  As  already  stated  Du  Paix  finally  concluded  that 
implements  of  this  character  were  hoes,  and  that  is  very  likely  the 


138 


purpose  for  which  they  were  made.  They  could  easily  have  been 
fastened  to  the  end  of  a  pole,  and  in  soft  ground  would  serve  very 
well  as  hoes.  The  circular  edge  in  our  specimen,  if  examined 
with  a  lens,  shows  many  little  abrasions  and  a  high  polish,  as  if 
from  long  use.  It  also  has  several  notches,  and  the  two  points  of 
the  blade  are  folded  over  as  if  caused  by  rough  usage,  all  of  which 
lead  to  the  conclusion  that  Du  Paix  has  correctly  designated  the 
implement  as  one  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Another  indication  that  the  implement  was  fastened  to  a  handle 
is  a  slight  indentation  of  the  central  portion  of  the  shank,  as  if 
there  had  been  a  strain  at  that  point  which  has  caused  the  copper 
to  bend  a  little.  This  blade  is  made  of  pure  copper,  so  far  as  can 
be  judged  from  its  color  and  hardness,  and  it  has  the  appearance 
of  copper  which  had  been  cast  in  a  thin  sheet  and  then  hammered. 
At  one  point  there  is  a  place  where  a  portion  of  the  metal  has 
been  hammered  down,  which  has  the  appearance  of  a  flaw  in  the 
casting,  although  if  the  implement  were  made  from  a  mass  of  na- 
tive copper  a  similar  appearance  would  result  from  the  compression 
of  a  ragged  edge  of  the  metal.  When  found  this  interesting 
copper  implement  was  coated  by  a  green  carbonate  which  has  been 
partly  removed. 

In  Mr.  Salisbury's  collection  there  are  two  implements  of  this 
character  which  were  lately  sent  him  from  Oaxaca  by  Mr.  L.  H. 
Ayme,  and  probably  came  from  the  same  lot  as  the  specimen 
in  the  Museum  obtained  by  Mr.  Ober.    One  of  these  varies  but 
slightly  from  the  one  represented  in  fig.  38.    It  has  a  little  shorter 
and  broader  shank  and  the  curve  of  the  blade  is  not  quite  as  long. 
One  of  the  tips  of  the  blade  was  broken  off,  probably  while  in  use, 
and  the  other  was  folded  over  and  so  nearly  detached  that  it  fell 
off  during  my  examination  and  was  taken  to  the  Chemical  Labora- 
tory for  analysis,  which  proved  it  to  be  pure  copper.  This 
specimen  is  five  and  three-quarters  inches  long  and  the  same  in 
width  across  the  blade,  allowing  for  the  broken  points,  and  is  one 
and  a  half  inches  wide  at  the  end  of  the  shank.    Its  surface  is 
pretty  well  covered  by  a  green  carbonate  of  copper  in  more  or  less 
extended  blotches.    Like  the  Museum  specimen  both  of  Mr. 
Salisbury's  exhibit  the  slight  indentures  on  their  shanks  as  if  they 
had  once  been  held  fast  in  handles,  and  they  also  have  evident 
signs  of  wear  along  their  edges. 

The  other  specimen  belonging  to  Mr.  Salisbury  is  of  particular 


139 


interest  as  it  still  more  closely  resembles  the  one  figured  b}^  Du 
Paix.  It  is  only  four  and  one-half  inches  long,  and  the  blade, 
which  is  not  nearly  as  deep  as  in  the  others,  is  six  inches  in  width, 
allowing  for  the  broken  point  on  one  side.  The  end  of  the  shank 
is  not  hammered  so  as  to  form  a  ridge  on  both  sides,  as  in  the 
others,  and  is  two  inches  in  width ;  the  hammered  sides  have  an 
edge  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  width  in  the  centre  formed  by 
hammering  the  thin  edge  of  the  copper  so  that  it  projects  on  both 
sides.  This  widened  edge  extends  slightly  along  the  curve  of  the 
blade  where  it  joins  the  shank,  but  does  not  continue  quite  to  the 
end  of  the  shank.  The  variation  in  these  details  from  the  Museum 


Fig.  39. 


Copper  Hoe  from  Oaxaca,  i.  From  a  specimen  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Salisbury, 
introduced  for  comparison  with  fig,  38,  and  with  the  figure  by  Du  Paix. 

specimen  can  best  be  understood  by  comparing  figures  of  the  two, 
and  for  this  purpose  fig.  39,  representing  the  implement  of  one-half 
diameter,  is  introduced,  although  the  specimen  does  not  belong  to 
,  the  Museum.  Nearly  the  whole  surface  of  this  specimen  has  been 
changed  to  a  red  oxide  of  copper,  over  which,  particularly  on  the 
blade,  is  a  coating  of  green  carbonate  which  in  several  places  has 
a  decided  patina.  By  viewing  this  figure  so  as  to  look  at  it  with 
the  curved  blade  uppermost,  its  resemblance  to  the  letter  T  is  very 
marked,  and  in  that  position  the  implement  will  then  answer  for 
^'the  thin  copper  coins  shaped  like  the  Greek  Tau,"  as  stated  by  the 
old  writers. 


140 


Copper  Ornaments  and  Implements  from  Peru. 

The  reports  by  Pizarro  and  his  followers  about  the  immense 
wealth  of  the  rulers  of  Peru  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest, 
although  they  were  probably  exaggerated,  have  been  in  a  measure 
substantiated  by  the  large  number  of  articles  made  of  gold,  silver, 
copper  and  bronze,  which  have  since  been  discovered  among  the 
ancient  ruins  and  burial  places,  by  explorers  and  treasure-seekers, 
and  nearly  every  museum  of  antiquities  contains  numerous  ex- 
amples of  the  metallic  work  of  the  ancient  Peruvians.  Unfortu- 
nately, comparatively  little  of  the  ancient  gold  and  silver  work 
has  escaped  the  melting  pot,  although  a  sufficient  number  of  objects 
have  been  preserved  to  show  the  character  of  the  work  and  the 
method  of  using  the  metals. 

Rivero  and  Tschudi,  who  wrote  their  "  Antiquities  of  Peru" 
over  thirty  years  ago,  state  that  "  we  have  no  accounts  of  the 
mode  of  extracting  the  copper  which  is  seldom  found  in  the  native 
state  in  Peru,"  but  Squier,  who  examined  the  ruins  of  Chimu  sev- 
eral years  later,  gives  an  account  of  the  remains  of  furnaces  in 
which  were  still  to  be  seen  the  slag  derived  from  the  smelting  of 
silver  and  copper  ores,  and  he  also  informs  us  that  "  tin  and 
copper  ores  of  great  purity  are  found  in  southern  Peru  and  Bo- 
livia, between  the  ranges  of  the  Cordilleras  and  the  Andes. 
They  occur  in  the  singular  form  of  little  nodules  in  the  drift 
strata." 

In  the  volumes  of  these  authors  there  are  numerous  references 
to  metallic  objects.  Rivero  and  Tschudi  state  that  in  the  Lima 
Museum  "  there  are  vases  of  copper,  very  thin,  some  idols,  instru- 
ments, and  two  solid  staves  a  yard  long,  with  serpents  inlaid, 
which  were  recently  discovered  in  the  department  of  Puno."  A 
description  is  also  given  of  an  ornamented  copper  staff,  six  inches 
in  length  and  an  inch  hi  diameter,  and  Squier,  when  describing  the 
metallic  objects  found  about  Chimu,  several  of  which  he  figures, 
states  that  "  many  implements  and  weapons  of  bronze  have  been 
found  in  and  around  Chimu,  and  have  been  collected  by  the  ton  in 
former  times."  In  fact,  the  evidence  of  all  recent  writers,  and 
the  many  specimens  in  collections,  prove  that  copper,  tin,  silver 
and  gold  were  extensively  used  in  ancient  times  in  many  regions 
from  Chili  to  Mexico,  and  that  in  some  places  within  this  wide 


141 


area  the  ores  were  smelted  and  the  metals  cast,  either  pure  or  with 
alloys. 

The  collections  in  the  Museum  from  these  several  regions  con- 
tain a  number  of  objects  made  of  gold,  silver,  bronze^and  gold 
and  copper  alloys,  which  I  hope  to  describe  in  a  future  paper. 
Several  of  these  are  of  great  interest  as  they  are  proofs  of  the 
higher  development  in  the  art  of  working  metals  reached  by  sev- 
eral ancient  American  nations.  The  specimens  now  described 
are  probably  all  of  pure  copper. 

Nos.  24030  and  24031.  In  the  Peruvian  collection  presented  to 
the  Museum  by  Dr.  W.  Sturgis  Bigelow,  there  are  two  circular 
pieces  of  thin  copper,  each  about  an  inch  in  diameter  which  were 
taken  from  the  mouths  of  mummies.    One  is  still  attached  to  the 
tongue  and  is  partly  embedded  in  a  black  pitchy  substance,  which 
Ignites  readily  and  burns  with  a  quick  flame,  leaving  a  black  ash 
Unfortunately  the  place  where  the  mummies  having  the  disks  came 
from  IS  not  known,  but  judging  from  the  general  character  of  the 
associated  articles  it  is  probable  that  they  were  obtained  from  some 
of  the  ancient  burial  places  not  far  from  the  coast  of  Peru,  very 
likely  from  Pachacamac,  and  Squier  mentions  that  he  found  a 
small  thin  piece  of  copper  in  the  mouth  of  the  body  of  a  fisher- 
man which  he  took  from  a  tomb  at  that  place.    In  the  wrappino-g 
about  this  body,  Squier  states  that  besides  a  fishing  net  and  line's, 
he  also  found  fish-hooks  and  a  sinker  of  copper.    Bollaert  also 
mentions  copper  fish-hooks  among  the  articles  found'by  him  in  the 
huacas  at  Iquique  and  Molle.    Rivero  and  Tschudi  mention  that 
disks  of  gold,  silver  or  copper  are  found  in  the  mouths  of  mum- 
mies.   Bollaert,  referring  to  this  fact,  states  that  Mr.  Fariss  while 
at  Atequipa,  between  15°  and  16°  S.,  found  disks  of  gold  with  the 
human  face  represented  upon  them  in  the  mouths,  ears  and  nos- 
trils of  mummies.     Stevenson  says  "  any  small  piece  of  gold 
which  was  buried  with  the  bodies  at  Huara  is  generally  found  in 
their  mouths."    Hutchinson  also  records  the  finding  of  copper 
disks  m  the  mouths  of  mummies. 

No.  8709.  During  his  visit  to  Peru  in  1874  and  5,  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Agassiz  secured  a  large  and  important  collection  of  an- 
tiquities which  he  presented  to  the  Museum.  A  large  part  of  the 
collection  was  made  by  his  assistant,  Mr.  S.  W.  Garman,  in  the 
ancient  cemetery  at  Ancon,  where  so  many  interesting  things  have 
been  obtained.  At  this  place  the  bodies  are  found  at  various  depths 


142 

below  the  surface,  done  up  in  large  bundles.  The  specimen  cata- 
locrued  under  this  number  was  found  in  the  wrappings  of  one 
of^he  bodies.  It  is  a  very  thin  disk,  probably  an  ornament,  of 
pure  copper  as  determined  by  an  analysis  kindly  made  for  me  by 
Mr  C  F.  Mabery  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory.  The  diameter  of 
this  disk  is  three  and  a  quarter  inches.  There  are  two  sniall  holes 
in  it,  one  near  the  margin,  and  the  other  in  the  centre.    The  mar- 

FIG.  40. 


No.  8710.  Ornamen!  of  Copper.  From  a  Huaca  at  Ancon,  Peru. 


ginal  hole  has  smooth  edges,  but  in  the  central  hole  the  metal 
forced  to  one  surface,  by  punching  the  hole  through  from  the  oppo- 
site side,  is  rough  and  split  into  several  small  points  as  if  for  the 
purpose  of  fastening  the  disk  to  a  piece  of  cloth  or  some  other 
material.  The  surface  of  both  sides  of  the  disk  was  highly  pol- 
ished, and  is  now  of  a  yellow,  almost  brassy  color  which  may  be 


U3 


patina.  On  break- 
ing a  small  piece 
out  of  the  margin 
for  analysis,  the 
fractured  edge 
showed  the  red- 
copper  color  and  a 
granulated  struct- 
ure like  cast  metal. 
The  surface  in 
places,  more  par- 
ticularly on  one 
side,  has  a  coating 
of  green  carbonate 
of  copper. 

No.  8710.  This 
horseshoe  -shaped 
ornament  of  thin 
copper  has  the 
same  character  of 
surface  and  internal 
color  similar  to  the 
disk  described  a- 
bove.  It  was  found 
by  Mr.  G  arm  an  un- 
der the  same  cir- 
cumstances, and 
was  presented  by 
Mr.  Agassiz.  There 
can  be  little  doubt 
that  this  ornament 
and  also  the  copper  j 
disk  were  cut  from 
thin  sheets  of  cast 
copper.  As  will  be 
seen  by  reference 
to  fig.  40,  which 
represents  the  or- 
nament of  full  size, 
there  are  two  small 


Fig.  41. 


^  f  '  .A 


No.  7322.  "  Trowel"  made  of  Copper,  i.  From  a  Huaca 
at  Ancon,  Peru. 


144 


Fig.  42. 


No.  8767.  Club  witli 
star-shaped  head  of 
Copper,  J.  From  a  Hu- 
aca  at  Ancon,  Peru. 


holes  punched  through  the  sides,  and  the  ends 
are  notched  as  if  to  aid  in  fastening  the  or- 
nament to  a  piece  of  cloth.  In  the  green 
carbonate  of  copper,  which  has  formed  on  one 
surface  more  than  on  the  other,  there  are  a 
number  of  fine  lines  which  have  the  appearance 
of  hairs,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  ornament 
was  in  contact  with  the  head  of  the  person 
with  whom  it  was  buried. 

No.  7322.  Fig.  41  represents,  of  one-half  di- 
ameter, an  implement  cut  from  a  sheet  of  pure 
copper,  as  shown  by  anal3^sis  made  by^  Mr. 
Mabery.     It  was  obtained  by  Prof.  Louis 
Agassiz  from  Ancon,  Peru,  in  1873,  during 
the  Hassler  expedition,  and  given  by  the  Mu- 
seum of  Comparative  Zoology  with  many  other 
things  obtained  by  the  expedition  in  Peru.  It 
is  twelve  and  a  half  inches  long,  about  seven 
inches  wide  across  the  blade  from  point  to 
point,  and  two  and  three-quarters  wide  at  the 
opposite  end.    It  is  of  uniform  thickness  of 
about  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch.    The  copper  is 
now  a  red  oxide,  with  nearl}^  all  of  one  surface 
and  portions  of  the  other  covered  by  a  green 
carbonate.    In  places,  particularly  at  the  end 
of  the  handle,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  the 
threads  of  a  piece  of  woven  cloth  with  which 
it  was  in  contact,  have  been  preserved  by  the 
action  of  the  copper.   On  page  176  of  his  vol- 
ume on  Peru,9  Squier  gives  a  figure  of  an  im- 
plement of  this  character  which  he  calls  a 
trowel,  of  which  he  writes  "  Vast  numbers  of 
a  kind  of  implement,  of  which  an  example  is 
here  given,  are  found  not  only  in  Chimu,  but 
along  the  whole  Peruvian  coast.  Although 
varying  in  dimensions  from  a  few  inches  to 
nearly  two  feet  in  length,  they  are  unvarying 
in  shape.   They  are  cut,  apparently,  from  thin 

oPeru:  Incidents  of  Travel  and  Exploration  in  the  Land 
of  the  Incas.  By  E.  George  Squier,  New  York,  Harper 
Brothers,  1877. 


145 


but  stiff  sheets  of  bronze,  and  the  curved  lower  edge  is  invariably 
sharp  as  is  the  upper  one  occasionally.'^  In  our  specimen  the 
edges  have  not  been  sharpened,  but  the  circular  edge  shows  a 
slight  polish  as  if  the  blade  had  been  used  like  a  spade  or  trowel, 
and  it  is  very  likely  that  such  implements  were  potters'  trowels. 
As  ah-eady  stated,  our  specimen  is  made  of  sheet  copper,  and  not 
of  bronze  as  Squier  implies.    There  is  a  general  resemblance  be- 


FlG.  43. 


No.  8767.   Club-head  of  Copper.  From  Ancon,  Peru. 

tween  this  implement  and  the  T-shaped  implements  from  Mexico, 
which,  following  Du  Paix,  I  have  considered  as  hoes. 

No.  8767.  A  common  form  of  weapon  along  the  Pacific  slope 
of  South  America  consists  of  a  club-head,  made  either  of  stone 
or  metal,  with  several  points  or  rays  projecting  from  the 
perforated  central  portion,  which  was  mounted  on  a  handle  of 
wood.  Of  such  a  pattern  is  the  one  represented  by  figs.  42  and 
43,  which  was  found  in  a  grave  at  Ancon,  Peru,  and  presented  by 
Report  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  lo 


146 


Mr.  Agassiz.  In  fig.  42  the  head  is  represented  on  its  short 
handle  of  hard  wood  pointed  at  one  end,  and  is  tightl}'  fitted  by  a 
wrapping  of  coarse  cloth.  In  this  figure  the  weapon  is  shown  of 
a  little  less  than  one-third  its  length.  In  fig.  43  the  outline  of  the 
star-shaped  head  is  represented  of  full  size.  An  analysis  of  small 
shavings  taken  from  one  of  the  points  was  made  b}'  Mr.  Mabert, 
and  although  the  quantity  was  too  minute  for  satisfactory  results 
no  other  metal  than  copper  was  traced.  This  club-head  was  prob- 
ably cast  in  a  mould  and  afterwards  smoothed  and  finished  by  cut- 
ting and  rubbing.  The  six  rays  are  each  about  an  inch  in  length, 
and  the  hole  for  the  handle  about  the  same  in  diameter.  The 
total  width  across  from  point  to  point  of  opposite  rays  is  three 
and  a  half  inches.  The  length  of  the  head  is  one  and  one-eighth 
inches.  The  wooden  handle  is  tvrenty-one  and  one-half  inches  in 
lensth.  The  surface  of  the  copper  is  smooth  and  dark-colored, 
with  a  few  patches  of  green  carbonate,  which  in  two  or  three 
places,  particularly  near  the  points  of  the  rays,  has  formed  over 
fragments  of  cloth  with  which  the  weapon  was  in  contact  while  in 
the  grave.    The  points  are  slightly  battered  as  if  from  use. 

In  a  chapter  upon  perforated  stones  of  many  kinds,  in  which  I 
have  brought  together  all  the  facts  I  could  obtain  about  weapons 
of  this  character.  I  have  alluded  to  this  particular  specimen  and 
also  to  others  of  stone  and  metal  from  various  places,  and  I  refer 
the  reader  to  the  volume^^  for  numerous  descriptions  and  figures 
of  implements  of  similar  forms.  Squier  has  also  given  a  figure^i 
of  a  similar  metallic  club-head  from  Chimu. 

Xo.  24134.  The  last  of  the  copper  objects  to  be  described  in 
this  paper  is  the  interesting  club-head  from  Peru,  given  by  Dr. 
TT.  Sti-kgis  Bigelow.  A  bit  of  metal  was  cut  from  this  specimen 
and  siven  to  Mr.  Mabert  for  analysis,  and  he  reported  that  so  far 
as  he  could  ascertain  from  the  small  quantity  given  him  it  was 
pure  copper.  This  club-head,  like  that  from  Ancon.  has  six  rays, 
but  they  are  broad  and  flat  and  terminate  in  rounded  points.  As 
will  be  seen  by  reference  to  fig.  44,  each  ray  represents  a  human 
head,  the  face  on  one  surface  and  the  hair  and  back  of  the  head 
on  the  other  ;  so  that  the  three  alternate  rays  as  seen  in  fig.  44. 

10  Report  upon  United  States  Geographical  Surveys  west  of  the  one  hundredth  me- 
ridian, in  charge  of  First  Lieut.  Geo.  M.  Wheeler.  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  Amiy,  Vol. 
VII,  Archaeology.  1ST9.  Chapter  on  Perforated  Stones,  pp.  135-1S9,  figs.  44-GO,  and 
plate  X. 

»i  Peru.  p.  ITT. 


147 


each  shows  a  face,  and  each  of  the  other  three  the  back  of  a  head. 
In  the  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  William  S.  Vaux  of  Philadelphia, 
there  is  a  similar  Peruvian  club-head,  in  which  the  human  head  is 
represented  in  the  same  way  as  on  the  one  here  figured.  There  can 
be  no  doubt  about  our  specimen  having  been  cast  in  a  mould,  as 
the  line  of  union  of  the  two  parts  of  the  mould  can  be  traced  along 

Fig.  44. 


No.  24134.  Club-head  of  Copper.  From  a  Hiiaca,  Peru. 

the  sides  of  the  rays,  although  it  has  been  cut  and  smoothed. 
There  are  also  slight  imperfections  in  the  casting  where  the  metal 
did  not  flow  smoothly,  and  there  are  here  and  there  indications 
that  the  copper  was  cut  in  order  to  correct  similar  imperfections  in 
the  cast.  The  mould  was  probably  filled  with  tlie  melted  metal 
at  the  end  of  each  point  and  the  burr  afterwards  rounded  off  The 
grooves  around  the  points  were  evidently  cut,  and  as  will  be  seen 


148 


in  the  figure,  they  are  not  exactly  the  same  on  each  point.  This 
club-head  is  about  three  and  three-quarters  inches  wide  from  point 
to  point,  and  half  an  inch  thick.  The  hole  for  the  handle  is 
not  quite  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  surface  has  probably  been 
cleaned  since  it  was  found,  but  all  the  cavities  still  retain  a  coat- 
ing of  green  carbonate  of  copper.  This  specimen  is  a  good  illus- 
tration of  the  knowledge  which  the  ancient  Peruvians  had  of  the 
methods  of  working  metals  and  of  the  difficult  art  of  casting 
copper. 


SIXTEENTH  AND  SEVENTEENTH  ANNUAL  EEPOHTS 


OF  THE  TRUSTEES 

OP  THE 

PEABODY  MUSEUM 

OF 

AMEEIOAN  AEOH^IOLOGY  AND  ETHUOLOGT, 


PRESENTED  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOWS  OF 
HARVARD  COLLEGE. 


Vol.  III.    Nos.  3  and  4. 


CAMBRIDGE : 

PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES. 
1884. 


PRINTED  AT  THE  SALEM  PRESS, 
Salem,  Mass. 


OONTEISTTS. 


List  of  Trustees  and  Officers  of  the  Museum  152 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of 

Harvard  College  253 

Abstract  from  the  Records,  1883   154 

Sixteenth  Report  of  the  Treasurer  155 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator  15g 

List  of  Subscribers  in  aid  op  Arch^ological  and  Ethnolog- 
ical Research  in  America  15g 

Sixteenth  Report  of  the  Curator    159 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1882   .  193 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1882  203 

On  the  Social  and  Political  Position  of  Woman  among  the 

Huron-Iroquois  Tribes.   By  Lucien  Carr,  Ass't  Curator  .  207 

Notes  upon  Human  Remains  from  Caves  in  Coahuila,  Mexico. 

By  Cordelia  A.  Studley,  Assistant  in  the  Museum  ...  233 

The  White  Buffalo  Festfs^al  of  the  Uncpapas.   By  Alice 

C.  Fletcher  260 

The  Elk  Mystery  or  Festival  of  the  Ogallala  Sioux.  By 

Alice  C.  Fletcher  276 

The  Religious  Ceremony  of  the  Four  Winds  as  observed  by 

THE  Santee  Sioux.    By  Alice  C.  Fletcher  ......  289 

The  Shadow  or  Ghost  Lodge;  a  Ceremony  of  the  Ogallala 

Sioux.    By  Alice  C.  Fletcher  296 

The  Wa-wan,  or  Pipe  Dance  of  the  Omahas.   By  Alice  C. 

Fletcher  ^08 

Abstract  from  the  Records,  1884  334 

Seventeenth  Report  of  the  Treasurer  335 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator  336 

Seventeenth  Report  of  the  Curator   339 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1883  368 
List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1883  376 

Report  on  the  Meteoric  Iron  from  the  Altar  Mounds  in  the 

Little  Miami  Valley.    By  Leonard  P.  Kinnicutt,  Ph.  D.  381 

(151) 

( 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 

OF 

AMERICAN  ARCHEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY 

IX  COSXECTIOX  WITH 

HARVAED  UNIVERSITY. 

FOUM)ED  BY  GEOKGB  PEABODY,  OCTOBER  8,  18fl8i 


TRUSTEES. 

Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Boston,  1866.  Chairman. 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  Quincy,  1866 ;  resigned,  1881. 
Fraxcis  Peabody,  Salem,  1866 ;  deceased,  1867. 
Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  1866.    Treasurer,  1866-1881. 
Asa  Gray,  Cambridge,  1866.    Pro  tempore  Curator  of  the  Museum,  1874. 
Jeffries  Wyman,  Cambridge,  1866;  deceased,  1874.    Curator  of  the  Mu- 
seum, 1866-1874. 

George  Peabody  Russell,  Salem,  1866;  resigned,  1876.  Secretary, 
1866-1873. 

Henry  Wheatland,  Salem,  1867.     Successor  to  Francis  Peabody,  as 

President  of  the  Essex  Institute.    Secretary,  1873. 
Thomas  T.  Bouvfi,  Boston,  1874-1880.    Successor  to  Jeffries  Wyman, 

as  President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
Theodore  Ly:^ian,  Brookline,  1876.     Successor  to  George  Peabody 

Russell,  by  election.    Treasurer,  1881-1882. 
Samuel  H.  Scudder,  Cambridge,  1880.   Successor  to  Thomas  T.  Bouvg, 

as  President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
John  C.  Phillips,  Boston,  1881.    Successor  to  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
by  election.    Treasurer,  1882. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  MUSEUM. 
Frederick  Ward  Putnajm,  Curator,  1875. 
LuciEN  Carr,  Assistant  Curator,  1877. 
Miss  Jennie  Smith,  Assistant,  1878. 
Miss  C.  A.  Stud  ley,  Assistant,  1882. 

Edward  E.  Chick,  Assistant  in  charge  of  the  Building^  1878. 
(152) 


SIXTEENTH  AND  SEVENTEENTH  EEPORTS. 


To  THE  President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College  :— 

The  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Arche- 
ology and  Ethnology  herewith  respectfully  communicate  to  the 
President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College,  as  their  Sixteenth 
and  Seventeenth  Annual  Reports,  the  Reports  of  their  Curator  and 
Treasurer  presented  at  the  Annual  Meetings,  February  17,  1883, 
and  February  18,  1884. 

ROBERT  C.  WINTHROP, 
STEPHEN  SALISBURY, 
ASA  GRAY, 
HENRY  WHEATLAND, 
THEODORE  LYMAN, 
SAMUEL  H.  SCUDDER, 
JOHN  C.  PHILLIPS. 

Cambridge, 

March  31, 1884. 


Report  of  Peabody  Museum,  IIL  10* 


(153) 


ABSTRACT  FROM  THE  RECORDS. 


Saturday,  February  17,  1883.  The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  was  held  this*  day  at  noon,  in  the  Rooms  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Societj",  Boston.  Present:  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Salisbury, 
Gray,  Wheatland,  Lymax,  Scudder,  Phillips,  and  the  Curator. 

The  Treasurer  stated  that  in  accordance  with  the  vote  at  the  last 
meeting  the  funds  had  been  reinvested,  as  shown  in  his  report  which  was 
read  and  accepted,  and  ordered  to  be  printed  as  a  part  of  the  Sixteenth 
Report  of  the  Trustees. 

The  Curator's  cash  account,  audited  by  Col.  Lyman,  was  accepted  and 
ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  Curator  having  sent  copies  of  his  Annual  Report,  in  proof,  to  each 
member  of  the  Board,  the  report  was  accepted  and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  Curator  then  gave  a  resume  of  the  explorations  in  the  Little  Miami 
Valley,  illustrating  his  remarks  by  plans,  diagrams  and  specimens.  As 
an  acknowledgment  of  the  importance  of  these  explorations,  the  Curator 
was  requested  to  prepare  a  full  account  of  them,  with  the  necessary  illus- 
trations, for  publication  by  the  Museum. 

The  Treasurer  stated  that  he  had  received  subscriptions  for  archseo- 
logical  research  to  the  amount  of  $900,  in  addition  to  the  sura  announced 
at  the  last  meeting,  and  he  was  authorized  to  pay  the  amount  to  the  Cu- 
rator for  the  continuation  of  the  explorations. 

The  Curator  called  attention  to  the  subscriptions  amounting  to  $775, 
which  he  had  received  in  aid  of  Miss  Fletcher's  researches  among  the 
Indians  and  for  general  purposes,  as  stated  in  his  cash  account. 

The  Treasurer  was  authorized  to  pay  to  the  Curator  the  accruing  in- 
come for  the  year  to  be  expended  for  the  several  purposes  as  heretofore. 

Col.  Lyman  was  appointed  auditor  of  the  accounts  of  the  Treasurer  and 
Curator. 

Voted,  That  the  Board  make  a  visit  to  the  Museum  and  hold  a  business 
meeting  there  at  such  time  as  the  President  shall  appoint. 

The  Board  then  adjourned. 

Henry  "Wheatland, 

Secretary, 


(154) 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archceology  and 
Ethnology  in  connection  with  Harvard  University: 

The  Tkeasurer  respectfully  presents  the  following  Annual  Report  :— 
He  has  sold  the  Fifteen  Massachusetts  Coast  Defence  specie  notes  each  for  $10,000, 
dated  July  1, 1863,  due  July  1,  1883,  the  gift  of  George  Peabody,  for  $150,937  50. 
And  he  has  purchased, 
1882                                  On  Account  of  Building  Fund. 
Nov.   $02,000  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  R.  R.,  Denver  Ex- 
tension 4  per  cent.  Bonds  at  $80  $49,600  00 

Brokerage   77  50 

Dec.   $9,000  Pueblo  and  Arkansas  R.  R.  7  per  cent.  Bonds     .    .    .  10,322  50 

 $60,000  00 

On  Account  of  Museum  Fund. 
Dec.   $54,000  Kansas  and  Missouri  5  per  cent.  Bonds  at  92|   .    .    .  49,950  00 
"     $36,000  Pueblo  and  Arkansas  Valley  R.  R.  7  per  cent.  Bonds  .  40,723  75 
1883 

Feb.  17,  Cash  uninvested   263  75 


Income  Account. 

1882 


-$90,937  50 
$150,937  50 


July.  Received  6  months  interest  on  $150,000  Mass.  5  per  cent. 

Bonds   $3,750  00 

Nov.        "        4  months,  24  days  interest  on  $50,000  Mass.  5  per 

cent.  Bonds   1^000  00 

Dec.        "        5  months,  12  days  interest  on  $100,000  Mass.  5  per 

cent.  Bonds   2,250  00 

1883 

Jan.        "        Pueblo  and  Arkansas  Valley  R.  R.,  45  coupons, 

$35  each   1,575,00 

Feb.        "        Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  R.  R.  4  per  cent. 

Bonds,  62  coupons,  $20  each   1.240  00 

"          "        Kansas  and  Missouri  R.  R.,  54  coupons,  $25  each  .  1,350  00 

1882   

July.  Paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of  Building  Fund   .  $1,500  00 

"      "  "        "       "      "  Museum  Fund   .    2,250  00 

Nov.  "  coupons  on  62,000  C.  B.  &  Q.  bonds,  3  mos.  24  days,  4  p.  c.  785  33 
Dec.     "   "      "    "  54,000  K.  &  M.        "     4     "    13   "      5   "         997  50 

"       «   "      "    "  31,000  P.  &  A.  V.    "     5  13   "      7   "         982  53 

"       «   "  "  14,000  P.  &  A.  V.    "     5  17   "      7   "         454  60 

1883 

Jan.  "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of  Building  Fund  .  1,555  00 
Feb.     "  "  "       "       "       "  Museum  Fund    .    2,640  04 

 ■  $11,165  00 

John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer. 

Feb.  17,  1883. 

I  have  examined  these  accounts  of  the  Treasurer  and  the  securities  on  hand,  and 
find  them  correct. 

TT ».      1000  Theodore  Lyman,  Auditor, 

Feb.  17, 1883. 

(155) 


156 


T>r. 

1882-83. 


CASH  ACCOUNT  OF 

F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  in  Account  with  Peaibody 
To  Building  Fund. 


Balance  on  hand  from  last  account  $1310  62 

Received  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer   3055  00 

  $4365  62 


To  Museum  Fund. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account   233  02 

From  Building  Fund,  3rd  payment  account  of  cases  1868-74  .   .   .  1000  00 

Balance  cash  returned  from  an  unexpended  appropriation  of  1879  16  20 

Received  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer   4890  04 

Publications  sold  •   12  11 

Gift  from  a  friend   200  00 

Gift  from  a  friend   25  00 


To  Subscription  for  Archasological  Research  in  America. 

Received  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer,  the  following  subscriptions : 

Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury  of  Worcester   500  00 

Hon.  Theodore  Lyman  of  Brookline   500  00 

John  C.  Phillips,  Esq.,  of  Boston   500  00 

Mrs.  Augustus  Hemenway  of  Boston   500  00 

Mrs.  Gardner  Brewer  of  Boston    300  00 

Dr.  C.  A.  Ware  of  Boston   200  00 

William  B.  Weedon  of  Providence   50  00 


6376  37 


2550  00 


To  Subscriptions  for  Research  among  Indian  Tribes. 

Col.  A.  C.  Woodworth  of  Chicopee  (in  aid  of  Miss  Fletcher's 
researches)  

Joshua  W.  Davis,  Esq.,  of  Boston  (in  aid  of  Miss  Fletcher's 
researches)  •••   


500  00 
50  00 


550  00 


$13,841  99 


157 


THE  GUEATOR. 

Museum  of  American  ArchoBology  and  Ethnology. 

By  Building  Fund. 

Paid  Museum  Fund,  3rd  payment  account  of  cases  1868-74  .   .  .  $1000  00 

Cases,  stock  and  labor   770  33 

Furniture,  stock  and  materials  used  '  95  22 

E.  E.  Chick,  part  salary  .*  *.  !  !  500  00 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  

By  Museum  Fund. 

Collections  purchased  and  special  explorations   71  00 

Six  Museum  Catalogue  Books  \  \  33  qq 

Stereotyping  and  printing  1000  copies  15th  Report  ....!*.  321  34 

Drawing  and  engraving   113  54 

"Various  publications  \  \  \   '.  '.  80  12 

Library;  books,  subscriptions,  cards  and  labels                        .  48  33 

Photographing  and  materials  *  79  ^9 

Diagrams,  cloth,  etc  .*.*.'.*  212  36 

Goniometer  3.00;  Atomizer  .75  '.*.*.*.'.'.*.  3  75 

Circulars,  cards,  stationery,  twine,  etc  .*.*!!!  89  32 

Incidentals   •   •   .  . 

Postage,  telegraph,  telephone,  express   232  93 

Paper  trays  .*...'.*  21  63 

Ethnological  research  among  the  Indians  .  .  .  !  25  00 

I^'^f  *f  .'.*.*.*:  25  00 

Fuel  and  gas   212  71 

s^^^^^^^  ; : ;  4300  00 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  

By  Subscription  for  Archceological  Eesearch  in  America. 

Explorations  in  Central  America   106  50 

Explorations  in  New  Jersey  '.'.'.'.'.*.'  102  20 

Explorations  in  Ohio  and  Tennessee     ....*.*..'!!*.*  1569  48 

Explorations  of  Shellheaps  in  Maine  .*!.*.*,*  91  15 

Collection  from  Shellheaps  in  Alabama  25  00 

Collection  from  New  England  .*.*.*.*!  15  00 

Collection  from  New  Mexico   *  *.  1  *  *.  !  *.  !  '.  45  00 

Collection  from  Nebraska   .*.*.*.'*  *          *  *  56  50 

Collection  from  Ohio  and  Indiana     ....*.!!*.!'**  105  25 

Collection  from  Salt  Cave,  Kentucky     ...*.*.!!!!!.'  500 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  

By  Subscription  for  Besearch  among  Indian  Tribes. 
Amount  to  new  account  .... 


Or. 

1882-83. 


$2365  55 
2000  07 

4365  62 


476  41 
6376  37 


2121  08 
428  92 

2550  00 
550  00 


$13,841  99 


I  have  examined  this  account,  with  the  vouchers,  and  find  it  correct. 
^eb.  12, 1883.  TsEODOKE  Lyman. 


SUBSCRIPTIONS 

For  Arch^ological  and  Ethnological  Research  in  America, 
and  for  the  general  purposes  op  the  museum. 


Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Hon.  Theodore  Lyman,  Brookline,  Mass. 
John  C.  Phillips,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Mrs.  Augustus  Hemenway,  Boston,  Mass. 
Samuel  D.  Warren,  Esq.,        "  " 
Mrs.  Gardner  Brewer,  "  " 

Dr.  C.  a.  Ware,  "  " 

Dr.  R.  M.  Hodges,  "  " 

Mrs.  G.  H.  Shaw,  "  " 

Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  "  " 
Wm.  B.  Weeden,  Esq.,  Providence,  K.  I. 


$500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
300  00 
200  00 
100  00 
100  00 
100  00 
50  00 


Amount  of  above  previously  announced. 

Col.  A.  C.  Woodworth,  Chicopee,  Mass.     .      .  $500  00 

Mrs.  Susan  C.  Warren,  Boston,                .      .  250  00 

Dii.  Robert  H.  Lamborn,  New  York,  N.  Y.         .  200  00 

George  Peabody  Russell,  Esq.,  Isle  of  Wight,    .  100  00 

Mrs.  Clara  B.  Kimball,  Boston,  Mass.  .  .  100  00 
Wm.  B.  Weeden,  Esq.,  Providence,  R.  I.,  2d  subscription,  50  00 


$3350  00 


Joshua  W.  Davis,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass., 
A  Friend,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  .  . 

Dr.  Wm.  F.  Whitney,  Boston,  Mass. 
Mrs.  Geo.  O.  Shattuck,  '*  " 


50  00 
33  00 
25  00 
5  00 


$1313  00 


Total  of  subscriptions  for  1882-3 


$4663  00 


Additional  subscriptions  are  earnestly  solicited, 
(158) 


EBPOET  OF  THE  CUEATOE. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  Archaeology  and 
Ethnology. 

Gentlemen:— By  the  liberality  of  the  several  ladies  and  gen- 
tlemen  who  generously  subscribed  the  sum  of  $3,350  to  be  us^d 
by  the  Museum  for  archaeological  research  in  America,  we  have 
been  enabled  to  resume  the  important  work  of  exploration  during 
the  past  year ;  and  it  is  with  great  pleasure  that  I  report  to  you 
the  valuable  results  secured  through  this  timely  aid. 

Of  the  ^mount  subscribed  up  to  the  date  of  the  adjourned  an- 
nual meeting  in  March  last,  $2,550  was  appropriated  for  use  dur- 
ing the  year.  Arrangements  were  at  once  made  to  continue  the 
explorations  in  Central  America,  and  I  have  received  word  from 
Dr.  Flint  that  the  work  is  in  progress  with  prospect  of  good 
results.  We  have  been  able  to  continue  the  work  in  New  Jersey 
through  Dr.  Abbott's  assistance,  and  several  small  collections 
which  were  much  needed  to  fill  gaps  in  the  Museum  were  secured 
from  other  places.  I  was  also  able  to  take  the  field  in  person,  and 
under  my  immediate  direction  explorations  have  been  made  of 
shellheaps  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  of  a  large  mound  and  an  an- 
cient cemetery  in  Brentwood,  Tenn.,  and,  in  connection  with  Dr. 
C.  L.  Metz,  of  mounds  and  earthworks  in  the  Little  Miami 
Valley,  Ohio. 

As  the  results  of  my  own  work  were  so  signally  due  to  the  con- 
tributors to  the  exploration  fund,  it  was  with  pleasure  that  in  the 
months  of  November  and  December  I  gave  a  course  of  five  lec- 
tures complimentary  to  the  subscribers  to  that  fund.  Tickets  for 
the  course  were  sent  to  the  subscribers  and  others,  and  were 
also  given  out  on  application  at  the  Museum.  All  the  tickets 
were  taken,  and  I  had  the  pleasure  of  making  known,  to  a  highly 
appreciative  audience,  the  results  of  the  explorations,  illustrated 
by  diagrams  and  by  the  specimens  collected.  As  these  lectures 
were  reported  for  papers  in  Cambridge,  Boston  and  New  York, 

(159) 


160 


this  work  of  the  Museum  has  become  widely  known,  and  I  trust  it 
will  aid  in  obtaining  the  means  for  continuing  explorations  durmg 

the  present  year.  .    ,    -      j  u 

It  would  be  a  great  loss  if  we  should  again  be  forced  by  lack 
of  means  to  discontinue  field  work;  and  since  the  work  of  the 
past  year  has  demonstrated  that  Interesting  material  may  be 
secured  and  important  results  attained  by  systematic  research, 
we  are  certainly  justified  in  asking  for  further  aid,  which  it  can 
hardly  be  doubted  will  be  given  when  the  importance  of  the  work 
and  the  necessity  for  immediate  action  are  more  widely  known 
to  the  patrons  of  American  research.  With  a  view  to  extending 
the  interest  in  American  explorations,  I  recently  had  the  pleasure 
of  givin-  a  lecture  in  the  parlors  of  Mrs.  S.  D.  Warren,  m 
Boston,  before  the  Woman's  Educational  Association. 

A  brief  account  of  the  explorations  made  under  my  immediate 
charge  will  not  be  out  of  place  here,  although  I  have  not  yet  had 
time  to  study  the  large  amount  of  material  obtained. 

The  explorations  of  shellheaps  on  the  coast  of  Maine  in  he 
month  of  September,  were  mainly  confined  to  a  large  and  undis- 
turbed deposit  at  Keene's  Point  on  the  Muscongus  Sound,  although 
the  -reat  oysterheaps  on  the  Damariscotta  Eiver  and  several 
smaUer  deposits  nearer  the  mouth  of  the  river  were  visited. 

At  Keene's  Point,  owned  by  Mr.  William  Keene,  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  permission  to  make  the  excavation  in  his  pasture, 
the  sea  has  encroached  upon  the  shellheap  and  has  washed  away 
a  large  part  of  it,  probably  the  oldest  portion,  leaving  on  the  edge 
of  the  bluff  a  thickness  of  nearly  five  feet.    The  deposit  of  shells 
extends  inland  about  eighty  feet  and  gradually  thins  out  until  there 
is  a  depth  of  only  a  few  inches.  The  stretch  along  the  ^^ore  is  over 
two  hundred  feet.    This  deposit  consists  principally  of  he  shells 
of  the  clam,  which  is  still  abundant  in  the  sound.    Shells  of  the 
quahaug,  Buccinum,  Natica,  05-ster  and  Pecten,  were  also  found. 
The  shells  of  the  quahaug  and  Buccinum  were  more  numerous 
than  those  of  the  oyster,  but  were  comparati^^ly  few  when  com- 
pared to  the  clam-shells.    Probably  not  over  half  a  dozen  shells 
of  the  Pecten  were  thrown  out  of  our  excavations.    Many  broken 
animal  bones  were  found;  the  most  common  were  those  of  the 
deer,  moose  and  bear,  although  many  bones  of  the  fox,  otter, 
skunk,  beaver,  and  several  other  species  of  mammals  were 
obtained.    Several  species  of  large  birds  were  represented,  princi- 


161 


pally  herons  and  ducks.  Bones  of  the  codfish,  flounder  and  deviU 
fish  were  numerous.  Several  scales  of  the  sturgeon,  and  a  few 
turtle  bones  were  also  met  with. 

The  deposit  was  particularly  rich  in  fragments  of  cord-marked 
and  incised  pottery,  which  were  found  at  various  depths  below  the 
surface  and  even  at  the  bottom  of  the  deposit.    The  number 
of  stone  implements  found  in  this  shellheap  was  unusually  large, 
as  heretofore  similar  deposits  on  the  Atlantic  coast  have  yielded 
but  few.     Here,  however,  were  many  rude  hammerstones,  several 
large  rudely-chipped  implements  and  a  number  of  chipped  stone- 
points,  of  which  the  larger  and  ruder  probably  served  as  knives, 
and  the  smaller  and  more  regularly  chipped  as  arrowpoints.  One 
polished  celt  was  found.     As  usual,  in  all  the  shellheaps  of  New 
England,  bone  points  were  common  here,  and  several  of  the 
notched  or  simple  barbed-points  were  found.    A  single  harpoon- 
point  of  bone,  with  two  barbs  and  a  perforation  for  attaching  the 
point  to  a  shaft,  is  the  first  of  its  kind  from  the  Atlantic  deposits. 
This  point  was  dug  out  by  Mr.  Albert  I.  Phelps  and  given  to  the 
Museum,  in  addition  to  a  valuable  collection  which  he  made  from 
this  and  neighboring  shellheaps.    In  the  shellheap  on  Hodgdon's 
Island,  Mr.  A.  T.  Gamage  found  a  perforated  point  with  a  single 
barb,  which,  with  other  things,  he  gave  to  the  Museum.    In  this 
connection  I  must  also  mention  our  indebtedness  to  Mr.  Stephen 
L.  Chapman  for  several  specimens  which  he  collected. 

A  spearpoint  of  bone  was  found  by  Mr.  Phelps  about  one  foot 
below  the  surface,  and  above  it,  just  under  the  sod,  he  found  an 
iron  point  of  nearly  the  same  size  and  shape,  which  was  proba- 
bly made  out  of  a  piece  of  hoop  iron  in  imitation  of  the  earlier 
bone  implements.  An  iron  spear  and  an  iron  axe  of  very  old  form 
were  also  found  in  the  shells  near  the  surface  of  the  deposit,  which 
with  a  small  clay  pipe  of  a  kind  made  in  England  about  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  found  also  by  Mr.  Phelps  ten  inches 
deep  in  the  shells,  show  that  this  particular  deposit  was  added  to 
by  the  Indians  after  contact  with  the  whites,  though  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  it  was  commenced  long  before  that  time. 

While  I  was  in  Damariscotta  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  meet 
several  gentlemen  interested  in  local  archaeology,  from  whom  I 
obtained  much  information,  besides  numerous  specimens  which  are 
acknowledged  in  the  accompanying  list  of  additions  to  the  Museum. 
Among  these  were  portions  of  human  skeletons  which  were  found 
Report  of  Peabody  Mubetjm,  III.  n 


162 


in  a  shellheap  on  Fort  Island,  by  Messrs.  Gamage  and  Phelps. 
One  of  the  crania  of  this  lot  had  been  presented  to  the  Museum 
by  Mr.  Gamage  previous  to  my  visit,  and  Dr.  R.  C.  Chapman 
kindly  gave  me  the  only  other  perfect  skull  which  had  been  ob- 
tained. The  bones  of  these  skeletons  were  not  in  natural  order, 
and  Messrs.  Gamage  and  Phelps  think  the  bodies  could  not  have 
been  regularly  buried.  Dr.  Chapman  also  was  the  means  of  our  re- 
ceiving from  Mr.  Charles  Metcalf  a  nearly  perfect  cranium  and 
other  parts  of  a  human  skeleton  found  several  years  ago  in  the  great 
oysterheap  at  Newcastle.  To  Mr.  F.  S.  Knowlton  and  his  son 
Mr.  J.  E.  Knowlton,  the  Museum  is  indebted  for  numerous  speci- 
mens found  in  the  shellheaps  and  on  the  surface  in  the  vicinity  of 
Damariscotta.  Mr.  M.  H.  Gamage  and  Mr.  Henry  T.  HdsseiV 
also  added  many  interesting  specimens  from  the  shellheaps  in  this 
region. 

Soon  after  my  return  from  this  expedition  I  received  an  invita- 
tion from  the  Maine  Historical  Society  to  give  an  address  before 
the  members  of  the  Maine  Historical  and  Natural  History  Societies, 
on  the  shellheaps  of  Maine,  which  I  had  recently  explored,  and  I 
had  the  pleasure  of  addressing  these  Societies  in  Portland  on 
the  twenty-third  of  December. 

My  explorations  in  Tennessee  were  made  in  the  vicinity  of 
Brentwood,  Williamson  County,  during  the  months  of  May  and 
June,  and  I  must  here  express  my  indebtedness  to  Dr.  W.  H. 
Jarman  and  Mrs.  Jarman  for  their  kind  assistance. 

At  this  time  an  earth-mound  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  John  Owen 
Hunt  was  examined.  This  mound  has  been  in  the  possession  of 
the  Hunt  family  since  1782,  and  the  present  proprietor  remembers 
when  it  had  a  flat  top  and  steep  regular  sides,  but  constant  plough- 
ing has  reduced  its  height  about  four  feet  while  it  increased  its 
diameter.  Its  present  height  is  ten  feet  and  its  diameter  about 
ninety-five  feet.  In  1875  a  large  red  elm,  three  and  a  half  feet 
in  diameter,  was  cut  from  the  top  of  the  mound.  Leading  from 
the  mound  to  a  large  boiling  spring,  about  an  eighth  of  a  mile 
away,  there  is  a  deeply  worn  trail  which  can  still  be  distinctly 
traced  through  the  woods  where  it  is,  in  places,  three  feet  deep  and 
four  feet  wide.  There  are  six  good  springs  within  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  of  the  mound,  and  the  region  about  was  in  past  times  the  site 
of  extensive  settlements. 

1  Since  deceased. 


163 


Exploration  showed  this  mound  to  be  one  of  those  large  tumuli, 
the  purpose  of  which  is  unknown.  At  its  centre,  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  a  small  bed  of  ashes  was  discovered,  in  which  were  a 
few  potsherds,  a  fragment  of  an  animal  bone  and  a  piece  of 
burnt  stone.  Six  feet  above  this  were  several  pieces  of  burnt 
limestone,  and  at  various  depths  in  the  course  of  the  excavation 
were  found  pieces  of  charcoal,  a  few  animal  bones,  small  masses 
of  ashes,  and  occasionally  a  flint  chip.  About  three  feet  from 
the  top  of  the  mound  was  a  layer  of  very  hard  clay,  about  eight 
inches  thick,  which  apparently  had  covered  the  mound  when  it 
was  about  six  feet  in  height. 

This  does  not  seem  to  have  been  a  burial  mound,  nor  did 
its  ash  bed  indicate  cremation.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
mound  were  many  stone  graves,  and  this  circumstance  recalls 
my  exploration,  several  years  ago,  of  another  large  mound 
twenty-three  feet  high,  about  twenty  miles  from  Brentwood,  about 
which  were  also  a  large  number  of  stone  graves,  and  in  which 
there  was  not  a  trace  of  a  burial  nor  even  of  a  fire.  Are  tumuli 
of  this  character  simply  monuments  marking  the  sites  of  ancient 
cemeteries  ? 

About  a  mile  from  Hunt's  mound,  on  the  rising  ground  upon 
which  stands  the  house  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Jarman,  are  the  remains  of 
what  was  formerly  an  extensive  cemetery,  covering  several  acres, 
but  as  most  of  the  ground  has  long  been  under  cultivation  hundreds 
of  graves  have  been  destroyed  by  former  owners  of  the  land  with- 
out any  heed  being  given  to  their  contents.  In  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Dr.  Jarman's  house,  I  opened  eighty  graves  which  had 
not  been  disturbed.  The  top  stones  of  many  of  these  were  from 
two  to  three  feet  below  the  surface,  which  is  an  unusual  depth. 

These  graves  were  of  the  same  character  as  the  several  thousand 
which  have  been  explored  by  Mr.  Curtis  and  myself  in  the  Cum- 
berland valley.  They  were  made  of  large  slabs  of  stone  placed 
edgewise,  to  form  the  sides  and  ends,  on  which  other  flat  stones 
rested,  forming  the  tops  of  the  graves.  The  bottoms  of  these 
cists  were  sometimes  lined  with  small  stones  but  oftener  with  large 
potsherds.  In  some  instances  the  lining  was  probably  of  bark. 
In  several  of  these  graves,  two  or  three,  and  in  one  instance  five, 
bodies  were  buried.  In  two  graves  I  found,  besides  the  skeleton 
of  the  person  for  whom  the  grave  was  made,  one  or  two  bones 
belonging  to  a  second  individual  in  such  positions  as  showed  that 


164 


they  had  been  carefully  placed  in  the  grave.  In  the  grave  of 
an  adult  whose  skeleton  was  removed  nearly  entire,  there  was 
the  skull,  but  no  other  bones,  of  a  very  old  person,  which  was 
unquestionably  placed  in  the  grave  at  the  time  of  the  burial  of 
the  body.  In  one  grave  containing  five  skeletons,  two  of  the 
three  adult  crania  have  persistent  frontal  sutures,  and  these  are 
the  onlv  crania  from  the  eighty  graves  presenting  this  pecu- 
liarity/ One  adult  skull  has  an  extra  suture  dividing  the  pa- 
rietal of  the  left  side  into  two  nearly  equal  portions.  This  skull 
is  also  remarkable  for  its  extreme  occipital  flattening,  and  for 
the  great  development  of  large  Wormian  bones.  The  two  lat- 
eral incisors  of  the  upper  jaw  are  absent,  and  if  they  were  ever 
present  they  must  have  been  lost  early  in  life,  as  all  signs  of  the 
alveoli  or  of  wide  gaps  between  the  teeth  are  obliterated.  Many 
of  the  bones  found  in  these  graves  bear  evidence  of  simple  inflam- 
matory disease  but  none  of  any  specific  taint.  Several  bones 
showing  united  fractures  were  found. 

As  has  been  the  case  in  all  the  other  cemeteries  of  the  stone-grave 
people  of  Tennessee,  considerable  well-made  pottery  of  an  orna- 
mental character  was  found  in  the  graves  at  Brentwood.  This 
pottery  resembles  in  type  that  from  the  Missouri  graves,  but  is, 
taken  as  a  whole,  of  better  finish.    There  were  no  large  and  coarse 
vessels  in  the  graves,  although  the  large  fragments  of  thick  potteiy 
with  which  the  bottoms  of  many  graves  were  lined  show  that 
large  vessels  were  made.    The  pottery  from  the  stone-graves 
consists  principally  of  water-bottles  of  various  shapes,  small  food- 
dishes,  and  bowls.    Some  of  these  are  ornamented  by  incised  lines, 
and  others  by  designs  in  colors.    Stone  implements  have  never 
been  found  in  large  numbers  in  the  stone-graves,  although  they 
have  yielded  some  very  fine  and  interesting  chipped  and  polished 
specimens.    Among  the  articles  of  this  character  from  the  Brent- 
wood graves,  are  a  large  and  finely  polished  celt  of  chert,  several 
long  chipped  points  with  serrated  edges,  and  a  few  arrowheads, 
one  of  which  was  found  embedded  in  a  dorsal  vertebra  of  the 
skeleton  in  the  grave.     Several  implements  and  ornaments  made 
of  bone  were  obtained  from  the  graves,  among  them  two  long 
bone  pins  with  large  flat  heads,  both  found  close  to  skulls,  suggest- 
ing that  they  were  probably  used  for  hair  ornaments.  Several 
terra-cotta  and  shell  beads  were  found,  also  a  single  carved  disk 
of  shell,  resembling  those  previously  found  in  the  stone-graves 


165 


of  the  Cumberland  valley.  A  clay  pipe  with  an  ornamental  bowl 
was  taken  from  one  of  the  graves.  Very  few  pipes  have  been 
found  in  the  stone-graves,  only  eight  having  been  obtained  in  the 
several  thousand  graves  which  have  been  explored  for  the  Museum. 
Of  these  eight,  three  were  of  pottery,  and  the  rest  of  different 
kinds  of  stone  ;  one  of  the  latter,  elaborately  carved,  representing 
a  man  holding  a  cooking  pot  which  formed  the  bowl  of  the  pipe. 

An  interesting  discovery  was  made  in  the  cemetery,  close  to  the 
gate  of  Dr.  Jarman's  door-yard.  The  hill  at  this  place  had  grad- 
ually been  gullied,  and  after  a  late  rain  Dr.  Jarman  had  noticed  a 
mass  of  charcoal  to  which  he  called  my  attention  soon  after  my 
arrival.  On  removing  with  a  trowel  all  the  earth  about  the  charcoal, 
it  proved  to  be  the  remains  of  burnt  logs.  A  man  was  then  kept 
at  woTk  for  several  days  following  out  the  lines  of  charcoal  and 
burnt  clay  and  after  a  time  he  succeeded  in  bringing  to  light,  from 
under  a  few  inches  of  clay,  the  charred  floor-beams  of  a  wooden 
structure  of  some  sort.  AVithin  the  enclosure  formed  by  the  charred 
logs  were  discovered  a  bed  of  ashes,  a  number  of  fragments  of 
pottery,  one  perfect  dish,  identical  in  character  with  those  found 
in  the  stone-graves  near  by,  also  a  few  burnt  bones,  two  small 
discoidal  stones  and  two  discoidal  pieces  of  pottery.  The  logs  had 
been  supported  by  clay  which  partly  covered  them  and  thus  pre- 
vented their  total  destruction  when  the  building,  of  whose  floor  they 
formed  a  part,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  This  structure  was  traced 
for  about  ten  feet  in  length  and  five  in  width,  and  a  drawing 
was  made  before  anything  was  disturbed.  While  stone-graves 
were  found  on  all  sides  and  within  ten  to  twenty  feet  of  the  site 
of  this  structure,  none  were  discovered  under  it,  and  there  seems 
no  reasonable  doubt  that  these  charred  logs  were  the  remains  of  a 
wooden  structure  of  the  period  of  the  stone-graves. 

In  May  last  I  renewed  my  explorations  in  the  Ancient  Cemetery 
at  Madisonville,  Ohio,  which  has  become  noted  for  its  singular  ash- 
pits, as  well  as  for  the  skeletons  buried  in  or  at  the  bottom  of  the 
leaf  mould  covering  the  pits.  In  my  investigations  here  and  in 
other  places  in  Ohio,  I  have  been  greatly  aided  by  the  cooperation 
and  constant  association  of  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  who  has  become 
identified  with  researches  relating  to  the  antiquities  of  the  Little 
Miami  Valley.  I  had  in  two  previous  years  become  greatly  inter- 
ested in  this  place,  and  wished,  if  possible,  by  renewed  investigations 
to  obtain  some  clew  to  the  purpose  which  the  ashpits  served ;  but 


166 


after  a  thorough  examination  of  a  large  area,  dug  over  under  my 
direction,  in  which  were  numerous  ashpits,  they  remain  nearly  as 
much  a  mystery  as  ever,  and  none  of  the  theories  brought  forward 
to  explain  them  seem  to  be  satisfactory.     The  labor  expended  in 
diooino-  them  in  the  hard  clay,  to  the  depth  of  from  one  to  five  and 
sometimes  even  six  or  seven  feet,  and  the  peculiar  character  of 
their  contents,  of  which  ashes  form  the  greater  part,  render^  it 
not  improbable  that  they  were  made  in  pursuance  of  some  peculiar 
superstition  or  as  a  part  of  a  religious  rite.    A  thousand  of  these 
pits  have  been  opened  and  a  large  amount  of  material  obtained, 
illustrative  of  the  implements,  ornaments,  pottery  and  other  articles 
used  by  the  people  who  made  the  pits.    Charred  corn,  nuts,  bones 
and  other  remains  of  animals  used  for  food  have  also  been  found 
in  the  pits.    The  contents  of  several  pits,  excepting  the  ashes,  of 
which  samples  were  saved,  have  been  brought  to  the  Museum  and 
arranged  so  as  to  show  the  singular  mixture  of  objects  found  in 
them."  Besides  these  special  lots,  a  very  extensive  collection  of 
specimens  was  obtained  from  the  pits  in  general. 

During  the  exploration  a  number  of  human  skeletons  were  dug 
out  of  the  leaf  mould  or  from  just  beneath  it.  With  the  skeletons 
were  found  a  number  of  pottery  vessels,  most  of  which  have  con- 
ical bottoms,  and  four  handles  ;  pipes  cut  from  stone,  and  orna- 
ments of  shell  and  copper. 

For  the  first  time  in  all  my  explorations  finger  rings  were  found. 
These  rings,  made  of  bands  ^of  copper,  were  still  on  the  finger 
bones.  They  are  described  and  figiu'ed  in  the  last  Keport  as  ob- 
jects unique  hi  American  archaeology.  A  number  of  crania  in 
good  preservation,  with  other  human  bones,  some  of  them  of 
pathological  interest,  were  found  in  the  leaf  mould.  Of  a  large 
mimber^of  humeri  about  half  were  found  to  have  the  olecranon 
cavity  perforated  ;  in  some  cases  one  humerus  was  perforated 
and  the  opposite  one  was  entire.  The  tibiae  show  various  de- 
grees of  flattening.  The  crania  are  nearly  all  brachycephalic, 
and  although  those  in  our  collection  have  not  yet  been  measured, 
they  appear  to  be  smaller  and  less  flattened  posteriorly  than  those 
from  the  stone-graves  of  Tennessee. 

For  the  first  time  digging  implements  made  of  antler,  and  the 
singular  bone  scrapers,  were  found  in  the  leaf  mould  although 
not" associated  with  the  skeletons.  As  these  antler  and  bone 
implements  are  common  in  the  ashpits,  this  adds  to  the  diffi- 


167 


culty  in  solving  the  problem  of  the  comparative  age  of  the 
pits  and  of  the  objects  found  above  them.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  these  characteristic  objects  were  thrown  out  of  the  pits  sev- 
eral years  ago  by  persons  who  dug  holes  in  the  field,  in  a  search 
for  buried  gold,  and  this  may  be,  though  none  of  the  pits  in  the 
vicinity  showed  signs  of  disturbance. 

Near  the  cemetery,  a  little  up  the  hill,  are  several  .earth-circles 
from  forty-three  to  fifty-eight  feet  in  diameter.  Trenches  were 
run  through  four  of  them,  down  to  the  hard  clay  below  the  leaf 
mould,  revealing  in  the  centre  of  two,  on  the  clay,  beds  of 
ashes  in  which  were  potsherds,  flint  flakes  and  burnt  bones,  with  a 
perforated  clam  shell  like  those  which  have  been  taken  by  hun- 
dreds from  the  ashpits.  One  of  the  beds  of  ashes  was  surrounded 
by  a  number  of  flat  stones,  which  had  been  burnt  and  were  evi- 
dently the  remains  of  a  fire-place.  In  the  trench,  on  the  clay, 
there  were  found  a  rudely  chipped  stone  hoe,  a  rude  stone  axe  with 
a  groove,  a  split  pebble,  a  fragment  of  a  stone  gorget,  worked 
antler  tips  and  several  rude  arrowpoints. 

The  results  of  the  examination  of  these  circles  proved  them  to 
be  the  sites  of  habitations,  over  which  from  one  to  two  feet  of 
leaf  mould  has  formed  since  the  central  fires  were  deserted  and  the 
circular  structures  fell  from  decay.  There  can  hardly  be  a  doubt 
that  these  circles  point  out  the  site  of  the  village  of  the  people 
who,  living  on  this  beautiful  spot,  made  the  singular  ashpits  near 
by,  and  may  have  buried  their  dead  over  the  pits.  The  few  things 
found  within  the  circles,  and  the  abundance  of  household  utensils, 
implements  and  refuse  found  in  the  ashpits,  suggest  the  possibil- 
ity that  on  speciah  occasions  all  the  articles  in  the  house,  with 
ornaments,  implements  and  other  personal  objects,  were  partly 
destroyed  by  fire  and  the  remnants  being  gathered  up  with  the 
ashes  were  deposited  in  a  pit  dug  for  the  purpose  ;  while  the  great 
number  of  broken  bones  of  various  animals  mixed  with  the  ashes 
and  other  things  in  the  pits,  indicates  that  at  such  times  feasts 
were  held.  Such  a  custom  would  account  for  the  character  of  the 
contents  of  the  pits,  and  the  great  number  of  the  pits  would  indi- 
cate a  long  continued  occupation  of  the  village. 

During  my  stay  in  Ohio,  I  made  several  excursions  to  the  various 
points  of  interest  in  Anderson  Township,  in  company  with  Messrs. 
Metz,  Low,  and  Conkling.  One  of  the  most  interesting  of  these 
excursions  was  to  the  place  known  as  Sand  Ridge,  and  referred  to 


168 


by  Dr.  Metz  under  numbers  4  and  5  of  group  E  in  his  map  of  the 
Prehistoric  Monuments  of  Anderson  Township.  Of  this  place 
Dr.  Metz  writes  as  follows  : 

"  Westward  from  the  Union  Bridge,  over  the  Little  Miami  river, 
is  a  ridge  of  land,  known  as  the  sand  ridge,  that  forms  a  series 
of  elevated  plateaus,  extending  westwardly  for  about  a  mile,  and 
reaches  an  elevation  of  over  six  hundred  feet  above  the  first  plain. 
Its  greatest  width  is  about  three  hundred  yards.    After  a  steep 
ascent  of  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet,  the  second  level 
or  bench  is  reached,  having  an  area  of  probably  four  acres.  This 
level  is  undoubtedly  the  site  of  an  ancient  cemetery  (No.  4,  Group 
E).    On  the  surface,  numerous  potsherds,  together  with  human 
bones,  are  found.    Many  fine  relics  have  been  obtained  by  the 
writer  and  others  from  this  locality.    Crossing  the  level,  a.nother 
steep  ascent  of  about  one  hundred  feet  brings  us  to  the  third  plain. 
In  the  centre  of  the  upper  edge  of  this  plain  or  bench,  overlooking 
the  cemetery,  was,  until  recently,  a  circle  of  upright  stones,  ten  feet 
in  diameter  (No.  5,  Group  E).    These  stones  were  from  ten  to 
twelve  inches  wide,  and  from  four  to  five  feet  in  length,  arranged  close 
together  and  forming  a  circle.  From  this  point  the  ascent  is  gradual 
until  the  highest  point  is  reached,  about  six  hundred  feet  above 
the  Little  Miami  river.    Over  this  entire  slope,  broken  bowlders, 
flint  chips,  fragments  of  pottery,  arrow  flints,  stone  implements,  etc., 
are  found,  giving  evidence  of  a  long  and  continued  occupation." 

Many  relics  were  gathered  at  this  place;  among  them  a 
large  sharpening  stone  with  deeply  worn  grooves  eleven  inches 
long  and  four  inches  wide,  several  rudely  chipped  hoe-like  stones, 
hammerstones,  chipped  stone  points,  a  few  polished  celts,  two 
bone  implements,  and  a  few  ornaments. 

A  visit  was  also  made  to  "Fort  Ancient,"  in  company  with  Messrs. 
Metz,  Lov7  and  Couden  ;  and  this,  the  largest  and  most  interesting 
of  the  remaining  earthworks  of  Ohio,  was  examined  as  thoroughly 
as  possible  under  the  adverse  condition  of  a  heavy  rain  during 
the  day.  We  walked  over  the  whole  of  the  nearly  five  miles  of 
hio-h  embankment  and  noticed  with  regret  the  many  signs  pointing 
to'its  early  destruction.  Although  it  has  withstood  the  elements 
for  untold  centuries,  it  is  falling  before  the  American  farmer  with 
his  all-destroying  plough,  his  herds  of  cattle  and  droves  of  swme. 
The  immense  embankments,  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  m  height 
and  sixty  or  more  in  width,  are  now  gradually  being  undermined. 


169 


Along  their  summits  a  fence  has  been  built,  by  the  side  of  which 
the  cattle  have  worn  a  deep  path,  and  from  this,  after  eve.ry  rain, 
flow  hundreds  of  little  rills  which  are  slowly  but  surely  washing  the 
earth  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  steep  banks.  Here  and  there, 
also,  a  ditch  has  been  made  to  drain  the  fields  enclosed,  which  every 
spring  cuts  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  ancient  walls.    After  fully 
appreciating  the  immensity  of  this  structure  and  realizing  the 
enormous  amount  of  human  labor  which  was  bestowed  centuries 
ago  upon  these  ancient  walls  and  the  mounds  which  they  enclose, 
it  was  with  a  sigh  that  I  turned  away  feeling  myself  powerless  to 
save  so  important  a  monument  of  the  past  for  the  wonder  and 
admiration  of  future  generations.    It  would  require  but  a  few 
thousand  dollars  to  secure  this  grand  old  work,  and  with  little 
expense  the  recently  destroyed  portions  could  be  restored  and  na- 
ture be  induced  again  to  furnish  her  protecting  coat  of  verdure, 
and  with  slight  care  from  coming  generations  this  achievement 
of  an  unknown  people  would  be  preserved  for  all  time  to  come.  If 
the  Museum  should  be  the  medium  for  accomplishing  this  desirable 
result,  and  Fort  Ancient  should  be  preserved  and  brought  under  its 
charge,  it  would  undoubtedly  be  carrying  out  in  the  broadest  sense 
one  of  the  objects  for  which  it  was  founded  — the  preservation  of 
American  antiquities. 

On  a  hill  belonging  to  Mr.  William  Edwards,  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  above  the  level  of  "  Big  Dry  Run,"  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Anderson  Township,  to  the  south  of  the  Batavia  Pike, 
is  an  interesting  stone-mound  which  I  explored  in  company  with 
Dr.  Metz.  This  mound  had  been  opened  in  1876  by  a  man  who 
was  present  during  our  exploration,  and  he  stated  that  he  dug  the 
hole,  which  extended  under  the  roots  of  the  large  beech  tree  which 
was  growing  upon  one  side  of  the  mound,  in  the  hope  of  finding 
gold,  but  that  all  he  discovered  were  the  bones  of  two  human  skel° 
etons  under  a  layer  of  ashes.  In  our  examination  we  found  the 
layer  of  ashes  and  in  it  a  few  potsherds  and  fragments  of  human 
bones  belonging  to  two  skeletons.  Although  it  was  a  disappoint- 
ment to  find  the  mound  had  been  disturbed  we  had  the  opportunity 
of  studying  an  interesting  structure.  A  trench  was  run  through 
the  mound  and  the  central  portion  cleared  to  the  original  surface. 
We  found  that  the  bodies  had  been  placed  on  the  surface  of  the 
hill  and  over  them  a  quantity  of  ashes,  in  which  were  potsherds, 
probably  the  remains  of  one  or  more  vessels  placed  near  the  bodies : 


170 

A  vertical  wall  of  stones,  two  feet  eight  inches  high,  had  been 
built,  forming  a  circle  thirty-six  feet  in  diameter  with  the  bodies 
near  the  centre.  The  space  inside  this  wall  had  then  been  filled  up 
with  stones  which  were  raised  in  a  conical  form  to  a  height  of  four 
feet  three  inches  in  the  centre.  Over  this  pile  of  stones  there  was 
a  covering  of  about  two  feet  of  clay.  The  stones  composing  the 
mound  had  all  been  brought  from  the  bed  of  a  creek  nearly  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  away,  and  as  many  must  have  required  at  least 
two  m^n  to  handle  them,  few  being  under  fifty  pounds  in  weight, 
the  labor  in  making  this  tumulus  must  have  been  very  great.  Its 
commanding  position,  near  the  edge  of  a  projecting  point  on  the 
hill,  shows  that  it  was  intended  to  be  an  imposing  monument  in 
honor  of  the  dead,  whose  memory  it  perpetuated  until  their  de- 
scendants had  all  passed  away. 

On  the  estate  of  Mr.  Michael  Turner,  in  the  northeastern 
corner  of  Anderson  Township,  near  the  Little  Miami  river,  is  a 
group  of  earthworks  which  has  proved  to  be,  in  several  respects, 
the  most  interesting  and  important  of  the  many  which  have  been 
investigated  in  Ohio,  and  I  am  happy  to  be  able  to  state  that 
Mr.  Turner  gave  to  the  Museum  the  exclusive  right  of  exploration, 
which  has  been  most  thoroughly  conducted.    In  May  last  I  visited 
the  group  with  Dr.  Metz,  and  soon  after  we  took  several  men 
to  the  place  and  passed  the  day  in  exploring  one  of  the  mounds  and 
trenching  a  large  earth-circle  in  which,  a  number  of  years  ago,  Mr. 
Turner,  when  ploughing,  found  a  stone  cist  containing  a  human 
skeleton.    As  the  time  at  my  disposal  was  insufficient  for  a  proper 
exploration  of  the  group,  I  arranged  with  Dr.  Metz  to  continue 
the  work  for  the  Museum.   This  he  has  done  in  a  most  satisfactory 
manner  and  we  are  under  great  obligations  to  him  for  his  gra- 
tuitous labors  and  the  care  with  which  he  has  conducted  the  work 
for  several  months.    A  civil  engineer,  Mr.  J.  A.  Hasbrook,  was 
employed  to  make  for  the  Museum  a  careful  survey  of  the  whole 
group,  which  embraces  thirteen  mounds  and  two  earth-circles,  all  of 
which  are  enclosed  by  two  circular  embankments,  one  of  which  is  on 
a  hill  and  is  connected  with  the  other  by  a  graded  way.    Several  of 
the  mounds  contained  "altars,"  or  basins  of  burnt  clay,  on  two 
of  which  there  were  literally  thousands  of  objects  of  interest. 
Two  of  these  altars,  each  about  four  feet  square,  were  cut  out  and 
brought  to  the  Museum.  Among  the  objects  from  the  altars  are  nu- 
merous ornaments  and  carvings  unlike  anything  we  have  had  before. 


171 


One  altar  contained  about  two  bushels  of  ornaments  made  of 
stone,  copper,  mica,  shells,  the  canine  teeth  of  bears  and  otliei 
animals,  and  thousands  of  pearls.  Nearly  all  of  these  objects  are 
perforated  in  various  ways  for  suspension.  Several  of  the  copper 
ornaments  are  covered  with  native  silver,  which  had  been  ham- 
mered out  into  thin  sheets  and  folded  over  the  copper.  Among 
these  are  a  bracelet  and  a  bead,  and  several  of  the  spool-shaped 
objects,  which,  from  discoveries  made  in  other  mounds  of  this 
group,  I  now  regard  as  ear-ornaments.  One  small  copper  pen- 
dant seems  to  have  been  covered  with  a  thin  sheet  of  gold,  a 
portion  of  which  still  adheres  to  the  copper,  while  other  bits  of 
it  were  found  in  the  mass  of  materials.  This  is  the  first  time  that 
native  gold  has  been  found  in  the  mounds,  although  hundreds  have 
been  explored  ;  and  the  small  amount  found  here  shows  that  its 
use  was  exception al.^  The  ornaments  cut  out  of  copper  and  mica 
are  very  interesting  and  embrace  many  forms  ;  among  them  is  a 
grotesque  human  profile  cut  out  of  a  sheet  of  mica.  Several  or- 
naments of  this  material  resemble  the  heads  of  animals  whose  fea- 
tures are  emphasized  by  a  red  color,  while  others  are  in  the  form 
of  circles  and  bands.  Many  of  the  copper  ornaments  are  large 
and  of  peculiar  shape  ;  others  are  scrolls,  scalloped  circles,  oval 
pendants  and  other  forms.  There  are  about  thirty  of  the  singular 
spool-shaped  objects,  or  earrings,  made  of  copper,  like  the  two 
described  in  the  last  Report  (figs.  18,  19).  Three  large  sheets  of 
mica  were  on  this  altar,  and  several  finely  chipped  points  of  obsid- 
ian, chalcedony  and  chert,  were  in  the  mass  of  materials.  Several 
pendants,  cut  from  a  micaceous  schist^,  are  of  a  unique  style  of 
work.  There  are  also  portions  of  a  circular  piece  of  bone,  over 
the  surface  of  which  are  incised  figures,  and  flat  pieces  of  shell 
similarly  carved.  Several  masses  of  native  copper  were  on  the 
altar. 

But  by  far  the  most  important  things  found  on  this  altar  were 
the  several  masses  of  meteoric  iron  and  the  ornaments  made  from 
this  metal.  One  of  these  is  half  of  a  spool-shaped  object,  or  ear- 
ornament,  like  those  made  of  copper,  with  which  it  was  associated. 
Another  ear-ornament  of  copper  is  covered  with  a  thin  plating  of 

2  Dr.  HiLDKETH,  Arch.  Amer.,  vol.  I,  p.  176, 1820.  states  that  he  was  told  that  a  gold 
ornament  was  found  in  a  small  mound  near  Chillicothe,  Ohio.  This  proved  to  be  cop- 
per.  See  Squier  and  Davis,  Ancient  Monuments,  p.  279,  1818. 

3 1  am  indebted  to  Dr.  M.  E.  Wadsworth,  of  the  Geological  Department  of  the  Uni- 
varsity,  for  this  determination  and  also  for  other  similar  favors. 


172 


the  iron,  in  the  same  manner  as  others  were  covered  with  silver. 
There  is  also  a  folded  and  corrugated  band  of  iron  of  the  same 
shape  and  of  about  the  same  size  as  the  band  of  copper  found  in 
a  mound  in  Tennessee  and  figured  in  the  last  Report  (fig.  16). 
Three  of  the  masses  of  iron  have  been  more  or  less  hammered 
into  bars,  as  if  for  the  purpose  of  making  some  ornament  or 
implement,  and  another  is  apparently  in  the  natural  shape  in 
which  it  was  found.  As  all  these  iron  masses  were  exposed  to 
great  heat  on  the  altar,  they  have  become  more  or  less  oxi- 
dized, and  two  of  them  were  so  much  changed  in  external  char- 
acter that  several  good  mineralogists,  as  well  as  myself,  mistook 
them  for  masses  of  limonite,  or  bog  iron,  which  had  probably 
formed  since  the  mound  was  erected.  The  discovery  of  iron  in 
the  mound  was  of  course  a  matter  of  great  interest,  from  which- 
ever side  it  was  viewed,  and  it  was  therefore  of  the  first  impor- 
tance that  its  character  should  be  accurately  determined.  For  this 
purpose  I  have  been  fortunate  in  securing  the  cooperation  of 
Dr.  L.  P.  KiNNiGUTT,  Assistant  in  Chemistry  in  Harvard  Col- 
lege, who  has  become  much  interested  in  the  work  and  has  made 
careful  analyses  of  all  the  masses  and  objects  of  iron.  Dr.  Kin- 
NicuTT  has  found  that  each  and  all  contain  nickel,  and  that  all  tJie 
•  iron  is  unquestionably  meteoricA  As  this  is  the  first  time  that  ob- 
jects made  of  meteoric  iron  have  been  determined  from  the  mounds, 
it  is  of  great  interest,  and  it  will  now  be  necessary  to  examine 
anew  the  statements  made  by  Hildrethand  Atwater  in  relation 
to  the  traces  of  iron  which  they  found  in  mounds  in  Ohio  over 
sixty  years  ago.^ 

4  The  quantitative  analyses  have  not  yet  been  made,  bnt  as  noticed  farther  on,  Dr. 
KINNICUTT  is  to  furnish  a  detailed  account  for  publication  in  this  report. 

5  Since  this  was  written  I  have  obtained  for  study,  from  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society  the  several  specimens  described  by  Dr.  Hildreth  (Arch apologia  Americana 
vol  I  p  163,  1820),  from  the  mound  at  Marietta.  I  shaU  furnish  a  full  description  of 
these'articles  to  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and  it  is  only  necessary  to  state  here  that  Dr. 
Hildreth  was  mistaken  in  their  character.  The  "silver  plated  bosses,"  which  he 
thou-ht  were  ornaments  from  a  sword  belt,  are  identical  with  the  silver  plated  ear 
ornaments  I  have  mentioned  above.  The  corrugated  silver  band  which  he  describes 
18  the  "upper  part  of  a  sword  scabbard,"  is  of  the  same  shape  and  character  as  tlie 
comi-nted  band  of  meteoric  iron  from  the  altar  referred  to  above  and  like  the  copper 
band  described  in  the  last  Report  (fig.  10).  This  is  also  of  the  same  character  as  the 
copper  ornament  taken  from  a  mound  in  Cincinnati  in  1794,  and  figured  ^y  Barton; 
tZs  Im.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  IV,  p.  180.  fig.  10,  1799.  The  Copper  tube"  which  Dr. 
Hddreth  re-arded  as  the  -  end  of  the  scabbard,"  is  simply  a  much  oxidized  copper 
bead.tic^  the  only  signs  of  anything  that  could  be  taken  for  "  the  iron  rust  which  fiUed 
the  tube"  were  oxidized  grains  of  copper. 


173 


It  is  worth  recapitulating  here  that  oiative  gold,  silver,  copper 
and  iron  were  all  found  on  the  altar  of  the  large  mound  in  this 
group,  and  that  all  were  manufactured  into  ornaments  simply  by 
hammering.6  A  mass  of  lead  ore,  galena,  was  found  in  another 
mound  of  this  group. 

On  another  altar,  in  another  mound  of  the  group,  were  several 
terra-cotta  figurines  of  a  character  heretofore  unknown  from  the 
mounds.  Unfortunately,  these  objects,  as  well  as  others  found  on 
tlie  altars,  had  been  more  or  less  burnt,  and  many  of  them  appear 
to  have  been  purposely  broken  before  they  were  placed  on  the 
altars.  Many  pieces  of  these  images  have  been  united  and  it 
is  my  hope  that  we  shall  succeed  in  nearly  restoring  some  of 
them.  Enough  has  already  been  made  out  to  show  their  import- 
ance in  the  study  of  early  American  art.  The  peculiar  method  of 
wearing  the  hair,  the  singular  head-dresses  and  large  button-like  ear- 
ornaments  shown  by  these  human  figures  are  of  particular  interest. 
The  ear-ornaments  leave  no  doubt  of  the  character  of  the  spool- 
shaped  objects  referred  to  on  a  previous  page.  On  the  same  altar 
with  the  figurines  were  two  remarkable  dishes  carved  from  stone, 
in  the  form  of  animals,  which  we  have  nearly  restored  from  a 
large  number  of  small  fragments.  With  these  was  a  serpent  cut 
out  of  mica.  On  the  same  altar  were  several  hundred  small 
quartz  pebbles  from  the  river,  and  nearly  three  hundred  astragali 
of  deer  and  elk.  As  but  two  of  these  bones  could  be  "ob- 
tained from  a  single  animal,  and  as  there  were  but  one  or  two 
fragments  of  other  bones,  there  must  have  been  some  special  and 
important  reason  for  collecting  so  large  a  number  of  these  partic- 
ular bones.    A  finely  made  bracelet  of  copper  and  several  other 

From  these  misconceptions,  for  over  sixty  years  archaeologists  have  been  misled  ia 
regard  to  the  antiquity  of  the  Marietta  mound. 

The  references  to  iron  found  in  a  mound  at  Circleville,  by  Mr.  Atwater  are  hardly 
worth  considering  (Arch.  Amer.  i,  p.  178).  He  simply  found  a  worked  piece  of  antler 
with  a  hole  at  one  end,  around  which  was  a  band  of  silver.  This  he  called  a  knife  or 
sword  Imndle,  and  he  says  distinctly  that  "  no  iron  tvas  found,  but  an  oxyde  remained 
of  similar  shape  and  size."  In  this  connection  masses  of  burnt  clay  are  spoken  of  as 
"bricks  very  well  burnt,"  and  a  large  sheet  of  mica  is  called  a  " mirrour,  which  an- 
swcred  the  puipose  very  well  for  which  it  was  intended."  From  such  expressions  the 
lively  imagination  of  the  author  can  be  appreciated. 

The  other  reference,  on  the  same  page,  is  as  follows :  "A  plate  of  iron  which  had 
become  an  oxyde;  but  before  it  was  disturbed  by  the  spade,  resembled  a  plate  of  cast 
iron."  Certainly  something  more  definite  than  this  statement  is  required  before  it  can 
be  said  that  cast  iron  has  been  found  in  the  ancient  mounds. 

6 1  may  add  that  I  have  found  no  difficulty  in  cold  hammering  a  piece  of  the  meteoric 
iron  into  a  thm  sheet  by  using  two  stones ;  also  that  a  quantitative  analysis  by  Dr  Kin- 
NicuT  shows  the  gold  and  silver  to  be  native,  as  stated  above. 


174 


ornaments  of  copper,  a  few  pearls  and  shells  and  other  ornaments 
were  on  this  altar.  Two  large  masses  of  native  copper  and  one 
mass  of  un worked  meteoric  iron  were  also  on  this  altar.  Many 
specimens  of  fossil  shells  were  found  on  the  two  altars. 

This  brief  mention  of  the  large  amount  of  material  obtained 
from  the  several  ''altar  mounds"  is  given  simpl}^  to  convey  an  idea  of 
the  importance  of  the  collection.  It  will  take  a  long  time  to  assort 
and  arrange  it  for  study ;  but  I  hope  to  be  able,  in  the  course  of 
the  year,  to  furnish  a  full  account  of  this  group  of  mounds  with 
an  illustrated  description  of  all  the  objects  found  in  them. 

The  mounds  themselves  are  no  less  interesting  than  the  objects 
which  they  contained,  and  as  Dr.  Metz  took  careful  notes  and  made 
sketches  during  the  exploration,  we  shall,  I  trust,  in  our  joint 
memoir,  be  able  to  furnish  a  satisfactory  account  of  the  whole 
group. 

The  larger  of  the  two  mounds  within  the  earthwork  on  the  Mil, 
a  plan  of  which  was  published  by  Col.  Whittlesey  in  1850,  proved  a 
most  interesting  structure,  unlike  anything  heretofore  discovere<L 
It  contained  a  small  central  tumulus,  surrounded  by  a  carefully 
built  stone  wall  and  covered  in  by  a  platform  of  stones,  over 
which  was  a  mass  of  clay.  On  this  wall  were  two  depressions 
in  each  of  which  a  body  had  been  laid,  and  outside  the  wall  in  the 
surrounding  clay  were  found  several  skeletons,  one  of  them  lying 
upon  a  platform  of  stones.  With  these  skeletons  were  found  a 
copper  celt,  ornaments  made  of  copper  and  shell,  and  two  large 
sea  shells.  With  each  of  three  of  the  skeletons  was  a  pair  of  the 
spool-shaped  ear-ornaments  of  copper,  and  in  every  instance  these 
ornaments  were  found  one  on  either  side  near  the  skull.  The  thir- 
teen mounds  within  the  large  enclosure  differ  so  much  in  their 
structure  that  detailed  descriptions  of  each  would  have  to  be 
given,  in  order  to  convey  a  correct  idea  of  this  singular  and  in- 
teresting group.  I  will  mention,  however,  that  under  one  of 
the  altar  mounds  a  large  ashpit,  six  feet  deep,  and  similar  to 
those  in  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Madisonville,  was  discovered,  and 
under  another  altar  mound  were  several  pits  of  smaller  size  but  of 
similar  character.  Beneath  a  small  mound  containing  skeletons, 
was  an  excavation  six  feet  wide  and  twenty- seven  inches  deep,  filled 
with  ashes  mixed  with  animal  bones,  potsherds,  and  other  objects. 
This  is  the  first  time  that  pits  of  this  character  have  been  discov- 
ered in  connection  with  the  mounds,  and  their  presence  gives  an 


175 


additional  interest  to  this  group.  In  another  mound,  containing 
a  human  skeleton,  a  small  copper  celt  found  on  the  bones  of  a 
hand  is  of  special  interest,  as  it  has  a  cast  of  the  papillae  of  the 
fingers  distinctly  preserved  in  the  carbonate  of  copper.  Under 
the  centre  of  one  mound  there  was  a  bed  of  ashes  in  which  were 
three  pottery  vessels. 

A  singular  stone-covered  mound,  situated  on  the  southern  bank 
of  the  river  near  the  group,  was  also  explored  by  Dr.  Metz.  This 
mound  was  stratified,  and  its  central  portion  was  made  up  entirely 
of  ashes  and  animal  remains  similar  to  the  contents  of  an  ashpit. 
A  portion  of  this  mound  had  been  washed  away  by  the  river,  and 
it  is  said  that  in  1880  two  skeletons  were  exposed  and  were  taken 
out  by  a  gentlemen  from  Mt.  Carmel,  Ohio.  The  surface  of  the 
mound  was  entirely  covered  with  small  stones  of  nearly  the  same 
size  and  color. 

Three  other  mounds  in  Hamilton  County  were  also  explored  by 
Dr.  Metz,  as  follows  : 

The  Langdon  Mound,  near  Red  Bank,  was  eight  feet  high  and 
about  fifty  feet  in  diameter,  and  composed  of  a  sandy  loam,  cover- 
ing an  oval  bed  of  ashes  and  charcoal,  twelve  feet  long,  eight  feet 
wide  and  ten  inches  thick  in  the  centre,  on  which  were  three  stone 
celts,  partly  covered  by  the  sandy  loam.  Under  the  central  portion 
of  the  ash-bed  a  circular  cavity,  or  basin,  one  foot  deep  and  five 
feet  in  diameter,  was  discovered.  This  contained  ashes  and  charcoal, ' 
and  a  number  of  small  pieces  of  burnt  bones,  probably  human. 
The  basin  had  been  dug  in  the  earth,  beneath  the  mound,  and  im- 
mediately about  it  the  earth  was  burnt  to  a  depth  of  three  or  four 
inches,  showing  that  there  had  been  a  fire  in  the  basin,  and  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  this  was  an  instance  of  cremation  of  a 
human  body. 

Another  mound  was  opened  about  sixty  feet  south  of  the  Lang- 
don Mound.  This  was  about  thirty  feet  in  diameter  and  three  and 
one-half  feet  in  height.  In  the  centre  was  a  bed  of  ashes  and 
charcoal  about  three  inches  thick,  containing  a  few  animal  remains 
and  shells  of  the  fresh-water  clam. 

On  the  farm  of  Mr.  Gould,  about  two  miles  from  Reading,  a 
conical  mound,  on  an  elevated  site,  was  explored.  This  mound 
was  six  feet  high  and  sixty  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base.  An  earth 
embankment,  three  feet  high  and  twenty-two  feet  wide  at  its  base, 
encloses  the  mound,  forming  a  circle  about  it  one  hundred  and  fifty 


176 


feet  in  diameter,  -measured  from  the  outside  of  the  embankment. 
This  circle  has  an  opening  thirt3^-seven  feet  wide  looking  to  the 
southeast.    The  mound  was  found  to  be  stratified.    The  outer 
layer  was  composed  of  fifteen  inches  of  very  hard  yellow  clay. 
Under  this  was  a  layer,  ten  inches  in  thickness,  of  burnt  clay, 
mixed  with  ashes  and  charcoal.    The  clay  in  this  layer  was  burnt 
to  a  brick-red  color  and  was  very  hard.    Below  this  was  a  stratum 
of  compact  grayish  ashes  containing  pieces  of  burnt  stone.  This 
layer  was  fifteen  inches  in  thickness.    Beneath  this  was  ten  inches 
of  burnt  clay  in  which  were  a  small  chipped  flint  and  a  fragment  of 
burnt  bone,  which  was  the  only  piece  of  bone  found  in  the  mound. 
Beneath  this  last  stratum,  and  occupying  the  central  portion  of  the 
mound,  was  a  conical  heap  of  hard  gray  earth  in  which  were  small 
flakes  of  charcoal. ,  This  gray  earth  was  so  hard  that  it  could  only 
be  removed  by  the  use  of  the  pick.    It  was  eight  by  ten  feet  in 
diameter  and  twenty-two  inches  in  thickness  in  the  centre.  Under 
this  hard  mass,  and  below  the  natural  surface  of  the  clay,  were 
four  circular  pockets  or  excavations,  each  of  which  was  ten  inches 
deep  and  fourteen  inches  wide.    These  pockets  were  about  four 
inches  apart.   Three  of  them  were  filled  with  a  dark,  pasty  substance 
which  became  hard  on  drying,  and  the  other  contained  fragments 
of  stone,  burnt  clay  and  earth.    The  structure  of  this  mound  is 
unusual,  and  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  erected  over  the  four 
small  holes  is  at  present  unknown,  adding  one  more  to  the  problems 
relating  to  the  mounds,  which  we  can  only  hope  to  solve  by  thorough- 
Iv  exploring  such  as  have  not  yet  been  disturbed.  Unfortunately, 
the  number  of  these  is  rapidly  decreasing  and  but  little  time  is 
left  for  the  work.    In  this  connection  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  state 
that  Dr.  Metz  is  continuing  his  labors  for  the  Museum,  and  is  now 
engaged  in  exploring  another  group  of  mounds  in  the  Little  Miami 
\R\ley. 

Besides  the  special  explorations  to  which  reference  has  been 
made,  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  has  sent  to  the  Museum  a  considerable 
number  of  specimens  obtained  about  Trenton,  N.  J.  Among  these 
were  several  implements  taken  from  the  gravel,  and  many  interest- 
ing arrowpoints  and  other  chipped  implements  found  in  the  ploughed 
fields  and  procured  of  the  farmers  in  that  neighborhood.  As  Dr. 
Abbott  is  desirous  of  supplementing,  by  choice  or  unique  forms, 
the  collection  of  over  twenty  thousand  stone  implements  he  has  sent 
to  the  Museum  in  past  years,  we  have  received  from  him  many  fine 


177 


specimens  during  the  year.  Besides  stone  implements  he  has  sent 
us  two  spearheads  of  native  copper,  which  are  the  first  known  from 
the  vicinity  of  Trenton.  As  these  were  received  while  the  last 
annual  report  was  passing  through  the  press,  they  were  described 
and  figured  in  my  paper  on  copper  ornaments  and  implements. 

While  prosecuting  his  researches  in  the  gravel  beds  in  which  he 
has  found  so  many  paleolithic  implements  in  past  years.  Dr.  Abbott 
was  so  fortunate  as  to  discover  a  human  molar  in  situ  in  the  gravel, 
and  as  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  rolled  and  worn  tooth  is  of 
the  same  age  as  the  stone  implements  found  in  the  gravel,  we  have 
in  this  valuable  relic  the  undoubted  remains  of  a  paleolithic  man. 
The  discovery  of  this  tooth  is  also  of  importance  in  removing  the 
little  remaining  doubt  as  to  the  actual  occurrence  in  the  gravel  of 
the  large  portion  of  the  human  skull  sent  by  Dr.  Abbott  to  the 
Museum,  a  few  years  ago,  with  the  statement  of  the  person  from 
whom  he  obtained  it  that  it  was  found  in  the  gravel.  The  human 
tooth  has  been  added  to  the  collection  in  the  Museum,  and  in 
October  last,  Dr.  Abbott  read  before  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History  a  full  account  of  its  discovery,  which  will  be  printed  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Society. 

From  Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher  the  Museum  has  received  a 
very  important  addition  to  the  collections  relating  to  present 
Indian  tribes.  Miss  Fletcher  was  for  some  time  among  the 
Omaha  and  Sioux  Indians,  going  to  them  for  the  purpose  of  study- 
ing their  home  life  and  religion.  Her  great  interest  in  the 
Indians  and  her  efi'orts  to  advance  their  cause  have  made  her  a  wel- 
come friend  to  several  of  the  tribes,  and  she  has  obtained  an  in- 
sight into  their  character  and  liome  life,  such  as  could  only  be 
secured  by  throwing  heart  and  mind  into  the  work.  The  estimate 
which  she  has  formed  of  the  character  of  the  Indians  with  whom 
she  has  been  is  considerably  at  variance  with  that  of  persons 
who  have  looked  at  Indian  life  wholly  from  the  outside,  and  if,  as 
she  desires,  she  should  be  able  to  continue  her  work  among  the 
tribes,  undoubtedly  we  shall  receive  a  more  thorough  knowledge 
of  their  character,  home  life  and  institutions  than  has  yet  been 
given  to  the  world.  Her  intimate  connection  with  the  Omahas, 
particularly,  has  enabled  her  to  procure  for  the  Museum  many 
things  illustrating  a  phase  of  life  rapidly  passing  away  as  the  In- 
dians endeavor  to  meet  new  conditions  surrounding  them.  It  is, 
therefore,  greatly  to  be  hoped  that  on  her  return  to  the  Indians, 
Keport  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  12 


178 


which  will  probably  soon  take  place,  the  Museum  may  have  the 
means  to  offer  her  the  assistance  needed  to  secure  a  full  representa- 
tion of  all  that  is  still  to  be  had  illustrative  of  tribal  life  and  cus- 
toms. In  this  connection  I  have  great  pleasure  in  informing  you 
that  already  the  Museum  has  received  $500  from  one  friend  and 
$50  from  another,  for  the  furtherance  of  Miss  Fletcher's  work 
among  the  Indians. 

During  Miss  Fletcher's  visit  to  the  Ogallala  Sioux  she  wit- 
nessed the  ceremony  known  as  the  "Sun  Dance,"  which  was 
attended  with  many  interesting  ceremonies  and  lasted  for 
several  days.  Thanks  to  her  foresight  and  care,  and  the  cooper- 
ation of  Dr.  V.  T.  McGiLLicuDDY,  at  the  Agency,  we  have  re- 
ceived a  nearly  full  representation  of  the  many  things  used  in 
the  various  ceremonials  of  the  dance.  These  include  the  painted 
buffalo's  skull,  the  miniature  representations  of  a  man  and  of 
a  buffalo,  cut  from  buffalo  hide,  which  were  tied  to  the  pole  ;  the 
wooden  skewers  which  were  passed  through  the  flesh  of  two  of  the 
men  who  were  fastened  to  the  pole  ;  the  sacred  board  on  which 
objects  were  consecrated  over  the  fire ;  the  sacred  pipe  and  its 
stand  ;  the  wands  carried  by  the  men  taking  part  in  the  ceremony, 
and  the  ornamented  sticks  offered  as  propitiatory  gifts,  represent- 
ing horses  and  other  valuable  property.  This  is  thefirsttime  such 
a  collection  has  been  made,  and  its  importance  as  illustrating  one 
of  the  most  interesting  religious  observances  of  Indian  life  can- 
not be  overestimated.  In  view  of  the  rapid  changes  taking  place, 
it  is  not  improbable  that  this  was  among  the  last  opportunities  for 
gathering  such  materials.  The  importance  of  this  collection  is  in- 
creased by  the  account  of  the  ceremony  which  Miss  Fletcher 
has  prepared  for  publication. 

To  Dr.  McGiLLicuDDY  we  are  greatly  indebted  for  his  assist- 
ance in  completing  the  series  of  articles  mentioned  above,  several 
of  which  could  not  be  obtained  till  some  time  after  the  ceremony, 
and  then  only  by  persistent  effort.  To  Mr.  Samuel  Garman  we 
are  under  obligation  for  packing  and  attending  to  the  transporta- 
tion of  a  number  of  these  articles. 

We  are  also  indebted  to  Mr.  Garman  for  several  interesting 
specimens  of  stone  and  iron  implements,  which  he  obtained  while 
among  the  Indians  during  the  past  summer. 

In  the  autumn  Miss  Fletcher  was  for  several  weeks  at  the 
Museum,  labelling  the  specimens  she  had  secured,  and  working 


179 


over  her  material  and  notes.  At  this  time  she  gave  a  lecture  in 
the  Museum  upon  "  Home  Life  among  the  Indians,"  which  was 
attended  by  a  very  large  and  appreciative  audience.  She  also 
spoke  before  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  and  at  other 
places  during  her  stay  in  Boston.  Her  remarks  on  these  occa- 
sions have  done  very  much  toward  enlightening  the  public  upon  the 
character  of  the  Omaha  and  other  Indian  tribes  with  which  she  has 
been  in  contact. 

In  connection  with  this  ethnological  work,  an  educated  Omaha 
Indian,  twenty-five  years  of  age,  Mr.  Frank  La  Flesche,  was  in- 
vited to  make  me  a  visit ;  and  while  he  was  my  guest  I  was  en- 
abled not  only  to  ascertain  many  facts  of  great  interest  in  regard 
to  Indian  character  and  customs,  but  also  to  obtain  several 
traditions,  myths  and  stories,  which,  as  they  have  ethnological 
value,  I  put  into  writing  as  he  told  them.  On  leaving  Cambridge, 
and  before  returning  to  his  post  in  the  Indian  Bureau  at  Wash- 
ington, Mr.  La  Flesche  made  a  visit  to  his  parents  among  the 
Omahas,  in  the  course  of  which  he  gathered  particular  information 
about  the  migrations  of  the  Omahas  and  about  a  mound  of  which 
he  had  told  me.  These  statements  are  of  such  interest,  especially 
in  relation  to  the  recent  erection  of  burial  mounds  by  some  of  the 
Indian  tribes,  that  I  give  his  letter  in  full : 

^       _  Washington,  D.  C,  JanuaTv  15,  1883. 

Dear  Professor  : 

In  compliance  with  your  request,  I  made  inquiries  about  the  mound 
made  by  the  Omahas,  in  wliicli  Big  Elk  was  buried,  and  was  told  that  it 
was  about  as  high  as  a  tall  man's  shoulders,  standing  up,  and  that  he  was 
buried  with  great  ceremonies.  His  favorite  horse  was  strangled  to  death 
by  his  grave,  and  most  of  his  horses  and  household  goods  were  given  to 
the  poor.  It  is  said  that  a  short  time  before  his  death,  when  he  got  back 
from  a  visit  to  the  east,^  he  made  a  speech  to  the  Omahas  and  said : 

"My  Chiefs,  Braves,  and  young  men,  all,  I  have  just  returned  from  a 
long  journey  toward  the  coming  of  the  sun,  and  bring  you  sad  news ;  my 
heart  is  full  of  sorrow  for  you,  when  I  think  of  the  future  and  what  is 
coming.  There  is  a  great  flood  coming  and  it  will  soon  be  here.  I  am 
now  old  and  am  near  the  grave  and  may  be  gone  before  it  comes,  but  I  am 
sure  it  will  come,  and  soon  the  wild  animals  which  God  has  given  us  for  sus- 
tenance will  disappear  beneath  this  flood ;  even  the  birds  will  not  be  able  to 
find  resting  places.  Some  of  you  may  not  comprehend  my  meaning,  but 
the  time  is  not  far  when  you  will  know  but  too  well  my  meaning,  so  those 
of  you  who  understand  me,  prepare  yourselves  for  it,  and  think  what  will 

7  This  probably  refers  to  his  visit  to  Washington  in  1821. 


180 


be  best  for  this  people.  I  am  old  as  you  see  me  and  can  no  more  think  for 
you  and  lead  you." 

The  place  where  he  is  buried  is  called  or  known  by  the  Omahas  as 
"Big  Elk's  Grave,"  but  by  the  whites  as  the  "Black  Bird  Hills,"  as 
Black  Bird  was  buried  in  the  same  place.  It  is  said  that  Black  Bird 
was  buried  with  but  ve^y  little  ceremony,  as  he  died  when  the  Omahas 
were  being  very  much  troubled  with  the  small-pox,  and  was  not  buried, 
riding  a  live  horse,  as  is  stated  by  some.  A  grandson  of  his  is  still  living 
and  is  abont  a  hundred  years  old ;  he  cannot  remember  when  his  grand- 
father died,  but  thinks  shortly  before  he  was  born.  He  has  Black  Bird's 
other  name,  Tan-wan-ga-ha  or  Town-maker,  and  was  one  of  the  hereditary 
chiefs,  but  is  not  recognized  as  chief  now,  as  he  is  very  old  and  can  no 
more  attend  the  councils. 

If  it  is  more  than  a  hundred  years  since  the  death  of  Black  Bird,  it  must 
be  nearly  two  hundred  years  now  since  the  migrations  of  the  Omahas, 
Poncas,  and  the  lowas  north,  from  near  St.  Louis,  as  he  died  since  the 
Omahas  migrated  to  a  place  now  called  Bellevue,  in  Nebraska.  When  they 
migrated  from  near  St.  Louis  they  went  up  between  the  Mississippi  and 
the  Missouri  and  made  a  village  north  of  the  Pipe-stone  quarries,  and 
remained  there  several  years.  The  neighboring  tribes  drove  them  south- 
west to  the  Missouri  river,  to  a  place  called  "the  place  where  snow- 
birds were  shot,"  where  they  remained  several  years,  then  moved  down 
the  river  to  where  the  Ponca  reservation  is,  and  there  they  lived  several 
years ;  then  the  Omahas  and  lowas  left  the  Poncas  there,  and  moved  on, 
still  down  stream,  till  they  got  down  as  far  as  a  place  called  Ponca,  where 
they  made  a  village,  and  remained  several  years.  Then  the  Omahas,  leaving 
the  lowas  there,  migrated  still  down  stream  until  they  got  to  the  place 
now  called  Homer,  and  there  made  a  village  and  remained  several  years, 
and  it  was  there  they  saw  the  first  steamboat  go  up  the  jMissouri ;  then  the 
Poncas  and  the  Sioux  made  war  on  them,  and  drove  them  still  southwest 
to.,  the  Elkhorn  river,  where  they  lived  until  they  were  again  driven 
southeast,  to  the  Missouri,  by  the  Pawnees,  Poncas  and  Sioux.  Before 
moving  southwest  from  the  place  near  Homer,  they  punished  the  Poncas 
very  severely,  and  would  have  exterminated  them  had  they  not  brought 
out  their  Pipe  of  Peace,  and  thus  saved  themselves.  Then  after  they  had' 
moved  to  Elkhorn  river,  they  tried  to  make  peace  with  the  Pawnees,  but 
not  succeeding  in  that  attempt,  moved  against  them  with  the  whole  camp, 
and  found  the  Pawnee  village  situated  on  the  Kepublican  river  near  a  place 
now  called  Ked  Cloud,  on  the  same  river,  strongly  fortified  by  high 
earthworks.  The  Pawnees  fought  bravely  for  a  while  until  the  leader  of 
the  Omahas,  notwithstanding  the  thickness  of  flying  arrows,  climbed  the 
earthwork  and  was  quickly  followed  by  his  men,  driving  the  Pawnees 
into  their  mud  lodges ;  but  the  Omahas  dug  into  the  sides  of  the  lodges 
and  set  fire  to  the  grass  laid  underneath  the  earth  covering,  and  thus 
burned  many  to  death,  and  the  work  of  extermination  would  have  kept  on 
had  not  the  Pawnees  brought  their  Peace-pipe  into  requisition.  The 
leader  of  the  Omahas  was  "  Wa-ba-ska-ha ;"  his  aid  was  "  Ta-hai-zin-ga." 


181 


It  is  said  that  the  remains  of  the  Pawnee  earthworks  can  still  be  seen. 
Since  the  Pawnee  war  the  Oraahas  moved  against  the  Otoes,  but  not  with 
success,  on  account  of  a  mistake  made  by  one  of  the  leaders,  Wa-ha-gi,'* 
and  were  driven  back  with  equal  loss  to  both  parties. 

The  Omabas  say  that  three  miles  east  of  the  pipe  quarries  there  is  a  mound 
about  nine  or  ten  feet  high  and  very  large,  surrounded  by  a  large  ring  of 
earth  piled  up,  and  it  is  supposed  that  in  that  mound  are  buried  the  remains 
of  warriors  and  their  weapons  of  defence. 

Very  respectfully, 

Frank  La  Flesche. 

In  March  last  Mr.  Frank  Gushing  visited  the  Museum  with 
several  Zuni  chiefs  and  a  Moqui  from  Zuni,  where  Mr.  Gushing  had 
lived  for  some  time.  This  visit  was  one  of  great  interest.  A  re- 
ception given  at  the  Museum  was  attended  by  several  hundred 
persons  who  were  glad  to  see  representatives  of  the  Pueblo  tribes 
and  hear  Mr.  Gushing's  remarks  about  them.  By  those  among  us 
who  are  especially  engaged  in  ethnological  studies,  this  visit  will 
be  valued  from  the  insight  which  it  gave  into  the  character  of 
these  people  and  from  many  little  things  which  were  learned  from 
them  in  regard  to  objects  in  the  Museum ;  while  the  impressive 
religious  rite  performed  by  the  party  on  the  shore  of  Deer  Island, 
when  Mr.  Gushing  was  formally  admitted  into  one  of  the  higher 
grades  of  a  religious  order,  gave,  to  those  who  were  so  fortunate 
as  to  witness  it,  new  ideas  in  relation  to  Indian  character,  and 
impressed  upon  all  the  sacrifice  which  Mr.  Gushing  was  making 
for  ethnological  science  as  well  as  for  the  well-being  of  his  Indian 
friends.  It  is  a  satisfaction  to  know  that  he  has  returned  to  Zuni 
accompanied  by  a  devoted  wife  to  share  his  labors. 

As  will  be  seen  by  the  accompanying  List  of  Additions  to  the 
Museum,  about  four  thousand  entries,  representing  many  times 
that  number  of  specimens,  have  been  made  in  the  catalogue  as 
accessions  to  the  Museum  during  the  past  year.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  this  increase,  which  is  beyond  that  of  any  preceding  year, 
is  due  to  the  special  explorations  which  were  conducted  by  means 
of  the  money  subscribed  to  aid  archaeological  research  in  this 
country.  Still,  we  have  received  many  valuable  additions  from 
.friends  in  various  parts,  and  while  I  must  refer  to  the  list  for 
detailed  information  of  these  gifts,  I  cannot  omit  calling  partic- 
ular attention  to  a  few. 


182 


The  collection  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  ALEXA^-DER 
Agassiz  embraces  a  very  interestincr  series  of  carvings  in  stone 
from  Yucatan  ;  portions  of  stone  ornaments  from  the  ruins  at  Ux- 
mal'  and  Chichen ;  a  lintel  of  wood  from  a  doorway  of  a  ruin  in 
Chichen  ;  carved  stones,  obsidian  knives  and  cores,  pottery  orna- 
ments and  other  antiquities  from  Oaxaca  and  Cholula  ;  two  copper 
axes  from  Oaxaca.  described  in  my  article  on  copper  objects  in  the 
last  Report ;  a  representative  collection  of  recent  pottery  made  by 
the  natives  at  Merida,  and  several  photographs  of  large  carved 
stones  in  the  National  Museum  of  Mexico,  all  of  which  were  ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Agassiz  during  his  recent  travels  in  Mexico.  A 
number  of  baskets  and  cords  made  by  the  Caribs  of  Dominica, 
with  specimens  of  the  materials  used  in  their  manufacture,  were 
also  received  from  Mr.  Agassiz. 

To  the  Hon.  Stephen  Saeisbuet,  the  Museum  is  indebted  for 
the  collection  from  several  mounds  on  Devil  Elver,  on  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Huron,  consisting  of  human  remains  and  objects 
found  with  them.  These  mounds  were  explored  by  Mr.  HEXsr 
GiLEMAX  who  published  a  short  account  of  them  in  the  American 
Naturalist  for  January  last. 

We  have  also  recently  received  another  specimen  of  the  singular 
Mexican  T-shaped  implements,  made  of  copper,  similar  to  those 
from  Oaxaca  which  I  described  in  the  last  Report.    For  this  spec- 
imen we  are  indebted  to  Dr.  P.  J.  J.  Valextes-i.  who  was  so  kind 
as  to  send  it  to  me  as  an  expression  of  his  appreciation  of  my 
article  on  Mexican  copper  implements.    This  specimen  is  much 
smaller  than  any  described  in  my  paper,  and,  as  Dr.  Valextixi 
points  out.  could  hardly  have  been  used  as  a  hoe.    He  writes  me 
he  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  after  sharpening  the  semi- 
lunar ease  and  giving  to  the  shank  a  proper  handle,  we  should 
have  a  knife  of  similar  shape  to  that  in  use  by  leather  workers  to- 
day.   He  also  states  various  reasons  for  believing  the  Mexicans 
had  some  such  cutting  implement.    In  support  of  this  theory 
I  mav  mention  that  we  have  in  the  Museum  small  hrouze  knives 
with  semilunar  blades  from  Peru,  and  were  these  Mexican  imple- 
ments provided  with  sharp  cutting  edges,  I  should  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  agreeing  with  Dr.  Valextini  that  they  were  knives.  The 
blunt,  dented,  and  generally  battered  condition  of  the  semilunar 
ed^'-es  of  all  which  I  have  seen,  however,  indicates  a  rougher  use 


183 


than  would  be  made  of  knives,  so  that  I  am  rather  inclined  to  re- 
gard them  as  tools  used  in  some  of  the  arts ;  it  may  be  in  that  of 
the  potter.  They  would  answer  admirably  for  scraping  and  shap- 
ing clay  vessels  in  the  same  manner  as  thin  pieces  of  wood  or 
gourd  are  now  used  by  the  natives  of  both  North  and  South  Am- 
erica. That  the  several  specimens  which  have  come  to  my  hands 
have  been  used,  and  are  not  simply  implements  in  the  rough,  is 
also  shown  by  the ^  rounded  and  polished  semilunar  edges  of  all 
when  examined  under  a  lens.  The  purpose  for  which  these  imple- 
ments were  made,  however,  cannot  yet  be  considered  as  determined. 

The  small  lot  of  native  weapons  from  the  Island  of  Java,  col- 
lected in  1825  by  Dr.  D.  F.  G.  Van  de  Sand,  and  presented  by 
his  daughter,  Mrs.  B.  Pickman  Mann,  adds  several  forms  of  weap- 
ens  new  to  our  collections. 

To  Dr.  Samuel  Kneeland  we  are  indebted  for  an  instructive 
series  of  specimens,  illustrative  of  the  customs  and  manufactures 
of  the  natives  of  the  Philippine  Islands  ;  besides  articles  from 
Japan,  Samoa,  Fiji,  New  Britain,  the  Carolina  Islands  and  the 
Pacific  coast  of  America,  which  in  the  course  of  his  recent  travels 
he  was  so  thoughtful  as  to  collect  expressly  for  the  Museum. 

Principal  J.  W.  Dawson,  of  McGill  College,  Montreal,  has 
given  to  the  Museum,  two  nearly  perfect  crania,  pieces  of  pottery, 
and  several  casts  of  pipes,  representing  the  objects  found  in  ex- 
cavating within  the  college  grounds,  the  site  of  the  old  Indian 
village  of  Hochelaga.  An  account  of  these  excavations  and  dis- 
coveries was  published  by  Dr.  Dawson  several  years  since  in  the 
"  Leisure  Hour." 

From  Mr.  J .  Sutton  Wall,  we  have  received  a  photograph  of  one 
of  the  "  Picture  Rocks"  in  Pennsylvania,  which  is  of  particular 
interest  for  comparison  with  Dighton  Rock  and  other  Indian 
pictographs. 

The  Arch^ological  Institute  of  America  has  presented  a 
large  lot  of  fragments  of  ancient  pottery,  stone  implements  and 
other  objects  collected  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Bandelier,  on  the  sites  of 
old  pueblos  and  ruined  cliff-houses  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande 
and  other  places  in  New  Mexico,  during  his  expedition  of  1882, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Institute.^  This  collection  is  of  especial 

»  Since  this  was  written,  Mr.  Bandelier's  Report  to  the  Institute  has  been  printed  in 
the  first  number  of  its  Bulletin  and  contains  much  valuable  information  relating  to 
the  collection  here  referred  to. 


184 


value  as  it  is  from  so  many  sites  of  ruins  of  different  periods,  and 
confirms  the  statement  which  I  have  several  times  had  occasion  to 
make,  that  the  ancient  pottery  of  the  Pueblo  tribes  is  far  superior 
to  that  now  made  at  the  inhabited  pueblos.     None  of  the  pottery 
is  glazed,  using  the  word  in  its  proper  sense,  notwithstanding  the 
statements  of  some  writers  to  the  contrary,  but  much  of  it  is  dec- 
orated with  a  colored  substance  which  has  a  glossy  surface,  and 
the  thin  wash  of  light  colored  clay  with  which  some  of  the  speci- 
mens are  coated  has,  from  its  high  polish,  the  appearance  of 
glaze.    All  the  ancient  pottery  is  burnt  very  hard,  and  is  in  this 
and  other  qualities  unlike  the  trash  sold  in  the  stores  as  Pueblo 
pottery.    Most  of  the  latter  is  made  by  the  Indians  about  Santa 
Fe,  according  to  directions  received  from  the  dealers,  and  is  not 
only  of  a  rude  character,  but  is  often  formed  and  decorated  from 
designs  obtained  from  the  whites.     I  have  even  noticed  that  dur- 
ing the  past  year  or  two  the  figures  on  the  pottery  found  by  Schlie- 
mann  at  Hissarlik  have  become  common  on  the  so-caUed  Pueblo 
pottery  and  the  "suastika"  is  now  often  represented. 

In  this  connection,  and  as  illustrative  of  the  demand  and  sup- 
ply of  ethnological  and  archaeological  specimens,  I  may  mention 
a  large  carved  stone,  sent  to  the  Museum  subject  to  purchase, 
representing  a  naked  child  about  two  feet  in  length,  which  was  said 
to  have  been  dug  up  near  the  Eureka  Springs  in  Arkansas.  The 
stone  was  partly  enclosed  by  a  cement,  which,  it  was  said,  covered 
the  stone' when  it  was  found.    This  piece  of  carving  proved  to  be 
a  child  of  the  "  Cardiff  Giant"  family.    The  fraud  was  unques- 
tionable, and  the  image  was  returned  to  its  owner  with  a  full 
statement  of  the  evidence  against  it,  and  the  request  that  the 
object  be  destroyed  in  the  interest  of  science.    Since  then  I 
have  heard  nothing  more  of  it,  and  in  case  it  has  not  been  de- 
stroyed this  notice  will  serve  to  put  others  on  their  guard.  The 
character  of  the  art  was  sufficient  to  show  that  the  carving  was 
not  a  piece  of  Indian  work,  either  ancient  or  modern,  but  the  fol- 
lowing statement  by  Dr.  Wadsworth  of  the  Geological  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  will  be  convincmg  to  all  that  the  thing 
was  a  fraud. 

Agreeably  to  your  request,  I  submit,  herewith,  the  results  of  my  exam- 
ination of  the  "  Arkansas  Stone  Baby." 

The  ima^e,  itself,  so  far  as  could  be  told  from  the  restricted  examination 
I  was  allowed  to  give  it,  is  composed  of  a  fine  grained,  somewhat  earthy, 


185 


limestone.  The  matrix  in  which  the  image  is  now  partly  inclosed  is 
composed  of  a  fine  ashlike  material,  mixed  with  chalk,  etc.  It  is  cellular, 
porous,  and  absorbs  water  readily.  Many  of  the  cells  extend  from  the 
surface  of  the  matrix,  entirely  through  it,  to  the  surface  of  the  image  itself. 

The  cells  and  pores  are  entirely  free  from  any  matter  either  washed  iu 
or  infiltrated;  hence,  it  is  exceedingly  doubtful  if  the  image  was  ever  un- 
der ground,  while  it  certainly  could  not  have  remained  there  any  great 
length  of  time,  if  it  has  ever  been  so  placed.  The  freshness  of  this  ap- 
parently easily  altered  matrix  also  points  in  the  same  direction. 

It  is,  however,  not  necessary  to  insist  upon  these  points,  since  entirely 
inclosed  in  the  matrix  I  find  portions  of  undecayed  gramineous  leaves,  and 
a  fragment  of  coarse  yellow  paper,  such  as  is  used  for  handbills,  still  re- 
taining the  marks  of  the  printers  ink! 

Of  course,  in  the  light  of  these  facts,  further  discussion  is  unnecessary. 

...  M.  E.  Wadsworth. 

Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology, 

31arch  23,  1882. 


This  is,  however,  but  one  of  the  many  fraudulent  specimens  of- 
fered for  sale  ;  we  have  received  a  number  of  pipes,  tubes,  dishes, 
ceremonial  and  other  objects,  made  in  Philadelphia  and  sold 
as  having  been  found  in  such  or  such  a  locality.  The  variety 
of  the  articles  made  by  the  Philadelphia  manufacturer,  and  the 
character  of  the  work,  are  such  that  many  have  found  their  wa}' 
into  collections  in  this  country,  and  not  a  few  have  supplied  the 
foreign  demand  for  American  antiquities.  A  manufacturer  in  In- 
diana confines  his  attention  chiefly  to  "mound-builders'  pipes"  which 
are  carved  from  stone  and  offered  in  a  systematic  method  to  col- 
lectors. In  Ohio,  a  large  business  has  been  done  in  the  so-called 
gorgets,  cut  from  slate,  and  in  hematite  celts.  In  southern  Illinois, 
a  few  years  ago,  many  specimens  of  pottery  were  made  until  the 
demand  fell  off,  so  that  one  manufacturer  acknowledged  that  he 
was  no  longer  paid  for  his  trouble  by  their  sale.  Another  man 
who  made  this  pottery  is,  I  believe,  no  longer  living,  but  much  of 
his  work  is  still  extant.  This  list  might  be  lengthened,  but  it  is 
already  sufficient  to  show  that  the  demand  for  "  antiquities"  is 
considerable  in  this  country,  and  that  we  are  not  behind  the  old 
world  in  keeping  up  the  supply. 

Early  in  the  year,  more  of  the  singular  shoes,  made  from  the 
braided  leaves  of  the  TypJia,  such  as  I  obtained  in  Salt  Cave, 
Kentucky,  in  1873,  were  received  from  Mr.  William  D.  Cutliff, 
who  accompanied  me  in  my  visit  to  the  cave,  and  last  winter  made 


186 


another  exploration  of  its  recesses.  Like  the  first  lot,  all  these 
shoes  are  worn  through  on  the  sole.  Mr.  Cutliff  also  found  sev- 
eral  more  gourds,  and  two  fragments  of  cloth  woven  from  bast,  of 
a  pattern  unlike  that  previously  found  in  the  cave. 

A  small  collection  of  fragments  of  pottery  and  a  few  other 
articles,  collected  in  1857  from  a  shellheap  in  Mobile  Co.,  Ala- 
bama, were  obtained  by  purchase,  and  are  of  especial  interest  on 
account  of  the  similarity  in  character  of  the  pottery  to  that  with 
which  we  are  now  so  familiar  from  the  mounds  and  graves  of  south- 
eastern Missouri.    Several  of  the  pieces  are  ornaments  or  handles 
of  dishes,  made  in  imitation  of  heads  of  birds,  of  mammals,  and  also 
of  man,  so  common  in  the  Missouri  pottery,  and  the  structure  of  the 
ware  from  the  two  localities  is  also  the  same.    This  is  of  impor- 
tance in  showing  that  the  shellheap  in  question  was  made  by  a 
people  closely  allied  to,  if  not  the  same  as,  those  who  buried  their 
dead  in  the  mounds  of  southern  Missouri  and  Illinois.     The  char- 
acter of  the  ornaments  is  so  marked  that  it  is  impossible  to  con- 
sider the  art  of  the  two  localities  as  having  had  distinct  origins. 
It  was  certainly  transmitted  from  one  to  the  other,  or  else  derived 
from  some  common  source  by  the  people  of  the  two  places.  As 
this  little  collection  is  of  much  importance,  and  as  the  account 
of  the  shellheap  written  by  Major  W.  T.  Walthall  is  one  of  the 
earliest  showing  that  the  heaps  are  artificial,  I  give  his  description, 
reprinted  from  the  Mobile  Tribune  of  August  11,  1859. 

The  mouth  of  Bayou  Coq  cl'Inde  is  approached  by  a  winding  woodland 
path,  that  runs  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the  bayou  from  the  bridge.  In 
order  to  reach  it  from  the  Portersville  side,  one  has  to  cross  a  lesser 
bayou,  or  marsh,  by  a  ragged  and  rather  perilous  causeway,  or  else  to  make 
a  circuit  through  the  woods  around  the  head  of  this  marsh,  which  ap- 
proaches  very  near  to  the  Bayou  Coq  d'Inde,  leaving  only  a  narrow  isth- 
mus  onerrafinna  between  them.  The  position  would  be  a  very  excellent 
one  for  defence  against  a  hostile  force  in  an  age  of  rude  warfare;  with  the 
gulf  in  front,  the  bayou  on  one  side,  and  the  marsh  on  the  other,  nearly 
meeting  the  bavou  in  the  rear.  It  is  easy  to  understand,  therefore,  ^^hy 
it  should  have  been  chosen  for  the  site  of  an  Indian  town,  village,  or  oc 

caslonal  encampment.  x.„^a^c.a 
The  -shell-bank"  extends  along  the  bayou  for  two  or  three  hundred 
yards,  forms  a  large  mound  or  hillock  just  at  its  mouth,  bene  s  around 
towards  the  marsU  mentioned  »bove,  and  ag^ln  recedes  from  the  sho.^e 
Itsreneral  outline  may  be  likened  to  that  of  a  huge  fish-hook,  ^Mth  the 
Shank  laid  alongside  of  the  bayou  and  the  convexity  of  the  curve  faemg 
the  sea. 


187 


This  bank  is  composed  of  oyster  shells — not  deposited  there  by  any  pro- 
cess of  nature,  as  some  have  hastily  imagined,  for  no  natural  cause  could 
possibly  have  accumulated  such  an  immense  collection  of  oysters  in  one 
spot  on  dry  land.  Moreover,  the  shells  dug  from  underneath  are  not  bro- 
ken or  abraded,  as  they  v^ould  have  been  by  the  action  of  the  waves  or 
currents,  but  retain  their  sharp  and  jagged  edges  in  perfect  preservation. 

The  M^hole  area  included  by  the  shell-bank  is  about  ten  acres,  but  ex- 
cluding the  part  in  the  hollow  of  our  imaginary  "  hook,"  not  occupied  by 
shells,  it  may  be  estimated  at  six  or  seven  acres.  The  depth  of  the  shells 
from  their  surface  to  the  level  of  the  tidjacent  land  is  in  some  places  as 
much  as  twelve  or  fifteen  feet,  but  taking  them  throughout  the  whole 
extent  the  average  depth  may  be  assumed  to  be  about  seven  feet.  Sup- 
posing the  extent  to  be  six  acres,  with  an  average  depth  of  seven  feet,  the 
whole  bank  would  contain  nearly  70,000  cubic  yards,  or  about  a  million 
and  a  half  bushels  of  shells !  The  Messrs.  Eabby,  proprietors  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  bank,  have  been,  for  some  months,  engaged  in  exca- 
vating it  for  the  purpose  of  shelling  the  "Bay  Road,"  and  have  already 
delivered  some  250,000  bushels  or  thereabout,  without  apparently  dimin- 
ishing the  bank  to  the  extent  of  more  than  a  fifth  or  sixth  of  its  bulk. 
These  are  rough  estimates  (except  as  regards  the  amount  delivered  to  the 
Bay  Road  Company)  made  merely  by  the  eye,  without  the  aid  of  any  in- 
strumental measurement,  but  they  cannot  be  very  remote  from  accuracy. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  this  immense  quantity  of  oysters  must  have 
been  brought  from  distant  reefs;  that  the  settlement  which  consumed 
them  must,  from  the  nature  of  the  ground,  have  been  of  limited  extent; 

and  that  the  oysters  constituted  but  a  portion— probably  a  small  portion  

of  the  food  of  the  inhabitants;  when  all  these  things  are  considered,  the 
curious  inquirer  may  form  some  idea  of  the  time  that  must  have  been  oc- 
cupied in  the  accumulation  of  this  vast  shell-mound. 

More  than  a  century  must  have  passed— how  many  centuries  it  may 
have  been,  there  are  no  data  for  determining— since  the  last  shell  was 
flung  upon  the  pile  by  its  dusky  builders.  Soil  has  gathered  over  it,  and 
large  trees  have  sprung  from  the  soil,  searching  out,  with  their  long,  in- 
terlacing roots,  the  hidden  secrets  buried  among  these  remarkable  relics 
of  former  ages.  In  the  midst  of  this  fine  grove,  and  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  bank,  Mr.  Delmas,  proprietor  of  a  part  of  it,  has  established  his 
residence.  A  little  nearer  the  water  he  had  erected  a  "  store-house"  for 
supplying  the  miscellaneous  wants  of  the  neighborhood.  A  more  secluded 
and  romantic  spot  could  hardly  have  been  found  for  such  an  enterprise; 
and  one  might  question  its  adaptation  for  the  purpose,  except  for  the  fa- 
cility of  access  by  water.  The  recent  excavations,  however,  were  rapidly 
undermining  the  premises  at  the  time  of  my  last  visit  to  them,  and  the 
proprietor  was  preparing  to  lower  his  whole  establishment  with  its  con- 
tents, to  the  new  level  of  the  excavated  part.  The  excavations  just  spoken 
of  have  brought  to  light  some  interesting  secrets  of  the  interior  of  the 
shell-bank.  Great  quantities  of  broken  pottery  are  found,  and  many  curi- 
ous relics  of  rude  aboriginal  art,  in  the  shape  of  pipes,  figures  of  reptiles, 

( 


188 


waterfowl,  owls,  and  other  aniiuals,  as  well  as  human  heads  and  busts. 
In  many  places  may  be  seen  the  remains  of  fires -ashes  and  pieces  of 
charcoal,  looking  as  fresh  as  if  left  there  but  yesterday- with  the  bones 
aud  scales  of  fishes  lying  around.  The  pieces  of  charcoal  and  some  of 
the  other  remains  crumble  to  pieces  on  being  touched. 

But  more  curious  than  all  are  the  human  skeletons  found  scattered  here 
and  there  at  a  depth  of  several  feet  below  the  surface.  Some  of  these 
crumble  to  dust  on  being  touched,  and  others  are  broken  into  fragments 
by  the  spades  and  picks  of  the  workmen,  but  portions  of  them  are  occa- 
sionally met  with  in  good  preservation.  How  these  skeletons  came  there 
is  a  question  difficult  of  solution.  There  are  not  enough  of  them  to  war- 
rant a  conjecture  that  the  "  bank  »  was  used  as  a  place  of  general  sepulture, 
and  there  are  too  many  to  admit  of  the  supposition  that  it  was  kept  sacred 
for  the  interment  of  a  few  chiefs  or  persons  of  distinction.  The  remams 
are  not  found  in  any  one  spot,  nor  do  they  seem  to  have  been  disposed 
with  any  regularity  -  scattered  as  they  are  in  difi-erent  places,  and  some 
lyino-  in  one  direction  (as  regards  the  points  of  the  compass),  some  m 
another.  Moreover,  there  is  nothing  in  the  accessories,  or  in  what  we 
know  of  the  shell-banks,  to  sustain  the  idea  of  sepulture.  It  is  almost 
as  difficult  to  believe  that  the  remains  are  those  of  the  slain  in  some  battle 
fouo-ht  upon  the  spot,  and  that  they  were  left  to  moulder  where  they  fell. 
The  case  of  the  bones  found  by  the  first  French  discoverers  on  the  Isle  of 
Massacre,  or  Dauphine  Island,  is  altogether  different.  If  our  information 
respecting  the  habits  of  the  tribes  that  dwelt  in  this  part  of  the  country 
were  not  opposed  to  such  a  supposition,  we  might  more  readily  believe 
them  to  be  the  debris  of  cannibal  banquets.  Even  as  it  is,  they  may 
have  belonged  to  a  people  anterior  to  any  of  whom  the  traditions  have 
reached  us. 

Yet  another  conjecture  may  be  made,  with  perhaps  more  of  plausibility. 
In  examining  the  recent  excavations  of  the  shell-bank,  several  strata  of 
earth,  alluvium,  or  mould,  may  be  observed  at  irregular  intervals  of  depth 
below  the  surface  of  the  shells.     These  strata  are  generally  thm  and 
shallow,  but  the  most  conspicuous  of  them  is  about  two  inches  in  depth. 
So  far  as  the  very  limited  observations  of  the  writer  of  this  article  ex- 
tend the  human  skeletons,  as  well  as  the  remains  of  fires,  charcoal,  ashes, 
fish-bones,  etc.,  appear  generally  to  lie  in  the  midst  of,  or  immediately 
below,  this  stratum.    Speaking  of  the  phenomenon  to  a  gentleman  who 
resides  on  the  coast,  he  remarked  that  a  similar  deposit  was  left  over 
everything  after  the  subsidence  of  the  great  flood  of  1852.    May  not  these 
alluvial  strata  then  be  the  efi-ects  of  hurricanes  and  floods  in  former  ages, 
which  have  thus  left  their  history  written  among  the  shells  of  Bayou  Coq 
d'Inde?    May  not  the  bones  be  tliose  of  victims  of  some  one  of  these 
storms,  which  was  so  formidable  as  to  sweep  away  the  whole  settlement, 
and  deter  the  survivors  from  returning  to  the  spot,  even  to  gather  up  and 
bury  the  bodies  of  the  dead- perhaps  for  years?    Or  it  may  be  that 
some  superstition  intervened  to  the  same  efi-ect. 
There  are  serious  difficulties  in  the  way  of  these  theories,  and  the  data 


189 


are  too  imperfect  to  allow  any  of  them  to  be  urged  with  confidence.  It 
is  much  to  be  regretted  that  some  scientific  observer  could  not  be  on  the 
spot  to  watch  the  process  of  digging  away  this  ancient  and  curious  struc- 
ture, and  to  note  the  facts  that  would  throw  light  upon  its  history  and 
the  archaeology  of  our  coast.  What  is  here  stated  is  gathered  only  from 
the  observations  afibrded  by  a  few  brief  and  hurried  visits. 

I  have  proceeded  upon  the  supposition  that  the  shell-bank  marks  the 
site  of  an  ancient  town  or  village,  but  even  this  is  by  no  means  settled. 
It  may  have  been  only  an  occasional  camping-ground  or  place  for  feast- 
ing, or  it  may  have  been  a  winter  residence  for  some  roving  tribe.  A 
dozen,  or  a  score,  of  conjectures  might  be  offered.  There  are  other  shell- 
banks  along  the  coast  —  one  of  them  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bayou  Como, 
only  about  a  mile  to  the  eastward  of  Bayou  Coq  d'Inde  —  though  none  so 
extensive  as  the  one  above  described. 

Allowing  five  bushels  of  oysters  per  annum  to  each  individual  —  man, 
woman  and  child  —  a  village  of  five  hundred  persons  would  have  been 
occupied  six  hundred  years  in  consuming  a  million  and  a  half  of  bushels. 
If  there  was  a  permanent  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Coq  d'Inde, 
it  is  not  probable  that  it  contained  more  than  five  hundred  or  a  thousand 
persons.  If  there  was  no  permanent  settlement,  the  time  requisite  for 
the  accumulation  of  the  shells  must  have  been  still  greater.  View  it  as 
we  will,  we  are  carried  far  back  into  the  mystic  depths  of  the  past.  It  is 
a  curious  thought  —  though  by  no  means  an  improbable  one— that  the 
materials,  of  which  we  are  now  building  a  road  to  be  rattled  over  by  the 
fast  men  of  Mobile,  may  be  the  integuments  of  shell-fish  eaten  at  Indian 
feasts  when  our  own  ancestors  were  crusading  in  the  Holy  Land. 

Imagination  revels  in  such  fancies;  and  sitting  on  the  quiet  banks  of 
Bayou  Coq  d'Inde,  with  these  relics  of  former  ages  around  us,  we  may 
well  listen  for  the  notes  of  that  "mysterious  music,"  which  is  said  to  be 
heard  here  and  elsewhere  on  the  coast— the  wail  of  the  lingering  spirits 
of  tire  long-departed  warriors  and  maidens  of  these  beautiful  shores. 

A  gift  of  great  ethnological  value  has  been  made  to  the  Museum 
by  the  Heirs  of  E.  P.  Tileston  and  Amos  Hollingsworth. 
This  consists  of  one  hundred  and  five  oil  portraits  of  Indians  of 
various  North  American  Tribes,  of  life  size.  Most  of  them  are 
paintings  of  considerable  merit,  by  C.  B.  King.  Sixty-eight  of  the 
number  are  the  originals  of  the  plates  in  M'Kenny  and  Hall's 

Indian  Tribes  of  North  America,"  published  in  1836,  in  which 
work  are  given  more  or  less  extended  accounts  of  the  persons 
represented.  It  is  understood  by  the  heirs  that  other  portraits 
belonging  to  the  series,  now  in  the  possession  of  members  of  the 
families,  are  to  become  the  property  of  the  Museum  in  accordance 
with  the  expressed  wish  of  the  late  Messrs.  Tileston  and  Hollings- 
worth that  the  collection  should  not  be  broken. 


190 


We  have  also  received  from  Harvard  College  an  oil  painting 
of  a  Sioux  hunter,  by  Capt.  Eastman. 

As  in  the  two  preceding  years,  the  books  and  most  important 
pamphlets,  received  at  the  Museum  are  sent  to  the  College  Library 
to  be  entered  in  the  Quarterly  Bulletin  of  the  University  libraries. 
The  card  catalogue  of  the  library  has  been  kept  up  by  Miss  Smith 
who  has  added  many  cards  during  the  year,  in  the  process  of  mak- 
ing an  analysis  of  the  volumes,  a  labor  pursued  as  occasion  admits 
in  the  intervals  of  her  many  and  varied  duties.  Fifty-two  volumes, 
two  hundred  and  forty-three  pamphlets  and  thirty-nine  photographs 
have  been  added  during  the  year. 

In  the  work  done  in  the  Museum,  in  the  general  care  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  collections  during  the  past  year,  I  have  been  greatly 
assisted  by  Miss  Smith  and  Mr.  Chick,  and  in  the  cataloguing  and 
preparation  of  the  record  of  specimens  received,  by  Mr.  Carr  and 
by  Miss  Smith  in  whose  handwriting  nearly  all  of  the  entries  in 
the  catalogue  have  been  made.  Miss  Studley  has  also  aided  me 
in  various  ways  in  the  Museum  work. 

Personally  I  have  given  considerable  time  to  descriptive  work 
relating  to  special  collections  in  the  Museum,  and  in  working  over 
the  collections  received  preparatory  to  cataloguing  and  arrang- 
ing them.  Several  days  were  given  to  picking  out  of  the  Museum 
collections  the  many  objects  relating  to  the  methods  of  fishing  , 
among  various  nations.  This  was  done  at  the  request  of  Professor 
Baird  for  the  use  of  Dr.  Rau,  in  a  memoir  which  he  is  preparing 
upon  the  subject.  The  specimens  were  sent  to  the  Smithson- 
ian Institution  and  have  been  returned  to  the  Museum.  Three 
drawings  of  harpoonpoints  from  the  shellheaps  of  Maine  have 
also  been  made  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Rau,  to  whom  also  we  have 
loaned  several  of  our  wood-cuts,  for  his  Memoir. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, photographs,  for  his  use  in  a  forthcoming  memoir,  were 
made  of  a  series  of  the  shell  ornaments  from  mounds  and  stone- 
graves,  many  of  which  were  too  fragile  and  too  valuable  to  admit 
of  sending  to  Washington. 

A  few  wood-cuts  were  lent  to  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Wright  for  illus- 
trating his  recent  volume,  for  which  also  drawings  of  two  of  our 
paleolithic  implements  were  made. 

A  small  collection  of  o])jects  from  the  Madisonville  ashpits,  and 
a  few  stone  implements  from  the  Southern  States  were  sent  to 
Mr.  John  Evans,  of  England. 


191 


In  the  last  Report  I  mentioned  a  course  of  ten  lectures,  about 
to  "take  place  at  the  Museum.  These  were  delivered  in  the 
months  of  February  and  March  last,  and  were  attended  to  the  full 
capacity  of  the  rooms  in  which  they  were  given.  As  already 
mentioned,  another  special  course  was  given  during  the  past  fall ; 
besides  these,  lectures  have  been  given  to  a  class  from  the  State 
Normal  School  at  Framingham,  to  the  scholars  of  two  private 
schools  from  Boston,  and  to  a  party  of  the  members  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Union  who  visited  the  Museum  by  appointment. 
Twenty-five  free  lectures  were  thus  given  at  the  Museum  during 
the  year  1882. 

Mr.  Carr  has  prepared  during  the  year  a  paper  on  the  social 
and  political  position  of  woman  among  the  Huron-Iroquois  tribes, 
which  is  offered  for  printing  in  this  Report. 

Miss  Studley  has  completed  a  paper  descriptive  of  the  human 
crania  and  bones  found  in  the  Mexican  Caves  by  Dr.  Palmer,  which 
is  also  offered  for  publication. 

Miss  Fletcher  has  prepared  several  papers  relating  to  some  of 
the  ceremonies  of  the  Sioux  and  Omaha  Indians,  for  publication 
in  the  Museum  Reports. 

Dr.  Whitney,  Curator  of  the  Museum  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  has  continued  his  studies  upon  the  pathological  specimens 
in  the  Museum  and  will  furnish  a  full  account  of  them  for  publica- 
tion in  this  or  the  next  report. 

Miss  Linton,  Assistant  in  Chemistry  at  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  has  commenced  a  chemical  study  of  human 
bones  obtained  from  various  sources,  in  order  to  ascertain  if  any 
changes  take  place  which  can  be  trusted  as  a  means  of  indicating 
the  antiquity  of  the  skeletons.  The  materials  for  this  interesting 
investigation  are  supplied  by  the  Museum  to  which  the  results  will 
be  reported. 

Dr.  KiNNicuTT,  Assistant  in  the  Harvard  Chemical  Laboratory, 
has  made  analyses  of  the  metallic  iron  found  in  the  altar  mounds 
of  the  Little  Miami  Valley  and  will  furnish  a  full  report  upon 
this  important  subject. 

Numerous  duties  in  the  Museum  and  in  the  field  have  prevented 
the  completion  of  a  paper  on  American  bronze  which  I  hoped  to 
have  had  ready  for  this  report  in  continuation  of  the  one  on  cop- 
per given  in  the  preceding. 

The  wall-cases  of  the  room  to  be  devoted  to  the  European  col- 


192 


lections  are  nearly  finished,  and  as  soon  as  the  long  table-cases  for 
this  room  are  made  it  will  receive  the  large  and  valuable  collections 
from  the  Swiss  Lakes,  Denmark  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  which 
have  so  long  been  kept  out  of  sight  in  drawers.  Plans  have  been 
made  for  putting  a  number  of  cases  in  the  galleries  of  the  hall, 
which,  I  trust,  will  be  carried  out  during  the  year.  There  will 
then  remain  to  be  cased  the  floor  of  the  northern  room  of  the  sec- 
ond story,  which,  with  the  transfer  of  the  cases  now  there  to  the 
osteological  room  on  the  npper  floor,  and  the  finishing  of  the  wall- 
cases  in  the  oflSce,  will  complete  the  casing  of  all  the  available 
space  in  the  present  building.  These  additional  cases,  however, 
will  not  permit  the  exhibition  of  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  col- 
lections now  in  the  Museum.  The  work  of  eliminating  and  placing 
in  drawers  such  objects  as  can  be  spared  from  the  exhibition  cases 
has  been  already  begun.  It  will  probably  always  be  necessary  to 
keep  large  portions  of  the  collections  in  cabinet  drawers,  where  the 
specimens  can  be  had  for  comparison  and  study,  however  large  the 
building  may  be  in  the  future.  Still  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  time 
is  not  distant  when  some  liberal  friend  of  science  will  provide 
the  means  for  the  erection  of  the  next  section  of  the  building,  so 
as  to  give  room  for  the  arrangement  of  the  collections  in  proper 
systematic  order. 

The  needs  of  the  Musenm  are  great,  and  while  it  is  of  the  first 
importance  to  secure  the  means  to  continue  the  explorations  in 
America  while  these  are  possible,  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  a  large 
addition  to  the  regular  income  of  the  Museum  funds  is  necessary 
in  order  to  maintain  the  work  it  is  performing  at  a  standard  com- 
mensurate with  its  importance. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  W.  Putnam, 

Curator  of  the  Museum, 

Peabidy  Museum  of  American  Archeology  and  Ethnology, 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Februaa-y  17,  1883. 


LIST  OF  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM  AND  LIBRARY  FOR  THE 

YEAR  1882. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM. 

26145  —  26224.  Earthen  whistles;  human  faces,  birds,  heads,  spindle- 
whorls,  stamps  and  vases  in  terra-cotta,  from  Teotihuacan,  Mexico; 
obsidian  scrapers,  knives,  arrowheads,  flakes  and  cores  with  ornaments 
of  the  same  material,  probably  earrings  ;  human  and  animal  forms  carved 
in  stone  and  shell;  stone  beads  and  celts;  a  carved  stone  representing  a 
human  face,  and  a  hematite  celt,  from  Cholula;  human  heads  in  pottery 
with  fragments  of  vases  and  a  piece  of  worlied  stone  from  the  Pyramid  of 
Cholula;  copper  celts  from  near  Tlacolula;  eight  figures,  human  and  an- 
imal, carved  in  stone,  from  Tulu  between  Meridaand  Progresso,  Yucatan; 
carved  stone  turtle  from  Mayapan  ;  flint  spearpoint  from  Ticul ;  fragments 
of  painted  pottery  from  the  Pyramid  of  Izamal :  architectural  ornaments 
of  stone  and  fragments  of  earthen  vases  from  Yucatan ;  cast  of  the  cal- 
endar stone  and  specimens  of  the  fibre  made  from  the  Maguay  plant  from 
the  plateau  of  Mexico.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Alexander 
Agassiz. 

26225.  Fragment  of  steatite  pot  from  North  Eastham,  Mass.  —  Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  Geo.  A.  Phillips. 

26226.  Stone  pestle,  from  Nahaut.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
J.  A.  Cartwright. 

26227.  Painted  feather  fan,  China.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
Lewis  C.  Flanigan. 

26228.  Obsidian  arrowhead,  Suisun,  Cal.  — Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  Alex.  Williams. 

26229  —  26242.  Stone  implements  of  different  forms  and  uses  from 
southwest  Dakota,  Shirley  Basin,  and  Hat  Creek,  Wyoming  Ter.  — Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  S.  Garman. 

26243  — 26244.  Human  cranium  and  part  of  skeleton,  with  fragments 
of  pottery,  from  a  shellheap  on  Fort  Island,  Damariscotta  River,  Maine. 
—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  T.  Gammage. 

26245  —  26260.  Stone  celt,  bone  implement  and  harpoon  points,  from 
shellheap  on  Fort  Island,  Damariscotta  River,  Maine;  fragments  of 
pottery  and  broken  stone  implements  and  chips  and  flakes  from  different 
shellheaps  near  Damariscotta,  Maine.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
Henry  T.  Hussey. 

26261  —  26275.  Rude  stone  and  quartz  implements;  fragments  of  pot- 
tery;  quartz  sinkers,  a  grooved  stone,  and  worked  pieces  of  hematite  and 

ri93) 


194 


graphite  from  sbellheaps,  and  ou  the  surface  Dear  Sa^r  Harbor,  Long 
Iskmcl.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  TVm.  Wallace  Tooker. 

2G276  —  26283.  Eude  implements  and  sinker  of  quartz  and  fragment 
of  pottery  from  sbellheaps  near  Sag  Harbor;  chipped  quartz  sinker,  and 
a  rude  implement  of  the  same  material,  probably  a  -  teshoa,"  from  Otter 
pond,  near  Sa^-  Harbor;  and  a  human  cranium  and  lower  jaw  from  near 
Fort  Wayne,  Indiana.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Wm.  A.  White. 

26284  — 2G309.  Human  and  animal  heads  in  terra-cotta,  earthen  moulds, 
and  arrowpoints  and  chips  of  obsidian  and  chalcedony  from  the  fie  ds 
around  the  pyramids  cf  the  Sun  and  Moon  at  San  Juan  Tcotihuacan :  stone 
celt  and  bead,  with  human  heads  and  small  cups  in  pottery  from  the  fields 
around  the  ruins  of  Mitla ;  grooved  stone  hammer  from  a  field  at  the  west 
base  of  Popocatapetl.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Ober. 

2Q'diO  —  2G339.  Broken  stone  ornament,  hammer  stones,  points  and  rude 
and  broken  stone  implements,  some  of  them  the  "turtle-back"  pattern, 
from  Blackman's  Point,  Marshfield,  Mass. —  By  Purchase. 

20340  —  28414:.  Stone  celts,  fragment  of  steatite  pot,  and  stone  pipe 
with  carved  face  from  CuUowhee,  X.  C. ;  semilunar  stone  knife  from 
Bradford,  Mass. ;  grooved  stone  axes  from  CuUowhee,  N.  C.  and  Audover, 
Mass.;  stone  knives  from  CuUowhee,  Is.  C,  Manchester.  Mass.,  and 
difi"erent  parts  of  the  Ohio  valley;  stone  points  from  Korth  Carolina  and 
differeut  places  in  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia;  fragments  of 
pottery  from  CuUowhee,  N.  C,  and  Manchester,  X.  H.,  and  a  miscellaneous 
collection  of  stone  implements  from  unknown  localities  in  the  United 
States.  —  By  Purchase. 

26415  —  26405.  Fragments  of  pottery,  plain  and  ornamented:  stone 
points  of  diflTerent  patterns,  with  knives,  scrapers,  drills  and  flakes  of  the 
same  material  from  Plattsburgh,^Xew  York.  —  Collected  and  presented  by 
Dr.  D.  S.  Kellogg. 

20460.  Polished  spearpoint  of  stone,  from  Plattsburgh,  Xew  York.  — 
Collected  and  presented  by  Master  PiObert  Douglass  Kellogg. 

26407.  "  Hennequin"sack  and  string,  from  Merida,  Yucatan.  —  Collect- 
ed and  presented  by  Mr.  Alexander  Agassiz. 

20408.  Specimens  of  '"Kapa"  cloth  from  the  South  Sea  Islands.— 
Collected  by  Capt.  Thomas  Prince  and  presented  by  the  Peabody  Academy 
of  Science. 

2G469  —  26471.  Bronze  fish  hooks  from  Lakes  Bienne  and  Xeuchatel. 
—  By  Purchase. 

26472  —  26478.  Fish-hooks  of  shell  and  bone,  latter  with  iron  barbs; 
arrows  with  bone  points,  and  a  fish-hook  with  a  whalebone  line,  from  the 
northwest  coast.  —  Collected  by  Thomas  Mayo,  and  presented  by  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

20479.    Stone  adze  with  handle,  from  Xew  Guinea.  —  By  Purchase. 

26480.  Spearpoint  of  hammered  copper,  from  Trenton,  X.  J.  —  Col- 
lected by  Franklin  De  Cou  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

26481.  Two  boomerangs,  from  Gippsland,  Victoria. —By  Purchase. 


195 


26482.  Copper  spearpoint,  hammered,  from  Trenton,  New  Jersey.— 
Collected  by  Fiianklin  De  Cou  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

26483— 2G494.  Architectural  ornaments  of  stone  from  the  ruins  of 
Uxmal;  lintel  of  wood,  from  Cliichenltza;  modern  water  jars  and  vases  pf 
pottery,  some  of  them  painted,  from  Merida,  Yucatan. —Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  Alexander  Agassiz. 

26495  —  26505.  Human  head,  bird-shaped  whistle  in  terra-cotta,  frag- 
ments of  pottery,  shell  ornaments,  a  piece  of  bone  which  has  been  cut  and 
burnt;  plaster  cast  of  earthen  whistle,  and  human  bones,  from  Cemetery 
Island  near  Progresso,  Yucatan.  —  Presented  by  Messrs.  Alexander 
Agassiz,  Stephen  Salisbury,  jr.,  and  Quincy  A.  Shaw. 

26506—26512.  Fragments  of  pottery,  some  coarse,  others  painted  and 
glazed,  from  the  Cathedral  yard  in  the  City  of  Mexico ;  fragments  of  pot- 
tery painted  and  polished  from  the  plain  north  of  the  City  between  Mexico 
and  Guadalupe  Hildago.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  D.  W.  Lord. 

26513.    Vase  of  carved  bamboo,  from  China.— Presented  by  Prof.  C.  E. 

MUNROE. 

26514—26521.  Quiver  made  of  bamboo  and  hide;  arrows  with  bone, 
wooden  and  iron  points,  some  of  them  poisoned;  iron  spear,  a  sword  and 
two  "  Kris,"  from  Batavia.— Collected  by  Dr.  D.  F.  G.  Van  de  Sande  and 
presented  by  Mrs.  B.  Pickman  Mann. 

26522-26525.  Brass  arrowhead  from  Buttermilk  Bay,  Mass. ;  chipped 
implement  of  stone  from  North  Truro,  and  a  stone  flake  and  implement 
from  Chilmark,  Martha's  Vineyard.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Hen- 
ry E.  Chase. 

26526—26528.  Human  cranium  and  jaw  and  portions  of  crania  and 
jaws,  from  the  stone  graves  in  Williamson  Co.,  Tennessee.  Exploration 
of  the  late  E.  Curtis  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

26529—26550.  Human  crania,  fragments  of  pottery  and  casts  of  pipes 
from  the  site  of  the  old  town  of  Hochelaga,  now  the  grounds  of  McGill 
College,  Montreal..- Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Dawson. 

26551—26558.  Fragments  of  animal  bones  from  a  lake  dwelling  at 
Laibacher  Moor;  bracelet  from  the  White  Nile;  and  earthen  jars  and  pots 
of  the  usual  Missouri  patterns,  from  mounds  near  New  Madrid,  Mo. — 
Presented  by  Mrs.  S.  B.  Schlesinger. 

26559—26577.  Human,  animal  and  bird  heads  in  pottery,  earthen  disk 
and  discoidal  stones,  from  shellheap  at  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Coq  d'lnde, 
Mobile  Co.,  Alabama.— By  Purchase.  Received  from  the  Subscribers 
TO  the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

26578.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  Daniel  Boone.— Presented  by  John  Mason 
Brown. 

26579.  Temporal  bone,  with  exostosis  in  ear,  from  a  mound  at  Racine, 
Wis.    Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy. 

26580.  Stone  arrowhead  from  Fairhaven,  Mass.— Collected  by  Mr. 
Harry  E.  Gifford  and  presented  by  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History. 

26581—26586.    Stone  maul  from  the  Bad  Lands  on  Cheyenne  River; 


196 


arrowheads  aud  scrapers  of  stone  and  a  scraper  made  of  a  piece  of  gun 
barrel,  from  southern  Dakota.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  S.  Garmax. 

9G587— 2C969.  Crania  aud  human  bones  ;  earthen  pots  of  different  pat- 
terns, two  of  them  with  "salamander"  handles;  stone  pipes;  beads,  pen- 
dants, finger  rings  and  other  objects  made  of  copper ;  beads,  points  and 
scrapers  of  bone;  cylinders  and  digging  implements  of  antler;  polishing, 
hammer  and  sharpening  stones,  stone  celts,  points  and  scrapers  of  flint; 
fragments  of  pottery;  animal  bones;  and  pieces  of  cut  and  worked  coal, 
bone  and  antlers;  from  the  Ancient  Cemetery,  near  Madisonville,  Ohio. 
This  collection  contains  many  hundreds  of  specimens  from  the  ieaf- 
mould  in  which  the  human  skeletons  are  found  and  from  the  ashpits 
in  the  hard  clay  below  them.  Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by 
the  Curator  and  Dr.  Metz.  Keceived  from  the  Subscribers  to  the 
Eeskarcii  Fund  of  1882. 

2G970— 26987.  Grooved  stone  axe  and  rude  stone  implements;  frag- 
ments of  pottery  and  pieces  of  worked  coal;  nnio  shells,  some  of  them 
perforated ;  broken  stone  ornament  and  unfinished  pipe  of  the  same  ma- 
terial; animal  bones  and  a  piece  of  worked  antler,  charcoal  and  burnt 
stones,  from  the  earth-circles  on  land  belonging  to  Mr.  Stiles,  near  the 
Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio.— Explorations  for  the  Museum 
conducted  by  the  Curator  and  Dr.  Metz.  Received  from  the  Sub- 
scribers TO  THE  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

26988— 2G995.  Human  crania  and  other  bones ;  and  charred  corn  from 
the  ashpits  at  Madisonville,  Ohio.— Exploration  conducted  for  the  Mu- 
seum by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  Matthias  Britton.  Received  from  the 
Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

2G99G— 27054.  Iron  sword-hilt ;  hammerstones  with  and  without  pits, 
some  of  them  grooved;  muUers,  celts  and  sharpening  stones;  drills, 
scrapers,  knives,  points,  chips  and  broken  implements  of  stone;  animal 
bones  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  the  leaf-mould  of  the  Ancient  Cem- 
etery at  Madisonville,  Ohio;  hammerstones  with  and  without  pits;  stone 
celts;  broken  pipe  and  ornaments  also  broken,  all  of  stone;  flint  drills, 
knives,  and  points  of  different  patterns,  from  various  places  in  Ohio.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

27055.  Flint  point  from  Madisonville,  Ohio.-Collected  and  presented 
by  Mr.  David  Riggle. 

2705G— 270G2.  Grooved  stone  axe,  stone  celts  and  a  muller  of  the  same 
material;  broken  stone  gorget  from  Morrow,  Ohio.-Collected  and  pre- 
sented  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Couden. 

27063—27112.  Hammerstones  with  and  without  pits;  circular  stones^ 
some  of  them  chipped;  stone  celts  aud  mullers ;  points  and  scrapers  of 
flint  •  shell  beads,  and  pieces  of  cut  and  worked  shell,  bone  and  coal ;  frag- 
ments of  pottery  and  bone  points,  from  Sandy  Ridge,  Anderson  Town- 
ship Ohio;  flint  chips  and  rude  stone  points;  broken  stone  celt,  piece  of 
worked  coal  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  Fort  Ancient,  Ohio.-Explo- 
ration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  the  Curator.  Received  from  the 
Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 


197 


27113—27115.  Fragments  of  pottery  from  Fort  Ancient.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  J.  T.  CouDEisr. 

2711G— 27126.  Grooved  stone  axes,  stone  celts,  circular  stones  and 
chipped  and  brolien  flint  points,  from  Turner's  field,  Anderson  Township, 
Hamilton  Co.,  Ohio.— Collected  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  F.  W.  Putnam; 
flint  flake  from  the  circle  on  the  hill  described  by  Col.  Whittlesey;  and 
human  bones  from  a  stone  mound  on  Mr.  Edwards'  land  in  same  town- 
ship.—Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  the  Cukator  and  Dr. 
Mi^Tz.    Received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

27127—27143.  Chipped  stone,  burnt  clay,  fragments  of  pottery  and 
flint  points  of  different  sizes  and  patterns,  from  Rock  Creek,  Moccasin 
Point,  and  Williams'  Island,  Tennessee.— Collected  and  presented  by  Gen. 
John  T.  Wilder. 

27144—27150.  Pointed  stone,'  probably  natural  form,  from  top  of  Green 
Mountain,  Mt.  Desert  Island,  Maine;  stone  pendant,  stone  points,  and 
animal  bones,  from  a  shellheap  at  Manchester's  Point,  Mt.  Desert  Island. 
—Collected  and  presented  by  Miss  Hatty  A.  Hill. 

27151—27175.  Charcoal,  burnt  clay,  chipped  stone,  unio  shell,  piece  of 
antler  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  a  mound  on  the  farm  of  John  W. 
Hunt,  near  Brentwood,  Williamson  Co.,  Tenn.;  flint  cores,  sharpening 
stone  and  potsherds,  from  the  surface  near  the  same  mound ;  disks  of 
stone  and  pottery,  hammerstone,  burnt  clay,  animal  bones,  some  of  them 
showing  marks  of  fire,  flint  chips  and  an  earthen  dish  and  fragments  of 
pottery  from  the  remains  of  a  log  structure  near  Dr.  W.  H.  Jarman's 
house,  at  Brentwood,  Tenn— Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by 
the  Curator.  Received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund 
OF  1882. 

27176—27408.  Animal  bones;  stone  disks,  chips,  celts  and  knives; 
charcoal  and  burnt  clay  and  stone;  shells  and  shell  beads  and  spoons,  and 
a  carved  "totem"  of  the  same  material;  bone  implements;  pearl  bead; 
piece  of  bark,  and  a  number  of  earthen  beads  and  bowls,  dishes,  bottles 
and  cups  of  various  forms  and  ornamentation,  with  many  human  crania 
and  other  human  bones,  from  the  stone-graves  on  Dr.  W.  H.  Jarman's 
place  near  Brentwood,  Tennessee ;  chipped  stone  points  from  the  surface 
at  the  same  place.  —Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  the  Cura- 
tor.—Received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

27409—27456.  Hammer  and  sharpening  stones  ;  flint  cores,  and  points 
of  different  sizes  and  patterns  ;  stone  drills  and  knives  ;  disks  of  stone  and 
pottery ;  human  and  animal  heads  and  beads,  also  in  pottery,  and  a  clay  ball, 
all  from  the  surface,  Brentwood,  Tenn.- Collected  and  presented  by  Dr. 
W.  H.  Jarman. 

27457—27459.  Broken  stone  hoe,  a  flint  point  and  stone  with  pits  on 
each  side,  from  the  surface,  Brentwood,  Tenn.— Collected  and  presented 
by  Mr.  Jonx  F.  Hill. 

27460—27463.  Stone  celts  and  two  grooved  stone  axes,  from  the  sur- 
face, Brentwood,  Tenn.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Cal- 

LENDER. 


198 


27464—27481.  Stone  hoes  and  celts  ;  discoidal  stones  and  chipped  im- 
plements;  human  head  and  small  objects  of  unknown  use  in  pottery,  from 
the  surface  in  Humphrey's  Co.,  Tenn  — Exploration  of  the  late  E.  Curtis 
conducted  for  the  Museum. 

27482—27485.  Buffalo  head,  painted,  decorated  pipe  of  catlinite,  sticks 
used  as  pipe  rests,  scalp  fa^tentd  on  a  wand,  all  used  in  the  Sun  dance 
of  the  Ogallala  Sionx.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  V.  T.  McGilli- 

CUDDY. 

2748G— 27650.    Gift  wands,  each  one  representing  a  pony  or  other  prop- 
erty; drum  sticks,  bone  whistle,  figures  of  horse,  man  and  buffalo,  cut 
out  of  raw  hide,  wooden  skewers  for  perforating  the  flesh,  and  other  im- 
plements that  were  used  in  the  sun  dance  of  the  Ogallala  Sioux,  together 
with  those  numbered  27482—27485.    Besides  these  articles  there  are  a 
number  of  others,  illustrative  of  the  life  and  state  of  domestic  arts  among 
the  Sioux,  Omahas,  Mandans,  and  other  tribes.     Among  these  are  speci- 
mens of  buckskin  with  bead  and  porcupine-quill  ornamtntatiou ;  paints, 
painting  implements  and  a  wooden  pattern  stick ;  dolls  showing  the  styles 
of  dress  among  different  tribes;  necklaces  and  garters  of  beads;  do- 
mestic utensils  of  horn  and  wood;  two  stone  disks,  similar  to  many  of 
those  found  in  the  Ohio  valley,  used  by  the  Omahas  to  pound  corn;  stone 
pipes ;  flute  made  of  cedar ;  articles  of  wearing  apparel,  including  cloth 
belts,  moccasins,  and  a  skin  dress;  also  a  bow  and  iron-pointed  arrows, 
and  many  other  things.     There  were  also  a  horse's  skull,  tin  cup,  small 
glass  vial,  horse's  tail  and  streamer,  and  some  other  articles,  from  the 
surface  of  an  Otoe  grave  that  had  been  rifled;  a  model  of  a  tent  of  the 
Omahas  with  all  the  articles  belonging  to  it,  including  poles,  pins,  and 
models  of  grain  sacks.    A  child's  moccasins  from  Caughuawaga,  Canada ; 
and  a  medicine  bag  with  its  contents  complete,  once  the  property  of  a 
Yankton  Sioux.— Collected  and  presented  by  Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher. 
.  27651—27839.    Grooved  stone  axes;  celts,  hoes  and  pestles  of  the  same 
material;  hammer,  polishing  and  sharpening  stones;  sinkers  of  different 
forms ;  flakes,  scrapers,  knives,  drills  and  points  in  jasper  and  argillite 
of  all  the  different  Js'ew  Jersey  patterns  from  the  surface ;  several  palaeo- 
lithics,  some  of  them  found  in  situ  in  the  gravel,  a  human  tooth  from  the 
grave;  broken  stone  ornaments;  brass  beads,  a  perforated  half-penny  of 
1688,  and  a  stone  pendant,  all  three  found  together;  fiagments  of  pottery 
and  pieces  of  earthen  pipes  and  pipe  stems;  and  a  number  of  rude,  un- 
finished and  broken  implements  of  stone,  from  Trenton,  New  Jersey; 
worked  stone,  probably  part  of  a  mould  and  a  stone  bullet,  from  Glou- 
cester Co.,  found  by  Mr.  Robinson  ;  two  stone  arrowheads,  from  County 
Antrim,  Ireland,  given  to  Dr.  Abbott  by  Col.  C.  C.  Abbott.- Explora- 
tions conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

27840—27845.  Hammerstoue,  notched  pebble,  jasper  drill  and  points 
from  Trenton.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  PvICHard  M.  Abbott. 

27846—28080.  Bird-shaped  and  other  ornaments  of  stone,  and  knives  of 
the  same  material,  from  mounds  in  Butler  Co.,  Ohio;  ornamental  axe, 
perforated,  a  stone  celt  and  rubbing  stone,  from  Kentucky ;  stone  orna- 


199 


ments,  points  and  drills,  from  Indiana ;  grooved  axe,  celt-gouge,  points  and 
a  semilunar  ornament,  all  of  stone,  from  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut; 
and  a  large  and  varied  assortment  of  stone  implements  and  ornaments,  of 
the  characters  usually  found  in  the  Ohio  valley,  from  different  places  in 
Ohio.  This  collection  is  especially  rich  in  articles  of  hematite,  there  being 
over  thirty  different  celts  of  this  material,  besides  a  number  of  articles 
evidently  intended  for  other  uses.— By  Purchase.  Eeceived  from  the 
Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

28081—28112.  Knives,  points,  drills  and  scrapers  of  argillite,  from 
Trenton,  N.  J.— Explorations  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  C. 
Abbott. 

28113.  Carved  stone  pipe,  from  a  mound  in  the  forks  of  the  Holston 
and  French  Broad  rivers,  Tenn.— Collected  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Sanford  and 
presented  by  Mr.  Wm.  E.  Stone. 

28 11 4— 28149.  Grooved  stone  axes,  celts,  and  mullers,  of  the  same  ma- 
terial ;  broken  stone  ornaments  and  a  collection  of  spearpoints,  arrow- 
heads, knives  and  scrapers  all  of  flint,  from  a  stone  mound  in  the  southern 
part  of  Stark  Co.,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  A.  P.  L.  Pease. 

28150—28186.  Knives,  spearpoints  and  arrowheads  of  different  pat- 
terns, chiefly  made  of  quartz,  from  Chester,  South  Carolina.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  S.  E.  Babcock. 

28187—28291.  Portraits  of  numerous  Indians,  many  of  them  being  the 
original  paintings  from  which  were  made  the  plates  published  in  the 
"  History  and  Biography  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  North  America,"  by 
McKenney  &  Hall.- Presented  by  the  Heirs  of  E.  P.  Tileston  and  Amos 

H  OLLINGSW  O  RTH , 

28292.  Portrait  of  0-ho-ka-pe,  a  Sioux  hunter.— Painted  by  Capt.  East- 
man, and  presented  by  Harvard  College  Library. 

28293—28360.  Human  remains  and  animal  bones ;  perforated  shells  and 
carved  shell  ornaments;  points  made  of  antler,  with  handles,  gouge,  and 
digging  implements  of  the  same;  points,  beads  and  scrapers  of  bone;  cut 
pieces  of  coal;  earthen  pots,  with  fragments  and  ornaments  of  dishes; 
sharpening,  rubbing,  and  hammerstones,  polished  stone  celts,  and  flint 
scrapers,  knives,  drills  and  points ;  from  the  ashpits  and  leaf-mould  over 
them,  in  the  Ancient  Cemetery  near  Madisonville,  Ohio.— Collected  by 
Mr.  Matthias  Britten,  in  the  course  of  the  Explorations  conducted  for 
the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Me:tz. 

28361—28369.  Stone  chips  and  arrowheads,  from  the  surface,  south  of 
Miles  Standish's  Monument,  Duxbury,  Mass. ;  shells  and  a  worked  bone 
from  a  shellheap  at  Duxbury,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  J. 
U.  Chadwick. 

28370—28372.  Stone  arrowheads  and  a  knife  of  the  same  material  from 
the  Longfellow  estate,  Cambridge,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  Ernest  Longfellow. 

28373.  Long  oyster  shells  from  bank  of  Charles  Eiver,  Cambridge- 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  T.  W.  B.  Clark. 

28374.  Eagle  feather  decorated.    Given  many  years  ago  to  the  Hon. 
J.  G.  Palfrey  by  a  Western  Indian.— Presented  by  Miss  Palfrey. 


200 


28375.    Copper  implement  with  semilunar  blade  from  Mexico.— Pre- 
sentecl  by  Dr.  P.  J.  J.  Valentini. 

9Q376— 28398.  Human  bones  and  flint  points  from  a  cave  in  Hart  Co.,  Ky ; 
shoes  and  strings,  made  from  leaves  of  the  cat- tail  rush;  piece  of  cloth 
woven  from  bark,  bunches  of  string ;  braided  grass  ;  gourd  vessels ;  shells 
of  Unio,  and  a  carved  stone  from  Salt  Cave,  Ky.— By  Purchase. 

28399—28450.  Bamboo  seat  and  poisoned  dagger  from  the  Caroline  Isl- 
lands;  stone  adze  with  wooden  handle  from  Island  of  Samoa;  stone  adze 
from  Fiji ;  shell  bracelet  and  stone  adze  from  Island  of  New  Britain ;  stock- 
ings and  a  painting  on  cloth  from  Japan;  braided  mat  from  Hawaii;  hat 
and  mats  made  of  palm,  prepared  betel,  shell  of  Placuna  used  in  place  of 
window-glass;  palm-pith  for  cleaning  the  teeth,  from  the  Philippine 
Islands;  vases,  bowls,  dishes,  bottles,  pitcher  of  earthenware;  cocoanut 
cup  and  brush;  bamboo  basket,  foot-ball,  and  sieve;  wooden  spoon,  and 
shoes  of  the  same  material  with  leather  tops;  hats  of  palm  leaf,  all  from 
Manila;  cotton  towel  of  native  workmanship  from  Ilocos,  north  of  Man- 
ila; braided  cigar  case,  hat  of  buffalo  horn,  and  a  water-proof  coat  made 
of  cocoanut  fibre,  all  of  native  make,  from  Laguno  or  lake  region  of  Man- 
ila ;  fishing  float  from  Legaspe,  Island  of  Luzon ;  bolo  or  knife  with  wooden 
sheath  and  earthen  bowl,  tea  pot,  pitcher  and  jug  from  Tobaco,  Island  of 
Luzon;  knife  and  specimens  of  cloth  and  hemp  fibre  or  twine  from  Hoilo, 
Island  of  Panay.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  Samuel  Kneeland. 

28451—28460.  Baskets  made  of  bamboo,  and  of  twigs,  strippiugs  and 
braid  of  the  wild  plantain,  all  Carib  work,  from  Salibia,  Island  of 
Dominica.—  Collected  by  Mr.  S.  W.  Garman  and  presented  by  Mr.  Alex. 
Agassiz. 

28461-28507.  Thirty-two  grooved  stone  hammers  and  ten  grooved 
stone  axes,  from  Rio  Tesuque  and  Pueblo  of  Namba,  New  Mexico;  club 
stone  from  Santa  Fe,  N.  M;  three  rubbing  stones  from  Rio  Tesuque,  New 
Mexico.— By  Purchase. 

28508—28995.  Obsidian  chips,  flakes,  arrowheads,  knives  and  an  imple- 
ment of  unknown  use ;  flakes  and  chips  of  chalcedony  and  moss  agate ; 
stone  chips,  points,  and  knives;  grooved  stone  axes  and  hammers;  met- 
ates  and  manos  or  grinding  stones;  a  polishing  stone  and  a  door  sill  of 
stone;  turquoises  and  copper  ore;  innumerable  fragments  of  pottery, 
plain, 'colored  and  otherwise  ornamented,  from  many  different  ruins  of 
Pueblos  in  New  Mexico.-Collected  by  Mr.  Ad.  F.  Bandelier  and  pre- 
sented by  the  Arch^ological  Institute  of  America. 

28996—29036.  Fragments  of  pottery,  painted  in  different  colors  and 
otherwise  ornamented ;  feet  and  legs  of  earthen  dishes,  and  portions  of 
clay  images  in  human  and  animal  forms ;  spindle  whorls  in  pottery;  ob- 
sidian chips;  shells  of  Unio  and  oyster;  shell  ornament  and  teeth  and 
bones  of  animals,  from  a  mound  near  Tampico,  Mexico.-Collected  by 
E.  H.  Whorf,  and  presented  by  Dr.  Walter  Faxon,  Cambridge. 

29037—29045.  Hair  of  a  Carib  Girl  from  Island  of  St.  Vincent;  hair  of 
a  French  Creole  Girl  from  Guadalonpe;  pipe  made  by  the  negroes  of  St. 
Lucia;  mass  of  obsidian  from  Reglia;  painted  gourd  and  brush  made 
of  fibres  from  Oaxaca,  thread  made  from  agave,  model  of  a  fire  fan  and 


201 


a  toy  dish  from  Puebla,  Mexico.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  F.  A. 
Ober. 

29046.  Stone  beads  from  Cliiriqui.— Collected  and  presented  by  Wil- 
liam Nelson. 

290-1:7.,  Large  ceremonial  implement  made  of  Catlinite,  obtained  from 
an  Indian  near  Redwood,  Minnesota.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W. 
Hudson  Stephens. 

29048.  Carved  stone  representing  a  turtle  from  Washington  Borough, 
Penn.— Collected  by  G.  W.  Cally,  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

29049—29088.  Fragments  of  pottery ;  animal  bones,  some  of  them  show- 
ing marks  of  workmanship,  stone  scrapers,  arrowheads,  chips  and  ham- 
merstones,  from  shellheaps  on  Damariscotta  river  and  Muscongus  Island  ; 
fragments  of  pottery  and  piece  of  a  human  bone  from  Tatman's  Island  in 
Damariscotta  river;  small  cylinders  of  clay  (natural forms)  from  the  banks 
of  Madomac  river,  Maine;  and  a  hammerstoee  and  pebbles  from  the  sur- 
face near  Damariscotta,  Maine.— Collected  by  Mr.  Fellows  S.  Knowl- 
TON,  and  presented  by  Mr.  Jamics  E.  Knowlton. 

29089.  Cranium  and  portion  of  human  skeleton,  from  the  Great  Oyster 
Heap,  Newcastle,  Maine.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Charles  Met- 
CALF,  through  Dr.  R.  C.  Chapman. 

29090—29100.  Shells  of  different  kinds,  fragments  of  pottery,  a  burnt 
stone,  piece  of  charcoal  and  animal  bones  from  the  great  shellheaps  on 
the  Damariscotta  river.  Me.— Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by 
the  Curator.  Received  from  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of 
1882. 

29101—29275.  Hammer  and  whetstones,  stone  arrowheads,  spearpoints, 
drills,  knives,  celts,  chisel  and  scrapers,  one  of  the  latter  being  a  new 
form;  animal  bones;  points  and  liandles  of  antler;  arrowheads,  harpoon 
points,  and  other  implements  of  bone ;  numerous  fragments  of  pottery, 
from  shellheaps  along  the  Damariscotta  river  and  in  that  neighborhood; 
iron  spearpoints,  an  iron  axe  and  a  clay  pipe,  all  of  European  make,  from 
a  shellheap  at  Keene's  Point,  Maine.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Al- 
bert J,  Phelps. 

29276—20278.  Bone  harpoonpoint,  and  animal  bones  from  a  shellheap 
on  Hodgdon's  Island.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Abram  T.  Gam- 
mage. 

29279—29300.  Animal  bones,  stone  chips  and  fragments  of  pottery  from 
shellheaps  at  Smelt  Brook,  Damariscotta  River.— Collected  and  presented 
by  Mr.  M.  H.  Gammage. 

29301—29475.  Animal  bones  in  great  quantities;  shells  of  different 
kinds,  and  specimens  of  broken  shells,  ashes  and  other  materials  of  which 
the  shellheap  at  Keene's  Point  is  composed  ;  carved  bone  and  several  bone 
points;  a  piece  of  worked  antler ;  fragments  of  a  large  pot  and  numerous 
fragments  of  pottery  ;  hammerstones,  with  scrapers,  pestles,  celts,  points, 
chips  and  flakes  of  stone  from  different  shellheaps  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
Damariscotta  River,  and  on  Muscongus  Sound,  Maine.— Collected  by 
Messrs.  A.  J.  Phelps,  A.  T.  Gammage,  S.  L.  Chapman,  Eben  Putnam, 


202 


and  the  CuPvA.tor,  in  the  course  of  an  exploration  conducted  for  the  Muse- 
um by  the  Curator.    Received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Reseaech 

Fund  of  1882.  . 

29476— '?9o21.  Fragments  of  crania  and  other  human  bones;  piece  or 
burnt  clay;  flint  chips,  points  and  scrapers;  fragments  of  pottery;  red 
ochre,  and  animal  bones,  from  mounds  on  Devil  River,  west  shore  of  Lake 
Huron.-CoUected  by  Mr.  Henry  Gilljian,  and  presented  by  Hon.  Ste- 

PHEN  Salisbury.  ,    -r>  -xt 

9959o_99593.  An  Idol  and  two  paddles  made  by  the  Bush  isegroes, 
UpperSurinam,  Dutch  Guiana.-Collected  by  Mr.  John  H.  Abbott.  By 

Purchase.  „  , 

29524.  Queue  of  a  Chinaman.    Presented  by  Mr.  John  H.  Abbott. 

29525.  Corn  cobs  from  ancient  ruined  Pueblo,  Kane  Co.,  Utah.— Pre- 
sented by  Mr.  E.  A.  Barber.  ^ 

29526  Human  cranium  from  shellheap  on  Port  Island,  Damariscotta 
river,  Me.-CoUected  by  Mr.  A.  T.  Ga^oiage,  and  presented  by  Dr.  R.  C. 
Ch  a.p^i  \n 

29o-'r-30139.    Human  bones,  animal  bones,  shells,  burnt  earth  and  clay, 
fosMls,  stone  implements,  copper  implements,  ornaments  of  copper  and 
shells,  terra-cotta  jars  and  fragments  of  pottery,  and  various  otherthrngs 
from  the  thirteen  mounds  forming  the  group  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Jfjn. 
Turner  in  the  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio.    Several  of  the  mounds  of  this 
group  contained  basins  of  burnt  clay  or  "  altars,"  two  of  which  were  cut 
out  and  brought  to  the  museum.    On  two  other  altars  were  found  hous- 
ands  of  relics,  consisting  of  small  pottery  images,  of  a  peculmr  style  of 
art  representing  men  and  women,  elaborately  carved  stone  dishes,  several 
pendants  of  stone  made  in  a  singular  manner,  beads  made  of  stone ; 
carved  shells  and  bones,  a  pendant  of  buffalo-horn ;  over  fifty  thousand 
pearls  most  of  which  are  perforated;  thousands  of  small  shells  per- 
forated for  use  as  beads,  thousands  of  shell  beads,  and  large  numbers 
of  perforated  teeth  of  the  wolf,  blact  bear  and  S^^^'y^ear;  numer- 
ous ornaments  of  various  shapes  made  of  shell,  several  hundred  bones 
from  the  feet  of  deer,  the  astragalus,  a  number  of  fossils  many 
water-^orn  stones  of  singular  shapes,  and  water-worn  or  rounded  pieces 
of  soft  coal    With  these  and  hundreds  of  other  objects  were  a  large 
Quantity  of  ornaments  cut  out  of  mica,  some  of  them  representing  the 
l"t  animals,  and  one  a  grotesque  human  head;  also  three  large 
sheets  of  mica.   There  were  also  hundreds  of  ornaments  made  of  na- 
the  copper,  including  beads,  scrolls,  bands,  circles,  and  various  other 
si  apes   ear-ornaments  and  pendants,  besides  several  masses  of  native 
copper'    A  number  of  wooden  beads  were  covered  with  thin  pieces  of  cop- 
pe    others  with  native  silver.    Several  fragments  of  a  thin  piece  of  native 
r„  dwerefonnd  which  probably  covered  some  other  object.    On  one  of 
«,e  altars  were  sever.al  masses  of  meteoric  iron  with  a  number  of  o  - 
„  m  nts  made  of  the  same  metal.    For  a  more  extended  -count  of  this 
"mportant  collection,  see  the  preceding  pages.-  Explorations  of  Dr.  C.  L. 


203 


Metz  and  the  Curator.  Eeceived  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Ee- 
SEARCH  Fund  of  1882. 

30140-30150.  Shells,  animal  bones,  fragments  of  pottery,  pieces  of 
mica,  flint-flakes,  charcoal  and  ashes,  from  the  refuse  pile  in  the  centre  of 
a  stone  covered  mound  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Little  Miami  River,  near 
the  group  of  mounds  mentioned  in  the  last  paragraph. —  Explorations  of 
Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  the  Curator.  Received  from  the  Subscribers  to 
the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

30151-30158.  Stone  implements,  flint  points,  burnt  earth,  charcoal,  etc., 
from  the  Langdon  mound,  near  Red  Bank,  Hamilton  Co.,  Ohio. —  Explo- 
rations of  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  the  Curator.  Received  from  the  Subscrib- 
ers TO  THE  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

30159-30161.  Worked  bone,  flint  flake,  burnt  earth  with  charcoal,  and 
material  from  pits  under  a  mound  six  feet  high  and  sixty  feet  diameter, 
surrounded  by  an  earth-circle  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  diameter,  on 
the  land  of  Mr.  William  Gould,  near  Reading,  Hamilton  Co.,  Ohio. —  Ex- 
plorations of  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  the  Curator.  Received  from  the 
Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882. 

additions  to  the  libraey. 

Dr.  C.  G.  Abbott,  Trenton,  N.  J.    Two  pamphlets. 

Academie  d'Archeologie  de  Belgique,  Anvers,  Belgium.  Four  volumes 
Annales,  ten  parts  Bulletin. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Davenport,  Iowa.  One  number  Proceedings. 

Academy  of  Science,  St.  Louis,  Mo.    One  volume  Transactions. 

Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Two  volumes.  Two  Reports  and 
five  numbers  of  Bulletin  of  Mus.  Comp.  Zool. 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  Worcester,  Mass.  Two  numbers  Pro- 
ceedings. 

American  Museum  Natural  History,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Report  and  three 
numbers  Bulletin. 

American  Philological  Association,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Anthropological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  London,  England. 
Four  numbers  of  Journal. 

Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  Boston,  Mass.  Report.   One  volume. 

Astor  Library,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Report. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Barber,  Philadelphia,  Penn.    Three  pamphlets. 

Mr.  John  M.  Batchelder,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Two  volumes. 

Bridgeport  Scientific  Society,  Bridgeport,  Conn.    Three  pamphlets. 

Dr.  Daniel  Q.  Brinton,  Philadelphia,  Penn.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  Lucien  Carr,  Boston,  Mass.    Two  volumes,  two  pamphlets. 

M.  Emile  Cartailhac,  Toulouse,  France.    One  volume,  four  pamphlets. 

Mi\  Theo.  S.  Case,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  Twelve  numbers  of  Kansas  City 
Review. 

Cayuga  County  Historical  Society,  Auburn,  N.  Y.  One  volume,  two 
numbers  Collections. 


204 


Prof.  John  Collett,  State  Geologist  of  Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
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205 


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206 


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ON  THE  SOCIAL  AND  POLITICAL  POSITION  OF  WOMAN  AMONG 
THE  HURON-IROQUOIS  TRIBES. 


By  Ltjcien  Cakr,  Assistant  Curator. 


In  studying  the  accounts  that  have  come  down  to  us  of  the 
manners  and  customs  of  the  American  Indians,  their  religion,  form 
of  government  and  material  progress,  we  cannot  but  be  struck  with 
the  similarity  that  prevailed  everywhere,  in  early  times,  among  the 
tribes  that  lived  east  of  the  Mississippi  and  south  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  the  great  lakes.  In  fact,  so  alike  were  they  in  each  and 
every  one  of  these  particulars  that  we  are  justified,  notwithstanding 
certain  linguistic  differences,  in  accepting,  almost  without  qualifi- 
cation, the  statement  of  the  old  chronicler  that  whoever  had  seen 
one  Indian  had  seen  all.^  Of  course  this  is  but  another  way  of 
saying  that  they  had  reached  the  same  level  of  civilization,  and 
although  the  assertion  has  met  with  some  opposition,  yet  it  is 
believed  to  be  as  true  of  the  tribes  that  held  this  region  two 
hundred  years  ago  as  it  is  of  the  white  people  who  live  here  to-day. 
That  there  were  certain  differences,  of  more  or  less  importance,  in 
the  domestic  arts,  and  possibly  in  some  of  the  customs  of  the 
various  tribes  is  unquestionably  true,  just  as  it  was  true  of 
individuals  of  the  same  tribe ;  but  this  no  more  presupposes  a 
difference  in  the  civilization  of  those  tribes  than  the  differences 
which  are  found  to  exist  to-day,  in  the  laws  and  occupations  of 
manufacturing  Rhode  Island  and  agricultural  Indiana  imply  a 
difference  in  the  civilization  of  the  people  of  those  two  states. 
To  assert  the  contrary  is  to  assert  that  skill  or  proficiency  in  some 
one  of  the  mechanic  arts,  or  a  difference  in  some  custom,  as  for 

1 "  If  we  have  seen  one  American,  we  may  be  said  to  have  seen  them  all,  their  color 
and  make  are  so  nearly  the  same:"  Ulloa  quoted  in  Note  XLV,  Vol.  I,  Eobertson's 
History  of  America:  London,  1777.  "  lis  ont  tons  fonciferements,  les  mgmes  moeurs  et 
usages,  de  mgme  que  la  manifere  de  parler  et  de  penser;  ayant  les  mgraes  sentiments 
les  uns  que  les  autres  :"  Le  Page  du  Pratz,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  217: 
Paris,  1758.  "  C'est  pourtant  par-tout  le  m§me  esprit  de  Gouvernement,  le  meme 
gdnie  pour  les  affaires,  la  mgme  mdthode  pour  les  traiter,  le  meme  usage  pour  les  As- 
semblees  secrettes  &  solemnelles,  le  mgme  caractere  dans  leurs  festius,  dans  leiirs 
danses,  &  dans  leurs  divertissements :"  Lafitau,  Moeurs  des  Sauvages  Ameriquains, 
Vol.  I,  p.  530:  Paris,  1724. 

(207) 


208 


instance  in  some  one  of  those  relating  to  marriage  or  divorce,  is 
a  test  of  civilization  ;  and  tliis  will  scarcely  be  maintained  in  the 
face  of  the  different,  not  to  sa}^  contradictory,  laws  upon  these  very 
subjects  that  are  now  in  force  in  different  sections  of  our  own 
country  ;  nor  will  it  accord  with  the  fact  that  the  Navajo  women 
of  to-day  weave  blankets  which,  in  texture  and  coloration,  compare 
favorabl}'  with  the  best  products  of  modern  looms.  Unquestiona- 
bly, proflcienc}^  in  some  one  art,  or  the  absence  or  prevalence  of 
a  certain  custom,  may,  to  some  extent,  measure  the  progress  of  a 
people  in  that  particular  direction  ;  but  as  neither  of  these  condi- 
tions necessarily  implies  a  corresponding  advance  along  any  other 
line  of  development,  they  do  not,  either  singly  or  when  taken 
together,  aid  us  very  materially  in  fixing  the  place  of  a  people  in 
the  scale  of  civilization.  To  do  this  with  any  degree  of  accuracy, 
we  have  to  take  into  account  all  the  different  factors  that  enter 
into  the  mental,  moral  and  material  life  of  a  people  and  see  how 
far  they  exceed,  or  fall  short  of  some  level  which,  be  it  never  so 
arbitrary,  is  for  the  time  being  assumed  as  the  standard.  Judged 
in  this  manner,  these  tribes  will  be  found  to  hold  a  middle  place 
between  savagery  and  civilization,  or  if  it  be  desired  to  go  a  step 
farther  and  define  their  position  still  more  closely,  we  may,  I 
think,  justly  claim  for  them  a  place  in  what  Morgan  terms  the 
middle  stage  of  barbarism  and  not  in  the  lower,  to  which  he  has 
seen  fit  to  relegate  them'^.  However,  in  matters  of  this  kind,  names 
count  for  very  little  ;  and  this  classification,  useful  as  it  undoubt- 
edly is  to  the  special  student,  can  give  but  a  very  inadequate  idea 
of  the  actual  condition  of  a  people.  To  supply  this  deficiency  as 
far  as  may  be  consistent  with  the  purposes  of  this  investigation, 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  say  that  these  Indians  lived  in  fixed  villages 
and  cultivated  among  other  things  both  corn  and  tobacco.  Slavery 
was  more  or  less  common  among  them  and  so,  also,  in  some  shape 
was  the  worship  of  the  sun.^  Ostensibly  they  were  governed,  so 
far  as  they  submitted  to  any  form  of  government,  by  a  council  of 
chiefs  and  elders,  whose  authority,  however,  extended  no  farther 
than  their  power  to  persuade  and  was,  as  we  shall  see  later  on, 
shared  by,  if  it  did  not  ultimately  reside  wholly  in,  the  women  of 

2  Ancient  Society,  p.  16:  New  York,  1877. 

3  Tlie  reader  is  referred  to  a  paper  entitled  "  The  ]N[ounds  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
historically  considered,"  in  Vol.  II,  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Kentucky  Geological  survey, 
in  which  I  have  discussed  these  matters  at  some  length. 


209 


the  tribe.  In  the  manufacture  of  implements  and  weapons  they 
had  reached  what  is  known  as  the  stage  of  polished  stone,  that 
being  the  material  usually  employed,  though  bone  and  horn  were 
also  used.  Of  the  art  of  reducing  ore  they  appear  to  have  been 
entirely  ignorant,  and  the  articles  —  chiefly  ornaments  —  of  copper, 
with  here  and  there  one  of  silver  or  gold,  found  among  them 
were  made  of  the  native  material  simply  hammered  into  shape.^ 
With  the  manufacture  of  pottery  however,  they  were  well  ac- 
quainted and  their  pots  are  said  to  have  been  well  made  and  of 
different  sizes,  "some  being  large  enough  to  hold  ten  gallons." 
They  also  had  "large  pitchers  to  carry  water;  bowls,  dishes, 
platters,  basons  and  a  prodigious  number  of  other  vessels  of  such 
antiquated  forms  as  would  be  tedious  to  describe  and  impossible 
to  name.^" 

This  is,  in  brief,  a  somewhat  fragmentary  account  of  the  condi- 
tion of  the  tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi  at  the  date  of  the 
discovery,  and  however  imperfect  it  may  be,  it  is  believed  to  be 
substantially  accurate  as  far  as  it  goes.  To  this  extent,  then,  it 
furnishes  data  for  a  correct  estimate  of  the  advance  made  by 
these  peoples,  along  some  of  the  different  lines  over  which  it  is 
necessary  to  pass  in  the  progress  from  savagery  to  civilization  ; 
and  though  it  is  confessedly  incomplete  in  that  it  fails  to  indicate 
the  precise  point  which  each  tribe  had  reached  on  each  and  every 
separate  path,  yet  it  is  sufficiently  explicit  and  comprehensive  to 
enable  us  to  say,  with  certainty,  that  they  were  moving  on  the 
same  or  rather  parallel  lines  ;  and  also,  in  a  general  y/ay  it  justifies 
the  conclusion  that  they  had  attained  to  about  the  same  stage  of 
social  organization  and  material  development. 

*  It  is  possible  tliat  tiie  native  copper  may  in  some  cases  have  been  melted  before  it 
was  tlius  hammered.  Champlain  (Voyages,  Vol.  II,  p.  236:  Boston,  1878)  was  told 
that  the  Indians  gathered  copper  in  lumps  and  "  having  melted  it,  spread  it  in  sheets, 
smoothing  it  with  stones,"  and  the  Knight  of  Elvas  (Hist.  Coll.  Louisiana  Part  II,  p.  149) 
says  that  De  Soto  heard  of  a  province  to  the  norfcli,  named  Chisca,  where  "  there  was  a 
melting  of  copper,  and  of  another  metal  of  the  same  color,  save  that  it  ivas  finer,  and 
of  a  far  more  perfect  color,  and  far  better  to  the  sight;  and  that  th^y  used  it  not 
so  much  because  it  was  softer."  In  Hakluyt's  voyages,  HI,  pp.  315  and  317,  Ealph 
Lane  tells  us  that  though  "  this  mineral  be  but  copper,  seeing  the  Sauages  are  able  to 
melt  it,  it  is  one  of  the  richest  minerals  in  tlie  world."  Harlot  in  Hakluyt's  voyages, 
HI,  p.  327,  speaks  of  ornaments  of  silver,  "grossly  beaten;"  and  in  pp.  67  and  132  of 
Strnchey's  Virginia  (Publications  of  Hakluyt  Society:  London,  1849)  we  are  told  of 
ornaments  of  beaten  copper.  Nearly  all  the  old  writers  speak  of  the  abundance  of 
copper  ornaments  among  the  Indians. 

6  Adair,  History  of  the  North  American  Indians,  pp.  421  and  421:  London,  1775. 

Keport  of  Peabody  Museum,  III,  14. 


210 


This  is  a  matter  of  some  importance  in  studying  the  condition 
of  our  Indian  tribes,  and  in  the  course  of  the  present  investigation 
it  will  be  found  to  come  to  the  surface  quite  frequently,  for  the 
reason  that,  in  many  instances,  it  is  not  possible  to  prove  that  a 
certain  rite  or  custom  prevailed  among  any  particular  people  by 
the  direct  testimon}^  of  competent  witnesses.  Our  accounts,  even  of 
the  tribes  that  are  best  known  to  us,  are  so  often  wanting  in  details 
that  we  are  obliged  to  resort  to  the  inferential  method  in  order  to  get 
any  idea  of  their  institutions.  This  is  unfortunate,  but  it  is  un- 
avoidable ;  and  though  this  mode  of  investigation  may,  at  times, 
be  somewhat  unsatisfactory,  yet  it  would  be  a  grave  mistake  to 
suppose  that  conclusions,  reached  by  this  process,  are  always 
deficient  in  logical  force.  So  far  is  this  from  being  the  case  that, 
not  unfrequently,  they  are  as  binding  and  necessary  as  is  the 
sequence  of  cause  and  effect  in  the  daily  concerns  of  life.  Espe- 
cially is  this  true  of  those  institutions  that  depend  upon  each 
other  for  their  existence,  or  which  have  grown,  one  from  another. 
As  an  instance  of  this,  let  us  take  a  people  of  whose  social  organ- 
ization we  know  nothing  except  that  they  were  divided  into  gentes, 
and  see  how  far  it  is  possible  to  understand  their  marriage  laws. 
At  first  sight,  this  foundation  would  appear  to  be  too  slight  to  justify 
its  use  as*  a  basis  for  reconstructmg  a  whole  network  of  customs, 
and  yet  so  inseparably  is  this  manner  of  dividing  a  tribe  connected 
with  certain  restrictions  upon  the  limits  within  which  marriage 
might  take  place,  that  the  one  being  granted  the  other  may  be 
assumed  as  a  matter  of  course.  Of  a  precisely  similar  character 
were  many  of  the  institutions  that  entered  into  the  social  and 
political  organization  of  our  American  Indians.  Almost  without 
exception  they  will  be  found  to  have  flowed  from  the  division  of 
the  tribe  into  gentes,  though  the  direction  seems  to  have  been 
given  to  the  stream  by  the  no  less  important  fact  that,  as  a  rule, 
descent  and  inheritance  were  transmitted  through  the  female  line. 
Thus  upon  the  death  of  a  chief  whose  oflSce  was  hereditary,  as 
was  the  case  with  the  Iroquois  sachems,  he  was  succeeded  not  by 
his  son,  but  by  the  "  son  of  a  sister  or  of  an  aunt  or  niece  on  the 
maternal  side      and  as  his  property,  at  least  all  of  it  that  was 

6  Lafitau,  Moeuvs  des  Sauvages  Amcriquains,  Vol.  I,  p.  471:  Paris  1724.  Morgan, 
Ancient  Society,  Part  II,  Chap.  ]I,  treats  this  subject  very  fully.  He  places  the  ordei* 
of  descent  "  from  brother  to  brother  or  from  uncle  to  nephew."  The  same  rule  pre- 
vailed in  Virginia  according  to  Strachey,  I.  c.  p.  70,  and  Hawkins  tells  us  that  among  the 
Creeks  on  the  death  of  a  Micco  "  if  his  nephews  are  fit  for  the  office,  one  of  them  takes 
his  place  as  his  successor ;  if  they  are  unfit  one  is  chosen  of  the  next  of  kin,  the  descent 
being  always  iu  the  female  line :"  Sketch  of  the  Creek  country,  p.  09. 


211 

not  buried  with  him,  was  hereditary  in  his  gens,  it  fell  to  the  same 
parties  and  could  not  descend  to  his  child  for  the  reason  that,  by 
their  peculiar  laws  of  marriage,  a  child^  and  its  father  must  neces- 
sarily belong  to  different  gentes.  This  mode  of  reckoning  descent 
was  very  general  among  our  American  Indians,  and  it  is  important 
to  have  this  in  mind  when  investigating  their  customs,  as  it  is  be- 
lieved to  furnish  the  key  to  the  study  of  their  whole  social  or- 
ganization. In  fact  there  is  no  other  way  of  accounting  for  many 
of  their  institutions,  and  notably  for  that  singular  phase  of  society 
in  which  woman,  by  virtue  of  her  functions  as  wife  and  mother, 
exercised  an  influence  but  little  short  of  despotic,  not  only  in  the 
wigwam  but  also  around  the  council  fire.  Even  among  the  Iroquois, 
those  fierce  and  haughty  warriors,  who  swept  as  with  the  besom  of 
destruction,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi  and  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  Cumberland,  her  influence  was  absolutely  para- 
mount.8  Chiefs,  warriors  and  councils  were  all  obliged  to  yield  to 
her  demands  when  authoritatively  expressed ;  and  there  are  few 
scenes  in  Indian  story  more  draipatic,  than  those  in  which  the 
eloquent  Red  Jacket,  and  that  magnificent  half-breed.  Corn-planter, 
were  constrained  to  do  her  behests  in  the  face  of  their  repeated 
declarations  to  the  contrary.  This  is  perhaps  a  somewhat  start- 
ling assertion  to  be  made  in  reference  to  the  most  warlike  of  all 
our  American  tribes,  and  yet  a  moment's  reflection  will  convince  us 
that  it  ought  not  to  occasion  any  surprise,  since  the  condition  it  des- 
cribes is  believed  to  be  the  legitimate  outcome  of  that  state  of  affairs 
in  which,  to  use  a  common  expression,  the  woman  carried  the  gens.9 
Bear  in  mind  that  among  them  the  gens  or  clan,  with  its  privileges 
and  obligations,  was,  in  reality,  nothing  but  a  brotherhood  of 
individuals  bound  together  by  ties  of  blood,  and  it  will  at  once  be 
seen  why  woman,  through  whom,  alone,  this  bond  of  union  could  be 

'  *'  Children  took  nothing  from  the  father,  but  they  inherited  their  mother's  effects." 
Ancient  Society,  p.  153.  Les  enfants  .  .  sont  censez  de  la  cabane  et  de  la  famille 
de  la  femme,  et  non  point  de  celle  du  mari.  Les  biens  du  mari  ne  vont  point  a  la 
cabane  de  la  femme  a  laquelle  il  est  etranger  lui-mgme;  et  dans  la  cabane  de  la 
femme,  les  fiUes  sont  censees  heritieres  par  preference  aux  males  parce  que  ceux-ci  n'y 
ont  jamais  que  leur  subsistence :"  Lafitau,  Vol.  I,  p.  73 :  Paris,  1724. 

8"  Rien  n'  est  cependant  plus  reel  que  cette  superiority  des  femmes :»  Lafitau,  Vol.  I, 
p.  71.  "  Car  outre  cette  Gineocratie,  qui  est  absolument  la  meme  que  celle  des  Lyciens, 
et  oil  le  soin  des  aflfaires  n'  est  entre  les  mains  des  hommes,  que  comme  par  voye  de 
procuration,  etc. :»  Ibid,  p.  463. 

o"La  succession  au  Ti-Qne  dans  la  llgne  collaterale  maternelle  des  neveux  'aux 
oncles,  preferablement  alaligne  directe  des  en  fans  aux  peres  etait  una  suite  de  cette 
Gineocratie  ou  Empire  des  femmes :"  Lafitau,  Vol.  I,  p.  80. 


212 


preserved  and  perpetuated,  should  have  been  accorded  a  promi- 
nence which  can  scarcely  be  paralleled  outside  of  the  realms  of 
fable.  However,  this  is  a  point  on  which  it  is  needless  to  insist, 
as  it  is  with  the  existence  of  this  phase  of  social  organization 
that  we  are  concerned  rather  than  with  the  theory  of  its  origin. 
To  this  end,  then,  it  behooves  us  to  look  somewhat  carefully  into 
evidence  upon  which  the  statement  rests  ;  and  this,  thanks  to  the 
writings  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  and  the  later  researches  of  Morgan 
and  others,  is  comparatively  an  easy  task. 

That  the  Indian  woman  was  not  the  overworked  drudge  she  is 
usually  represented  to  have  been,  has  been  shown  in  the  course  of 
an  investigation  I  have,  elsewhere,  had  occasion  to  make  into  the 
agricultural  habits  of  our  tribes  and  it  is,  therefore,  unneces- 
sary, in  this  connection,  to  do  more  than  refer  to  that  paper  and 
to  give  a  qualified  approval  to  the  statement  of  Mary  Jemison, 
who  passed  her  life  among  the  Iroquois  and  who  tells  us  that  the 
task  of  an  Indian  woman  was  not  harder  than  that  of  her  white 
sister,  while  her  cares  "were  not  half  as  numerous  nor  as  great." 
Certainly,  if  her  duties  be  compared  with  those  that  generally  fell 
to  the  share  of  the  wives  and  daughters  of  our  early  pioneers,  her 
lot  cannot,  in  any  sense,  be  regarded  as  exceptionally  hard.  In- 
deed, on  a  priori  grounds,  it  is  scarcely  possible  that  it  could  have 
been  so,  since  she  possessed  and  used  the  right  of  divorce^^ 
equally  with  her  husband  ;  and  it  would  be  too  great  a  tax  upon 
our  credulity  to  ask  us  to  believe  that  she  would  have  submitted  to 
any  very  unequal  distribution  of  the  labor  necessary  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  family,  when  she  held  the  remedy  for  such  an  iujustice 
in  her  own  hands.  But  it  is  not  of  this  phase  of  Indian  life  that 
I  propose  to  speak,  though  it  has  an  evident  bearing  upon  my  sub- 
ject and  has  been  \evj  generally  overlooked.  Neither  do  I  intend 
to  refer,  except  incidentally,  to  those  cases  in  which  individual 
women  have  risen  to  rank  and  influence  in  their  respective  tribes 
by  the  possession  of  superior  abilities,  greater  riches,^^  or  by  the 

10  Mounds  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  historically  considered"  in  Vol.  II,  of  the  Me- 
moirs of  the  Kentucky  Geological  Survey. 

11  Life  of  Mary  Jemison,  p.  70 :  New  York,  1856. 

12  "Amongst  the  Iroquois  and  Hurons  they  may  part  by  mutual  consent,"  Charle- 
voix, Letters,  Vol.  II,  p.  50:  London,  1761.  "The  right  of  voluntary  separation  was 
allowed  to  all :"  Morgan,  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  324.  Compare  Lafitau,  Moeurs  des 
Sauvages  Ameriquains,  Vol.  I,  pp.  581,  et  seq.:  Paris,  1724.  Hawkins'  Sketch  of  the 
Creek  Country,, p.  73.  Adair,  p.  139.   Bartram,  p.  515. 

13  The  curious  in  such  matters  may  refer  to  Drake's  Indians  of  North  America 
Ichap.  IV:  fifteenth  edition)  for  an  account  of  the  women  who  were  conspicuous  in 


213 


ostentatious  display  of  those  peculiar  powers  that  have  made  the 
name  of  Messalina  forever  infamous.  Such  instances  are  not  un- 
common, and  they  are  not  confined  to  any  particular  family  of 
tribes  ;  but  except  in  so  far  as  they  show  that,  among  our  Ameri- 
can Indians,  there  was  no  insuperable  barrier  to  the  acquisition 
of  the  highest  tribal  authority  by  a  woman,  they  do  not  come 
within  the  pale  of  this  investigation.  For  reasons  that  have  been 
given,  this  field  has  been  necessarily  limited,  and,  for  the  present, 
my  observations,  except  when  the  contrary  is  clearly  indicated, 
will  be  confined  to  the  tribes  that  belonged  to  the  Huron-Iroquois 
family, 14  and  to  those  customs  which,  springing  from  institutions 
that  were  generally  prevalent  east  of  the  Mississippi,  may  be 
safely  predicated  of  all  the  tribes,  within  that  area,  which  can  be 
shown  to  have  reached  the  same  stage  of  development,  and  in 
which  the  conditions  necessary  for  the  growth  of  these  customs 
ate  known  to  have  existed.  As  an  instance  of  this  method  of 
procedure,  let  us  recur  to  our  illustration  of  a  people  of  whom  we 
know  nothing  save  that  they  were  divided  into  gentes,  and  add  to 
it  the  additional  facts  that  descent  among  them  was  in  the  female 
line,  and  that  their  highest  expression  of  tribal  authority  was  to 
be  found  in  a  council  of  chiefs  and  elders.  In  this  sequence  of 
institu|,ions  may  be  seen  the  two  extremes  of  a  singular  phase  of 
social  and  political  organization  ;  and  with  this  fact  clearly  un- 
derstood, it  is  believed  to  be  perfectly  legitimate  to  infer  that  in 
any  tribe  of  which  the  two  can  be  predicated,  the  intermediate 
stages,  connected  as  they  must  have  been  like  the  rounds  of  a 
ladder,  did  not  difier  from  those  that  are  known  to  have  existed 
among  the  Iroquois,  among  whom  the  ideas  peculiar  to  this  stage 
of  development  had  crystallized  into  a  definite  form.  Regarded, 

King  Philip's  war.  See  also  St.  Cosme,  in  Siiea's  Early  Voyages  (p.  63 :  Albany,  1861), 
for  an  account  of  a  woman  among  tiie  Illinois,  who  was  very  influential  on  account  of 
her  talent  and  liberality,  and  because  "  having  many  sons  and  sons-in-law,  all  hunters, 
she  often  gives  banquets,"  etc.  Carver  (Travels,  pp.  41,  245  and  259:  London,  1781) 
speaks  of  women  who  were  chiefs  among  the  Saukies,  Dakotas  and  Winnebagoes.  In 
the  latter  instance,  however,  descent  being  in  the  female  line,  she  is  said  to  have  in- 
heritedthe  position.  Besides  these,  we  have  the  "  Caciquess  of  Cofachiqui"  mentioned 
repeatedly  by  the  chroniclers  of  De  Soto's  expedition;  the  queen  of  Tuckabatchee 
(Creek)  who  proposed  marriage  to  Hawkins;  the  Squaw  sachems  of  New  England,  who 
were  found  so  useful  whenever  the  whites  wanted  to  buy  land,  etc.,  etc. 

"  Speaking  of  these  tribes,  Lafltau,  Vol.  I,  p.  463,  says :  "  On  voit  dans  chacun  la 
mgme  distribution  des  families,  les  mgmes  Loix  de  police,  le  meme  ordre;  en  sorte  que 
qui  en  voit  un  les  voit  tons."  In  the  first  volume  of  the  Publications  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ethnology,  Washington,  1881,  Major  Powell  gives  an  account  of  the  social  and  political 
organization  of  the  Wyandots,  a  Huron  tribe,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred. 


214 


then,  from  this  point  of  view,  a  study  of  the  customs  of  this  family 
of  tribes  possesses  an  added  interest,  since  it  not  only  offers  a 
field  for  investigating  a  phase  of  civilization  of  which  it  is,  per- 
haps, the  best  exemplar,  but  it  supplies,  at  the  same  time,  the  nec- 
essary material  for  filling  in  the  picture  of  the  social  and  political 
institutions  of  tribes  of  whose  organization  we  have  nothing  but 
the  outline  sketch. 

Before,  however,  entering  upon  this  branch  of  my  subject,  it 
may  be  well  to  premise  that  in  the  course  of  this  investigation 
the  two  primary  facts  of  the  division  of  our  American  tribes  into 
gentes,  with  descent  in  the  female  line  will  be  taken  for  granted. 
Morganis  j-^as  gone  into  these  subjects  very  thoroughly,  and  though 
there  may  be  instances,  as  among  the  Ojibwas,  in  which  the  rule  of 
descent  had  been  transferred  to  the  male  line,  yet  it  is  very  evi- 
dent from  what  Schoolcrafti^  has  told  us  of  customs  that  existed 
in  this  tribe,  even  in  his  day,  that  this  change  had  taken  place  in 
the  not  very  distant  past.  Be  this  as  it  may,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  in  the  Huron-Iroquois  family  of  tribes,  as  well  as 
among  those  that  lived  south  of  the  Ohio,  the  older  form  of  de- 
scent prevailed  ;  and  even  among  the  Algonquins  of  the  north  it 
was  the  exception  to  find  a  people  among  whom  it  had  been 
changed.  Assuming  then  these  two  fundamental  facts,  we  are  pre- 
pared to  examine  the  accounts  that  have  come  down  to  us  of  the 
organization  of  the  Iroqnois  and  incidentally  of  the  other  Amer- 
ican tribes,  in  order  to  find  out  exactly  what  the  old  chroniclers 
tell  us  of  the  social  and  political  position  held  by  the  women. 

Beginning  with  the  domestic  side  of  the  question,  as  being  the  first 
in  time  as  well  as  in  importance,  it  will  be  found  that  everywhere 
east  of  the  Mississippi  and  south  of  the  great  lakes,  our  American 
Indians,  at  the  date  of  the  discovery,  lived  in  what  for  the  want 
of  a  better  name,  may  be  termed  barrack-houses. Among  the 
Iroquois,  these  houses  were  long,  narrow  cabins  of  bark,  with  a 
passage  way  through  the  centre;  and  along  this,  on  each  side, 
were  arranged  a  series  of  compartments,  each  one  of  which  was 
allotted  to  a  family.    These  houses  varied  in  size,  being  from 

IS  Ancient  Society,  Chap.  VI:  New  York,  1877. 
i«  Indian  in  his  Wigwam  :  New  York,  1848. 

"Lafitau,  Vol.  II,  p.  10.  Van  der  Donck,  New  Netherlands,  in  Vol.1,  Coll.  N.  Y. 
HiPt.  Soc,  p.  197.  Jontel,  Journal  in  Part  I,  Hist.  Coll.  of  Louisiana,  p.  US.  La  Vega, 
Conqugte  de  La  Floride,  Part  I,  p.  103,  and  Part  II,  p.  19:  Paris,  1709.  Lawson,  Caro- 
lina, p.  177 :  London,  1718. 


215 


twenty  to  thirty  feet  wide,  and  of  a  length  proportionate  to  the 
number  of  families  that  were  to  be  accommodated.  Each  house- 
hold was  made  up  on  the  principle  of  kin,  i.  e.,  the  married  wo- 
men being  usually  sisters,  own  or  collateral,  were  members  of 
one  and  the  same  gens  to  which  of  course,  their  children  also  be- 
longed. The  husbands,  however,  as  also  the  wives  of  the  sons, 
when  the  latter  were  brought  to  the  cabin  (which  seems  to  have 
been  but  seldom),  would  necessarily  be  of  different  gentes,  since 
marriage  within  the  gens,  even  in  cases  of  adoption,  was  never 
allowed.  Over  every  such  household  a  matron  presided,  w^hose 
duty  it  was  to  supervise  its  domestic  economy.  After  the  single 
daily  meal  had  been  cooked  at  the  different  fires  within  the  house, 
it  was  her  province  to  divide  the  food,  from  the  kettle,  to  the  sev- 
eral families  according  to  their  respective  needs.  What  remained 
was  placed  in  the  custody  of  another  person  until  she  again  re- 
quired it.  Within  the  house,  all  the  stores  seem  to  have  been  in 
common,  and  "  whatever  was  gained  by  any  member  on  hunting 
or  fishing  expeditions,  or  was  raised  by  cultivation"  was  added  to 
the  general  stock.  This  is,  substantially,  Morgan's^s  account  of 
the  interior  arrangements  of  an  Iroquois  "  long  house,"  and  from 
the  system  of  descent  and  consanguinity  that  prevailed  among  them, 
it  is  obvious  that  a  majority  of  the  inmates  of  such  a  household 
must  have  belonged  to  one  and  the  same  gens  — that  of  the 
mothers.  This  preponderance  would  be  increased  and  perpetuated 
by  the  fact  that  a  young  woman  upon  her  marriage,  did  not  leave 
her  home, 19  but  brought  her  husband  into  it ;  and  so  long  as  he 
remained  in  the  cabin,  and  even  after  the  young  couple  had  gone  to 
live  with  his  relations  or  had  a  home  of  their  own,  he  was  obliged 
to  give  either  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  game  that  he  killed 
and  the  fish  that  he  caught,  to  his  mother-in-law.^o    If  he  proved 

i«  Morgan,  House  and  House-life  of  the  American  Aborigines,  being  Vol.  IV  of  the 
Contributions  to  North  American  Ethnology,  p.  64 :   Washington,  1881. 

""Chez  nos  Sauvages  les  femmes  sont  maitresses,  et  ne  sortent  point  de  chez 
elles  :"  Lafltau,  I,  p.  568.   Perrot,  p.  30 :  Paris,  1864. 

2"  Charlevoix,  Letters  H,  p.  54 :  London,  1761.  Lafitau,  I,  p.  579,  tells  us  that  "toute 
sa  chasse  appartient  de  droit  a  la  cabane  de  son  epouse,  la  premiere  annee  de'  sou 
Manage.  Les  annees  suivantes  il  est  oblige  de  partager  avec  elle."  See  also  Morgan, 
in  House-life  of  the  American  Aborigines,  p.  64.  Perrot  (Moeurs  des  Sauvages  de 
l  Amerique,p.25:  Paris,  1864)  says  the  same  custom  existed  among  the  Algonquin 
tribes  of  the  north  and  south.  According  to  him,  the  young  couple  for  the  first  two 
years  after  their  marriage  lived  with  the  mother  of  the  wife,  and  during  that  time  it 
was  the  husband's  duty  to  carry  everything  that  lie  gained,  either  by  hunting  or  fishing 
home  to  her.  Of  this  she  gave  him  a  part  for  his  own  mother.  At  the  end  of  two 


216 


lazy  and  failed  to  do  his  share  of  the  providing,  "  woe  be  to  him. 
Ko  matter  how  many  children,  or  whatever  goods  he  might  have 
in  the  house,  he  might  at  any  time  be  ordered  to  pick  up  his  blan- 
ket and  budge  ;  and  after  such  orders  it  would  not  be  healthful  for 
him  to  disobey  ;  tlie  house  would  be  too  hot  for  him  ;  and  unless 
saved  by  the  intercession  of  some  aunt  or  grandmother,  he  must 
retreat  to  his  own  clan,  or  as  was  often  done  go  and  start  a  new 
matrimonial  alliance  in  some  other  ...  The  female  portion  ruled 
the  house,  and  were  doubtless  clannish  enough  about  it/'^i 

When  a  young  couple  felt  brave  enough  to  leave  the  maternal 
roof  and  set  up  for  themselves,  the  husband  had  to  make  a  mat- 
tress for  his  wife,  and  build  her  a  cabin  or  repair  the  one  in  which 
they  were  to  live.22  It  was  also  a  point  of  honor  with  him  to  see 
that  his  wife  and  children  were  well  fed  and  well  clothed. 23  Of 
this  cabin  the  wife  was  the  absolute  mistress  ;24  and  not  only  was 
this  true  of  the  cabin  and  all  that  it  contained,  but  she  seems  also 
to  have  owned  the  fields  and  the  harvests.  In  fact,  we  are  told 
that  the  whole  of  the  land  occupied  by  the  tribe  belonged  to  her.25 

years,  he  went  with  his  wife  to  live  with  his  mother  «'  et  quand  il  revient  de  la  chasse 
ou  de  la  peche,  sa  helle-mere  luy  donne  une  partie  de  ce  qu" il  a  porte  pour  sa  mere. 
S'il  revient  de  traitte  pareiUement,  c'est  toujours  aux  voluutes  de  sa  helle-mere  qu'il 
doit  avoir  egard."  Among  the  Sacs,  Foxes,  and  Kickapoos,  the  young  husband  served 
his  wife's  parents  "  faitlifully  according  to  custom,  which  is  till  she  has  a  child;  after 
which  he  can  take  her  to  his  own  relations,  or  live  with  those  of  his  wife.  During  the 
servitude  of  a  younglndian,  neither  he  nor  his  wife  has  anything  at  their  disposal:  he 
is  to  hunt,  and  that  in  the  most  industrious  manner;  his  wife  is  continually  at  work, 
dressing  skins,  making  mats,  planting  corn,  etc.  .  .  .  Among  the  Chippewas,  Ottawas, 
and  Potawatamies,  a  wife  is  sometimes  purchased  by  the  parents  of  the  young  man, 
when  she  becomes  at  once  his  own  property;  but  the  most  common  mode  of  procuring 
a  wife  in  all  these  nations  is  by  servitude."  Morse  Report,  Appendix,  p.  13i.  Among 
the  Indians  the  Gulf  coast  we  are  told  that  "  From  the  time  a  daughter  marries,  all 
that  he  who  takes  her  to  wife  kills  in  hunting  or  catches  in  fishing,  the  woman  brings 
to  the  house  of  her  father,  without  daring  to  eat  or  take  any  part  of  it  and  thence  vict- 
uals are  taken  to  the  husband."  Cabeca  de  Yaca,  p.  76,  translated  by  Buckingham 
Smith :  New  York,  1S71. 

21  Rev.  Ashur  Wright,  quoted  in  Morgan,  House  and  House-life  of  the  American 

Aborigines,  p.  64. 

22  Charlevoix,  Letters,  Yol.  II.  p.  54. 

23  Lafitau,  Yol.  I,  p.  579 :   Paris,  1724. 

24  See  above,  Note  19,  and  also  Charlevoix,  Letters,  Yol.  H,  p.  54.  "  The  wigwam 
or  lod^-e,  and  all  articles  of  the  household  belong  to  the  woman— the  head  of  the  house- 
hold-and  at  her  death  are  inherited  by  her  eldest  daughter,  or  nearest  of  female  km." 
Powell,  Short  study  of  Tribal  Society  among  the  Wyandots,  I.  c,  p.  65:  Washington, 
1881. 

25  «'  C'est  en  elles  que  reside  toute  I'autorite  reelle :  le  pais,  les  champs  et  toute  leur 
recolte  leur  appartiennent :"  Lafitau,  I,  p.  72.  "  The  women  councillors  partition  the 
gentile  land  among  the  householders  and  the  household  tracts  are  distinctly  marked 
by  them :"  Powell,  I.  c,  p.  65. 


217 


This  statement  is  made  without  the  least  qualification  by  the 
author  from  whom  I  quote,  and  as  an  evidence  of  its  truth  we 
find  that  it  was  distinctly  asserted  at  a  council  held  in  1791.  At 
that  council,  the  women  told  Col.  Proctor,  the  American  Com- 
missioner, "...  you  ought  to  hear  and  listen  to  what  we,  wo- 
men, shall  speak,  as  well  as  the  sachems ;  for  we  are  the  owners 
of  this  land  —  and  it  is  ours.     It  is  we  that  plant  it  for  our  and 
their  use.    Hear  us,  therefore,  for  we  speak  of  things  that  concern 
us  and  our  children,  and  you  must  not  think  hard  of  us  while  our 
men  shall  say  more  to  you  ;  for  we  have  told  them."    This  state- 
ment, as  to  the  ownership  of  the  land,  was  not  denied,  and  on  the 
re-opening  of  the  council.  Red  Jacket,  through  whose  instrumen- 
tality it  had,  at  a  previous  session,  been  most  unceremoniously 
closed,  was  made  spokesman  for  the  women,  and  in  that  capacity 
was  obliged  to  yield  to  demands  which  he  had  previously  bit- 
terly opposed.    This  he  did  in  the  following  emphatic  language: 
"  iJow,  listen,  Brother :  you  know  what  we  have  been  doing  so 
long,  and  what  trouble  we  have  been  at ;  and  you  know  that  it  has 
been  the  request  of  our  head  warrior  (Cornplanter)  that  we  are  left 
to  answer  for  our  women,  who  are  to  conclude  what  ought  to  be 
done  by  both  sachems  and  warriors.    So  hear  what  is  their  con- 
clusion."   "  Brother :  the  business  you  have  come  on  is  very 
troublesome,  and  we  have  been  a  long  time  considering  on  it,  ever 
since  you  came  here,  and  now  the  elders  of  our  women  considering 
the  greatness  of  your  business,  have  said  that  our  sachems  and 
warriors  must  help  you  over  your  diflSculties  for  the  good  of  them 
and  their  children."  26    F^om  the  above  extracts  it  will  be  seen, 
that  the  claim  of  the  women  was  made  under  the  most  solemn 
circumstances,  and  in  the  most  positive  manner  —  there  is  no  pos- 
sibility of  mistaking  it —  and  as  it  was  not  disputed,  we  are  justi- 
fied in  inferring  that  it  was  recognized  as  valid  by  those  who  took 
part  in  the  council.    It  is  true  that  there  was  no  mention,  at  this 
time,  of  a  sale  of  land,  and  that  hence,  under  the  circumstances, 
the  assertion  of  this  right  of  ownership  by  the  women,  may  seem 
like  a  work  of  supererogation,  or  a  mere  rhetorical  flourish  un- 
worthy of  serious  consideration.    Such,  however,  can  hardly  have 
been  the  case,  for  some  years  later,  at  a  council  held  in  1797,  this 
very  question  did  come  up,  and  the  women,  having  received  a 
number  of  presents  from  Mr.  Morris,"  are  said  to  have  fallen  back 
26  stone,  liife  of  Jled  Jacket,  pp.  155  et  seq.  Albany,  1866. 


218 


on  their  reserved  rights,"  and  in  conjunction  with  the  warriors,  to 
have  obliged  the  chiefs  to  reopen  a  council  that  had  been  declared 
closed,  and  to  make  a  sale  of  lands  upon  terms  which  had  been 
previously  rejected.    Upon  this  occasion,  Cornplanter  seems  to 
have  been  selected  as  their  spokesman,  for  in  reopening  the  delib- 
erations, he  said,  among  other  things,  "  that  the  women  and  war- 
riors had  seen  with  regret-the  misconduct  of  their  sachems  ;"  and 
Farmer's  Brother,  himself  a  chief,  was  constrained  to  admit- that 
the  course  of  the  women  and  warriors,  in  thus  nullifying  the  pro- 
ceediugs  of  a  council,  "was  in  perfect  accordance  with  their  cus- 
toms."^^    These  two  instances — in  one  of  which  the  women  assert, 
without  contradiction,  that  they  owned  the  land,  and  in  the  other 
they  take  a  negotiation  out  of  the  hands  of  a  council,  and  in  con- 
junction with  the  warriors,,  oblige,  the  chiefs  against  their  wishes, 
actually  to  sell  a  part  of  that  land  — if  they  do  not  confirm  the 
statement  of  the  old  chronicler  in  every  detail,  at  least  justify  us 
in  concluding  that,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  the  land  belonged  to 
the  women.    Upon  this  point  Morgan  is  very  clear  ;  and  though 
it  is  evident  from  what  he  says  that  the  claim  of  the  women  to  ex- 
clusive ownership  cannot  be  sustained,  yet  it  is  equally  evident 
that  their  proprietary  rights  in  the  land  were  not  less  extensive  nor 
less  well  defined  than  were  those  of  the  men.  According  to  him  the 
title  was  vested  in  all  the  people  of  the-tribe,28  including  of  course 
females  as  well  as  males  ;  and  of  this  there  cannot  be  much  doubt 
in  view  of  the  many  deeds,  receipts,  and  other  oflScial  documents 
that  have  come  down  to  us,  bearing  the  signatures,  conjointly,  of 
the  principal  women,  the  chiefs  and  the  leading  warriors.29 

As  the  women  appear  thus  far  to  have  owned  everything  in  the 
shape  of  private  property  except  the  clothes  worn  by  the  men,  and 
their  weapons,  it  will  not  surprise  us  to  learn  that  "  the  children 
belonged  entirely  to  the  mother  and  acknowledged  no  authority 
but  hers."30  Charlevoix  does,  it  is  true,  in  a  spirit  of  consolation, 
volunteer  the  information  that  the  man  "  if  not  looked  upon  as  the 
father  was  at  least  respected  as  the  master  of  the  cabin,"  but  unfort- 
unately he  has  to  admit,  at  the  same  time,  that  he  did  not  know  how 
far  this  custom  prevailed  ;  and  that  his  doubts  in  this  respect  were 
well  founded,  is  evident  from  what  we  know  of  the  practice  of 

27  Life  and  Times  of  Red  Jacket,  pp.  243,  et  scq. 

2«  ?»ror^?an,  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  326:   Rochester,  1851. 

29  vy.  L.  Stone,  Life  of  Brant,  Vol.  I,  pp.  62  and  499,  and  Vol.  II,  p.  575 :  Albany,  1865 
so  Charlevoix,  Letters,  Vol.  II,  p.  53. 


219 


neighboring  tribes  3i  as  well  as  of  the  Iroquois  themselves.  Not- 
withstanding the  disadvantage,  to  call  it  by  no  stronger  name, 
under  which  the  man  labored,  it  appears  that  sometimes,  in 
cases  of  divorce  after  children  had  been  born  to  the  parties,  the 
fathers  did  lay  claim  to  the  sons.  On  general  principles  this 
would  ^seem  to  have  been  a  very  fair  division  of  the  children  and 
with  our  ideas  of  right  and  wrong,  if  is  difficult  to  understand 
upon  what  grounds  this  act  of  justice  was  refused ;  and  yet  we 
are  told  that  the  women  never  allowed  the  claim  and  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  defeat  it  whenever  made.  The  children,  too,  having  grown 
up  under  the  wing  of  the  mother  generally  took  her  side  in  the 
quarrel  and  resented  the  affront  which  their  father,  by  his  deser- 
tion, had  put  upon  them  not  less  than  upon  her.^s 

In  the  matter  of  marriage,  their  customs  were  very  simple. 
Except  that  it  could  not  take  place  between  members  of  the  same 
gens,  there  does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  restrictions  upon  it. 
The  matrons  of  the  cabins  took  the  affair  in  hand,  and  all  the 
arrangements  were  made  upon  the  basis  of  interest.^s  The  young 
people  did  not  have  much  to  say  in  the  matter ;  in  fact  so  little 
were  their  tastes  consulted, ^4  that  individuals  were  sometimes 
united  in  this  relation  without  their  knowledge  or  consent,  and 
perhaps  without  even  a  previous  acquaintance. 35  It  was  not, 
however,  customary  for  the  relations  of  a  young  woman  to  make 
the  first  advances,  "  unless  she  remained  too  long  in  the  market 
when  her  family  would  act  underhand  in  order  to  get  her  disposed 
of,  but  in  this  a  great  deal  of  caution  was  used."  36  This  backward- 
si  Thus  among  the  Ojibwas,  among  whom  descent  had  been  transferred  to  the  male 
line,  we  are  told  that  "  The  lodge  itself  with  all  its  arrangements  is  the  precinct  of  the 
rule  and  government  of  the  wife.  She  assigns  to  each  member  his  or  her  ordinary 
place  to  sleep  and  put  their  effects.  These  places  are  permanent  and  only  changed  at 
her  will:  .  .  .  Husband  has  no  voice  in  the  matter :  .  .  .  In  the  lodge  the  man 
may  be  looked  upon  as  the  guest  of  his  wife :"  Schoolcraft,  Indian  in  his  Wigwam,  pp. 
73  and  77:  New  York,  1848.  "Among  the  Wj^andots  the  head  of  the  family  is  a 
woman :"  Powell,  I.  c.  p.  59. 

32  Lafitau,  Vol.  I,  p.  569,  Paris,  1724.  "  The  children  were  of  the  tribe  of  their  mother. 
No  right  in  the  father  to  the  custody  of  their  persons,  or  to  their  nurture  was  recognized! 
As  after  separation  he  gave  himself  no  further  trouble  concerning  them,  .  .  .  they 
became  estranged  as  well  as  separated :"  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  325.  "  Children 
irrespective  of  sex,  belong  to  the  gens  of  the  mother:"  Powell,  Study  of  Wyandots,  p. 
63.  For  the  prevalence  of  the  same  custom  among  other  tribes  see  Lawson,  Carolina* 
p.  185;  Timberlake,  memoir  concerning  the  Cherokees,  p.  66;  Bartram's  Travels 
through  Florida,  p.  515;  Archjeologia  Americana,  p.  285. 
33Lafitau,  Vol.1,  p.5Gl. 

3*  Lafitau,  I,  pp.  564,  565,  League  of  the  Iroquois,  pp.  321,  et  sea. 
s5  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  323. 
36  Charlevoix,  Le  ters  II,  p.  51. 


220 


ness,  among  a  people  as  natural  in  their  manners  as  were  the  In- 
dians, is  a  little  strange,  since  it  must  have  been  an  object  with  them 
to  marry  off  their  girls  as  early  as  possible,  in  order  to  increase  the 
strength  and  prosperity  of  the  gens  by  the  addition  of  their 
husbands  to  its  working  force  of  hunters.37  a  partial  explanation, 
however,  of  this  seeming  inconsistency  can  be  found  in  the  fact 
that  the  matrons  or  women  who  presided  over  the  different 
households  were  great  match-makers,  and  they  never  failed  to 
advise  a  young  man  to  marry,  even  though  they  knew,  that  from 
the  time  that  he  did  so,  his  services  in  the  chase,  etc.,  would  no 
longer  belong  to  them,  but  would  appertain  to  the  gens  of  his 
wife.38  In  spite,  however,  of  the  manifest  advantage  that  would 
accrue  to  their  families,  the  young  women  do  not  seem  to  have 
been  in  any  hurry  to  get  themselves  married,"  though  this  reluc- 
tance may  have  arisen  from  the  fact  that  "  in  some  places  they 
were  at  full  liberty  to  make  trial  of  that  state  beforehand,  and 
the  ceremony  of  marriage  made  no  change  in  their  condition  except 
to  render  it  harder.39"  As  a  rule,  however,  it  was  not  an  affair  in 
which  they  were  allowed  much  choice,  as  the  old  women  usually 
arranged  the  matter  to  suit  themselves.  Thus  we  are  told  that  when 
a  matron  "  had  a  son  or  other  male  relative  whom  she  wished  to 
see  married  she  looked  about  for  a  young  woman  "of  good  repute, 
laborious  and  possessed  of  a  good  temper  and  when  she 
thought  she  had  found  such  a  person,  she  proposed  the  matter 
to  the  girl's  friends,  and  after  due  deliberation  and  the  ex- 
change of  a  few  presents  the  affair  was  settled.  Everything  was 
conducted  in  the  most  decorous  manner,  not  only  during  the  pre- 
liminary arrangements,  but  at  the  marriage  and  even  afterwards. 
Indeed  so  incredible  are  some  of  the  stories  told  of  their  modest 
reserve,  that  Charlevoix,  who  is  not  ordinarily  very  sceptical  on 
such  subjects,  feels  constrained  to  intimate  a  doubt  of  their  truth. 

Polygamy  or  rather  polygyny  was  never  permitted  among  the 
Iroquois  and  according  to  Morgan  it  never  became  a  practice,^! 
though  Charlevoix  speaks  of  "  nations  that  had  wives  in  every 
quarter  where  they  had  occasion  to  sojourn  for  a  while  in  hunting 

37Lafitau,  II,  p.  163. 

38  Lafitau,  I,  pp.  562, 563. 

so  Charlevoix,  Letters,  Vol.  II,  p.  51.  Compare  La  Hontan,  Voyages,  Vol.  II,  pp.  34  ei 
eeq.:  London,  1703. 

40Lafitau,  Vol.  I,p.  564. 

<i  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  324.  Lafitau,  Vol.  I,  p.  555. 


221 

time,"  and  tells  us  that  "  this  abuse  had  crept  in  some  time  since 
among  the  nations  of  the  Huron  language  who  had  always  before 
been  satisfied  with  one  wife.^^"  This  moderation,  in  view  of  the 
very  different  practice  in  neighboring  tribes,  speaks  well  for  the 
Iroquois  men.  I  am  sorry,  however,  to  say  that  the  virtue  was 
not  imitated  by  the  women,  as  they  allovred  themselves  a  plurality 
of  husbands,  at  least  among  the  Tsonnontouans  (Senecas)  ;  and 
this  the  old  writer  thinks  "  was  very  singular  and  was  the  result 
of  the  gyneocracy  that  existed  among  them."^^ 

Having  married  off  the  young  people  and  started  them  to 
housekeeping,  it  would  seem  as  if  the  duties  of  the  matrons  ought, 
so  far  as  this  particular  couple  were  concerned,  to  have  been  about 
over.  Such,  however,  was  not  the  case,  for  now  they  had  to  see 
that  the  newly  married  pair  got  along  together  harmoniously. 
"If  differences  arose  between  them,  it  became  the  duty  of  the 
old  people  to  effect  a  reconciliation,  and  by  advice  and  counsel  to 
guard  against  a  repetition  of  the  difficulty.  But  if  disturbances 
continued  to  follow  reconciliations,  and  their  dispositions  were 
found  to  be  too  incongruous  for  domestic  peace  a  separation 
followed,  either  by  mutual  consent  or  the  absolute  refusal  of  one 
of  the  parties  longer  to  recognize  the  marriage  relation."44 
early  times  such  ruptures  were  considered  disreputable  and  were 
therefore  unfrequent,^^  but  later  on  "  the  inviolability  of  the 
nuptial  contract  was  less  sacredly  regarded,  and  the  most  frivolous 
reasons,  or  the  caprice  of  a  moment,  were  sufficient  for  breaking 
the  marriage  tie."  46  However,  even  in  early  times,  divorces  did 
sometimes  take  place  in  families  as  well  regulated  as  those  of  the 
Iroquois  seem  to  have  been,  and  from  the  accounts  of  the  old 

"Charlevoix,  Letters,  Vol.  II,  p.  48. 

43  "Ce  qui  paroitra  plus  singulier,  c'est  que,  par  une  suite  de  la  gin^ocratie,  la  Poly- 
gamie,  qui  n'est  pas  permise  aux  hommes,  I'est  pourtant  aux  femmes  chez  les  Iroquois 
Tsonnontouans,  ou  il  en  est,  lesquelles  out  deux  maris  legitime;  Lafitau,  I,  p.  555. 
Among  the  Natchez,  "  the  daughters  of  a  noble  family  are  allowed  to  marry  none  but 
private  men ;  but  they  have  a  right  to  turn  a^vfay  their  husbands  when  they  think  proper, 
and  marry  another,  provided  there  is  no  alliance  between  them.  If  their  husbands  are 
unfaithful  to  them,  they  may  cause  them  to  be  put  to  death,  but  are  not  subject  to  the 
same  law  themselves;  but  on  the  contrary  may  entertain  as  many  gallants  as  they  please, 
without  the  husband's  daring  to  take  it  amiss.  .  .  .  He  stands  in  a  respectful  post- 
ure, in  the  presence  of  his  wife,  never  eats  with  her,  salutes  her  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  rest  of  her  domestics,  etc. Charlevoix,  Letters,  Vol.  II,  p.  265.  See  the  whole  of 
this  letter  — XXX —  for  an  interesting  account  of  the  oi'ganization  of  the  Natchez, 
the  position  of  the  woman  sun,  etc. 

**  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  324. 

45  Charlevoix,  Letters,  Vol.  II,  p.  49,  La  Hontan,  Vol.  II,  p.  36 :  London,  1703. 
«  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  325. 


222 


writers,  it  is  evident  that  the  causes  that  are  to-day  so  instrumental 
in  producing  discord  were  equally  powerful  then.  It  is  worthy  of 
note,  however,  that  when  such  an  untoward  event  did  occur,  the 
wife,  even  though  the  guilt  was  on  her  side,  had  but  little  reason 
to  fear  a  scandal. 4?  The  cabin,  or  the  portion  of  it  occupied  by  the 
married  pair  being  hers,  it  was  the  man  who  would  have  to  leave  ; 
and  even  then  he  could  not  take  anything  with  him  as  it  was  her 
privilege,  in  case  of  divorce,  to  strip  him  of  all  he  had,  though 
decency  required  that  the  present  made  to  her  at  her  marriage,  or 
its  equivalent,  should  be  returned.'*^ 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  it  was  the  man  who  was  at  fault,  if  when 
worn  out  by  bickering  and  contentions  at  home  he  ventured  to  set 
up  a  rival  establishment  in  the  neighborhood,  he  had  to  be  very 
sly  about  it,  otherwise  wife  No.  2  would  be  likely  to  fare  rather 
badly.  Wife  No.  1  might  pounce  down  upon  her  at  any  time  and 
rob  her  of  all  the  provisions  he  had  given  her,  and  he  was  power- 
less to  prevent  it  even  when  done  in  his  presence.^^  Thus  tied, 
hand  and  foot,  by  inexorable  custom,  the  man  does  not  appear  to 
have  had  any  rights  that  the  woman  was  bound  to  respect.  From 
the  cradle  to  the  grave  there  was  never  a  time  when  he  was  not 
subject  to  some  woman  who  ruled  him  by  virtue  of  her  position  in 

4^  Lafitau,  I,  p.  585. 

4s  "  Une  femme  a  droit  dans  le  Divorce  de  depoiiiller  le  marl  qui  la  quitte,  et  elle  le 
fait  sans  quMl  s'y  oppose.  Pour  agir  dans  les  formes,  il  faudroit  rendie  aussi  le  pre- 
sent, ou  un  equivalent,  de  celui  qui  a  ete  donn^  pour  le  Mariage  :"  Lafitau,  Vol.  I,  p.  589. 
Perrot  (Moeurs  des  Sauvages  de  I'Amerique,  p.  22:  Paris,  1864)  says  that  among  the 
Iroquois  marriage  was  a  mere  temporary  arrangement,  but  that  among  the  Ontaoiiacs 
(Algonquin)  it  was  more  permanent;  and  that  among  them,  a  man  never  divorced  his 
Avife  without  good  reason.  If  he  did,  he  would  subject  himself  "  a  estre  pille  et  a  mille 
confusions,  puisque  celle  qu'il  auroit  quitte  mal-a-propos  pour  en  prendre  une  autre, 
se  mettroit  a  la  teste  de  ses  parentes,  et  luy  osterait  ce  qu'il  auroit  sur  luy  et  dans  sa 
cabane;  elle  luy  arracheroit  les  cheveux  et  luy  dechiroit  le  visage;  en  un  mot,  il  n'  y  a 
point  d'indignitez  et  d'aflfronts  dont  elle  ne  I'accableroit  et  qu'elle  ne  soit  en  droit  de 
luy  faii-e  sans  qu'il  puisse  s'y  opposer,  s'il  ne  vent  devenir  I'opprobre  du  village. 
Quand  le  mary  n'en  epouse  pas  d'autre,  la  femme  qu'il  a  quittee  pent  le  piller  lorsqu'il 
revient  de  la  chasse  ou  de  la  traitte,  luy  laissant  ses  armes  seulenient,  qu'elle  luy  oste 
•  enfin  s'il  ne  voulait  absolument  retourner  avec  elle."    Among  the  Shawnees,  etc.,  it  is 

said  that  "  not  unfrequently  they  take  away  everything  tlie  husband  owns,  his  hunting 
equipage  only  excepted  :"  Archneologia  Americana,  I,  p.  285. 

Lafitau,  I,  p.  585.  Perrot,  I.  c,  p.  27,  says  the  same  custom  prevailed  among  the 
Algonquin  tribes  nortli  and  south,  and  adds  that  very  often  this  brought  on  a  fight  be- 
tween the  women,  when,  if  tliey  happened  to  belong  to  difl'erent  gentes,  their  relations 
would  sometimes  take  part,  so  that  in  the  end  it  would  become  so  serious  that  a  chief 
would  have  to  interpose  and  quell  the  row.  La  Potherie  (Vol.  II,  p.  32  :  Paris,  1753) 
says  that  sometimes  blood  was  si)illed  during  these  fights,  during  which  "  le  Mari  juge 
des  coups  d'un  grand  sang  froid  :  cela  lui  fait  meme  plaisir,  parce  qxi'il  dit  quec'est  une 
marque  que  les  femmes  I'aiment." 


223 

the  household  or  in  the  gens.    If  he  ran  away,  as  was  sometimes 
done,  and  "established  a  matrimonial  alliance  elsewhere,"  he 
could  have  no  assurance  of  bettering  himself.    It  was  a  change  ot 
masters,  but  not  of  condition,  and  it  is  just  possible  that  after  one 
or  two  such  experiences  he  might  have  preferred  to  "  bear  the  ills 
he  had,  rather  than  iiy  to  those  he  knew  not  of."    Literally  there 
was  no  escape  for  him  as  long  as  he  continued  to  form  an  integral 
part  of  the  tribe.    The  yoke  was  riveted  at  every  joint,  and  so 
far  as  law  or  custom  could  make  it,  the  rule  of  the  woman  was 
one  of  the  most  ingeniously  contrived  despotisms  that  could 
possibly  have  been  devised.    That  it  was  not  originally  intended 
to  be  such  is  of  course  well  known ;  but  it  is  none  the  less  true 
that  in  its  gradual  development  we  have  an  instance  in  which  a 
series  of  customs,  the  legitimate  outgrowth  of  institutions  that 
were  in  themselves  perfectly  natural,  finally  resulted  in  giving 
to  the  woman  the  entire  control  of  affairs,  even  of  those  that  are 
supposed  to  have  been  the  peculiar  province  of  the  man.  In 
proof  of  this,  we  have  but  to  refer  to  their  system  of  levying  war. 
Here,  if  anywhere,  it  is  fair  to  presume,  that  the  man  ought  to 
have  been  master  of  his  own  acts,  and  yet  we  find  that  he  could 
not  go  upon  the  warpath  unless  the  women  were  willing.  Theo- 
retically of  course,  he  was  at  liberty  to  do  so  whenever  he 
pleased,   but  practically  he  was  not;  for  the  matron  of  any 
household  to  which  some  member  of  his  party  belonged,  might 
come  in  at  any  moment  and  forbid  their  departure  ;  and  as  this 
was  a  thing  that  neither  the  chiefs  nor  the  council  could  do,  it  is 
regarded  by  the  old  chronicler  "  as  proof  that  her  influence,  in 
some  shape,  was  more  real  even,  than  that  of  the  council  of  eld- 
ers." ^0    Concurrent  with  this  right  to  forbid  the  departure  of  a 
war  party,  and  apparently  in  pure  mockery  of  the  man's  helpless- 
ness, was  the  right,  which  the  woman  also  possessed,  of  sending 
him  out  on  such  an  expedition  whenever  she  pleased. These 
forays  were  not  unfrequently  made  for  the  sole  purpose  of  se- 
curing captives,  or  slaves  for  adoption  into  some  family  or  gens 
that  had,  from  some  cause,  been  weakened,  and  as  it  was  for  the 
woman  to  decide  when  this  was  necessary  or  desirable,  it  follows 
that  the  war-making  power  was  virtually  in  her  hands.    Thus  we 

soLafitau,  II,  p.  168. 

Among  the  Hurons  and  Iroquois,  where  the  matrons  command  and  prohibit  a 
war  as  seems  good  to  them :''  Charlevoix,  Letters,  I,  p.  317. 


224 


are  told  that  whenever  she  wished  to  engage  any  one  who  did  not 
depend  on  her,  as  for  instance  some  relative  by  marriage,  "  to  levy 
a  party  for  war  whether  it  be  to  appease  the  manes  of  her  husband, 
son  or  near  relation,  or  whether  it  be  to  procure  prisoners  in  order 
to  replace  those  in  her  cabin  of  whom  death  or  captivity  had  de- 
prived her  ;  she  must  make  him  a  present  of  a  collar  of  wampum, 
and  such  an  invitation  was  seldom  found  ineffectual."^^  In  beating 
lip  for  recruits  it  was  not  only  the  members  of  her  own  gens  who 
were  bound  to  make  good  her  loss,  but  the  duty  also  devolved  up- 
on those  who  were  allied  to  it  by  marriage,  or  the  AtJionni  as  they 
were  termed  ;  and  herein  is  said  to  have  consisted  the  advantage 
of  having  many  males  born  in  the  gens.  For  these  men,  though 
not  in  the  line  of  succession,  and  to  some  extent  isolated  (isoles 
et  bornez  a  eux-memes)  in  their  own  households  must  marry  into 
other  gentes,  and  the  children  born  of  these  marriages,  though 
strangers  to  their  fathers'  gens,  were  obliged  to  aid  in  making 
good  the  loss  of  those  fathers  in  case  of  death  or  captivity  ;  and 
hence  it  was  that  the  matron  who  was  in  authority  in  the  house- 
hold to  which  the  fathers  had  belonged,  might  send  these  children 
upon  the  war  path  whenever  it  suited  her  to  do  so,  or  she  could 
prohibit  them  from  engaging  in  any  warlike  expedition  of  which 
she  did  not  approve. ^3  These  war  parties  were  sometimes  absent 
for  two  or  three  years,  and  travelled  several  thousands  of  miles  by 
land  and  water  as  was  most  convenient.  When  one  of  them  re- 
turned from  a  successful  foray,  the  first  thing  to  be  done  was  to 
decide  upon  the  fate,  or  rather  the  distribution  of  the  prisoners. 
Two  or  three  were  usually  burned,^^  but  by  far  the  greater  number, 
men  as  well  as  women  and  children,  were  scattered  around  among 
the  different  households  for  adoption,  as  it  was  by  this  means  that 
the  Iroquois  were  able  to  keep  up  their  strength.^^  As  soon  as  the 
council  had  come  to  a  decision  in  regard  to  the  prisoners,  it  was 
made  known  by  a  crier  ;  and  the  distribution  then  took  place  in 
the  public  square  without  any  noise  or  dispute.  "Those  women 
who  had  lost  their  sons  or  husbands  in  the  war  were  commonly 
satisfied  in  the  first  place.  Afterwards  the  warriors  fulfilled  the 
engagements  entered  into  with  those  from  whom  they  had  received 

52  Charlevoix,  Letters,  I,  p.  317. 
63  Lafitau.  II,  p.  163. 
E^Lafitau,  II,  pp.272.  273. 

65  Charlevoix,  Z.  c,  I,  p.  372.  John  Bartram's  Observations,  p.  79:  London,  1751. 
Golden,  Five  Nations,  p.  5 :  London,  1747. 


225 


collars  of  wampum  ;  if  there  were  not  a  sufficient  number  of  pris- 
oners for  this  purpose,  the  defect  was  supplied  with  scalps,  which 
were  worn  by  way  of  ornament  on  days  of  rejoicing,  but  at  other 
times  were  hung  up  at  the  gates  of  their  cabins.  If,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  number  of  prisoners  was  more  than  sufficient  for  these 
purposes,  the  overplus  was  sent  to  their  allies.  The  place  of  a 
chief  was  never  filled  up  but  by  a  chief,  or  by  two  or  three  slaves 
who  were  always  burned.  The  Iroquois  never  failed  to  set  apart 
some  prisoners  for  the  use  of  the  public,  in  which  case  the  council 
disposed  of  them  as  they  thought  proper ;  but  the  matron  still  had 
the  power  to  abrogate  their  sentence,  being  absolute  sovereigns 
of  the  life  and  death  of  those  who  had  been  condemned  or  ab- 
solved by  the  council."56  in  the  case  of  a  prisoner  who  had  been 
assigned  to  a  family,  he  was  led  to  the  door  of  the  cabin  and  either 
introduced  into  it  or  left  in  the  vestibule.  If  the  chief  matron 
decided  to  accept  him,  he  was  at  once  received  into  the  family  and 
gens,  and  entered  upon  all  the  privileges  and  assumed  all  the  obli- 
gations of  the  person  whose  place  he  took.^?  But  if,  on  the  other 
hand,  she  refused  to  receive  him  and  "  threw  him  into  the  fire"  as 
it  was  termed,  he  was  invariably  burned ;  for  "there  was  no  power 
in  the  tribe  that  could  save  a  prisoner  whom  she  had  condemned, 
nor  condemn  one  whom  she  had  decided  to  save." 

If  now  we  turn  to  the  political  organization  of  these  tribes  we 
shall  find  that  even  in  this  unusual  sphere  the  authority  of  the 
women  was  not  less  real.59    Ostensibly  the  supreme  power  of  the 

58  Charlevoix,  I.  c,  II,  p.  371.  See  Timberlake's  Memoir,  p.  71,  for  the  same  Custom 
among  the  Cherokees. 

57Lafltau,  II,  p.  308.  La  Hontan,  Voyages,  II,  pp.  80,  et  seq.  Colden,  Five  Nations, 
p.  9. 

68  ''Celles  a  qui  on  les  donne,  en  sont  tellement  les  maitresses,  que  I'inclination  de 
tout  le  village  ne  scauroit  les  sauver,  si  elles  ont  envie  de  les  jetter  aufeu,  ni  les  faire 
mourirsiellesontlavolontedeleurdonner  la  vie:"  Lafitau,  II,  p.  273.  "The  pris- 
oner was  presented  to  the  wife  of  Half  King  (a  Wyandot  chief),  but  she  refused  to  re- 
ceive him,  which,  according  to  the  Indian  rule,  was,  in  fact,  a  sentence  of  death:" 
Heckwelder,  Historical  Account  of  the  Indian  Nations,  p.  Ifi2:  Philadelphia.  1819. 
Compare  Du  Pratz,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane,  Vol.  II,  p.  431,  and  Vol.  Ill,  p.  48 :  Paris] 
1758,  for  a  similar  custom  among  the  Natchez.  La  Hontan  Travels,  II,  pp.  80  et  seq!, 
may  also  be  consulted,  and  Bossu  (Travels,  p.  10,5)  tells  us  that  among  the  Arkansas 
the  women  decide  the  fate  of  prisoners. 

59  Lafitau,  I,  p.  71.  Charlevoix,  I.  c,  II,  p.  25,  upon  this  subject  says :  The  women 
have  the  chief  authority  amongst  all  the  nations  of  the  Huron  language;  if  we  except 
the  Iroquois  canton  of  Onneyouth,  in  wliich  it  is  in  both  sexes  alternately.  But  if  this 
be  their  lawful  constitution  their  practice  is  seldom  agreeable  to  it.  In  fact,  the  men 
never  tell  the  women  anything  they  would  have  to  be  kept  secret;  and  rarely  any  affair 
of  consequence  is  communicated  to  them,  though  all  is  done  in  their  name,  and  the 
chiefs  are  no  more  than  their  lieutenants."  In  reply  to  this,  it  may  be  said,  first,  that 

Eeport  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  15 


226 


tribe  was  vested  in  a  council  composed  of  the  chiefs  and  elders, 
though  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  in  all  that  they  did  they 
acted  as  attorneys  for  the  women  rather  than  independently  and 
of  their  own  volition.  As  a  rule  their  decisions  were  respected 
though  this  was  not  invariably  the  case  ;  and  in  the  event  of  op- 
position on  the  part  of  any  individual*  he  was  at  liberty  to  follow 
the  bent  of  his  own  inclination. 

Of  these  chiefs,  there  were  several  grades.  Lafitau,  whom  I 
generally  follow,  speaks  particularly  of  two,  the  sachems  and 
their  assistants  ;  and  so,  too,  does  Morgan,  though  he  places  in 
the  second  rank  those  chiefs  whose  position  was  due  to  personal 
bravery,  wisdom  in  affairs  or  eloquence  in  council,  and  was,  there- 
fore, a  reward  of  individual  merit  which  died  vdth  its  possessor.eo 
There  does  not  appear  to  have  been  any  reason  why  a  chief  should 
not  have  been  chosen  an  assistant  and  vice  versa,  and  it  may  be, 
that  originally  the  two  classes  formed  but  one,6i  though  they  are 
spoken  of  as  being  distinct.^a  First  in  rank  among  these  chiefs, 
though  not  necessarily  so  in  influence  were  the  sachems,  whose 
dutie°s  were  confined  to  the  affairs  of  peace,63  and  whose  office 
was  perpetual  and  hereditary  in  the  gens  —  the  succession  being 
always  continued  through  the  woman,  so  that  upon  the  death 
of  a  chieftain  of  this  rank  he  was  succeeded  not  by  his  son, 
but  by  the  son  of  a  sister  or  of  some  other  female  relation. 
"The  tree  having  fallen"  they  were  accustomed  to  say  "  it  was 
necessary  to  raise  it  up  again,"  and  to  this  end  upon  the  death  of 
a  sachem,  the  matron  who  presided  over  the  household  to  which 
he  belonged,  after  consulting  with  the  members  of  her  family 

^bile  it  is  possible  that  the  Oneidas  (Onneyouth)  may  have  adopted  this  form  of  gov- 
ernment, yet  it  is  not  probable  for  the  reason  that  both  Lafitau  and  Morgan-an  earlier 
and  a  later  writer- tell  us  that  there  was  no  difference  in  the  customs  of  the  Iroquois 
tribes-  and  ifthe  statement  of  Charlevoix  be  true  there  must  have  been  a  very  important 
difference;  secondlv.  whether  the  men  were  in  the  habit  of  concealing  important  busi- 
ne^s  from  the  women  is  a  matter  that  cannot  well  be  decided  at  this  late  day.  Among 
the  Natchez  thevare  said  to  have  done  so  oa  onememorablc  occasion,  and  the  Great  Sun 
being  severely" reproved  by  the  Woman  Sun  for  it,  revealed  the  secret  of  the  con- 
«pir-icv  to  her,  and  she  betravcd  it  to  the  French.  However,  be  the  fact  as  it  may, 
we  may  be  very  sure,  from  what  happened  at  the  council  of  1797  and  at  other  times, 
that  when  the  women  did  take  part  in  public  deliberations,  they  carried  matters  with 
a  high  hand. 

«o  Morgan,  Ancient  Society,  p.  71 :  New  York,  1877. 

61  "These  chiefs  were  originally  invested  with  very  limited  powers;  their  principal 
office  being  that  of  advisers  and  counsellors  of  the  sachems :"  League  of  the  Iroquois, 
p. 100. 

62  Lafitau,  T.  pp.  474-5-G.   Ancient  Society,  pp.  77-131. 
«3  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  101. 


227 


cabane")  and  gens  ("  tribii")  chose  as  his  successor  the  person 
who  seemed  best  fitted  by  his  good  qualities  to  maintain  the  dig- 
nity of  the  position.  In  making  the  selection  she  was  under  no 
constraint,  but  was  perfectly  free  to  act  as  she  thought  proper 
without  regard  to  age  or  priority  of  birth.  A  notable  instance  of 
this  occurred  in  the  case  of  Catharine  Brant,  wife  of  the  famous 
Mohawk  chief,  who  chose  John  the  fourth  and  youngest  son  to 
succeed  to  a  sachemship,  to  which  she  possessed  the  right  of  nomi- 
nation, and  upon  his  premature  death,  in  1832,  from  cholerji,  she 
named  as  his  successor  the  infant  son  of  her  daughter.64  When 
the  selection  had  been  made  by  the  matron  and  approved  by  the 
gens,  it  was  announced  to  the  tribe  (village),  and  in  good  time 
the  fortunate  individual  was  proclaimed  and  recognized.  The 
same  formalities  were  observed  in  announcing  the  election  to  the 
other  tribes  of  the  confederacy  and  also  to  their  allies,  and  this 
act  was  always  accompanied  by  feasts  and  solemnities.^^ 

If  the  person  chosen  happened  to  be  a  child,  as  was  sometimes 
the  case,  and  incapable  of  acting  for  himself,  it  was  customary  to 
appoint  a  tutor  or  regent,  whose  duty  it  was  to  act  for  him,  and  to 

«*Life  of  Brant,  Vol.  II,  pp.  500  and  537.  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt  the  fact  as  here 
stated,  though  the  explanation  of  it  is  by  no  means  satisfactory. 

e^Lafilau,  Vol.  I,  p.  471  et  eeq.  Morgan  (Ancient  Soc,  p.  72)  says:   "The  choice 
which  was  by  the  free  suffrage  of  both  males  and  females  of  adult  age,  usually 
fell  upon  a  brother  of  the  deceased  sachem  or  upon  one  of  the  sons  of  a  sister  " 
On  p.  85  he  is  even  more  explicit,  saying  of  the  council  of  the  gens  :  "  It  was  a  demo- 
cratic assembly  because  every  adult  male  and  female  member  had  a  voice  upon  all 
questions  brought  before  it.    It  elected  and  deposed  its  sachems  and  chiefs,  it  elected 
keepers  of  the  Faith,"  etc.  Charlevoix,  Letters,  11,  p.  23,  tells  us  tliat  "  at  the  death  of 
a  chief  it  is  not  his  own  but  his  sister's  son  who  succeeds  him ;  or  in  default  of  which 
his  nearest  relation  in  the  female  line.  When  the  whole  branch  happens  to  be  extinct' 
the  noblest  matron  of  the  tribe  or  in  the  nation  chooses  the  person  she  approves  of 
most  and  declares  him  chief."  The  Rev.  Ashur  Wright  for  many  years  a  missionary 
among  the  Iroquois  writes  as  follows  to  Mr.  Morgan  :  "  the  original  nomination  of  the 
chief  always  rested  with  them  (the  women)" :    House  and  House  life  of  the  American 
Aborigines,  p.  C5.   Maj.  Powell  in  Vol.  I  of  the  Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnol- 
ogy, p.  Gl,  says  of  the  Wyandots :   "In  each  gens  there  is  a  council  composed  of  four 
women.  These  four  women  councillors  select  achief  of  thegens  from  its  male  members 
-that  is  from  their  brothers  and  sons  .  .  .  The  tribal  council,  therefore,  is  composed 
one-fifth  of  men  and  four-fifths  of  women.  ...  The  four  women  counsellors  of  the 
gens  are  chosen  by  the  heads  of  the  households,  themselves  being  women.  There  is 
no  formal  election,  but  frequent  discussion  is  had  over  the  matter  from  time  to  time 
in  which  a  sentiment  grows  up  within  the  gens  and  throughout  the  tribe  that,  in  the 
event  of  the  death  of  any  councillor,  a  certain  person  will  take  her  place.  .  .  .  When  a 
woman  is  installed  as  councillor  a  feast  is  prepared  by  the  gens  to  which  she  belon"-s 
and  to  this  feast  all  the  members  of  the  tribe  are  invited.  The  woman  is  painted  and' 
dressed  in  her  best  attire  and  the  sachem  of  the  tribe  places  upon  her  head  the  gentile 
chaplet  of  feathers,  and  announces  in  a  formal  manner  to  the  assembled  guests  that 
the  woman  hgis  been  chosen  a  councillor." 


228 


do  everything  that  he  might  be  called  on  to  perform  for  the  public 
good.  This,  in  their  figurative  language,  was  termed  "adding 
roots  to  the  tree." 

Besides  the  sachems,  and  hj  way  of  a  check  upon  any  ambitious 
schemes  that  they  might  entertain,  there  was  a  grade  of  chiefs 
called  assistants  or  Agoianders,  without  whose  consent  the  sachems 
could  not  undertake  anything.  It  was  their  duty  to  have  an  eye 
to  the  public  treasury,  provide  for  its  safety  and  determine  the 
manner  in  which  it  was  to  be  expended.  Each  gens  in  a  tribe  was 
entitled  to  one  representative  of  this  rank,  and  like  the  sachems, 
he,  too,  was  chosen  by  the  women.  Indeed,  they  sometimes 
named  one  of  their  own  number  to  the  position. 

Concurrent  with  this  right  to  name  a  chief  and  in  some  shape 
complementary  to  it,  was  the  power  to  depose  him,  and  this  also 
is  said  to  have  been  vested  in  the  women.  Mr.  Wright  for  many 
years  a  missionary  among  the  Senecas  asserts  it  in  the  following 
emphatic  terms  The  women  were  the  great  power  among  the 
clans,  as  everywhere  else.  They  did  not  hesitate,  when  occasion 
required,  "  to  knock  off  the  horns,"  as  it  was  technically  called, 
from  the  head  of  a  chief,  and  send  him  back  to  the  ranks  of  the 
warriors."  This  statement  is  quoted  by  Mr.  Morgan  as  being 
a  "plain  indication  of  the  mother-right  and  gyneocracy  that  pre- 
vailed among  the  Iroquois,"  and  he  also  tells  us  that  the  picture 
was  not  overdrawn though  elsewhere  he  speaks  of  this  power  as 
inhering  in  a  council  of  the  gens.  This  council,  however,  is  said 
to  have  been  a  very  democratic  assembly,  in  which  every  female 
member  had  a  voice,^^  so  that  in  either  event  the  women  must  have 
exercised  no  little  influence  in  determining  the  fate  of  a  chief, 
even  if  the  matter  were  not  exclusively  vrithin  their  jurisdiction. 

In  addition  to  the  sachems  and  other  officers  thus  far  mentioned, 
there  was  in  every  gens  a  certain  class  of  persons  styled  Keepers 
of  the  Faith,  who  designated  the  times  for  holding  the  periodical 
festivals,  made  the  necessary  arrangements  for  their  celebration 
and  conducted  the  ceremonies.  In  a  general  way  too,  they  exer- 
cised a  sort  of  supervision  over  the  morals  of  the  people,  remon- 
strating with  the  evil-doers,  and  when  necessary,  reporting  them 
to  the  council  for  exposure,  which  seems  to  have  been  their  only 

66"  .  .  .  les  femmes  les  choisissent  et  le  sont  quelquefois  elles-mgmes :  Lafltau,  I,  p. 
475.   Charlevoix,  Letters,  II,  p.  24. 

67  House  and  House-life  of  the  American  Aborigines,  p.  66 :  Washington,  1881. 
«8  Ancient  Society,  p.  85. 


229 


mode  of  punishment.  They  also  delivered  religious  discourses 
whenever  such  things  were  deemed  advisable ;  and  as  they  were 
a  systematically  organized  body  with  well  defined  duties,69  it  is 
difficult  to  understand  why  they  should  not  be  styled  a  priesthood. 
To  this  order  women  were  admitted  in  about  equal  numbers  with 
the  men,  and  to  them  were  especially  intrusted  the  care  of  pre- 
paring the  feast  which  was  provided  at  all  councils,  at  the  close  of 
each  day,  for  all  persons  in  attendance.  Their  duties,  however, 
were  not  confined  to  the  supervision  of  the  feast  as  "  they  had  an 
equal  voice  in  the  general  management  of  the  festivals  and  of  all 
their  religious  concernments." 

These  chiefs,  assistants  and  sachems  were  not  distinguished  from 
the  mass  of  the  common  people  by  any  outward  mark  or  insignia 
of  rank,  and  like  all  Iroquois  officers,  they  received  no  reward  for 
their  services.  There  was  nothing  of  the  absolute  in  their  sway  ; 
and  in  case  of  any  opposition  to  their  decrees,  they  were  power- 
less to  enforce  them.  Their  commands  were  wishes  —  nothing 
more  —  and  obedience  was  voluntary.  This  freedom  of  action  is 
said  to  have  been  a  check  on  the  chiefs  and  to  have  prevented 
them  from  issuing  orders  that  might  prove  objectionable  and  so  be 
followed  by  disobedience  ;  whilst  at  the  same  time  it  prompted  the 
common  people  to  execute  willingly  the  orders  that  were  given 
them,  since  they  were  persuaded  that,  in  so  doing,  they  were  sim- 
ply following  their  own  inclinations  and  not  obeying  any  command. 
Hence  arose  an  agreement  between  chiefs  and  people  and  a  sub- 
ordination of  the  one  to  the  other  that  would  have  been  desirable 
in  the  best  regulated  government."'''! 

Although,  as  we  have  seen,  these  sachems  and  chiefs  had  no 
badge  of  office  and  were  really  possessed  of  no  authority  beyond 
their  power  to  persuade,  yet  they  seem  to  have  been  treated  with  a 
certain  degree  of  consideration.  They  were  assigned  a  leading  part 
in  all  public  festivals  and  at  the  funeral  ceremonies  ;  presents  were 
often  made  to  them,  and  they  presided  at  all  gatherings.  Certain 
other  prerogatives  were  also  allowed  them,  not  very  important 
perhaps,  but  still  indicative  of  their  rank  and  the  respect  in  which 
they  were  held.  Among  these,  the  most  conspicuous  was  the  place 

6»  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  187. 

70  League  of  the  Iroquois,  pp.  184  et  seq.  Ancient  Society,  p.  82. 

nn^n  ^?^'''J''^"  ^'  Compare  La  Hontan,  Voyages,  Vol.  II,  pp.  71  et  seq.; 

and  Golden,  Five  Nations,  pp.  2  et  seq. 


230 


assigned  them  in  the  transaction  of  public  business,  which  was 
always  conducted  in  their  name.  The  council,  too,  only  assem- 
bled at  their  request,  and  it  met  in  their  cabins  save  when  there 
was  a  building  especially  destined  for  the  purpose. 

As  these  councils  were  the  supreme  deliberative  body  of  the 
nation,  tribe  and  gens  respectively,  and  as  they  took  cognizance 
of  all  sorts  of  matters  and  some  one  of  them  was  almost  con- 
stantly in  session,  it  is  important  to  look  into  their  organization 
and  method  of  doing  business,  as  here,  if  anywhere,  the  influence 
of  the  women  would  make  itself  felt.    Accordingly,  we  find  that, 
on  all  occasions,  the  women  were  the  first  to  deliberate,  no  matter 
whether  the  subject  related  solely  to  themselves  or  concerned  the 
public  welfare.    They  held  their  council  apart,  and  having  come  to 
a  determination  they  notified  the  chiefs  of  the  matter  about  which 
they  had  deliberated,  so  that  they,  in  their  turn,  might  take  it 
under  consideration.    The  chiefs,  being  thus  advised,  assembled 
the  elders  of  the  tribe,  and  if  the  matter  was  of  suflacient  impor- 
tance, it  was  referred  to  a  general  council  of  all  the  tribes  com- 
posing the  confederacy.    At  all  such  councils,  the  women  were 
represented  by  their  spokesman,  whose  duty  it  was  to  advocate 
their  views'^^  no  matter  how  much  they  might  clash  with  his  own. 
We  are  also  told  that  there  were  occasions  when  the  women 
themselves  spoke  in  council,  and  an  instance  of  it  may  be  seen  in 
the  council  referred  to  above,  held  in  1797,  when  Mary  Jemison 
was  allowed  to  plead  her  own  cause ;  and  thanks  to  her  knowl- 
edge of  certain  boundaries  and  the  general  lay  of  the  land,  she 
wa's  granted  some  thirty  thousand  acres  instead  of  a  hundred  and 
fifty  which  the  commissioners  thought  they  had  allowed.'^'S  And 
not  only  were  the  women  represented  in  the  councils  by  their 
spokesmen,  but  they  sometimes  held  councils  of  their  own  and 
acted  independently  of  the  men.    Thus  we  find  them  sending  a  mes- 
sage to  Gen.  Schuyler,  A.  D.,  1776,  in  which  they  object  to  a  ceiftain 
proposed  movement  of  the  American  troops  on  the  ground  that  it 

72  Lafitau,  I,  p.  483.   Ancient  Society,  p.  117. 

"  Life  of  Ked  Jacket,  p.  24G:  Albany,  1886.  Among  the  Cherokees,  Timberlake, 
Z  c  p  71  tells  us  that  "  these  chiefs,  or  headmen,  likewise  compose  the  assemblies  of 
the  nation,  into  which  the  war-women  are  admitted  .  .  .  Many  of  the  Indian  women 
bein- as  famous  in  war  as  powerful  in  council  .  .  .  Old  warriors,  or  Avar  women,  who 
can  no  longer  go  to  war  but  have  distinguished  themselves  in  theiryounger  days,  have 
the  title  of  Beloved."  For  the  part  taken  by  women  in  the  council,  on  embassies,  etc., 
among  the  Sioux,  Iloumas  and  Natchez,  consult  Carver,  p.  301;  Father  Gravier  in  Shea's 
Early  Voyages,  p.  144;  Charlevoix,  Letters,  II,  p.  271. 


231 


was  calculated  to  produce  trouble.  To  this  message  Gen.  Schuyler 
replied  at  a  council  held  with  the  chiefs,  and  in  the  course  of  his 
answer  he  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  the  belt  sent  him  by  the 
women,  and  he  entreated  them  to  prevent  the  warriors  from  doing 
anything  that  would  have  the  least  tendency  to  incur  the  resent- 
ment of  the  Americans,  or  interrupt  the  harmony  which  he  hoped 
would  subsist  between  the  two  peoples  to  the  end  of  time.  This 
was  promised  in  the  name  of  the  women  ;74  but  unfortunately  for 
the  Mohawks  the  influence  of  Sir  John  Johnson  and  others  pre- 
vailed, and  as  their  fighting  men  took  part  against  the  Americans 
in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  the  whole  tribe  was  obliged  to  pay 
the  penalty  by  a  forfeiture  of  their  homes  in  the  beautiful  valley 
that  bears  their  name. 

Even  more  to  the  point  were  the  belt  and  message  sent  by  the 
women  of  this  same  tribe  to  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  in  1742,  in  which 
they  advise  him  to  give  over  a  contemplated  visit  to  the  Oneidas 
as  being  fraught  with  danger.  In  it  they  say :  "  Brother,  by  this 
belt  of  wampum,  we,  the  women,  surround  and  hang  about  you 
like  little  children,  who  are  crying  at  their  parents'  going  from 
them,  for  fear  of  their  never  returning  again  to  give  them  suck ; 
and  we  earnestly  beg  you  will  give  ear  to  our  request  and  desist 
from  your  journey.  We  flatter  ourselves  you  will  look  upon  this 
our  speech,  and  take  the  same  notice  of  it  as  all  our  men  do,  who 
when  they  are  addressed  by  the  women,  and  desired  to  desist 
from  any  rash  enterprise  they  immediately  give  way,  when,  be- 
fore, everybody  else  tried  to  persuade  them  from  it  and  could  not 
pre  vail. "75 

But  it  is  unnecessary  to  pursue  the  subject  further.  The  evi- 
dence here  presented,  taken  from  sources  that  are  believed  to  be 
perfectly  authentic,  shows  conclusively  that  the  old  chronicler  is 
not  far  wrong  when  he  assures  us  that,  among  the  Iroquois,  and 
inferentially  among  all  the  other  tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
"  there  is  nothing  more  real  than  this  superiority  of  the  wo- 
men. It  is  they  who  constitute  the  tribe,  transmit  the  nobility  of 
blood,  keep  np  the  genealogical  tree  and  the  order  of  inheritance, 
and  perpetuate  the  family.  They  possess  all  actual  authority; 
own  the  land,  and  the  fields  and  their  harvests  ;  they  are  the  soul 
of  all  councils,  the  arbiters  of  peace  and  war ;  they  have  the 

^*  Life  of  Brant,  Vol".  I,  pp.  123-131-132 :  Albany,  1865. 
75Lifeof  Brant,  I,  p.  9. 


232 


care  of  the  public  treasury ;  slaves  are  given  to  them ;  they 
arrange  marriages  ;  the  children  belong  to  them  and  to  their 
blood  is  confined  the  line  of  descent  and  the  order  of  inheritance. 
The  men  on  the  other  hand  are  wholly  isolated  and  restricted 
to  their  personal  affairs ;  their  children  are  strangers  to  them, 
and  when  they  die,  everything  comes  to  an  end,  as  it  is  only  the 
women  who  can  keep  up  and  perpetuate  the  family.  If  there 
are  only  men  in  a  household  no  matter  in  what  numbers  nor  how 
many  children  they  may  have,  it  is  doomed  ;  and  although  by  cour- 
tesy they  are  made  chiefs,  and  public  business  is  transacted  by  a 
council  of  old  men,  yet  they  act  merely  as  the  representatives  of 
the  woman  and  to  aid  her  in  those  affairs  in  which  it  would  not  be 
becoming  for  her  to  appear  and  act  for  herself."'^ 

^sRien  n'est  cependant  plus  reel  que  cette  superiorite  des  femmes.  C'est  dans  les 
femmes  que  consiste  proprement  le  Nation,  la  noblesse  du  sang,  I'arbre  genealogique, 
I'ordre  des  generations,  et  la  conservation  des  families.  C'est  en  elles  que  reside  toute 
I'autorite  reelle :  le  pais,  les  champs  et  toute  leur  recolte  leur  appartiennent :  elles 
font  I'ame  des  conseils,  les  arbitres  de  la  paix  et  de  la  guerre :  elles  conservent  le  flsc 
on  le  tresor  public :  c'est  a  elles  qui  on  donne  les  esclaves  :  elles  font  les  manages,  les 
enfans  sont  de  leur  domaine,  et  c'est  dans  leur  sang  qu'est  fonde  I'ordre  de  la  suc- 
cession. Les  hommes  au  contraire  sont  entierement  isoles  et  bornez  a  eux-memes, 
leurs  enfans  leur  sont  etrangers,  avec  eux  tout  perit,  une  femme  seule  releve  la 
cabane;  mais  s'il  n'y  a  que  des  hommes  dans  cette  cabaue  en  quelque  nombre  qu'ils 
soient,  quelque  nombre  d'enfans  qu'ils  ayent,  leur  famille  s'eteint;  etquoique  par  hon- 
neur  on  choisisse  parmi  eux  les  chefs,  que  les  affaires  soient  traitees  par  le  conseil  dea 
anciens ;  ils  ne  travailloient  que  pour  representer  et  pour  aider  les  femmes  dans  les 
choses,  oil  la  bienseauce  ne  permet  pas  qu'elles  agissent Lafitau,  Moeurs  des  Sauva- 
ges  Ameriquains,  Vol.  1,  pp.  71  and  72 :  Paris,  1724. 


NOTES  UPON  HUMAN  REMAINS  FROM  CAVES  IN  COAHUILA. 


By  Cokdelia  A.  Stddley,  Assistant  in  the  Museum. 


In  1880  Dr.  Edward  Palmer  procured  for  the  Museum  an  oste- 
ological  collection  of  considerable  interest  from  four  caves  in  the 
.  limestone  formation  in  the  state  of  Coahuila,  Mexico.^ 

The  first  cave  examined  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  state 
near  San  Antonio  del  Coyote,  to  whose  inhabitants  it  is  known  as 
Coyote  Cave.  Its  length  originally  was  150  feet,  width  20  feet,  and 
height  12  feet.  This  cave  was  discovered  about  1865,  by  an  Indian 
who  told  Dr.  Palmer  that  when  he  led  the  first  party  into  it  many 
mummies  were  to  be  seen  there  carefully  disposed,  side  by  side, 
children  between  the  grown  people,  each  wrapped  in  its  blankets  and 
bound  about  with  bands  of  netting.  The  treasure-hunters  whom  he 
conducted  into  the  cave,  brought  out  and  broke  up  the  bundles  in 
search  of  gold,  but  finding  none,  they  burned  the  human  skeletons 
and  interesting  objects  found  with  them.  A  small  collection,  it  is 
said,  was  saved  and  sent  to  Spain.  Since  then  the  roof  of  the 
cave  has  fallen  in,  closing  up  the  original  entrance  and  filling  up 
most  of  the  chamber.  Now,  it  can  be  entered  only  through  a 
hole  in  the  roof,  by  means  of  a  rope.  At  the  bottom  of  the 
shaft,  Dr.  Palmer  found  six  bundles  or  "mummies"  and  a  few 
scattered  bones  and  fragments.  Four  of  the  bundles  contained 
each  a  perfect  cranium  and  nearly  entire  skeleton.  Of  the  other 
two  bundles,  one  contained  a  calvarium  in  pieces  and  a  left 
humerus ;  the  other,  a  femur,  and  the  leg  bones  of  several  in- 
dividuals, with  a  small  enclosed  bundle  of  bones,  not  yet  opened. 
The  outer  wrappings  of  some  of  the  bundles  were  encrusted  with 
breccia  to  the  thickness  of  an  inch  in  some  places. 

Twenty-seven  leagues  southwest  of  Parras,  near  San  Lorenzo 
de  la  Laguna,  is  the  second  cave  Dr.  Palmer  explored.  It  is 
between  50  and  100  feet  square.    The  floor  inclines  55°,  and  the 

1  This  collection  is  mentioned  in  the  Fonrteeuth  Report  of  the  Museum,  but  the  many 
nuerestmg  objects  found  in  the  bundles  or  loose  in  the  caves  haf  e  not  yet  been  de- 
scribed. They  are,  however,  on  exhibition  in  two  cases  on  the  Mexican  gallery  of  the 
Museum.— F.  W.  P. 

(233) 


234 


height,  which  at  the  entrance  is  15  feet,  rapidly  diminishes  going 
inwards. 

This  may  be  the  cave  to  which  Dr.  Wislizenus  made  alkision  in 
1847  as  follows  :  "  On  the  right  hand  or  south  of  us,2  a  chain  of 
limestone  mountains  was  running  parallel  with  the  road.  At  the 
foot  of  a  hill  belonging  to  that  chain,  SeSor  de  Gaba  pointed  out 
a  place  to  me  where  some  years  ago  a  remarkable  discovery  had 
been  made.  In  the  year  1838  a  Mexican,  Don  Juan  Flores, 
perceived  there  the  hidden  entrance  to  a  cave.  He  entered,  but 
seeing  inside  a  council  of  Indian  warriors  sitting  together  in  the 
deepest  silence,  he  retreated  and  told  it  to  his  companions,  who, 
well  prepared,  entered  the  cave  together,  and  discovered  about 
1000  ( ?)  well-preserved  Indian  corpses,  squatted  together  on  the 
ground  with  their  hands  folded  below  the  knees.  *  *  *  This 
is  the  very  insufficient  account  of  the  mysterious  burying-place. 
The  Mexicans  suppose  that  it  belonged  to  the  Lipans,  an  old 
Indian  tribe,  which  from  time  immemorial  has  roved  and  is  roving 
over  the  Bolson  de  Mapini." 

About  twenty  years  ago,  many  caves  in  this  region  were  worked 
for  salt-petre  and  at  that  time  many  bundles  with  their  contents 
were  used  for  fuel  by  the  miners.  From  this  cause  Dr.  Palmer 
did  not  find  in  the  cave  near  San  Lorenzo  a  single  bundle  un- 
disturbed, but  only  bits  of  wrappings,  sandals  and  a  few  other 
objects,  in  addition  to  some  of  the  scattered  human  bones.  Fifteen 
skulls,  several  fragments  of  skulls,  a  number  of  odd  limb  bones, 
with  a  few  pieces  of  pelves  and  scapulae  were  secured.  Some  of 
these  bones  were  blackened  and  charred  in  spots,  and  evidently 
had  been  thrown  aside  by  the  salt-petre  miners. 

The  third  cave,  twenty-six  leagues  east  of  Parras,  near  Acateta, 
Is  93  ft.  long,  5  to  8^  ft.  wide,  and  but  4  ft.  high  in  the  highest 
part.  The  floor  was  covered  with  a  layer  of  the  excrement  of 
rodents  several  inches  deep,  from  beneath  which  six  crania,  a 
sacrum  and  several  vertebrae  were  removed. 

The  fourth  and  last  cave  explored  is  situated  fourteen  leagues 
northeast  of  Monclova.  Its  length  is  150  ft.,  width  15  to  20  ft., 
and  height  12  to  20  ft.  It  was  visited  first  in  search  of  hidden 
Spanish  treasure,  afterwards  by  collectors  of  Indian  trinkets,  and 
still  later  its  bundles  served  to  feed  the  fires  of  the  salt-petre 
workers.  At  the  time  of  Dr.  Palmer's  visit,  there  remained  only 
a  Dr.  Wislizenus  was  inarching  from  San  Sebastian  to  San  Lorenzo. 


235 


traces  of  the  bundles,  in  bits  of  cloth,  matting,  etc.,  with  one 
cranium  and  some  fragments  of  crania.  The  left  half  of  the  skull 
is  charred  probably  by  the  fires  of  the  salt-petre  miners. 

SKELETONS. 

The  bones  from  the  various  caves  are  well  preserved.  They 
indicate  a  muscular  and  strongly  built  people.  None  of  the 
bones  of  the  skeleton  show  marks  of  disease  or  injury,  except  the 
lower  third  of  a  right  fibula  from  a  bundle  in  Coyote  Cave.  This 
fragment  is  much  thickened  by  some  inflammatory  process. 

Four  atlases  only  were  found,  belonging  to  the  four  skeletons 
from  Coyote  Cave.  Each  has  a  foramen  for  the  vertebral  artery, 
formed  by  a  spiculum  of  bone  carried  over  the  usual  groove  to 
the  posterior  border  of  the  arch.  Upon  two  of  the  vertebrse  this 
bony  bridge  is  very  broad,  is  perforated  near  its  origin,  and  sends 
off  a  stay  to  the  transverse  process. 

Forty-six  per  cent,  or  six,  of  the  thirteen  humeri  are  perforated 
through  the  olecranon  fossa.  The  perforations  vary  in  shape  and 
size  with  the  different  skeletons  and  with  the  two  sides  of  the  same 
skeleton.  In  one  instance  the  bone  of  one  side  is  perforated,  and 
that  of  the  opposite  side  is  entire. 

The  linea  aspera  of  the  femur  is  carinated. 

The  sixteen  tibise  are  all  more  or  less  flattened  as  compared 
with  th^  tibiae  of  Europeans.  The  antero-posterior  and  breadth 
diameters  of  the  bone  being  taken  at  the  level  of  the  nutrient 
foramen,  according  to  Wy man's  method,  the  breadth  index  averages 
for  the  sixteen  tibiae  626  ;  the  maximum  being  697,  that  of  both 
tibise  of  skeleton  No.  22846,  and  the  minimum  513,  that  of  a  left 
tibia  No.  22665.  Beside  the  skeleton  No.  22846,  there  are  two 
others  having  both  tibise,  and  in  each  instance  the  flatter  tibia  is 
upon  the  left  side. 

Stature.  —  Following  the  usual  method  of  estimating  the  height 
from  the  skeleton  by  reckoning  the  length  of  the  femur  as  .275  of 
the  height ;  "the  femora  of  thirteen  skeletons  give  an  average  stat- 
ure of  1662  mm.  or  5  ft.  5.3  in.  The  maximum  is  1680  mm.  or  5  ft. 
6.1  in.,  calculated  on  a  femur  from  San  Lorenzo  Cave.  The  least 
stature  is  1502  mm.  or  4  ft.  9  in.,  but  this  may  be  that  of  a  woman 
as  the  femur  on  which  its  estimation  is  based  is  the  most  slender  of 
the  thirteen.  Tiie  average  is  12  mm.  or  about  J-  in.  above  Topinard's 
mean  for  all  races  ;  but  eight  of  the  thirteen  are  below  this  average. 


236 

Lengths  and  Proportions  of  the  Long  Bones.—  There  are  four 
paired  humeri,  two  odd  humeri,  a  right  and  a  left,  and  the  lower 
half  of  a  left  humerus,  from  Coyote  Cave.  From  San  Lorenzo 
Cave,  there  are  two  humeri,  belonging  to  the  left  side.  The  five 
right  humeri  average  314  mm.  in  length,  and  the  seven  left 
humeri  have  an  average  length  of  316  mm.  When  the  left  hum- 
erus varies  at  all  in  length  from  the  right  humerus  of  the  same 
skeleton  it  is  found  to  be  shorter. 

Corresponding  to  the  four  .paired  humeri  from  Coyote  Cave, 
there  are  three  paired  radii  and  one  left  radius,  and,  from  the  same 
cave,  two  odd  right  radii.  From  San  Lorenzo  Cave,  there  is  a 
left  radius.  The  average  length  of  the  five  right  radii  is  250  mm. 
and  of  the  five  left  radii  252  mm.  As  in  the  humeri,  when  any 
variation  occurs  in  the  length  of  paired  bones  that  of  the  left  side 
is  the  shorter. 

The  ratio  expressing  the  relative  lengths  of  radius  and  humerus 
has  been  found  to  establish  a  broad  distinction  between  races. 
Broca  found  this  ratio  in  negroes  to  be  794  and  in  Europeans 
739.  The  four  skeletons  from  Coyote  Cave  give  a  humero-radial 
index  of  796,  by  which  they  are  widely  separated  from  the  Euro- 
pean and  more  nearly  resemble  the  negro-type. 

Three  skeletons  from  Coyote  Cave  are  represented  by  their 
femora,  two  by  pairs  and  one  by  that  of  the  right  side  only. 
From  the  same  cave  there  are  also  three  single  right  femora  and 
an  odd  left  one.  From  the  cave  near  San  Lorenzo  we  have  an  odd 
right  femur  and  five  left  femora.  The  average  length  of  the  bone 
of  the  right  side  is  447  mm. ;  of  that  of  the  left  side  445  mm. 
Upon  one  skeleton,  the  femora  of  opposite  sides  of  the  body  are 
of  the  same  length,  upon  the  other  skeleton,  the  left  femur  is  the 
shorter. 

Corresponding  to  the  femora  from  Coyote  Cave,  there  are  a 
right  tibia  and  two  paired  tibiae,  and  in  addition  an  odd  right  and 
three  odd  left  tibiffi.  There  are  from  the  cave  near  San  Lorenzo 
five  odd  tibiie,  four  belonging  to  the  right  and  one  to  the  left  side. 
The  length  of  the  nine  right  tibiae  averages  381  mm.  and  of  the 
seven  left  tibi«  382  mm.  The  left  tibia  is  longer  than  the  right 
by  1  mm.  upon  one  skeleton,  but  is  shorter  than  the  right  tibia 
upon  the  other  two  skeletons. 

The  femoro-tibial  index  averages  867  upon  three  skeletons, 
furnished  with  both  bones  for  comparison. 


237 


The  intermembral  index,  or  the  expression  of  the  proportion 
existing  between  the  superior  and  inferior  extremities,  which  is 
found  by  comparing  the  added  lengths  of  the  liumerus  and  radius 
with  those  of  the  femur  and  tibia,  is  678  in  the  three  skeletons 
from  Coyote  Cave.  Broca  states  this  to  be  683  in  the  negro  and 
697  in  the  European. 

Unfortunately,  the  results  of  observations  on  the  bones  from 
these  caves  do  not  carry  as  much  weight  as  if  they  were  based 
upon  a  larger  number  of  skeletons.  So  far  as  they  go,  they  serve 
to  establish  the  following  facts.  First,  when  any  variation  is  seen 
in  the  length  of  corresponding  bones  from  the  same  skeleton,  it 
is  the  bone  of  the  right  side  of  the  body  which  is  the  longer. 
Second,  the  clavicle  in  relation  to  the  humerus  is  longer  than 
among  Europeans.  Third,  the  superior  extremity  relatively  to 
the  inferior  is  shorter  than  among  Europeans.  Fourth,  this 
shortness  of  the  superior  extremity  depends  upon  the  shortness  of 
the  humerus,  as  the  forearm  as  compared  to  the  arm  is  longer 
than  among  Europeans.  Fifth,  the  tibia  is  relatively  to  the  femur 
longer  than  among  Europeans,  which  must  be  taken  into  consider- 
ation as  influencing  the  relative  length  of  the  two  extremities. 
By  all  these  characters  the  skeletons  from  Coahuila  are  nearer  to 
the  negro  than  to  the  European  type. 

CRANIA. 

Twenty-five  crania,  most  of  them  perfect,  including  three  of 
children,  were  found  suitable  for  measurement.  Of  these,  fourteen, 
one  that  of  a  child,  were  collected  in  the  cave  near  San  Lorenzo  ; 
six,  two  belonging  to  children,  came  from  the  cave  near  Acateta  ; 
four,  each  with  its  accompanying  skeleton,  were  found  in  bundles 
in  Coyote  Cave  ;  and  a  single  cranium  was  picked  up  in  the  cave 
near  Monclova. 

In  the  determination  of  sex  and  age,  the  methods  of  Broca  and 
Topinard  have  been  followed.  The  crania  of  adult  individuals 
are  thus  classed  as  fifteen  male  and  seven  female.  The  men 
were  from  twenty  to  seventy  years,  the  women  from  twenty-two 
to  forty-five  years.  The  average  age  of  the  men  was  forty-five,  of 
the  women  thirty-six.  The  three  children  were  respectively,  ten, 
eleven,  and  thirteen  years. 

DolichocepJiali.—  Fifty-six  per  cent,  or  fourteen  skulls,  are  long. 
Of  these,  three  of  men  and  two  of  women  are  from  the  San 


238 


Lorenzo  Cave,  four  of  men  and  two  of  children  are  from  the 
Acateta  Cave,  two  of  men  are  from  the  Coyote  Cave  and  one 
woman's  cranium  is  from  the  Monclova  Cave.  That  each  of  these 
disassociated  caves  contributes  a  large  per  cent  of  the  crania  found 
in  it  to  the  dolichocephalic  class  authorizes  the  inference  that  a 
long-skulled  people  were  formerly  widely  distributed  over  Coahuila. 

The  skulls  are  small ;  the  mien's  having  an  average  capacity  of 
1361  cc.  and  the  women's  1100  cc.  Four  of  the  nine  men's  and 
all  the  women's  and  children's  crania  are  microcephalic. 

None  are  flattened  posteriorly  or  otherwise  deformed  so  as  to 
depreciate  the  value  of  measurements  taken  upon  them. 

In  profile,  the  long  skull  presents  to  view  an  oval,  with  the 
larger  end  behind.  Commonly,  it  rests  in  ordinary  equilibrium,  but 
two  rest  in  posterior  condyloid,  and  one  in  posterior  mastoid  equil- 
ibrium. From  the  ophryon  over  the  vertex  to  a  point  just  above 
the  obelion,  the  outline  is  defined  by  the  carinated  ridge.  At  the 
ophryon,  this  ridge  is  narrow,  but  gradually  widens  as  it  approaches 
the  bregma.  Here,  again,  it  is  narrow,  but  increases  in  width  until, 
just  above  the  obelion,  it  bifurcates,  and  either  encloses  a  small 
slightly  flattened  area,  the  region  of  the  obelion,  or  runs  down  di- 
vergingly  to  the  lambdoid  suture,  or  disappears  upon  the  parietal 
bone.  Over  the  froutal  bone  the  outline  is  retreating,  and  for 
two-fifths  of  the  sagittal  length  it  extends  horizontally  or  rises  a 
little  on  skulls  with  a  prominent  carinated  ridge.  Just  before  its 
bifurcation,  the  ridge  diminishes  in  strength,  and  this  with  the  slight 
flattening  over  the  obelion  gives  a  sloping  outline  to  the  posterior 
two-fifths  of  the  parietals.  Below  the  lambda  is  seen  the  gently 
swelling  occipital  scale.  Posteriorly,  the  diameter  of  maximum 
length  ends  midway  between  the  lambda  and  inion  on  two,  a  little 
below  midway  in  most,  and  over  the  inion  in  two,  crania.  The  ver- 
tical plane  of  the  inion  is  but  little  posterior  to  that  of  the  lambda  ; 
its  horizontal  plane  but  slightly  raised  above  the  alveolar  plane. 

The  mastoid  process  is  noticeably  full  and  broad.  Its  long, 
rough  posterior  border  is  directed  obliquely  downwards  and 
forwards.  A  line  continuing  this  border  upwards  and  backwards 
would  pass  along  the  line  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  temporal 
ridge. 

The  temporal  ridge  embraces  in  its  sweep  tlie  greater  part  of  the 
side  of  the  head.  Passing  close  in  front  of  the  asterion  and  along 
the  lambdoid  suture  from  one-third  to  half-way  to  the  lambda,  it 


239 


then  curves  forwards  over  or  above  the  parietal  eminences,  reach- 
ing its  highest  point  about  2  cm.  back  of  the  coronal  suture, 
where  it  is  separated  from  the  ridge  of  the  opposite  side  but  88  mm. 
in  the  male  and  80  mm.  in  the  female  skulls. 

Viewing  the  skulls  from  either  behind  or  in  front,  one  is  struck 
with  their  pentagonal  form.  The  longest  side  of  the  pentagon  is 
the  base  of  the  skull,  and  next  in  length  are  the  nearly  flat  sides  of 
the  head,  which  turn  at  the  parietal  eminences  to  form  the  slant- 
ing roof.  The  sharpness  of  the  superior  angle  depends  on  the 
strength  of  the  carinated  ridge.  Although  in  three  skulls  the 
diameter  of  maximum  breadth  ends  at  the  centre  of  the  parietal 
eminences,  and  in  two  over  the  squamous  suture,  yet  in  the 
majority  it  ends  at  a  point  a  little  below  midway  between  the 
centre  of  the  eminences  and  the  squamous  suture.  It  falls  uni- 
formly back  of  the  auriculo-bregmatic  line,  a  distance  averaging 
23  mm.  on  the  male,  17  mm.  on  the  female,  and  25  mm.  on  the 
children's  crania. 

Both  vertex  and  base  are  oval.  The  narrower  end  is  anterior, 
except  in  Nos.  22648  and  22693.  These  two  are  noticeable  from 
other  characters  than  their  narrow  bulging  occiput.  They  are 
niicrocephali :  long,  low  and  very  narrow,  with  the  same  breadth 
index  of  674.  Their  diameter  of  maximum  breadth  ends  at  the 
squamous  suture.  Their  exaggerated  length  is  not  due  to  synos- 
tosis ;  for,  except  the  basilar,  the  sutures  are  all  open,  internally 
as  well  as  externally.  The  lambdoid  suture  of  22648  is  just  be- 
ginning to  close  on  the  left  side  near  the  lambda.  No.  22693  is 
from  the  cave  near  Monclova,  and  from  the  same  cave  there  are 
two  calvaria,  wanting  the  frontal  bone  with  open  sutures  which  are 
of  the  same  long  and  narrow  form  with  a  full  occiput.  No.  22648 
if  viewed  by  itself  might  be  considered  abnormal,  but  No.  22693 
and  its  associated  calvaria  from  another  cave  present  the  same 
shape  so  slightly  modified  as  to  link  it  with  the  rest  of  the  group, 
making  it  evident  that  both  skulls  must  be  taken  as  only  indi- 
vidual variations  of  the  long  type. 

The  various  surfaces,  spines  and  processes  for  muscular 
attachment  upon  the  base  of  the  skull  are  well  developed.  The 
pneumatic  spine  of  Hyrtl  is  seen  upon  two. 

The  position  of  the  foramen  magnum  was  reached  by  means 
of  projection  measurements  on  the  mature  skulls.  Two  of  the 
skulls  of  women,  unfortunately,  are  unfitted  for  this  measurement 


240 


by  the  broken  condition  of  the  alveolar  process.  The  average  cen- 
tre of  the  base  of  the  skulls  of  men  is  3  ram.  in  front  of  the  basion, 
back  of  which  the  foramen  magnum  stretches  for  35  mm.,  bringing 
its  centre  20  mm.  back  of  the  centre  of  the  base  of  the  skull.  In 
one  woman's  skull,  it  is  16  mm.  back  of  the  centre  of  the  base. 
There  is  no  constant  relation  between  the  capacitj^  of  the  skull  and 
the  size  of  the  foramen  magnum,  although  the  largest  skull  has 
the  largest,  and  the  smallest  skull  the  smallest  foramen  magnum. 

The  three  most  extensive  sutures,  the  coronal,  sagittal  and 
lambdoid,  increase  in  complexity  going  backwards,  the  coronal 
corresponding  to  2  and  3,  the  sagittal  to  3  and  4  and  the  lambdoid 
to  3,  4  and  5  of  Broca's  scale.  These  sutures  are  open  in  five 
male  and  three  female  skulls.  The  metopic  suture  is  closed, 
yet  in  all  but  one  male  skull,  there  is  seen  over  the  glabella  a  criss- 
crossing of  bony  ridges,  the  serrations  of  the  closed  and  partially 
obliterated  suture.  The  frontal,  in  no  instance,  articulates  with 
the  temporal.  The  shortest  spheno-parietal  suture  measures  but 
7  mm.  It  is  on  the  right  side  of  No.  22646.  The  internasal  sut- 
ure is  closed  in  No.  22644,  and  has  begun  to  close  in  the  crania 
of  two  adults  and  a  child,  all  three  from  Acateta  Cave.  The 
intermaxillary  suture  is  seen  only  on  the  palatine  surfaces  of  No. 
22823  and  of  the  children's  skulls. 

Eight  of  the  fourteen  have  no  Wormian  bones.  Six,  four  of 
men,  one  woman's  and  a  child's,  have  Wormian  bones,  all  of  the 
size  numbered  3  in  Broca's  scale.  The  woman's  skull,  No.  22693, 
has  a  long  bone  crossing  the  right  half  of  the  lambdoid  suture. 
The  child's  skull,  No.  22699,  has  a  similarly  shaped  bone  in 
the  same  place.  No.  22698  has  a  square  bone  in  the  right 
masto-occipital  suture.  No.  22701  a  long  bone,  crossing  the  left 
masto-parietal.  No.  22846  has  a  long  bone  crossing  each  masto- 
occipital,  and  No.  22823,  three  long  ones  crossing  the  lambdoid 
suture,  and  a  triquetral  over  the  lambda.  Occasionally  very  mi- 
nute supernumerary  bones  are  seen  in  the  coronal  suture  near  the 
stephanion  or  in  the  more  intricate  of  the  lambdoid  sutures. 

The  face  is  long  ;  the  diameter  of  length  for  the  nine  male  skulls 
averages  98  mm.  This  gives,  notwithstanding  the  considerable 
breadth  of  the  face,  the  large  facial  index  of  731.  The  only  female 
skull  that  could  be  measured  has  a  facial  length  of  91  mm.  and  a 
facial  index  of  728.  By  average  length  of  face  and  facial  index, 
they  resemble  the  thirteen  Greenland  Esquimaux  skulls,  whose 


t 


241 


mean  measurements  are  given  in  the  Crania  Ethnica.  The  bizy- 
gomatic  diameter,  which  gives  the  maximum  breadth  of  the  face, 
was  taken  upon  seven  male  and  two  female  skulls.  In  four  of  the 
nine  it  exceeds  the  maximum  breadth  of  the  head,  and  in  the  re- 
maining five  the  excess  in  favor  of  maximum  breadth  of  the  head 
is  very  slight.  A  breadth  of  face  exceeding  the  breadth  of  the 
head  is  characteristic  of  most  skulls  of  Greenland  Esquimaux,  ac- 
cording to  the  measurements  recorded  by  several  authorities. 

The  forehead  is  remarkably  narrow.  The  glabella  commonly 
projects  beyond  the  ophryon,  yet  it  is  not  usually  prominent. 
When  the  superciliary  ridges  are  heavy,  the  glabella  is  no  more 
prominent  than  they,  and  may  be  sunk  between  them.  The  ap- 
parent prominence  of  the  glabella  is  liable  to  be  exaggerated  by  a 
supranasal  depression.  Such  a  depression  appears  upon  two  skulls, 
but  the  otfiers  have  the  root  of  the  nose  either  on  the  vertical 
plane  of  the  glabella  or  anterior  to  it. 

The  interorbital  space  is  narrow  and  the  naso-frontal  suture  ex- 
tends higher  upon  it  than  the  maxillo-frontal,  so  that  these  two 
sutures  do  not  make  an  even  curve  or  straight  line  across  the 
space. 

The  nasal  bones  are  long  and  of  medium  width.  They  are  set 
together  at  an  angle,  varying  in  openness,  from  a  nearly  right 
angle  in  No.  22846  to  a  most  obtuse  in  No.  22648.  The  breadth 
of  the  nasal  aperture  shows  considerable  individual  variation. 
Five  male  skulls  are  leptorhine,  three  skulls,  two  male  and  one 
female,  are  mesorhine,  and  three,  two  male  and  one  female,  are 
platyrhine.  The  form  of  the  aperture  varies  between  oval  and 
heart-shaped.  One  skull  has  a  sharp  single  lower  border  to  the 
nasal  aperture.  Four  have  this  lower  border  blunt.  In  six  the 
lines  from  spine  and  side  are  not  continuous.  In  three  of  these  six 
they  are  separated  by  a  distinct  pit.  The  nasal  spine  is  short  and 
usually  blunt. 

Most  have  straight  brows  and  square  orbits.  None  are  micro- 
seme.    Ten  are  megaseme  and  four  are  mesoseme. 

The  palate  is  either  hypsiloid  or  slightly  elliptical  in  form. 
None  are  prognathic.  Five  males  and  the  two  children  are  orthog- 
nathic, four  males  and  one  female  are  mesognathic.  Unfortu- 
nately, two  female  skulls  have  broken  alveoli  and  cannot  be 
measured  for  gnathism.  There  is  no  dental  prognathism,  for  the 
Report  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  16 


242 

incisors  in  those  jaws  in  which  they  remain  are  set  vertically  in 
the  sockets. 

Exostoses  are  rare.  Three  male  skulls  have  each  a  thin, 
slender  oval  tumor  on  the  middle  of  the  posterior  wall  of  each 
meatus,  the  long  diameter  extending  into  the  opening.  One  has, 
in  addition,  a  small  oval  exostosis  on  the  lower  margin  of  the 
nasal  aperture  of  the  right  side.  A  female  skull  from  the  San 
Lorenzo  Cave  has  a  small  conical  hyperostosis  on  the  superior 
maxillary  midway  between  the  lower  margin  of  the  orbit  and  the 
first  molar. 

Two  skulls  bear  marks  of  superficial  wounds  ;  No.  22656  in  a 
small  pit  in  the  frontal  bone  probably  at  the  base  of  some  scalp 
wound,  and  No.  22645  in  a  small  fiattened  spot  with  three  slight 
cuts  above  it  on  the  right  parietal  near  the  centre  of  the  bone. 

Mesaticepliali.—  ^m^  crania  belong  to  this  class.  Seven,  six  of 
adults  and  one  of  a  child,  are  from  the  San  Lorenzo  Cave.  Two 
adult  crania  are  from  the  Coyote  Cave.  But  it  will  be  remembered 
that  eleven  long  skulls  were  got  in  the  San  Lorenzo  Cave,  and  two 
long  skulls  in  Coj^ote  Cave,  so  that  wherever  mesaticephali  are 
found  dolichocephali  are  also  found  in  as  great  or  greater  number, 
while  one  cave,  that  near  Acateta,  is  represented  only  by  six 
dolichocephali.  As,  therefore,  the  long  skull  seems  to  be  the  prev- 
alent cave  type,  only  variations  from  it  in  the  other  classes  are 
given.  The  mesaticephali  are  of  greater  capacity  :  four  males  are 
megacephalic,  two  female  skulls  are  mesocephalic,  and  one  male 
and  one  child's  are  microcephalic. 

No.  22658  is  slightly  flattened  posteriorly  on  the  right  side,  so 
as  to  push  forward  a  little  the  parietal  eminence  of  that  side.  The 
measurements  of  the  skull  are  not  afi-ected  by  this  inconsiderable 
distortion.  The  other  mesaticephali  are  of  normal  shape.  There 
is  less  slope  to  the  posterior  portion  of  the  parietals  than  in  the 
long  skulls,  the  outline  being  more  rounded  in  that  region.  The 
long  diameter  falls  upon  or  above  the  middle  of  the  occipital  scale 
in  six  of  the  nine  and  in  none  falls  so  low  as  the  inion.  Tliis  is 
higher  than  in  the  long  skulls.  The  inion  is  also  raised  higher 
above  the  alveolar  plane  than  in  the  long  skulls,  and  the  whole 
occiput  is  higher. 

The  temporal  ridge  passes  above  the  parietal  eminences, 
although  it  does  not,  particularly  in  the  female  skulls,  enclose  so 


243 


much  of  the  side  of  the  head  as  in  the  long  skulls.  The  mastoid 
processes  are  a  little  shorter,  narrower  and  less  full  than  in  the 
long  skulls. 

The  maximum  breadth  diameter  falls  farther  back  and  higher 
than  in  the  long  skulls,  but  not  so  high  or  far  back  as  the  parFetal 
eminences. 

Like  the  long  skulls,  both  vertex  and  base  are  oval,  narrower  an- 
teriorly. The  lines,  spines  and  processes  for  muscular  attachment, 
though  well  developed  are  not  so  strong,  as  a  rule,  as  in  the  long 
skulls.    No.  22827  has  the  pneumatic  spine  of  Hyrtl, 

The  centre  of  the  foramen  magnum  is  17  mm.  back  of  the  centre 
in  the  men's  skulls.  This  is  3  mm.  anterior  to  the  same  point 
in  the  male  long  skulls.  The  size  of  the  foramen  magnum  does 
not  bear  a  constant  relation  to  the  size  of  the  skull. 

The  sutures  are  of  the  same  general  character  as  in  the 
dolichocephali.  The  shortest  spheno-parietal  suture  is  that  of 
No.  22651,  which  measures  7  mm.  The  internasal  is  open  in  all. 
Traces  of  the  intermaxillary  appear  on  the  palatine  surface  of 
three,  one,  a  child^s.  No.  22654,  the  other  two,  those  of  young  adult 
females  from  San  Lorenzo  Cave. 

None  have  Wormian  bones  of  more  than  medium  size.  No. 
22649  has  a  square  Wormian  in  the  left  masto-occipital ;  No.  22827 
has  a  long  bone  in  the  left  masto-parietal  and  an  epipteric  on  the 
right  side.  No.  22651  has  a  long  bone  lying  across  the  left  half 
of  the  lambdoid  suture  near  the  lambda.  Several  have  minute 
Wormian  bones  in  the  more  intricate  parts  of  the  long  sutures. 

The  face  is  a  little  shorter  and  the  facial  index  less  than  that 
of  the  dolichocephali.  All  have  the  bizygomatic  less  than  the 
maximum  breadth  diameter,  differing  in  this  respect  from  some  of 
the  long  skulls.  The  forehead  is  narrow,  low  and  retreating. 
Only  two  have  heavy  superciliary  ridges.  None  have  a  supra- 
nasal  depression,  or  a  prominent  glabella.  The  nasal  bones  are 
as  long  and  broader,  and  do  not  form  as  open  an  angle  by  their 
junction  as  in  four  of  the  long  skulls. 

Four  are  leptorhine,  two  platyrhine.  The  nasal  aperture  is 
oval  or  heart-shaped.  The  lower  border  is  formed  by  a  single 
sharp  line.  On  No.  22827  the  lines  from  the  side  and  spine  are 
not  blended,  but  separated  by  a  deep  pit.  The  nasal  bones  of 
No.  22658  appear  to  have  suffered  an  arrest  of  development. 


244 


The  dwarfed  bones  are  united  into  a  bit  of  bone  longest  in  the 
median  line,  where  it  measures  10  mm.,  while  the  length  on  the 
side  is  but  7  mm.  Where  it  joins  the  frontal,  its  width  is  4  mm., 
at  its  point  of  greatest  width  it  measures  5  mm.  The  tip  is  only 
3  ram.  wide  and  is  curved  up  like  a  hook.^  The  lower  border  of 
the  nasal  aperture  is  sloping.  This  skull  is  prognathic.  The 
rest  of  the  adult  skulls  are  divided  equally  between  orthognathic 
and  mesognathic.  The  child's  skull  is  orthognathic.  The  palate 
is  elliptical  or  hyperbolic.  All  are  megaseme  but  one,  and  have 
straight  brows  and  square  orbits.    One  is  mesoseme. 

Three  male  skulls  have  one  or  more  exostoses  in  each  meatus. 
No.  22827  has  long  flattened  tumors  passing  into  each  meatus  on 
the  anterior  inferior  and  posterior  inferior  walls,  the  larger  tumor 
being  on  the  posterior  inferior  wall.  No.  22791  has  a  long  crest- 
like tumor  with  its  long  diameter  passing  into  the  opening  situ- 
ated on  the  posterior  inferior  wall  of  each  meatus,  and  a  thickening 
of  the  anterior  walls.  No.  2^649  has  a  rounded  oval  tumor  on  the 
middle  of  the  posterior  wall,  and  a  thickening  of  the  anterior  wall 
of  the  right  meatus.  The  left  meatus  has  upon  the  middle  of  the 
posterior  wall  a  large  globular  tumor,  which  sends  a  slender 
offshoot  into  the  canal. 

Two  of  the  male  skulls  bear  traces  of  wounds.  Upon  the  mid- 
dle of  the  right  parietal  above  the  eminence  of  No.  22657  is  seen 
a  pit  about  a  centimetre  in  depth.  At  this  point  the  endocranium 
is  smooth  and  uninjured,  saved  probably  by  the  unusual  thickness 
of  the  bone.  Although  a  small  skull  and  deprived  of  most  of  its 
face,  yet  so  thick  are  its  walls  its  weight  is  30^-  oz.  The  next 
heaviest  skull  is  No.  22646,  which  has  a  perfect  face  and  yet  weighs 
but27oz. 

No.  22791  has  sustained  a  remarkable  injury,  inflicted  by  a 
stone  arrowpoint  which  is  retained  in  the  superior  meatus  of  the 
nose.  This  was  discovered  by  Dr.  W.  F.  Whitney  and  described 
by  him  before  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.  The 
following  report  of  his  remarks  is  taken  from  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Soci'ety  for  1881.  "An  arrow  had  entered  through  the  inner 
side  of  the  left  orbit  close  to  the  lachrymal  duct,  pierced  the  sep- 
tum, and  merely  broken  through  into  the  right  orbit  by  a  small 

3  A  fiimilar  avrest  of  developmfent  of  the  nasal  bones  is  seen  in  No.  18599,  from  a 
Stone  Grave  of  the  Cumberland  Valley,  Tennessee. 


245 


portion  of  its  edge.  It  was  thus  lodged  dose  beneath  the  ethmoid 
bone  and  imprisoned  there  by  the  partial  closure  of  the  entrance 
through  a  formation  of  new  bone,  which  showed  also  that  the 
man  had  been  shot  weeks  or  even  months  before  his  death.'* 
Besides  this  interesting  lesion,  a  blow  upon  the  forehead  just 
above  the  left  brow  dented  the  outer  and  fractured  the  inner  table. 
This  fracture  was  perfectly  repaired  and  over  the  seat  of  it  is  a 
deposit  of  new  bone  in  the  shape  of  a  flat  button,  measuring  a 
centimetre  across. 

Brachycephali.— Two  broad  skulls,  a  male  and  a  female,  were 
found  in  San  Lorenzo  Cave.  As  this  cave  has  long  been  open  and 
all  the  crania  from  it  were  found  disturbed,  these  two  brachy- 
cephali may  have  been  later  burials.  Apparently,  brachycephali 
were  exceptional  among  the  people  burying  in  these  caves. 

Both  are  natural  shapes.  They  are  microcephalic.  The  female 
rests  in  normal,  the  male  in  posterior  condyloid  equilibrium.  The 
long  diameter  strikes  higher,  midway  between  the  lambda  and  in- 
ion  in  the  male  and  above  midway  in  the  female,  and  the  vertical 
projection  of  the  inion  also  is  greater  than  in  the  dolichocephali  and 
mesaticephali.  The  maximum  breadth  diameter  falls  more  than  a 
centimetre  back  of  the  auriculo-bregmatic  line,  below  the  centre 
of  the  parietal  eminences  in  both,  upon  the  squamous  suture  in  the 
male  and  20  mm.  above  it  in  the  female  skull.  The  temporal  line 
curves  over  the  parietal  eminences.  The  mastoid  processes  are 
shorter  and  narrower.  A  rough  line  crossing  the  mastoid  process 
above  continues  the  superior  occipital  line.  The  centre  of  the 
foramen  magnum  is  back  of  the  cranium  19  mm.  in  the  male, 
and  23  mm.  in  the  female  skull. 

The  sutures  are  open  ;  the  sagittal,  coronal  and  lambdoid  of 
No.  22647  are  beginning  to  close.  Their  general  character  is  the 
same  as  in  the  dolichocephali  and  mesaticephali ;  but  in  contrast 
with  these,  both  have  large  Wormian  bones  in  the  lambdoid  suture. 
No.  22653  has  two  No.  4  of  Broca's  scale,  a  little  to  the  right  of 
the  lambda.  This  skull  has  besides  minute  bones  in  the  coronal 
over  the  stephanion.  No.  22647  has  in  the  left  half  of  the  lambdoid 
suture  two  No.  3  Wormian  bones,  and  two  No.  4,  and  in  the  right 
half  two  No.  3,  and  one  of  unusual  size,  whose  long  diameter, 
lying  along  the  suture,  measures  54  mm.,  and  its  vertical  diameter 
at  the  widest  part  measures  36  mm. 
The  face  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  average  of  the  dolicho- 


246 


cephali  and  of  the  mesaticephali.  The  male  has  a  facial  index  of 
664,  and  the  female  of  719.  The  bizygomatic  is  less  than  the 
maximum  breadth  of  the  head.  There  is  no  supranasal  depres- 
sion. 

The  internasal  suture  of  22647  is  nearly  obliterated.  Its  nasal 
bones  by  their  junction  form  an  obtuse  angle,  nearly  right.  The 
lower  border  of  its  nasal  aperture  is  sharp,  with  a  well-devel- 
oped nasal  spine.  No.  22653  has  a  long,  interorbital  process 
with  nearly  horizontal  suture  below  it.  Its  nasal  bones  are  set 
together  so  as  to  form  a  more  open  angle.  The  nasal  spine  is 
short  and  blunt,  and  the  lower  border  of  the  aperture,  sloping. 

The  brows  are  nearly  straight,  and  the  orbits  open  and  square. 
The  jugal  spine  is  no  more  prominent  than  in  the  preceding  varie- 
ties. As  is  usual,  this  spine  differs  in  size  and  shape  on  the  two 
sides.    It  is  wanting  on  the  right  side  of  No.  22653. 

No.  22647  has  exostoses  in  the  auditory  canals ;  on  the  right 
side  a  general  thickening  of  the  walls,  and  upon  the  middle  of  the 
posterior  wall  a  globular  tumor ;  on  the  left  side  the  walls  are 
thickened,  which  with  a  thick  oval  tumor  on  the  middle  of  the 
posterior  wall  greatly  reduces  the  calibre  of  the  opening.  At  the 
narrowest  point  the  antero-posterior  diameter  measures  but  3  mm. 
No.  22653  has  no  exostoses  in  the  meatus.  In  the  middle  of  the 
forehead  of  No.  22647  is  a  superficial  pit  with  slight  traces  of 
inflammatory  action  about  it.  There  are  no  other  marks  of  injury 
upon  either  skull. 

In  summing  up  the  observations  upon  the  twenty-five  crania  the 
following  tables  present  the  more  prominent  points  : 


TABLE  I.  CAPACITY. 


Megacephalic. 

Mesocephalic. 

Microcephalic. 

<f 

y 

<f 

? 

y 

c? 

9 

y 

1 

4 

4 

2 

2 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

4 

2 

6 

3 

3 

5 

12 

247 


The  cranial  characters  common  to  all  are  the  excess  in  length 
of  the  parietal  over  the  length  of  the  frontal  and  occipital  longi- 
tudinal arcs,  the  maximum  breadth  falling  back  of  the  auriculo- 
bregmatic  line,  the  foramen  magnum  back  of  the  centre  of  the 
base,  and  the  low,  narrow  forehead  and  retreating  frontal.  A  car- 
inated  ridge  is  common.  All  the  lines,  ridges  and  processes  for 
muscular  attachment  are  strongly  developed,  and  the  temporal  line 
includes  a  large  part  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  mesaticephali 
and  brachycephali  vary  from  the  more  numerous  dolichocephali  in 
having  the  occiput  less  prominent,  and  smaller  mastoid  processes, 
as  well  as  in  the  number,  size  and  position  of  the  Wormian  bones. 

The  following  table  shows  the  position  as  to  the  sutures  of  the 
twenty-two  Wormian  bones  found  on  eleven  crania.  Their  size  in 
the  dolichocephali  and  mesaticephali  does  not  exceed  No.  3  of 
Broca's  scale,  while  in  the  two  broad  skulls  they  are  of  the  sizes 
3,  4,  5  of  the  scale. 


TABLE  II.  Wormian  Bones. 


Epipteric. 

Masto- 
parietal. 

Masto- 
occipital . 

Lambdoid. 

<f 

<f 

y 

<f 

? 

y 

cf 

? 

6 

1 

3 

5 

1 

I 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

2 

1 

2 

4 

10 

4 

1 

1 

2 

4 

15 

Seven  adult  crania,  or  36  per  cent,  have  exostoses  in  the  auditory 
canals.  Dr.  Blake  found  5  per  cent  of  108  Californian  crania, 
and  18  per  cent  of  195  mound-builders'  crania,  with  exostoses  in 
the  meatus  auditorius.  There  are  sixteen  exostoses  in  seven 
Mexican  skulls,  found  in  both  canals  of  each.  In  the  three  mesati- 
cephalic  and  brachycephalic  crania  the  tumors  are  attended  with  a 


248 


TABLE  III.  EXOSTOSES. 


Anterior  Wall. 


Flattened. 


Dolichocephalic. 


iTesaticephalic. 


Brachycephahc. 


Sum. 


Total. 


Konnded. 


Posterior  WaU. 


Flattened.  I  Konnded. 


$  y 


9  y 


14 


general  thickening  of  the  wall  of  the  canal.  The  face  is 
straio-ht  and  broad.    The  orbits  open  and  square.    The  m 

which  remain  are  vertical.  The  palate  is  broad  and  deep, 
teeth  are  sound,  but  much  worn  by  use. 

TABLE  IV.  G>'AT-HISi£. 


long, 

cisors 
The 


Dolichocephalic. 
Mesaticephalic.. 
BrachTcephalic. 


Orthognathic. 


Mesognathic. 


Sum. 


Prognathic. 


Total. 


11 


This  table  is  interesting  as  it  shows  a  decided  tendency  to  or- 
thoo-nathism.  and  also  because  it  is  seen  by  it  that  the  three  chil- 
dren's crania  have  already  assumed  the  prevailing  form. 

The  na^al  bones  are  long  and  broad,  broader  below  than  above, 
and  set  together  at  an  obtuse  angle  not  far  from  a  right  angle. 
The  shape  of  the  nasal  aperture  as  seen  by  the  followiug  table 
varies  greatly.  The  platyrhines  have  smaller  nasal  bones,  set  at  a 
more  open  angle. 


249 


TABLE  V.  Shape  of  Nasal  Aperture. 


Leptorhiiie. 

Mesorhine. 

Platyrhine. 

? 

? 

y 

cf 

? 

5 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

7 

2 

3 

1 

1 

4 

2 

2 

9 

5 

8 

From  the  preceding  table  it  appears  that  the  male  skulls  tend  to 
be  leptorhine,  and  the  female  and  children's  to  be  mesorhine  and 
platyrhine. 

As  to  the  openness  of  the  orbits,  there  is  a  great  uniformity- 
running  through  these  skulls,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  table. 


TABLE  VII.  Shape  op  the  Orbit. 


Megaseme. 

Mesoseme. 

Microseme. 

cf 

? 

y 

9 

y 

cf 

y 

6 
5 
1 

2 
2 
1 

2 

1 

3 

1 
1 

12 

5 

3 

2 

20 

5 

The  lower  jaw  is  noticeably  slender.  Its  actual  weight  is  less 
than  a  Californian,  Peruvian  or  mound-builder's  jaw  of  the  same 
period  of  life.  The  height  at  the  symphysis  is  always  greater 
than  at  the  last  molar.  The  chin  is  prominent.  The  ramus  is 
narrow  and  low,  its  coronoid  slightly  exceeding  the  condyloid  pro- 
cess in  height.  The  sigmoid  notch  is  shallow.  The  condyle 
is  small.    The  angle  is  everted  in  eleven  of  the  fourteen  jaws. 

There  is  no  anomaly  of  the  teeth,  except  a  small  supernum- 
erary tooth  between  the  central  incisors  of  each  of  the  two  upper 


250 


jaws.  All  tlie  teeth  are  large  and  closely  set.  The  incisors  are 
vertical.  The  first  upper  molar  shows  traces  of  four  cusps,  but 
in  all  adult  upper  jaws  this  molar  is  worn  so  as  to  expose  the 
ivory,  and  in  four  instances  a  clean  section  of  the  tooth  has  been 
made.  In  one  case  no  enamel  is  to  be  seen,  the  tooth  is  worn 
to  the  neck,  and  the  pulp  cavity  exposed  at  three  points,  a  condi- 
tion Broca  designates  as  exceptional.  There  has  been  an  abscess  at 
the  root  of  the  tooth  with  considerable  alveolar  absorption  prob- 
ably to  be  traced  to  the  irritation  of  attrition,  after  the  pulp  was 
exposed.  The  condition  of  the  teeth  of  all  these  crania  points  to 
the  use  of  hard,  coarse  food.  One  hundred  and  eighty-nine 
teeth  are  retained  in  the  sockets  of  the  twenty-three  upper  jaws. 
The  rest  with  few  exceptions  have  fallen  out  post-mortem.  Two 
per  cent  of  the  retained  teeth  are  carious,  and  two  per  cent  of  the 
empty  sockets  show  traces  of  inflammatory  action  about  the  roots 
of  missing  teeth. 

The  lower  jaw  has  also  large  teeth  set  close  together.  Its  first 
molar  has  commonly  five  cusps.  The  wear  is  downwards  and 
outwards,  for  all  but  the  incisors  which  wear  horizontally.  Some 
of  the  teeth  of  both  upper  and  lower  jaws  are  excavated  by 
use.  The  fourteen  lower  jaws  have  retained  one  hundred  and 
forty-one  teeth,  of  which  but  one  is  carious.  None  of  the  empty 
sockets  of  the  lower  jaw  point  to  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the 
missing  teeth.  The  lower  jaw  of  No.  22647  is  missing.  The 
teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  are  worn  flat,  nearly  to  the  neck.  Up- 
on the  right  side  the  molars  have  been  lost  by  disease,  and 
the  alveoU  are  absorbed.  The  loss  of  these  teeth  has  probably 
affected  the  wear  of  the  second  bicuspid  adjoining,  which  has  the 
posterior  half  of  the  crown  worn  off  obliquely  upwards  and  back- 
wards. Upon  the  left  side  is  the  first  molar  whose  extreme  degree 
of  w^ear  has  already  been  described. ^ 

4  The  left  half  of  a  child's  iTpper  jaw  No.  22660  from  San  Lorenzo  Cave,  and  the  lower 
iaw  of  an  adult  No.  22701  from  Acateta  Cave  were  examined  as  to  their  dentition  by 
Dr  W  C  Barrett  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  No.  22690  belonged  to  a  child  seven  years  old. 
Where'the  bone  is  broken  away,  the  first  permanent  bicuspid  may  be  «een  lying  trans- 
verselv  with  its  root  directly  in  the  path  of  the  permanent  canine.  This  tooth  Dr. 
Barrett  states  "might  possibly  have  righted  itself."  He  also  remarks  "P<>.^  '^he  ^t^^^^ 
ordinary  wear  of  the  deciduous  teeth,"  which  ^"gives  considerable  insight  into  the  food, 
habits  and  early  development  of  that  people."  .   ^x,  -a 

The  two  last  molars  of  the  left  side  of  No.  22701  had  each  a  large  cavity  in  the  grind- 
ing surface.  When  the  jaw  was  found  these  cavifes  were  filled  with  what  Proves  to 
be  an  organic  substance."  Dr.  Barrett  thinks  it  may  be  the  remains  of  food  and  finds 
"  certain  internal  evidences  that  it  was  not  designedly  placed  there  as  a  stopping.' 


251 


CONCLUSIONS. 

The  foregoing  observations  indicate  that  the  people  who  buried 
their  dead  in  the  caves  of  Coahuila  were  a  strong-built,  muscular 
race,  of  medium  height.  By  the  proportions  of  their  skeletons 
they  resemble  the  negro  more  nearly  than  the  European  type. 
When  these  burials  were  made,  a  natural  long  skull  of  small 
capacity  was  the  most  common  form.  This  small,  long  head 
had  a  long,  large  face,  with  broad  cheek  bones,  straight  brows, 
square  open  orbits,  a  prominent  straight  nose,  and  wide  but 
not  projecting  mouth,  furnished  with  comparatively  sound  teeth, 
well  worn  by  mastication.  The  black  straight  hair  was  worn  in 
queues. 

^  To  what  tribe  they  belonged  or  what  was  the  date  of  their 
burial  is  unknown.  Wislizenus,  in  connection  with  the  Burial 
Cave  near  San  Lorenzo  which  he  describes,  alludes  to  a  conjecture 
that  they  were  ancient  Lipans.  This  is  the  only  attempt  at  a  so- 
lution of  the  problem. 

The  only  crania  from  this  region,  whose  measurements  I  have 
seen,  are  three  Lipans,  nine  Comanches  and  thirty  Apaches,  given 
in  the  Check  List  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum  edited  by  Dr. 
George  A.  Otis.  One  of  three  Lipans,  one  of  the  nine  Comanches, 
and  three  of  the  thirty  Apaches  are  dolichocephalic.  This  is 
hardly  such  a  proportion  as  to  ally  them  to  the  long-headed  Cave 
people. 

A  larger  collection  of  crania  and  bones  from  northern  Mexico  is 
needed  to  throw  more  light  upon  this  question.  By  the  aid  of 
more  material  and  further  research  it  ma}^  become  possible  to  trace 
the  origin,  wanderings  and  connections  of  this  medium-sized,  long 
headed  people  who  buried  their  dead  in  the  Caves  of  Coahuila. 

The  following  tables  give  the  particular  measurements  upon 
which  this  sketch  is  based.^ 

sThe  capacity  is  taken  with  mustard  seed  and  measured  by  Busli's  craniometer.  All 
the  diameters  are  talsen  with  Flower's  craniometer.  The  circumferences  and  arcs  are 
taken  with  the  tape  measure.  The  projection  measurements  are  taken  by  means  of 
Broca's  projection  board. 

AH  the  measurements  are  taken  and  indices  calculated  according  to  Broca,  except 
the  following:  those  of  the  palate  after  Flower,  the  naso-malar  angle  after  Flower. 
The  nasal  bones  are  measured  with  calipers  after  De  Quatrefages.  The  bimastoid  is  the 
maximum  diameter  through  the  mastoid  pi'ocesses,  the  mastoid  length  is  the  vertical 
diameter  from  the  tip  of  the  process  to  a  point  vertically  above  it  on  the  posterior  root 
of  the  zygoma. 


252 


O 

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w 

o 

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o 


i.^         «-   *-  I 

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lis- 

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1361 
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11 

253 


Foramen 
Magnum. 

'HXQIAl 

'HXOKaT; 

Longitudinal 
Arcs. 

r-i  r-1  r-l  r-l  r-l  rH  rH  r-(  r-l 

'nvxaiavj 

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r-11— ii—li— IrHi-Hr^l-Hi— 1 

212 

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avoixaaA 

^^^^^^^^^ 

Horizontal 
Arcs. 

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-noiaav-xsod: 

^^^^ 

1 

1  1 

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Q 


THE  WHITE  BUFFALO  FESTIVAL  OF  THE  UNCPAPAS. 


By  Alice  C.  Fletcher. 


A  MAN  who  kills  a  white  buffalo  is  considered  to  have  received 
a  blessing  from  the  gods,  and  an  evidence  of  their  favor  and 
recognition.  The  white  buffalo  is  rare  and  generally  remains  near 
the  centre  of  the  herd,  which  makes  it  difficult  of  approach.  It  is 
therefore  considered  as  the  chief  or  sacred  one  of  the  herd,  and  it  is 
consequently  greatly  prized  by  the  Indians.i  Owing  to  the  scarcity 
of  the  white  buffalo,  an  interval  of  many  years  usually  passes  be- 
fore  one  is  captured. 

In  order  to  keep  the  hides  the  hunter  must  have  four  sons,  it 
the  man  who  kills  the  white  buffalo  has  four  sons  and  yet  is  not 
able  himself,  or  with  the  assistance  of  his  relatives,  to  provide 
the  feasts  and  presents  necessary  for  the  full  enjoyment  of  the 

r  The  Yankton,  Teton,  Santee,  and  Sissiton  Indians,  consider  it  a  ^^.^^^fP^^^^j^f^^ 
to  kill  a  white  buffalo,  and  it  is  almost  feared,  on  account  of  the  implied  o^J.>f  «^  « 
fumrthe  r  tes  pertain  ng  to  it.   Among  the  Omahas  there  is  the  skin  of  a  white  buffalo 

Do,  Of  the  Onondngas,  White  Bear  of  t^eZ <,f  E.^ern 
Through  the  kma^s.  of  -appeavance  of  the  White 

■^'-.M^t:"  a  "wo^::;  do  ya.ti.,  «e.»  (..  YOU  win  eat  this  chief,  food.", 

"xtiffrt  7::^i^^o^  ?r„';S;  n-hed  .  the  te.t.  The  Oga„a,a 
This  least  ot  ine  ^  gathered.  Further  research 

reveal  their  common  source. 
(2G0) 


261 


privileges  the  ownership  of  the  buffalo  entitles  him  to,  or  if  for  any 
reason  he  desires  to  forego  the  honor,  he  may  barter  the  hide  which 
is  highly  valued.  One  was  recently  exchanged  for  three  horses 
and  a  mule  (equal  to  between  one  and  two  hundred  dollars). 
The  news  of  the  capture  of  a  white  buffalo  soon  spread  beyond 
the  limits  of  a  tribe,  and  proposals  for  its  purchase  are  often  re- 
ceived from  remote  points.  Sometimes  promises  to  surrender  it 
are  exacted  beforehand. 

Among  the  Uncpapas  the  securing  of  a  white  buffalo  demands 
from  its  owner  the  following  rites. 

First,  the  hide  must  be  tanned.  For  the  performance  of  this 
duty  the  owner  of  the  skin  selects  a  virgin  and  bids  her  come  to 
the  tent  set  apart  for  the  preliminary  ceremonies.  He  also  invites 
the  head  men  of  his  gens,  they  being  men  of  good  repute,  and  has 
a  great  feast  prepared.  A  priest  or  "wakan-man"  must  be 
present  to  fill  the  pipe,  and  recite  the  prayers  of  the  ritual.  A 
handsome  suit  of  clotliing  consisting  of  dress,  belt,  leggings,  moc- 
casins, earrings  and  paint  is  presented  by  the  owner  of  the  skin  to 
the  young  girl  who  is  to  tan  it,  and  he  also  presents  her  with  a 
horse. 

Upon  her  arrival  at  the  tent,  after  having  put  on  the  new  dress, 
a  red  or  dark  blue  cloth  is  spread  on  the  floor,  and  upon  it  the 
buffalo  skin  is  laid  with  the  hair  side  down.  Then  with  her 
scraper  the  girl  removes  the  fleshy  bits  adhering  to  the  skin,  while 
the  owner  and  his  guests  carefully  watch  that  the  skin  may  not 
be  cut  or  broken.  All  the  bits  which  she  scrapes  off  are  put  into 
a  new  white,  blue  or  black  blanket  which  has  never  before  been 
used,  care  being  taken  that  none  of  the  bits  touch  the  ground.  A 
soup  is  made  by  adding  the  scrapings  of  the  hide  with  some  choke 
cherries  to  a  pot  of  boiling  water.  None  of  this  soup  must  be 
thrown  away  or  lost,  but  all  must  be  eaten  by  the  men  within  the 
tent. 2  When  the  scraping  is  completed,  the  ground  of  the  tent  is 
covered  with  Artemisia,  ^  on  which  a  new  blanket  is  laid,  and  the 
buffalo  skin  spread  out. 

2  It  is  not  uncommon  to  make  soup  of  the  scrapings  of  hide  and  the  addition  of 
cherries  gives  a  favorite  flavor.  I  have  often  met  the  dish  prepared  as  described  in 
the  text.  It  is  also  an  Indian  custom  to  eat  all  that  is  provided.  Except  in  the  care 
taken  to  prevent  any  of  the  scrapings  falling  on  the  ground  and  treasuring  them  in  a 
new  blanket,  there  is  nothing  unusual  in  the  rite  described. 

3  Artemisia  is  used  in  all  the  religious  festivals  I  have  seen  or  learned  of,  and  it 
always  is  supposed  to  purify  and  take  away  any  ill  effects  which  may  have  beea 
received,  and  ward  off  harm.   Once  two  children  were  playing,  a  boy  and  his  sister, 


262 


The  next  day  the  owner  prepares  a  second  feast,  and  again  the 
men  are  invited.  The  girl  on  arriving  at  the  tent  is  presented 
with  a  second  outfit  similar  to  the  first.  She  then  rubs  the  skin 
with  a  mixture  of  buffalo  liver  and  brains,  and  carrying  it  outside 
the  tent  stretches  and  fastens  it  to  a  square  frame  prepared  for  it, 
being  careful  to  place  the  head  toward  the  east.  The  men  then 
rise  and  leave  the  tent,  going  out  by  the  leff*  (the  opening  of 
tent  being  towards"  the  east).  After  a  time,  passing  by  the  right, 
they  re-enter  the  tent,  and  the  hide  is  brought  in  and  placed  at  the 
back  or  west  side  of  the  tent.  The  entrance  of  the  tent  must  be 
kept  closed  during  all  the  ceremonies  which  take  place  within  it. 

Two,  three,  or  four  "good  men"  — that  is,  "not  quarrelsome" 
men  — are  designated  to  remain  in  the  tent  to  watch  the  hide  as  it 
dries.  For  this  service  they  receive  many  presents  of  goods  and 
horses.  The  hide  after  it  is  dry  is  spread  on  a  new  blanket  with 
the  head  to  the  east,  and  a  line  is  drawn  from  the  left  shoulder  to  the 
right  leg  crossing  one  drawn  from  the  right  shoulder  to  the  left  leg, 
and  thus  forming  the  cross,  the  sign  of  the  four  winds. ^  Men  of 
high  character  are  chosen,  who  placing  poles  above  and  beneath  the 
skin  turn  it  over,  being  careful  not  to  touch  it  with  their  hands. 
Then  a  priest  paints  upon  it  between  the  shoulders,  a  series  of 
concentric  red  circles  using  his  finger  as  a  brush.  This  figure  is 
placed  on  the  fur  side  and  is  said  to  represent  the  Indian  camp^ 

and  the  little  girl,  in  seeking  for  a  hiding  place,  ran  into  one  of  the  sacred  tents,  wliich 
must  never  be  touched,  or  irreverently  entered.  Her  brother  searched  long  to  find  her 
and  at  last  he  thought  of  the  tent,  into  which  he  peeped,  and  there  sat  the  little 
maid  complacently  in  the  centre  of  the  sacred  place,  unmindful  of  any  wrong.  He 
called  her  out,  and,  when  they  went  home,  told  his  mother  of  what  had  happened.  She 
was  much  disturbed  and  took  her  little  daughter  at  once  to  the  wife  of  the  man  who 
kept  the  tent,  and  the  two  women  washed  the  child  and  wiped  her  with  artemisia.  la 
the  same  way  horses  are  wiped  off  and  so  protected  from  the  evil  consequences  which 
would  follow  when  they  have  accidentally  run  against  sacred  articles.  I  have  seen 
girls  who  came  to  a  religious  festival  to  give  thanks  for  their  recovery  from  illness,  thus 
wiped  with  artemisia  by  a  priest.  Tlie  herb  is  spread  about  during  certain  rites  to 
ward  off  harm,  as  when  the  address  to  the  stones  was  made,  during  religious  exercises. 

*  The  ceremonial  entrance  into  a  lodge  or  enclosure  is  by  the  left,  and  the  exit  by  the 
right.  In  social  life,  however,  one  does  not  pass  between  one's  host  and  the  fire.  One 
always  goes  out  by  the  right,  i.  e.,  the  north  side  of  the  fire.  All  tents  generally  face  or 
open  to  the  east. 

5  This  sign  of  the  cross,  made  by  connecting  diagonally  opposite  comers,  as  well  as 
connecting"  points  opposite  to  each  other,  so  that  the  two  lines  shall  intersect  at  right 
angles,  making  the  figures  X  -|-,  are  drawn  upon  skins  and  marked  upon  surfaces, 
and  used  in  decorating  pottery,  baskets,  mats,  etc.,  but  whenever  seriously  drawn 
by  the  Sioux  invariably  represent  the  four  winds. 

6  The  concentric  circles  are  found  in  various  parts  of  our  country,  carved  upon 
shells,  upon  the  rocks,  and  even  represented  in  some  of  the  ancient  earthworks,  such 
as  that  at  Portsmouth,  figured  by  Squier  and  Davis,  Plate  XXVIII,  Group  a.  But  I 
would  not  imply  that  they  are  all  susceptible  of  this  explanation  given  me  by  these 
Indians. 


263 


fires.  (See  fig.  1,  e.)  The  priest  while  pmnting  prays  to  the 
powers  of  earth  and  sky  and  remembers  all  things  that  grow. 

One  of  the  watchers  cuts  a  pole  which  is  laid  upon  sticks  so  as 
not  to  touch  the  ground,  and  no  one  must  step  over  it."''  The 
owner  of  the  hide  must  trim  the  pole  and  paint  it  in  four  length- 
wise stripes,  using  a  mixture  of  red  paint  and  of  fat  from  the 
heart  of  the  white  buffalo,  after  which  it  is  carried  by  the  sticks, 
as  on  a  litter,  to  the  place  where  the  final  ceremonies  are  to  be 
performed. 

For  this  occasion  a  circle  of  about  30  or  40  feet  diameter  is 
formed  by  a  wall  of  boughs  thickly  interlaced  (fig.  1,  s),  leaving 
a  small  opening  at  the  east.  While  the  pole  is  being  erected  in 
the  centre  (fig.  1,  a)  prayers  are  said  by  the  officiating  priest. 
All  the  special  ceremonies,  as  the  filling  of  the  pipe,  drawing  the 
diagrams,  preparing  the  earth,  etc.,  are  accompanied  by  a  ritual  of 
words,  and  it  is  believed  that  should  the  person  saying  it  make  a 
mistake  or  omit  a  word,  he  would  incur  death  from  the  sacrilege. 

West  of  the  pole  the  sod  is  removed  from  a  square  of  about  five 
feet  (fig.  l,c)  leaving  the  brown  earth  exposed  which  is  mellowed 
and  made  fine.s    The  sods  thus  removed  are  piled  at  the  foot  of 

To  step  over  a  pole  set  apart  for  any  religious  service  is  a  grave  misdemeanor.  The 
Sun-dance  pole  must  not  be  stepped  over  or  unduly  handled,  and  it  is  carried  on  a 
litter  of  sticks  from  the  woods  to  the  grounds.  Poles  for  sacred  purposes  are  some- 
times set  and  arranged  without  the  hand  . coming  in  contact  with  the  wood.  Among  tlie 
Omahas  the  sacred  pole  is  not  to  be  touched.  The  White  Buffalo  Hide,  when  once 
dressed,  it  will  be  observed,  was  treated  in  the  same  manner,  turned  by  means  of  sticks, 
not  handled.  "Touch  not  "is  the  Indian  rule  for  sacred  articles,  as  applied  to  the 
people. 

«  Here  again  is  the  exposure  of  the  unappropriated  earth,  from  which  the  power  of 
life  has  not  yet  been  drawn  out  into  vegetative  forms.  This  U-ma-ne,  as  the  I)akotas  call 
it,  is  needful  to  secure  the  hearing  of  the  address  by  the  life-giving  power  of  the  earth, 
which  is  appealed  to.  All  the  sacred  articles  are  placed  upon  it :  the  skull,  hide  and  black 
earth.  From  the  earth  thus  made  visible  powers  of  various  kinds  are  desired,  as  strength, 
good  fortune,  foretelling  the  future,  and  success  in  many  ways  is  secured.  The  custom  of 
mellowing  the  earth  seems  to  have  been  widely  extended.  The  following  myth  belong- 
ing to  the  Mus-co-gee  Indians  and  given  me  by  one  of  their  number,  Mr.  G.  VV.  Grayson, 
has  its  poetry  enhanced  by  recalling  the  use  of  the  "  U-ma-ne,"  the  meaning  of  the 
colors,  and  the  sacredness  of  the  ritual  songs  and  their  power;  for,  as  an  old  priest  said 
to  me,  "  the  music  comes  from  beyond  this  life."  The  Subbea  "  is  a  sort  of  amulet  or 
charm,  a  small  brilliant  stone,  not  much  larger  than  a  good-sized  pin-head.  This  is 
wrapped  in  a  piece  of  buckskin  and  securely  fastened  to  some  part  of  the  person. 
Among  many  tribes  the  hair  is  the  place  where  such  charms  are  usually  worn,  the 
sacred  article  being  tied  in  the  braids. 

"  The  Song  of  the  Subbea  is  very  sacred  and  held  in  great  veneration  by  the  initiated 
and  under  no  circumstances  is  it  ever  sung  to  gratify  curiosity.  It  was  given  to  the 
Indian  in  this  manner.  Long  ago  a  hunter  had  wandered  far  in  a  solitary  place ;  for  days 
he  walked  through  the  solemn  woods,  sleeping  at  night  at  the  foot  of  a  tall  tree,  and  rising 
in  the  gray  dawn  to  pursue  his  lonely  way.  Not  an  animal  crossed  his  path.  Even  the 


264 


the  pole  towards  the  east  (fig.  1 ,  &) .  A  skull  of  a  buffalo  is  placed 
in  the  centre  of  the  square  of  exposed  earth  (fig.  1,  c),  and  on  the 
forehead  of  the  skull  is  painted  a  figure  as  represented  in  fig. 
1,  d.  This  is  said  to  be  a  prayer  which  remembers  the  powers 
of  earth,  wind,  sun,  water  and  the  buffalo.  The  priest  makes  four 
circles  about  the  skull  from  left  to  right  with  a  bunch  of  Artemisia 
held  in  his  right  hand  thrusting  the  plant  into  the  left  eye  socket, 
repeating  the  motion  with  a  second  bunch  which  is  placed  in  the 
right  eye  socket,  and  a  third  which  is  placed  in  the  cavity  of  the 
mouth9  (fig.  1^  c). 

birds  we  rare ;  only  the  leaves,  as  they  replied  to  the  passing  breezes,  broke  the  silence 
that  girdled  the  man.   On,  on,  he  walked,  through  deep  ravines,  where  overhead  the 
trees  clasped  each  other  and  shut  out  the  light;  up  he  mounted  over  hill  sides,  but 
could  not  escape  the  forest  or  meet  with  any  living  creature.   At  last  he  found  himself 
high  up  upon  a  mountain-side  in  a  more  wild  and  solitary  place  than  any  spot  he  had 
ever  seen.   The  weird  silence,  the  iintrampled  herbage,  the  lofty  height  and  cloudless 
sky  filled  him  with  superstitious  awe,  and  a  dread  feeling  that  he  was  the  first  human 
being  to  look  upon  this  solemn  grandeur  stole  over  him,  and  he  stood  reverently  facing 
the  unseen  and  unknown  powers  of  nature,  feeling  his  helplessness  and  poverty.  As 
he  stood  thus,  a  gentle  breeze  seemed  to  touch  him  softly,  and  he  thought  that  he 
heard  something  like  a  human  voice.   He  started  to  move  away,  but  again  he  heard 
the  voice,  tliis  time  more  distinctly.   He  listened ;  the  voice  grew  clearer.  Astonit^hed 
and  awestricken,  he  seemed  rooted  to  the  spot,  hearing  a  low,  sweet  voice,  singing  a  song 
that  seemed  to  enter  into  his  soul  and  captivate  it.   The  song  was  repeated,  and  soon 
he  felt  that  he  could  never  forget  it,  that  it  was  all  his  own,  given  to  him  by  a  god.  He 
eagerly  peered  about  to  see  whence  the  voice  had  come.  Not  far  from  where  he 
was  standing  he  saw  a  circular  plot  of  ground,  with  every  vestige  of  grass  or  other  vege- 
tation carefully  cleared  aivay  as  by  the  hand  of  man,  in  the  centre  of  which  stood  a  little 
plant  of  ordinary  appearance,  hearing  a  blue  flower,  swaying  gracefully  to  and  fro  and 
sioeetly  singing  the  song  of  the  Subhea.    He  now  knew  that  great  good  fortune  had 
come  to  him,  and  that  the  potency  of  the  song  he  could  impart  to  the  little  stone,  the 
Subbea,  by  singing  this  song  over  it  as  only  one  so  initiated  could  sing  it.  Thus  the  song 
of  the  Subbea  was  given  to  man  and  its  mysterious  power  conveyed  to  the  charms  so 
secretly  kept  and  carried  and  relied  upon  as  circumstances  seemed  to  demand.  Among 
the  effects  the  Subbea  can  produce  are  the  following :  the  possessor  can  cause  any  one 
of  the  opposite  sex  to  become  so  absorbingly  enamoured  as  to  brave  all  ridicule  or 
censure  and  yield  completely  to  his  will.  Again,  success  Avill  follow  the  pursuit  of 
game;  this  too  will  vield  to  the  power  of  the  charm,  and  no  one  can  equal  the  fortune 
of  the  fortunate  possessor.   Again,  when  the  possessor  journeys  in  a  strange  land  or 
attends  a  large  gathering  of  people,  the  charm  w^ill  make  the  owner  attractive  and  ac- 
ceptable, and  thus  success  will  attend  all  his  dealings.   To  fully  secure  all  the  powers, 
and  the  results  which  belong  to  the  Subbea,  the  owner  must '  intelligently  cany  it,' 
which  means  he  must  accept,  Avithout  doubting,  tlie  belief  that  the-charm  will  be  potent. 
Those  who  possess  this  rare  charm  are  often  unwilling  to  acknowledge  it  and  desire 
to  keep  it  secret.   Any  person  known  to  have  one  is  usually  avoided  by  women  who 
fear  lest  they  may  fall  victims  to  its  power." 

These  old  fables  and  superstitions  are  fast  fading  away  and  one  has  to  search  among 
the  old  people  to  gather  them  for  preservation;  "  so  that,"  to  quote  my  Indian  friend, 
when  we  have  all  passed  away  those  coming  after  us  may  see  and  remark  that  men 
and  women  have  been  here  before  us." 

9  The  form  painted  upon  the  buffalo  skull  differs  some  from  that  put  tipon  the  skull 
in  the  sun-(]an(^e,  although  the  central  figure  has  the  same  meaning  Avith  that  on  the  sun- 
dance  skull  and  resembles  it.  The  sage  is  in  both  cases  used  with  the  same  ceremo- 
nial, and  has  the  same  meaning,  closing  the  orifices  with  that  which  will  ward  off 
harm. 


265 

A  larger  excavation  is  similarly  made  a  little  distance  to  the 
north  of  the  skull  (fig.  1,  e),  lined  with  Artemisia  and  covered 
with  a  new  blanket  on  which  the  buffalo  hide  (fig.  1,  ^)  is  laid  with 


Fig.  1. 
J 


Arrangement  within  enclosure  of  boughs. 


the  head  toward  the  pole.  Between  this  and  the  pole,  about  two 
feet  square  of  earth  is  prepared  by  removing  the  sod  and  mellow- 
ing the  soiL    la  the  centre  of  this  square  a  small  heap  (fig.  1,  ^)  ' 


266 


of  a  peculiar  black  earth is  transferred  from  a  new  blanket 
and  covered  with  a  red  cloth. 

Gifts  to  be  distributed  by  the  owner  of  the  hide  are  laid  at  the 
leg  flaps  of  the  skin  all  being  pointed  toward  the  black  earth. 
Should  moccasins  be  among  the  offerings  the  toe  must  be  directed 
that  way.  Near  the  head  of  the  hide  is  laid  an  eagle  feather  war 
bonnet.  Upon  each  side  of  the  hide  (fig.  1,  g)  are  laid  the  two 
pipes,  their  stems  decorated  with  porcupine  quill  work,  which, 
after  having  been  filled  with  appropriate  ceremony,  have  had 
their  bowls  sealed  with  red  paint  and  fat  from  the  buffalo's 
heart.  To  the  north  of  the  hide  is  placed  a  wooden  plate  (fig.  1,  m) 
about  a  foot  in  diameter  which  may  be  made  from  the  ash,  Cot- 
tonwood, box  elder,  or  hackberry  tree,  and  laid  beside  it  a  spoon 
fashioned  from  the  horn  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  sheep. Be- 
hind the  plate  is  thrust  in  the  ground  a  stick,  having  the  upper 
end  split  at  right  angles,  and  four  tufts  of  down  inserted  (fig. 
1,  0  to  represent  the  four  winds. 

'  The  priest  (fig.  1,  j)  sits  beyond  the  plate  to  the  north.  At  his 
right  hand  is  a  small  square  board  (fig.  1,  k)  having  on  it  down, 
colored  red.  Before  him,  a  little  to  the  left,  a  blanket  (fig.  1,  o) 
is  spread  on  which  is  put  a  heap  of  "choke  cherries  ;"  directly  in 
front  of  him  are  laid  a  few  live  coals  (fig.  1,  h)  and  sweet  grass 
dropped  on  them  to  smoulder.i^  To  the  right  is  set  a  wooden  dish 
painted  red,  and  containing  water  (fig.  1,  n).  A  few  feet  to  the 
left  of  the  blanket  containing  the  cherries  sits  an  assistant; 
later  this  place  is  occupied  by  a  near  relative  of  the  owner 
of  the  hide,  who  is  placed  between  this  man  and  the  priest  but  a  little 
back  of  them  (fig.  1,  g).  Around  the  sides  of  the  enclosure,  ex- 
cepting that  portion  at  the  west  back  of  the  buffalo  skull,  sit  the 
chiefs  (fig.  1,  r)  of  the  tribe,  each  one  in  his  ceremonial  dress. 

10 This  black  earth  was  described  resembling  coal  and  being  rare  and  difficult  to 
find  It  is  always  gathered  from  the  sides  of  ravines,  or  where  banks  have  fallen  away 
exvo^ins  it  I  am  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  it  is  pulverized  lignite.  During  all  the 
ceremonies  of  this  Feast,  blankets  are  mentioned  as  of  different  colors,  and  the  red 
cloth  nut  over  the  pile  of  black  earth.  I  was  told  that  formerly  skins  were  used  and 
they  were  painted  in  the  colors  mentioned,  a  skin  painted  all  over  red  in  place  of  red 

^^"^n^There  are  some  superstitions  connected  with  the  horn  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
sheep  It  possesses  among  other  powers  that  of  keeping  its  owner  from  the  temptation 
to  tell  a  lie,  which  is  counted  a  grave  sin.   Truth  as  to  fact,  being  of  the  Indian's  code 

iTxhe^use  of  sweet  grass  or  some  aromatic  shrub  is  found  in  all  religious  ceremonials 
of  an  elaborate  character,  smoke  seeming  to  form  a  sort  of  medium,  or  perhaps,  more 
properly,  a  messenger  between  the  seen  and  unseen,  the  Indian  and  the  god. 


267 


As  each  article  is  placed  and  arranged  the  action  is  accompanied! 
with  occasional  chants  having  simple  explanatory  words.  These 
chants  form  apart  of  the  ritual  of  the  festival. 

When  all  is  in  readiness  the  ceremonies  begin  by  the  priest  lift- 
ing the  spoon  and  slowly  advancing  it  to  the  smouldering  grass, 
stopping  four  times  on  the  way,  and  then  describing  a  circle  from 
left  to  right  through  the  smoke.  He  then  approaches  the  pile  of 
cherries,  fills  the  spoon  with  them,  and  advances  toward  the  plate 
in  the  same  fourfold  manner,  circles  it  and  places  the  cherries  on 
the  sunrise  side.  The  ceremony  of  approaching  the  fire  is  repeated, 
and  the  cherries  taken  and  the  plate  reached  in  the  same  ceremo- 
nial manner  as  the  spoonfuls  are  placed  successively  on  the 
south,  west  and  north  sides  of  the  plate.  After  this  action  which 
is  in  honor  of  the  four  winds,  the  priest  dips  with  the  spoon  the 
rest  of  the  cherries  from  the  blanket  to  the  centre  of  the  plate 
using  no  further  ceremonial.  When  this  is  accomplished  the 
spoon  is  again  consecrated  by  the  four  approaches  and  circling  of 
the  smoke,  and  filled  with  water  from  the  red  dish.  It  is  then 
raised  toward  the  sun  and  lowered,  and  the  plate  approached  by  the 
full  ceremonial,  then  circled,  and  the  water  poured  over  the  pile  of 
cherries  on  the  eastern  edge.  In  the  same  manner  observing  the 
detail  of  approaches  to  the  fire,  lifting  of  the  water  and  reaching 
the  plate,  a  spoonful  of  water  is  poured  over  the  piles  on  the  30uth, 
west  and  north  sides  of  the  plate. 

The  priest  then  consecrates  his  right  hand  in  the  smoke,  using 
the  same  manner  of  approach  and  circle,  and  by  a  similar  action 
reaches  toward  the  board  containing  the  swan's  down  and  picks  up 
a  bunch  with  his  thumb  and  forefinger,  and  advances  in  the  same 
ceremonial  way  to  the  plate  and  places  the  down  by  the  eastern 
pile  where  it  adheres  to  the  moistened  edge  of  the  plate.  In  this 
manner  he  transfers  a  tuft  from  the  board  to  each  of  the  piles 
on  the  south,  west  and  north  side  of  the  dish,  always  first  conse- 
crating his  hand  and  observing  the  ritual  of  motion .  After  this  cere- 
mony he  advances  both  hands  toward  the  smoke,  extending  his 
fingers,  making  the  ceremonial  pauses,  and  circling  from  left  to 
right,  after  which  he  similarly  approaches  the  dish,  and  grasps  it 
with  his  right  hand  between  the  east  and  south  pile  of  cherries,  and 

"Every  religious  festival  and  every  dance,  and  all  the  great  events  of  life  have 
songs  or  chants  appropriate  to  each,  as  the  Ritual  Songs,  the  Song  of  a  Vision,  the 
Death  Song.  Many  of  these  are  traditional  and  originally  received  supernatiirally. 


268 


his  left  hand  between  the  west  and  north  piles.  Then  he  slowly  ro- 
tates the  plate,  stopping  at  each  point  of  the  compass,  turning  from 
left  to  right  and  grasping  the  dish  with  his  hands  in  the  same  rela- 
tive places  with  each  new  movement.  In  this  way  he  turns  the  plate 
completely  around,  bringing  it  back  to  its  first  position.  The 
movement  is  a  very  steady  and  careful  one,  for  none  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  plate  must  be  disturbed  or  lost. 

The  owner  of  the  hide  now  rises  and  comes  near  the  smouldering 
grass,  and  extends  his  hands  toward  and  through  the  smoke  in  the 
same  ceremonial  manner,  resting  his  hands  for  a  moment  in  the 
smoke.  He  then  passes  his  left  hand  down  his  right  arm  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  wrist,  repeating  the  same  motion  with  the  right 
hand  upon  the  left  arm,i4  then  rising  he  goes  toward  the  plate  and 
grasps  it  in  the  same  way  the  priest  had  done  ;  and,  holding  it  thus, 
he  walks  with  it  around  the  circle  and  then  deposits  it  at  the  left 
cheek  of  the  buffalo  hide.  Silence  has  been  strictly  maintained 
during  this  action,  but  as  the  plate  is  set  down  the  company  of 
chiefs  bow  their  heads  and  cry  with  a  loud  voice  "Hei-ya," 
which  was  explained  to  me  as  an  ancient  response  meaning  we 
give  thanks." 

The  owner  of  the  hide  resumes  his  seat  and  the  priest  extends 
both  his  hands  toward  the  smouldering  grass,  making  the  four  cere- 
monial stops  and  the  circle.  With  his  hands  thus  consecrated  he 
makes  the  same  ceremonial  approach  to  a  flat  stick  i5  about  two  to 
three  inches  broad  and  three  and  a  half  feet  long  which  lay  at  the 
left  of  the  hide  ;  taking  up  this  stick  he  again  approaches  the 
smoke  in  the  same  manner  and  consecrates  the  stick.  The  red 
cloth  is  removed  from  the  small  heap  of  black  earth  and  the 
priest  with  deep  solemnity  of  manner  makes  the  formal  approach 
toward  it  holding  the  stick  with  both  hands,  the  left  hand  in 
advance  of  the  right.  After  circling  the  heap  of  black  earth, 
he  touches  it  first  on  the  east,  then  on  the  south,  west  and  north, 
leaving  an  impress  at  each  touch.  After  this  ceremony  he  spreads 
the  pife  so  as  to  leave  it  about  twelve  or  thirteen  inches  in  diameter. 

A  near  relation  of  the  owner  of  the  hide  approaches,  bringing 
with  him  two  square  pieces  of  board  bound  together  by  buckskin 

14  This  is  the  sign  of  giving  thanks  and  is  used  on  occasions  of  solemnity  or  grave 

'"'.One  is'reminded  of  the  flat  stick  used  by  the  Iroquois  in  the  ^^w  Year  festh^^^^^^ 
when  two  of  the  keepers  of  the  faith  entered  each  house  and  lifting  ashes  sininkled 
the  hearth,  reciting  a  Ibrmula.   (Morgan,  League  of  the  Iroquois,  p.  211.) 


269 


thongs,  and  occupies  the  place  of  the  assistant.  Between  these 
two  boards  are  sixteen  bunches  of  down,  colored  with  red  ochre 
and  laid  in  four  parallel  lines,  four  bunches  in  a  line.  The 
down  has  been  secured  by  the  owner  of  the  hide  from  the  wild 
goose,  and  prepared  by  him  for  this  solemn  occasion.  After  loosen- 
ing the  strings  about  the  board,  the  one  in  charge  of  it  consecrates 


Showing  the  figures  made  in  transferring  the  bunches  of  down  from  the  board 
to  the  black  earth. 

his  hands  in  the  formal  manner,  and  lifting  off  the  upper  board 
picks  up  with  his  right  hand  the  bunch  of  down  at  the  right  hand 
end  of  the  upper  line  (fig.  2,  a),  and  passes  it  toward  the  priest, 


270 


who,  after  consecrating  the  stick,  extends  it  to  receive  the  down 
which  is  placed  thereon,  and  the  ceremonial  advance  is  thea  made 
toward  the  black  earth.  On  reaching  it,  one  edge  of  the  stick  is 
used  to  make  a  circular  hole^^  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  earth, 
corresponding  to  the  position  on  the  board  from  which  the  tuft  has 


Fig.  3. 


Showing  the  figures  made  in  transferring  the  bunches  of  down  from  the  board 
to  the  black  earth. 

been  taken.  The  down  is  then  dropped  from  the  stick  into  the 
hole  prepared  for  it  (fig.  2,  a').  This  part  of  the  ceremony  is  per- 
formed very  slowly  and  carefully,  as  it  is  said  to  be  one  of  the 
i«The  cuplike  holes,  made  in  the  black  earth,  suggest  a  possible  connection  with 
those  cut  in  rocks  and  their  religious  significance. 


271 


holiest  acts  of  worship,  and  any  accident,  such  as  letting  fall  the 
down,  or  not  making  the  hole  in  exact  position  and  form,  or  not 
successfully  transferring  the  down,  would  incur  disaster  and  death. 
"VYhen  the  down  rests  in  the  black  earth  all  the  people  bow  their 
heads  and  cry,  '^Hei-ya."  Again  the  male  relative  in  charge  of 
the  boards  consecrates  his  hand  and  picks  up  the  bunch  of  down  at 
the  right  hand  end  of  the  lower  line  (fig.  2,  6).  The  priest  con- 
secrates the  stick  anew  and  the  down  is  placed  upon  it  and  the 
earth  reached  in  the  ceremonial  manner,  and  a  circular  hole  made 
corresponding  to  the  place  whence  the  down  was  taken.  When 
the  down  is  put  on  the  earth  (fig.  2,  h'),  again  the  people  bow 
their  heads  and  cry,  "Hei-ya."  With  the  same  elaborate  detail, 
the  tuft  from  the  left  hand  end  of  the  lower  line  on  the  board 
(fig.  2,  c)  is  transferred  to  a  hole  similarly  placed  in  the  black 
earth  (fig.  2,  c'),  the  people  responding  to  the  action.  The  same 
ceremony  attends  the  transfer  of  the  tuft  from  the  left  hand  end 
of  the  upper  line  (fig.  2,  d)  to  a  like  position  in  the  black  earth 
(fig.  2,  d').  At  the  completion  of  the  four  points  those  present 
lift  up  their  hands,  the  palms  elevated,  and  then  bowing  their  heads 
lay  their  palms  on  the  ground  and  cry,  "Hei-ya." 

Pursuing  the  same  elaborate  ceremonies  the  remaining  twelve 
tufts  are  transferred  from  the  board  to  the  black  earth,  the  people 
responding. 

The  diagrams  (represented  in  figs.  2  and  3,  a  to  p)  will  show 
the  series  of  figures  produced  at  each  stage  of  the  transfer,  and 
the  holes  made  in  the  black  earth  into  which  the  down  was  placed. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate  the  seriousness  and  devout- 
ness  of  the  men  during  this  portion  of  the  recital.  They  declared 
over  and  over  again,  "this  is  very  holy."  After  the  ceremony 
had  been  completed  they  explained  it  as  follows  : 

The  black  earth  is  the  land  which  brings  forth  :  it  is  the  mother. 
The  down  and  the  red  color  obtained  from  the  ochre  are  the  rep- 
resentatives of  living  things  ;  the  fruits  of  the  earth,  and  men,  all 
of  which  live  and  rest  on  the  earth.  The  four  holes  at  the  corners 
are  the  four  winds  which  stand  toward  the  land  and  hold  health, 
and  take  away  sickness.  The  holes  between  these  four  represent 
the  progression  of  the  people.  To  quote  their  exact  words  :  "The 
old  die,  the  new  are  born,  and  the  race  lives  on  forever.  The 
white  buflTalo  is  the  chief  of  the  herd,  and  from  the  buffalo  comes 
our  animal  food  and  this  gives  life  and  strength.    We  put  the  dish 


272 


with  the  cherries  and  water  beside  the  head  of  the  hide,  because 
the  buffalo  likes  these  things,  they  make  him  to  live.  We  eat  the 
cherries  and  drink  the  water  that  there  may  be  no  end  of  fruit  and 

water  with  us. "  i       •  <. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  ceremony  of  the  black  earth,  the  priest 
turns  to  the  owner  of  the  hide  and  says,  "Are  you  ready"?  Then 
the  owner  rises  and  goes  toward  the  plate,  makes  a  circle  from  left 
to  rio-ht  turning  the  plate,  and  then  stands  holding  the  plate  to  the 
east."  Then  the  priest  drinks  from  the  plate,  and  all  the  people 
cry  ''Hei-ya."  The  owner  then  goes  round  the  circle  and  each 
chief  eats  of  the  cherries  and  drinks  saying  as  he  does  so  :  "Wi  ca- 
'sa  yatapi  owasin,"  meaning  -all  the  chiefs. "  The  owner  may  not 
eat  or  drink  as  he  is  not  yet  a  chief.  When  all  have  eaten  and  the 
plate  emptied,  it  is  put  back  beside  the  buffalo  head. 

Pounded  buffalo  meat  is  now  brought  in  and  the  plate  placed 
before  the  priest.'  After  consecrating  his  hand  four  pinches  of 
meat  are  successively  offered  to  the  four  winds^^  and  placed  upon 
the  four  sides  of  the  dish.  The  four  sons  of  the  owner  enter  and  sit 
at  the  left  of  the  priest.  When  all  is  ready  the  priest  again  conse- 
crates his  hand  in  the  formal  manner,  and  takes  up  the  pinch  of  meat 
at  the  eastern  side  of  the  dish  and  holding  it  up,  says  : 

"Son,  when  men  come  to  your  tribe,  give  to  them  gifts,  moc- 
casins, horses  and  other  things  ;  as  I  now  give  you  this  meat,  it  will 
go  into  your  body  and  make  you  to  live  long,  so  you  will  help  those 
who  come  to  your  people."  The  meat  is  then  put  into  the  child's 
mouth,  who  eats  it.  Again  consecrating  his  hand,  he  takes  the 
pinch  of  meat  on  the  south  side  and,  holding  it,  says  to  the  second 

child :  ^ 
"  Son,  if  you  are  visiting  a  tribe,  or  are  camping  anywhere,  and 
see  an  orphan  child  give  him  half  of  what  you  possess  if  it  be  ever 
so  little  ;  as  I  now  give  you  this  meat,  it  will  go  into  your  body 
and  make  you  to  live  long,  so  you  by  your  acts  to  the  child  will 
raise  it  up."  Repeating  the  consecration  of  his  hand  and  taking 
the  pinch  of  meat  from  the  western  side  raising  it,  he  says  to  the 
third  son : 

-Son,  if  you  are  living  in  a  good  lodge  and  prospering,  you  must 
treat  well  {i.  e.,  entertain  and  give  presents)  all  that  come  to 
your  lodge,  and  children  will  be  born  to  you  ;  as  I  now  give  you 

17  The  usual  form  of  asking  a  blessing  upon  food.  The  bit  of  meat  or  whatever  the 
article  mav  be,  is,  after  the  elevation,  generally  dropped  in  the  fire,  or  buried.^  I  never 
saw  this  ceremony  omitted  when  living  among  Indians  who  retained  their  native 
religion. 


273 


this  meat,  it  will  go  into  your  body  and  make  you  to  live  long,  so 
children  will  be  raised  up  to  you,  and  they  shall  follow  in  the  path 
of  your  father."  Passing  his  hand  through  the  smoke  in  the  cere- 
monial manner,  and  taking  the  pinch  of  meat  from  the  north  side 
of  the  plate,  raising  it  he  says  to  the  fourth  son  : 

"Grandchild,  if  any  of  your  relatives  be  wounded,  make  the 
smoke  of  sweet  grass,  so  will  you  become  head  of  the  chiefs  ;  as  1 
give  you  this  meat,  it  will  go  into  your  body  and  cause  you  to  live 
long,  for  in  this  way  all  my  sons  have  been  fed." 

At  the  end  of  this  ceremony  kettles  of  food  are  brought  in.  The 
chiefs  eat  of  the  pounded  meat.  All  the  tribe  are  calfed  to  a  feast 
outside  the  enclosure,  and  each  one  who  comes  paints  his  face  red. 

After  the  chiefs  have  eaten,  the  priest  takes  up  the  pipes  and 
reciting  a  prayer  presents  them  to  the  buffalo  hide,  then  passes 
them  through  the  smoke  and  removes  the  sealing  of  tallow  and 
red  paint  from  the  bowls,  and  lights  them  from  a  coal  brought  by 
an  attendant.    They  are  handed  to  the  owner  of  the  hidl  who 
takes  a  few  puffs,  when  they  are  passed  around  the  circle  of  chiefs, 
one  pipe  following  the  other.    When  thev  are  empty  they  are  re- 
turned to  their  place  beside  the  hide.    With  the  aid  of  one  of  the 
chiefs  the  priest  using  a  new  knife  cuts  the  hid^  lengthwise  into 
three  parts.  The  owner  receives  the  centre  strip,  the  chiefs  present 
are  given  bands  cut  from  the  outside  pieces.   These  bands  are  from 
SIX  to  eight  inches  wide.    These  are  wound  about  the  head  and 
preserved  as  a  life-long  memento.    This  band  secures  to  its  owner 
good  thoughts  and  good  luck.    It  is  kept  in  the  personal  pack 
with  the  man's  best  clothing,  pipe  and  tobacco  bag,  the  ornaments 
he  wears  on  his  head,  and  the  animal  skin  which  is  the  religious 
symbol  of  his  vision,  is    The  articles  contained  in  this  pack  were 
said  to  be  worn  on  such  occasions  as  "when  many  people  come 
together,  to  dance  and  pray  and  hold  up  the  pipes."    This  band 
from  the  white  buffalo  hide  Is  never  worn  during  war  or  in  battle. 

^«  The  skin  6f  the  animal  of  the  kind  seen  in  a  vision,  and  which  is  the  visible  form 
''^'^'"''^  supernatural  powers,  is  always 

counted  as  one  of  the  most,  if  not  the  most,  sacred,  of  personal  articles.   It  is  only 

wh  n  sZh  "T"  -  «f  necessity,  as 

When  searching  foi-  game  m  time  of  scarcity. 

''UyZ'Z\l''T^  fT  J^-oqnois  the  following  duties  were  enjoined  : 

you  for  t .      't'  ''''  ^^-^^^  ^P^^-'^  reward 

Keport  of  Peabody  Museum  III.  18 


274 


After  the  distribution  of  the  hide,  the  skull  is  brought  from  its 
U-ma-ne  "  or  spot  of  mellowed  earth  (fig.  1,  c),  and  laid  at  the  foot 
of  the  pole.    The  eagle  war  bonnet  is  broken  up  and  scattered  over 
it    A  disk  of  shell  is  crushed  to  a  po  wder^s  and  poured  over  the  skull. 
A  blue  ornament  resembling  in  shape  the  favorite  "elk  tooth"  decor- 
ation called  ''the  blue  cloud,"  and  said  to  be  made  frombeads,^^  is 
also  powdered  and  thrown  upon  the  skull.   The  red  cloth  which  was 
spread  over  the  pile  of  black  earth  is  buried  with  a  disk  of  shell  up- 
on  a  hill  near  by,  all  the  gifts  laid  at  the  feet  of  the  hide  and  the 
pipes  are  given  to  the  poor  of  the  tribe.    Presents  of  horses  are 
made  to  the  priests.    The  owner  of  the  hide  parts  with  all  his 
clothing,  steps  forth  from  these  initiatory  ceremonies  naked, 
aud  in  this  guise  returns  to  his  wife  and  children.    The  people  at 
once  contribute  clothing  to  him,  present  him  with  a  tent  and  he 
begins  life  anew.    The  pole  is  left  standing.    When  it  falls  the 
man  in  whose  honor  it  was  raised,  or  his  descendants,  must  give  a 
feast  to  all  the  tribe. ^2 

i9The  powdering  of  a  shell  occurs  also  in  the  offerings  about  the  pole  of  the  sun- 
dance  Orfs  renfinded  of  the  "  praying  powder  »  used  by  the  Pueblo  Indmns  -u.h 
Ts  carried  by  them  in  baskets  of  pottery  and  sprinkled  on  the  ground  m  ".e  leaU. 
ered  praying  sticks  during  their  religious  ceremonies.  These  disks,  so  far  as  I  ha^e 
seen  them,  are  made  of  marine  shells. 

20  The  blue  cloud  I  did  not  see,  but  from  the  account  of  it.  it  would  seem  to  be  of  the 
manufacture  described  by  Lewis  and  Clark  as  practised  among  a  select  few  of  the 
Ricaras  and  Mandans,  and  derived  from  the  Snake  Indians.   (See  PP' l-f-l^e.) 

2.  Nakedness  is  the  sign  of  sore  trouble,  bereavement,  great  humili  y.    In  many 
cerelnts  the  laying  aside  of  clothes  is  the  symbol  of  a 
When  the  ceremony  of  piercing  the  ears  of  cMldren 

child  is  stripped  of  its  clothing  and  this  is  then  given  away.  The  religious  teachin,  ana 
?o  mu  as  o  The  Indian  demand  much  giving  away.  In  the  absence  of  genuine 
^erce  this  becomes  of  great  importance  to  the  people  as  ^'^f'^ZZ^Lt^^^^^^ 
When  the  Indians  come  in  contact  with  our  civilization  ^^/^^^^^^^  ^  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
nnrl  misfortune    Accumulation  with  the  Indian  is  always  for  the  puipose  of  disposing 
:  tiTgood  to  seture  honors,  which,  although  they  may  be  social,  f  ^^^^^^J^^^; 

him,  and  I  too  who  am  now  an  old  man.  They  have  told  me  that  I  --td^  thus  to^o 
riTht,  and  I  tr^  to  do  right  and  teach  my  children  so  that  they  may  follow  in  the  nght 

Thl'c^— es  at  which  the  notes  were  taken  from  which  I  have  wrUten^he 

would  have  broken  the  narrative  probably  irrevocably.  ^.n.^  n<,  it  was 

T  vou^rhout  the  camp  a  watchful  interest,  a  superstitious  dread  prevailed,  as  it  was 
knowrtfiarslcJed^  were  being  revealed  to  me.  The  more  conservative  Indians 
were  sure  that  punishment  wovdd  follow  the  sacrilege. 


275 


When  that  point  of  the  description  was  reached  which  referred  to  the  black  earth  thP 

ing  silence  he  extended  his  hand  in  greeting.   Then  he  s  d      w;  ^^'^-"^Pi^- 
and  they  are  great.   We  never  talk  a' out  the  whitrb^tS^sIdl:^::^^  w^^^ 
water  at  counsel  feasts.   Yon  have  tried  to  help  us  and  you  are  the  fl  st  and  n  i 
son  to  hear  of  these  things  "  I  venliPd  fhnt  f,.^„.       .        '^^       ^'  only  per- 

they  told  n,e,  that  the  wM  e  peo;  e  knew  i^Ue'f  Te  ""r^''  '''''''''''' 

lnd,ans  could  explain  it.   Th^  .o're  th"rth:i 

The  chief  then  told  the  men  who  were  describing  the  ceremonial  ^  t 
not  to  make  a  mistake  or  miss  a  word  lest  evil  befalt  them  ^""^  ""'"'"^ 

yon  saved  „er,»  and  t„™„fg  .=„  the  o  h  v  •I"/::l':'t?,"„V.t:°"r 

mmimsm 

i.p^=r:=rdZ^^ 

Most  Of  two  hours  wa   colXed  "n  m^ldno   t  '                '""^  '^"^  ^P«"^' 
the  down  from  the  board  to     e  bLk  " 'rEve.  v'X?  m  '"'""^^ 

omitted.  At  the  close  the  younger  pdest  said  -  f  n  f  ^"'"^^ 

never  forget  yon.  Look  at  mTvon  n  ^f/    /  '  ^  look  at  you  and  I  shall 

reply,  I  said/' I  am  glL  1^  wH i  np  ^    .    '  ?  ^«     P^"^^^  for  my 

friend,  and  1  sl^UnTfoZl  ^^^^^^^^^^^  yon  will  remember  the  face  of  a 

earnestness  fastened  his  eves  n nnn\.  J             i  approached  me  and  with  great 

sacred  had  been  theTr  dIsTsureVhe  said  ' S?'  "  f ""'^  Pro/„„„dly 
shall  come  to  me  or  to  my  people  becanse  lhav.  7  T  ''•■'™ 
I  answered,  "  Jly  fri„„d  ZTT^l  ^T,  '°  ^™  "■'""■''d  """KS." 

promise.  I  w„.  pra^God  thatr^ars'IIln  Wmself  could 

you  have  talked  withTe."  Then  extendirr^^  VT." 

came  to  a  close.  extending  my  hand,  which  he  took,  this  strange  scene 


THE  ELK  MYSTERY  OR  FESTIVAL.    OGALLALA  SIOTJX. 


BY  Alice  C.  Fletcher. 


Among  the  Souan  family  of  Indians  tl>ere  are  societies,  vehgious 
iniaracter,  which  are  distinguished  by  the  name  o  30~.mal. 
Each  society  has  a  ritual  composed  of  chants  and  songs    o  be 
suno- during  different  parts  of  the  ceremomes,  having  wo.ds  de 
cribil  in  simple  and  direct  terms  the  act  which  accompames  the 
music    These  musical  rituals,  it  is  often  claimed,  have  been  re- 
Teh  d  in  a  mysterious  or  supernatural  manner,  and  are  there  o 
arded  as  possessing  a  religious  I— /-"^^  ^^^'^-^^  * 
taught  these  sougs  after  his  reception  rnto  the  socretj   and  the 
music  is  thus  handed  down  from  generation  to  generation.  Othei 
Z^s  L  sometimes  sung  which  have  been  composed  by  members 


T.e  la..an.s  religion  is  gene.aily  s.o.en  o 
term  seems  too  broadcast  and  '"-l'-™' l^'y^^^'f^Lclr  are  set  up  or  mentioned 
to  Show  tbat  ..,e  Indian  "f-"''/-;  ^  snn,  moon  and  stars,  the 

by  1,1m  in  his  ce.-emon.es.  ^he  ea.tli,  he  lo..  ,  ^^^^.^^^^^.^ 

stones,  the  ^.ater.  the  var.o„s  an..n..ls  a^e  al  expone^^ 

encomi.nssi.ig  the  Ind.aD  and  "i""  « ?  4e„j„ted  not  so  much  throngh 
pltiate  -^'-1-.^:"  Smror  lirs  —Seals.  More  faith  is  pnt  in 
the  Ideas  of  sacnfice  as  """"S''  ""^  "  '\  ^ny  act  of  self  denial  in  its  moral 

^rerihr:^rrahd=  lV-rL;:th::.Sn^  most  genera,  and  implying 

d'epend'ence,  ^':^f'':^^:!:^S^^X^o.s  of  the  .,se  of  the  .arled  forms 
Oneot  the6.mplost.mdmObtp.ctme.quB     ,      ,^„„„vtr.,i  Indian  chief.  He  said; 
of  life  in  the  Indian  worship  was  '°  "  «  ^^^^  t he r^m  ^cs  siops.  The  bird  as  it 

.Evernhingasitmoves.„cnva.^t^^^^^^^^  ^^^^  .^1,^^  ^ 

flies  stops  in  one  ph.ce  to  maLe  .t»  .  e.t,  a.  u  stopped.  The  sun ,  which  .s  so 

when  he  goes  forth  stops  when  he  f^=°;Vipped.  The  moon,  the  stars,  the 

bright  and  beautif..!,  is  one  l''--'°«J  °';J;^,'^^\  .'Tirwhere  he  l.as  stopped,  and  the 

sirt^ir^^-"^ 

rather  than  the  articulate  speech  of  a  i^^^"'  "  pthcis  formed  of  the  parts.  To  him 
has  not  been  analyzed,  classified,  -^^^^^^^llf^^^^^^  -The 
the  varied  forms  are  all  ^^^^^^:]^^:^t:^lote  pray  to  it  and  put  our  offer- 
tvee  is  ld.e  a  human  ^^^^"f'^^^.  I.me  spirit  the  apology  is  offered  over  the 

ings  on  it  that  the  god  may  help  us      m  tne  be        i  ^   ^-^^  ^f  the  other; 

Slaughtered  annual,  for  the  life  of  l^^l^tre^^^^^^^^^  manifestations  of  life, 

u  u.at  it  may  cause  us  to  live,"  ^^'^/^'^^^^^^^  called  objects  of  .vorship, 

stopping  places  of  the  god.  ^^^^^Z^a  ^oou^municliou  with  the  permeating 
or  symbols;  they  appear  to  be  '''^'^'^^^^^^^^^  As  a  consequence,  the  Indian 

occult  force  which  is  vaguel>.Tn   fea  ftm^^  ^^^^^^  ,,,ster  or 

T::^  .ror  ;i:;rs:;:";^au"  ^^^"^Vom  hiJ  own  mental  and  emotional  V.., 


lie  appeals  to  it,  but  docs  not  worship  it. 
C27G) 


277 


and  thus  belong  to  the  society.  Some  societies  admit  women  to 
membership,  through  their  own  visions,  or  occasionally  by  those 
of  their  husbands,  but  more  generally  by  means  of  tlie  visions  of 
male  relatives.  The  women  sit  in  a  place  assigned  them,  and 
those  possessing  clear  soprano  voices  are  instructed  in  the  music, 
and  accompany  in  high  tenor  voices  the  men  who  sing  in  unison. 
The  songs  of  a  society  are  rarely  sung,  except  during  the  ceremo- 
nies to  which  they  belong  or  on  some  occasion  of  danger  or  quest 
for  property.  The  ritual  chants  and  songs  belonging  to  the  great 
tribal  religious  ceremonies  are  strictly  guarded  and  never  sounded 
at  any  other  time.  Those  belonging  to  minor  societies  it  is  per- 
missible to  use  occasionally. 

■*  All  the  societies  have  certain  articles  or  symbols  which  are  always 
used  or  at  least  present  during  a  ceremony  or  festival,  as,  the  pipe, 
the  sacred  dish,  the  fire,  the  sweet  grass  or  aromatic  shrub,  the 
prepared  space  of  earth,  the  symbols  formed  upon  it,  or  marked 
upon  some  reflecting  surface,  or  on  the  skin  of  an  animal.  The 
rites  peculiar  to  each  society  vary  and  there  are  generally  articles 
used  characteristic  of  the  animal  whose  name  the  mystery  bears. 
Each  festival  of  the  same  society  may  differ  in  minor  points,  as  an 
assembly  only  takes  place  in  accordance  with  a  vision,  the  details 
of  which  must  be  scrupulously  fulfilled.  ^  A  vision,  I  was  frequently 
told,  comes  of  God,  and  a  man  who  does  not  act  it  all  out  faith- 
fully commits  a  sin,  and  evil  fortune  will  befall  him  or  his  parents 
in  consequence  of  the  dereliction. 

Membership  in  these  societies  is  not  confined  to  any  particular 
gens  or  grouping  of  gens,  but  depends  upon  supernatural  indica- 
tions over  which  the  individual  has  no  control.  The  animal  which 
appears  to  a  man  in  a  vision  during  his  religious  fasting  determines 
to  which  society  he  must  belong. 

The  . maturity  of  the  sexes  is  a  period  of  serious  and  religious 
experiences  which  are  preparatory  by  their  character  for  the  en- 
trance of  the  youth  or  maiden  into  the  religious  and  secular  re- 
sponsibilities of  life,  both  individual  and  tribal.  Among  the 
tribes  which  hold  especial  public  ceremonies  announcing  the  ma- 
turity of  a  girl,  these  rites  are  held  not  far  from  the  actual  time 
of  puberty,  and  indicate  the  close  of  childhood  and  entrance  of 
the  person  into  the  social  status  of  womanhood.  The  public 
festival  has,  however,  been  preceded  by  private  religious  rites. 
With  young  men,  the  religious  training  precedes  and  follows 
puberty,  and  the  entrance  upon  manhood  is  publidy  announced 


278 


by  the  youth  joining  in  the  clangers  and  duties  of  tribal  life.  Ac- 
cording to  the  old  customs,  a  young  man  did  not  take  a  wif6  until 
he  had  proved  his  prowess,  and  thus  become  enrolled  among  the 
manly  element,  or  braves  as  they  are  sometimes  spoken. of.  The 
initial  fasts  of  warriors  have  been  mistaken  sometimes  for  cere- 
monials of  puberty. 

Among  pious  families  the  male  children  are  taught  by  their 
parents  to  look  forward  to  the  seeking  of  personal  religious  ex- 
periences in  visions,  and  the  boys  are  encouraged  to  go  forth  as 
early  as  the  eleventh  year  of  their  age.    The  father  makes  a  small 
bow  and  arrows  and  presents  them  to  his  son  ;  these  are  for  pro- 
tection during  the  lonely  vigil  and  are  not  to  be  used  to  secure 
food.    With  prayerful  hearts  the  parents  smear  the  boy's  head 
and  face  with  moistened  earth,  in  token  of  humility,  and  the 
child  is  dismissed  to  seek  a  secluded  spot  where  he  is  to  remain, 
calling  upon  the  god  by  using  the  ritual  chant  of  the  petition 
for  such  occasions,  until  the  vision  appears,  or  exhaustion  drives 
him  home.    Visions  are  sometimes  difficult  to  secure,  many  tests 
being  needful,  and  I  have  learned  of  a  few  Indians  who  never 
could  obtain  one.    These  fastings  are  repeated  after  the  vision 
has  been  seen,  as  they  belong  to  the  religious  rites  proper  to 
youth.    They  are  believed  to  be  strengthening  to  the  man,  by 
laying  up  a  store  of  experiences  which  are  drawn  upon  for  succor 
in  the  day  of  battle,  or  of  trouble.    At  such  times,  or  when  on 
missions  of  importance,  the  man  recalls  his  vision  and  sings  its 
songs  thus  appealing  to  his  god.    After  the  youth  has  entered 
the  roll  of  manhood,  he  seldom  seeks  through  fasting  a  return  of 
the  vision,  except  in  cases  of  unusual  anxiety  or  responsibility 
when  supernatural  aid  is  thus  invoked.  Only  men,  known  as  holy- 
men,  continue  in  later  life  these  religious  exercises  of  their  youth. 

No  coercion  is  brought  directly  to  bear  upon  a  lad  to  perform 
these  rites,  but  should  he  unduly  defer  their  performance  he 
would  be  apt  to  lose  social  caste.  Boys  frequently  go  off  of  their 
own  accord  for  the  first  experience,  and  always  voluntarily,  ex- 
cept when  as  children  their  parents  suggest  the  act. 

When  a  youth  has  made  up  his  mind  to  submit  himself  to  the 
ordeal  of  facing  the  supernatural  and  receiving  the  sign  which  will 
be  sacred  to  him  all  his  life,  he  takes  his  bow  and  arrows  and 
quietly  withdraws  from  his  father's  lodge,  retiring  to  a  lonely  place 
distant  from  the  camp.  No  one  accosts  him  or  notices  his  depart- 
ure, no  one  gives  him  counsel  or  direction,  entirely  alone  he  goes 


279 


out  to  meet  through  physical  privation  the  form  which  will  be  to 
him  a  sort  of  patron  saint,  or  mediator.  He  seats  himself  upon 
the  ground,  puts  moistened  earth  upon  his  head  and  face,  draws 
his  robe  about  him,  and  awaits  the  coming  of  the  vision,  chant- 
ing continuousl}^  the  following  :^  the  equivalent  of  these  words 


2  The  chant  given  is  one  used  by  the  Omaha  children  and  men  under  similar  cir- 
cumstances. 


280 


in  English  being  :  "O,  mysterious  one  (or  God)  have  compassion, 
for  I  am  poor  indeed."^ 

It  is  difficult  for  one  of  our  own  race  to  enter  fully  into  the 
mental  condition  of  an  Indian  youth  so  placed ;  one  may  easily 
fancy  too  much,  and  on  the  other  hand  err  by  accepting  too  little. 
The  simplicity  of  Indian  life  as  compared  with  the  complexity  of 
our  own  is  markedly  contrasted  by  these  pecuUarities.    From  our 
birth  we  are  hedged  about  with  questions  of  law,  cause  and  effect, 
philosophies,  coordinated  obligations,  all  of  which  force  us  from 
too  tense  a  subjectivity,  while  in  Indian  life  there  is  little  either 
social  or  religious  adverse  to  natural  instincts,  and  therefore  as  this 
youth  sits  there,  with  the  tide  of  life  setting  in  strongly  upon  him, 
his  thoughts,  if  one  may  properly  call  them  such,  become  blended 
with  the  silence  and  objects  about  him.    All  night  he  must  face 
the  chance  of  hearing  ghosts  whistle  and  cry,  but  these  sounds 
will  only  tend  to  make  him  sink  deeper  into  fancies  of  natural 
things,  of  the  animals  which  furnish  food  and  the  chase,  of  the 
birds  which  soar  high  and  escape  harm,  for  these  sounds  he  hears 
come  from  uneasy  souls  who  in  their  earthly  life  failed  to  practise 
carefully  the  rites  of  their  religious  society.    If  in  the  midst  of  his 
chant  he  falls  asleep,  he  wakes  to  another  day  of  watching  and 
fasting.    Two,  three,  four  and  even  five  days  may  pass  while  the 
youth  waits  for  the  mental  picture  to  come  to  him  with  such  vivid- 
ness and  strength,  as  to  bring  to  him  the  inward  conviction  that 
it  is  indeed  a  vision.    When  at  last  the  vision  comes,  it  is  the  one 
thing  that  the  Indian  holds  as  his  own,  incapable  of  loss.  He 
never  in  all  his  life  tells  it  to  any  one  in  its  minutest  details.  The 
most  that  others  may  know  of  it  is,  when  he  acts  it  out  on  enter- 
ing the  society  named  for  the  animal  he  has  seen,  or,  when  on 
going  out  to  battle  or  being  embarked  on  some  important  enter- 
prise'', he  recalls  the  vision  and  sings  its  song.    There  is  occasion- 
ally an  Indian  who  keeps  so  close  counsel  that  he  will  not  even 
join  the  society,  and  treasures  secretly  the  sign  of  the  animal  in  the 
personal  bag,  a  sort  of  amulet  which  each  one  possesses. 

3  Concerning  the  private  forms  of  religious  observances,  the  Indians  are  very  re- 
.Prved  It  was  long  before  I  was  trusted  with  the  facts  mentioned  concenung  their 
ch  mre'n  and  the  ritual  chant  when  fasting.  It  required  much  persuasion  to  be  allowed 
to  wr  t^drwn  the  music  or  obtain  permission  to  tell  "  the  white  people  »   The  unvary. 

reply  was;  "The  white  people  do  not  understand  us,  they  laugh  at  our  sacred 
htnL  and  they  will  laugh  at  these  things  which  they  did  not  know  before."  I  plead 
^Se  laugh  came  from  ignorance  and  a  better  understanding  wou  d  secure  better 
t  e  these  terms  I  obtained  consent  to  make  public  many  ot  the  facts  se  forth 

u  U  ^paper;  for,  although  a  close  observer,!  was  not  a  spy  among  my  trust.ngfnends. 


281 


When  the  ordeal  is  over,  the  youth  weakened  and  exhausted 
returns  to  his  father's  lodge,  partalies  of  food  and  rests.  No  one 
asks  him  of  his  days  of  absence,  no  one  even  mentions  the  fact  that 
he  has  been  gone.  Four  days  he  speaks  little.  After  that  period  he 
may,  if  he  choose,  select  an  old  and  worthy  man,  who  is  known  to 
have  seen  in  a  vision  the  same  kind  of  animal,  and  after  eating 
and  smoking  with  the  man,  when  they  are  quite  alone  the  youth 
may  tell  that  he  has  had  a  vision  of  an  elk  or  hawk  or  whatever 
animal  he  saw  in  his  vision.  Should  he  seek  to  tell  this  before 
the  appointed  time,  four  days,  had  elapsed,  his  vision  would  be 
the  same  as  lost  to  him.  After  he  has  spoken  to  the  old  man 
belonging  to  the  proper  society,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  youth 
to  travel  until  he  shall  meet  the  animal  he  saw,  when  he  must  slay 
it,  and  preserve  either  the  whole  or  a  portion.  This  trophy  be- 
comes the  visible  sign  of  his  vision,  and  is  the  most  sacred  thing 
he  can  ever  possess.  He  may  wear  it  upon  his  scalp  lock  or  on 
his  person  during  sacred  festivals,  when  going  to  war,  or  at  other 
important  times.'* 

*  There  are  some  animals  which  are  esteemed  as  bringing  better  fortune  than  others. 
Hawks  are  lucky.  Bears  are  "not  so  good,"  as  the  bear  is  slow  and  clumsy,  and  apt 
to  be  wounded ;  and  although  savage  when  cornered  is  not  as  likely  as  some  animals  to 
escape  harm.   There  are  some  things  which  to  dream  of  is  most  unlucky.   Snakes  are 
said  to  be  terrible;  they  seek  to  enter  a  man's  ears  or  nose  or  mouth,  and  should  one 
succeed,  it  is  a  sure  sign  of  death.  "  No  good  comes  from  snakes."  Among  some  tribes 
in  this  family  of  Indians,  to  dream  of  the  moon  is  regarded  as  a  grave  calamity.  The 
man  sees  the  moon  having  two  hands,  one  holds  a  bow  and  arrows,  the  other,  the  bur- 
den strap  of  a  woman.  The  moon  bids  the  dreamer  take  his  choice;  when  the  man 
reaches  to  take  the  bow,  the  hands  suddenly  cross  and  try  to  force  the  strap  upon  the 
man,  who  struggles  to  waken  before  he  takes  it,  and  he  also  tries  to  succeed  in  captur- 
ing  the  bow.  In  either  event  he  escapes  the  penalty  of  the  dream.   Should  he  fail  and 
become  possessed  of  the  strap,  he  is  doomed  to  be  like  a  woman.  He  may  conceal 
his  dream  and  endeavor  to  avoid  showing  his  ill  fortune,  but  few  men  succeed  in  this 
effort  after  having  taken  the  strap  in  the  dream.   Such  men  spe  ik  as  women,  pursue 
their  avocations  and  sometimes  adopt  the  dress  of  the  female  sex,  and  they  may  be- 
come subject  to  gross  actions.  A  man  who  had  the  misfortune  to  be  forced  to  this  life 
tried  to  resist,  his  father  gave  him  bow  and  arrows,  but  the  penalty  of  his  vision  so 
wrought  upon  his  mind  that,  unable  to  endure  the  abnormal  life  he  committed  suicide. 
Among  some  of  the  Pueblo  Indians,  I  am  informed,  there  are  men  dressed  as  women, 
and  it  is  stated  they  practise  similar  unseemly  customs.  I  do  not  know  if  they  too  are' 
moon  dreamers. 

Some  animal  societies  are  medical  in  character,  as  the  Buffalo  Society  among  the 
Omahas ;  ttie  members  attend  to  wounds  and  injuries.  Their  legend  says :  "  Long 
ago  a  man  had  a  vision  of  buffaloes  and  he  saw  that  one  of  the  animals  was  wounded! 
His  companions  attended  him  sitting  and  then  rising  and  walking  about  him,  chewing 
meanwhile  a  peculiar  root  and  injecting  their  saliva  into  the  wound.  Four  days  they 
did  this  and  after  that  period  declared  their  companion  well."  The  members  of  the 
society  possess  the  secret  of  this  root  and  treat  a  wounded  man  as  the  buffaloes  acted 
in  the  vision.  At  the  end  of  four  days  the  patient  is  stood  on  his  feet,  forced  to  walk  a 
few  steps  and  declared  cured.  The  rest  is  left  to  natural  recuperation.  They  never 
amputate,  hut  bind  fractures  in  splints. 


282 


If  the  yonth  determines  to  join  the  society  named  from  the  ani- 
mal of  his  vision,  he  will  have  to  wait  nntil  he  shall  have  accu- 
mulated sufficient  property  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  occasion. 
It  will  be  needful  for  him  to  provide  a  feast  and  to  give  away  pomes, 
blankets  or  robes  and  ornamented  articles  ;  these  latter  are  con- 
tributed bv  his  wife  or  female  relatives. 

In  1882  I  witnessed  the  acting  out  of  a  vision  of  an  elk  by  an 
O^allala  Indian.   The  man  was  apparently  about  22  or  23  years  old 
and  was  very  much  in  earnest.  The  day  was  bright  and  balmy,  with 
here  and  there  a  patch  of  light  clouds  to  break  the  deep  blue  of  the 
sky     Early  in  the  morning  the  members  of  the  elk  society  gath- 
ered at  the  invitation  of  the  neophyte.     A  new  tent  had  been 
expressly  prepared  and  was  set  up  to  the  west  of  the  camp,  on  an 
opeu  space  quite  apart  from  the  village.    The  door  of  the  tent 
faced  the  east.    The  duty  of  setting  the  tent  belongs  to  the 
^omen  who  are  members  of  the  society.    Around  the  top  part  of 
the  tent  were  painted  four  blue  bands ;  across  the  entrance 
an  elk  was  drawn  in  red  in  such  a  manner  that  whoever  entered 
the  lodge  passed  through  the  body  of  the  animal. 

The  Interior  of  the  tent  was  prepared,  as  represented  in  the 
following  diagram,  by  the  elk  members,  among  whom  were  a  few 

Amonc.  the  Santees  in  past  times,  a  man  who  should  dream  of  bnffaloimist  announce 
it  fn^he  following  manner:  he  takes  the  head  of  a  buffalo  he  bas  killed,  careful  y  re- 
^ov  s  the  skm.  preserving  it  as  nearly  whole  as  possible  and  throws  away  the  skull  and 
Te  flesh.  He  then  restores  the  skin  to  its  natural  shape  and  lets  .t  cure.  When  this 
has  taken  place,  a  few  feet  square  of  earth  is  set  apart  at  the  back  of  the  lodge,  the 
sods  cut  off  and  the  exposed  earth  made  line,  this  is  the  ^-  U-ma-ne.»  Upon  this  earth 
a  new  b  anket.  formerlv  a  robe,  is  spread.  The  blanket  or  robe  must  not  belong  to  a 
womL  The  buffalo  head  is  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  blanket  and  one  side  of  the 
head  painted  blue,  and  the  other  red.  Upon  the  blue  side  tufts  of  white  swan's  down 
are  tied  to  the  ha\r  of  the  head.  Sometimes  small  eagle  feathers  are  substituted  and 
verv  "rdy  the  large  feathers.  Upon  the  red  side,  tufts  of  down  colored  red  are  sua. 
la^y  tied.   These  decorations  look  like  a  "  woman's  sun-bonnet,"  as  they  cover  the  head 

^  The  pil^^^o!';  ffU^^nd  presented  to  the  head.  The  feast  kettle  is  hung  over  the 
fire    When  all  is  m  readiness  the  man  who  prepared  the  head  thus  addresses  it. 

'  Grandfather !  Venerable  man  I  Your  children  have  made  this  feast  for  you.  May 
the  food  thus  taken  cause  them  to  live,  and  bring  them  good  fortune. 

In  Indian  of  remarkable  intelligence,  whose  father  before  him  had  been  a  priest  of 
the  hi  Aier  class,  explained  that  in  some  religious  festivals  the  buffalo  and  the  earth 
were  spoken  of  as  one  and  so  regarded.  "  Therefore  if  any  one  should  revde  or  ridi- 
Tide  t  rbuffalo  ever  so  softly  the  earth  would  hear  and  tell  the  buffalo  and  he  would 
th^  nien  l"  He  also  confirmed  the  explanations  given  me  by  many  Indians  m  d  ffer- 
tn  loca^  ^es  and  tribes  concerning  the  reason  for  mellowing  tiie  earth  He  saul : We 
be  ieve  the  real  power  of  the  earth  to  reside  in  the  freshly  exposed  sod,  ^o^e  cut 
off  the  sod  in  preparing  it  for  religious  ceremonies,  that  we  may  reach  this  real  power 
and  derive  benefit  from  it." 


283 


who  were  leaders  and  performed  especial  acts.  A  pole  which  had 
been  cut  by  a  relative  of  the  young  man  (and  for  the  honor  of 

Fig.  1. 


Arrangement  within  the  tent  in  the  Elk  Mystery. 

doing  this  act  valuable  articles  had  been  given  away  by  him)  was 
brought  and  the  youth  hung  upon  it  offerings  of  calico  and  tied  on 
a  few  reeds,  each  one  having  fastened  to  it  small  knot-like  bunches 
of  tobacco  rolled  in  cloth.^    The  pole  (fig.  1,  a)  was  set  up  in  the 

6  Poles  having  offerings  of  calico  tied  on  them  are  always  raised  when  formal  prayers 
are  mide.  The  fluttering  of  the  cloth  is  supposed  to  attract  attention  and  thus  the  ap- 
peal may  be  heard.  Spirits  are  I'egarded  as  very  sensitive  to  any  artificial  disturbance 
of  the  atmosphere  causing  a  breeze.  In  most  of  the  preparatory  ceremonies  the  person 
most  closely  interested  is  forbidden  to  shake  his  garments,  or  a  robe,  or  move  his  arms 


/ 


284 


tent  about  five  feet  back,  in  a  line  with  the  door.    A  few  feet  be- 
hind the  centre  of  the  tent  an  oval  (fig.  1,  b)  was  cleared  of  sods 
and  the  earth  made  mellow  or  fine  ;  in  the  midst  of  this,"  u-ma-ne,"6 
as  the  Dakotas  name  it,  the  symbol  for  the  four  winds  and  the 
earth  (fig.  1,  c)  was  hollowed  out  and  a  coal  dropped  in  the  centre 
of  the  figure  over  which  sweet  grass  was  laid  to  smoulder.  Over 
the  place  in  the  tent  usually  occupied  by  the  fire,  sprays  of  Arte- 
misia ludoviciana  were  spread  like  a  mat  (fig.  1,  d)  upon  which 
was  placed  a  square  looking-glass  (fig.  1,  e)  on  which  lines  made  of 
fine  dark  earth  extended  from  corner  to  corner,  making  a  cross. 
Between  this  and  the  pole  was  set  the  sacred  dish'''  containing 
water  (fig.  1,  /)  and  a  few  leaves  having  a  medicinal  property. 
Two  pipes  (fig.  1,  g)  were  passed  through  the  smoke,  then  lit  and 
ceremoniously  used  and  laid  beside  the  "  u-ma-ne,"  the  stems 
toward  the  east,  and  offerings  of  food  (fig.  2,  h)  put  near  the 
bowls.    Four  young  women  (fig.  1,  0  t^i'^ssed  in  green^  were 
seated  on  the  right  a  little  within  the  entrance.    They  were  to 
assist  in  singing  and  carrying  the  pipes  in  the  long  out-door 
dance. 

violently,  run,  or  talk  in  a  loud  voice,  because  of  the  spirits  being  thus  troubled  and 
affected  Among  oriental  nations  fluttering  articles  are  set  up  in  religious  ceremonies 
from  the  gaylv  embroided  pennon,  to  the  unsevered  shavings  on  the  rude  Aino  praying 
st?c™  »  Imo^g  the  tents  of  the  Dakotas  one  may  see  poles  with  bits  of  clo  h  hanging 
from"their  tops,  leaning  up  against  the  log  cabins,  thrust  between  the  smoke  flaps  of 
the  tent,  or  s  uck  in  the  ground  beside  the  lodge,  showing  that  some  one  is  sick  or  m 
Jroi^ble  and  is  thus  seekfng  help  and  a  blessing.  In  great  distress  several  poles  may 

""'eThe  mellowed  earth  space,  "  U-ma-ne,"  in  Dakota,  and  called  by  -nie  peculiar 
uame  in  other  tribes,  has  never  been  absent  from  any  religious  ^-^'^^l^]^^^^^^^^^ 
or  learned  of  from  the  Indians.  It  represents  the  unappropriated  liie  o  poA^ei  ol  the 
earth  hence  man  may  obtain  it.  The  square  or  oblong,  with  the  four  Imes  standing 
out  ;  invariably  interpreted  to  mean  the  earth  or  land  with  four  wmds  standing  to- 
ward  it  The  cross,  whether  diagonal  or  upright,  always  symbohzes  the  four  winds  or 
7oui  quarters.  An  Indian  explained  the  looking-glass  by  its  ^'eAf ^. P^P^^^^^^ 
stand  for  th  ■  light ;  and  the  sign  of  the  four  quarters  crossed  on  it,  with  the  Imes  of  earth 
WIS  to  sliow  that  the  light  Avas  everywhere  over  the  land. 

wooden  ish.  often  of  peculiar  form,  is  kept  for  religious  ceremonies  There  are 
tradTtils  of  red  vessels,  "  long,  long  ago  before  our  grandfathers'  time."  I  could  leai  u 
ot  o  r^tery  d^^^^^^  thu  usedrLlthough  some  of  the  tribes,  as  the  Omahas.  made  pot- 
teiT  aCi  e^^^^  or  two  ago.  One  of  the  sacred  wooden  dishes  belonging  to  the  Oma- 
SJi  In  the  collection  of  ^he  museum.  An  Indian  said  of  the  water  in  the  dish  We 
must  have  water  for  our  health  so  we  put  the  water  there  as  a  prayer  and  the  leaves 

"^Gren  oc"cm-:  irevt-aTrerlmonials  and  in  nearly  every  instance  seems  to  possess 
a  s.gn  inoL^rrnected  with  fruitfulness.  Among  the  Omahas  the  ear  of  coni  used 
tn  vnb  nnon  the  arm  in  asking  the  blessing  of  plenty  is  pamted  green.  Ihe  bladdei 
sen  w  ^lar-^e  '  f^s  Ire  expected  to  be  bestowed  on  the  visitor  is  painted  in  the  same 

of  the  Pueblos  it  is  a  sacred  color  of  feminine  characteristics. 


285 


The  acts  of  preparation,  including  the  painting^  and  masking 
of  the  male  members,  were  accompanied  by  the  ritual  songs. 

In  visions  there  are  four  colors  which  appear.  One  of  these  the 
youth  must  see,  and  afterward  paint  himself  with  the  color  when 
performing  the  rites  connected  with  his  vision.  The  four  colors 
are  spoken  of  as,  "the  white  cloud,"  "the  red  cloud,"  "the 
blue  cloud,"  "  the  yellow  cloud."io  On  the  occasion  when  I  was 
present,  the  young  man  who  was  acting  out  his  vision  had  seen  the 
"yellow  cloud  "  and  his  body  was  therefore  painted  yellow.  He 
(fig-  1^  i)?  and  all  the  other  men  members  of  the  Elk  Society 
(fig.  1,  h)  seated  on  either  side  of  him  were  naked,  except  a  close 
breech  cloth,  and  decorated  according  to  the  colors  seen  in  their 
respective  visions.  They  wore  masks  resembling  the  heads  of  elk. 
These  masks  were  made  by  bending  willow  branches  so  as  to 
form  a  framework,  with  a  straight  bar  across  the  top  of  the  head, 
two  side  pieces  passing  down  by  the  ears  and  fastened  to  withes 
which  circled  both  forehead  and  neck.  Antlers,  resembling  those 
of  the  elk,  were  ingeniously  shaped  from  boughs  and  covered  with 
rolled  bands  of  cloth;  these  were  fastened  to  the  side  pieces. 
Over  the  frame  a  thin  cloth  was  stretched,  having  holes  to  let  the 
antlers  through  and  enclosing  the  head  of  the'  man  like  a  bag. 
The  cloth  masks  were  variously  painted  and  decorated.  One  had 
a  small  circular  looking  glass  like  a  single  eye  fastened  on  the 
forehead,  others  had  two  glasses  in  place  of  eyes  ;  nearly  all  had 
something  fastened  on  them  which  would  catch  and  reflect  the  light. 

When  the  members  were  masked  and  painted  they  presented  a 
strangely  grotesque  appearance,  but  there  was  nothing  ludicrous. 
Upon  the  back  of  one  man  a  circle  was  drawn  in  blue  paint,  in 

9  The  putting  on  of  paint  is  always  a  part  of  Indian  ceremonial,  religious  or  social. 
It  forms  a  part  of  the  formal  approach  in  religious  ritual  so  essential  to  the  Indian 
mode  of  thought.  The  dead  are  painted  that  the  person  may  meet  the  spirits  in  proper 
guise.  It  is  also  regarded  as  an  offering  of  prayer. 

invhite,  blue,  red  and  yellow,  possess  different  meanings  yet  are  not  very  clearly 
determined  by  all  tribes.  Among  the  Dakotas  the  following  interpretation  prevails 
White  IS  seldom  used  artificially,  when  it  occurs  in  nature,  as  the  white  buffalo,  deer, 
rabbit,  etc.,  and  on  the  plumage  of  birds  it  indicates  consecration.  The  sacred  feathers 
and  down  are  always  white,  the  former  being  taken  from  the  under  part  of  the  eagle's 
wing  and  are  soft  and  downy.  This  meaning  of  white  holds  good  with  the  Omahas,  Pon- 
cas,  etc.,  and  seems  to  have  a  wide  application  among  the  Indians.  Blue  represents  the 
winds,  the  west,  the  moon,  the  water,  the  thunder  and  sometimes  the  lightnin"-  (I 
have  learned  from  Mr.  Frank  Gushing,  that  blue  is  also  the  typical  color  for  the^west 
among  the  ZuSi  Indians.)  Ked  indicates  the  sun,  the  stone,  the  forms  of  animal  and 
vegetable  life,  the  procreative  force.  Yellow  represents  sunlight  as  distinguished 
from  the  fructifying  power  of  the  sun. 


286 


the  centre  of  wliicli  a  splinter  of  wood  was  passed  through  a 
stitch  of  cuticle  :  from  the  wood  dangled  an  eagle  feather  fastened 
by  winding  a  loop  of  sinew  like  the  figure  8  about  the  splinter. 
This  I  was  told  represented  a  special  prayer  that  any  wounds  the 
man  might  receive  should  not  bring  death. 

Friends  and  spectators  were  seated  just  within  the  entrance,  on 

the  left  (fig.  1,  0- 

The  morning  was  consumed  with  these  ceremonies.  About  2  p.  M. 
the  pipes  were  handed  to  two  of  the  young  women,  and  they  and 
the  other  two  passed  out  of  the  tent  and  began  walking  slowly 
up  the  valley  toward  the  north,  the  two  with  the  pipes  preceding 
and  holding  the  stem  forward  and  upward. 

The  women  had  not  gone  far  when  the  men  one  by  one  emerged 
from  the  tent,  each  one  taking  attitudes  indicating  caution,  as  the 
elk  might  step  forth  from  cover  and  look  about  him.  In  this  man- 
ner imitating  the  elk,  the  men  followed  at  a  distance  the  girls  who 
were  carrying  the  pipes.  Sometimes  the  elks  would  leap,  crouch, 
trample  the  dirt,  or  glide  noiselessly  along.  Two  or  three  of  the 
men  carried  a  hoop  in  their  hands,  one  hoop  containing  a  square 
from  which  depended  a  fringe  of  rattling  deer  hoofs.  The  neo- 
phyte held  one  having  a  circular  mirror,  fastened  by  four  cords, 
from  which  he  cast  a  reflection  of  the  sun  from  time  to  time  upon 
the  ground,  or  held  up  the  hoop  and  flashed  the  mirror. 

This  singular  company  made  their  way  slowly,  often  doubling 
on  their  tracks  until  they  had  gone  three  or  four  miles  up  the  val- 
ley, following  in  a  general  way  a  prettily  wooded  creek.  The 
girls  were  always  in  the  advance,  their  black  hair  and  long  braids 
shining  in  the  sun.  I  did  not  once  see  them  turn  to  look  at  the 
dancers  who  were  following  with  wild,  yet  not  unseemly  antics.^^ 

"  The  splint  represented  the  wound,  the  eagle  feather  showed  it  to  be  honorable,  the 
line  of  blue  circling  it  was  the  four  winds,  which  blow  away  disease  and  baneful  influ- 
ences, so  that  a  wound  thus  encompassed  could  work  no  harm.  The  following,  from  a 
Japanese  Shinto  prayer  addressed  to  the  god  and  goddess  of  the  winds,  is  almost  iden- 
tical with  similar  Indian  petitions  :  "  Bless  me  by  .  .  blowing  off  and  clearing  away 
the  calamities  which  evil  gods  might  inflict  by  causing  me  to  live  long  like  the  hard  and 
lasting  rock." 

12  lu  all  Indian  ceremonials  there  ai-e  portions  where  a  sort  of  ritual  of  steps  is  ob- 
served. These  differ  somewhat  from  the  regular  dances  with  figures,  postures,  and 
placing  of  the  feet,  all  of  which  are  more  or  less  arbitrary.  There  is  a  fixed  form  for 
everything  the  Indian  does  and  in  the  elk  mystery  are  certain  procedures  which,  al- 
though difficult  for  the  white  spectator  to  define  and  discriminate  clearly,  are  to  the 
Indian  precise  and  essential.  The  whole  movement  of  this  long  dance  with  its  queer 
posturings  and  actions  was  not  without  untrammelled  grace  and  spirited  action  that 
produced  a  lasting  impression. 


28.7 


As  the  dancers  passed  on,  the  men,  women  and  children  from 
the  village  flocked  after  the  "  elks,"  but  never  approached  within 
fifty  feet  of  them.    The  silence  and  intentness  of  the  actors  and 
spectators  added  a  seemingly  incongruous  element  whi'ch  arrested 
the  attention  of  the  looker-on,  and  brought  the  conviction  that  the 
spectacle  was  not  in  sport  but  of  a  serious  character.    The  ground 
passed  over  in  going  and  returning,  taken  in  a  direct  line,  could 
not  have  been  far  from  six  or  seven  miles,  though  this  represents 
but  a  small  part  of  the  distance  travelled.    Over  four  hours  were 
passed  in  this  tortuous  dance,  if  it  can  be  so  called.    As  the  com- 
pany neared  the  tent  from  which  they  had  started  a  venerable 
Indian  drew  my  attention  to  the  east,  and  there  I  saw  pencilled 
against  the  sky  a  portion  of  a  rainbow.   Every  one  was  soon  looking 
at  the  favoring  sign  and  all  faces  were  bright  at  the  promised 
blessing.    While  I  expressed  my  sympathy  with  the  people,  I 
could  not  help  glancing  about  to  find  the  signs  of  rain,  for  there 
had  been  none  all  day,  and  now  the  buttes  were  golden  in  the 
setting  sun,  and  the  fleecy  clouds  which  floated  here  and  there  were 
pearly  and  light.    Without  stopping  to  think,  it  was  easy  to  share 
the  popular  feeling  that  it  was  a  miraculous  indication  as  an  Indian 
friend  said  to  me  :  "  That  rainbow  has  come  directly  from  the  god 
to  show  that  our  friend  has  faithfully  acted  his  vision,  and  that  his 
vision  was  true  and  his  prayers  accepted.    Our  friend  has  done 
right !    The  god  has  seen  it  and  has  told  us  so 

When  the  girls  reached  the  tent  the  pipes  were  returned  to  their 
places  beside  the  "  u-ma-ne."  The  elk  members  entered  one  at  a 
time  and  resumed  their  former  places.  Last  of  all  the  youth 
passed  in,  acting  to  the  end  as  an  elk  retiring  to  a  place  of  quiet 
safety.  The  man  took  his  seat  in  the  middle  of  the  group  of  his 
associates.  After  a  silence  all  the  men  unmasked  and  gathered  their 

"  Hundreds  of  the  Indians  were  out  watching  the  dancers.  The  young  men  stand- 
ing in  gi-oups,  their  white  canvas  blanl^ets  drawn  over  their  heads  and  faces,  leaving 
but  one  eye  exposed.  Older  men  stood  bareheaded,  looking  on  with  gravity.  Occa- 
sionally one  of  the  bystanders  would  dart  ahead  so  as  to  come  abreast  with  the  dancers 
but  still  keeping  forty  or  fifty  feet  off  to  one  side;  then  he  would  suddenly  sqiiat  on 
the  ground  where  the  soil  was  exposed  and  make  symbols  in  the  loose  earth,  some- 
times using  saliva  to  insure  consistency.  No  one  observed  or  molested  the  man  in  any 
way.  I  saw  two  or  three  such  episodes  while  the  dancers  were  out.  I  could  learn 
little  of  their  meaning  except  that  the  man  was  working  his  mystery.  When  the  pro- 
cession, on  returning,  neared  the  village,  the  old  men  and  women  came  out  from  their 
lodges  to  look  at  it  and  would  lift  up  their  wrinkled  arms  making  the  sign  of  thanks 
as  the  dancers  passed.  The  religious  devotion  of  the  elk  members  evidently  affected 
a  wide  circle  and  the  appearance  of  the  rainbow  seemed  to  rouse  the  entire  people  and 
awaken  a  religious  fervor. 


288 


blankets  about  their  dripping  bodies.  Friends  looked  in,  and  in 
the  course  of  half  an  hour  the  company  moved  off  to  enjoy  the  well- 
earned  feast.  The  tent  was  soon  lowered, and  night  closing  over 
the  scene  left  it  in  the  past. 

14  Articles  which  have  been  consecrated,  as  the  pole  and  its  offerings,  the  Artemisia, 
the  earth,  etc.,  are  not  removed  but  are  left  for  the  elements  to  disperse.  No  one  "clears 
lip  »  after  an  Indian  festival,  but  the  ubiquitous  small  boy  generally  avails  himself  of 
any  handy  article  and  no  one  seems  to  mind  his  action  or  look  upon  it  as  sacrilegious : 
evidently  he  is  not  yet  within  the  pale  of  observances. 


THE  EELIGIOUS  CEREMONY  OF  THE  FOUR  WINDS 
OR  QUARTERS,  AS  OBSERVED  BY  THE  SANTEE  SIOUX. 


By  Alice  C.  Fletcher. 


Among  the  Santee  (Sioux)  Indians  the  FoUr  Windsi  are  sym- 
bohzed  by  the  raven  and  a  small  black  stone,  less  than  a  hen's 
egg  m  size.  During  the  religious  fasts  which  every  young  man 
must  hold  with  more  or  less  frequency,  he  may  see  in  his  vision 
one  of  these  symbols,  and  it  will  then  become  his  duty  to  seek  the 
natural  counterpart.  If  he  sees  the  black  stone,  which  is  difficult 
to  find,  considerable  time  may  elapse  between  the  vision  and  the 
securing  of  the  desired  object,  by  which  his  vision  is  to  be  ver- 
ified.2    The  quest  for  the  raven  or  the  stone  is  religious  in  its 

1  An  intelligent  Santee  Indian  said  to  me :  "  The  worship  of  the  Fnnr  Winrio  • 
n,ost  dimcult  to  explain  for  it  is  the  most  complicated,   f^e  ^our  w"ds  ^  ent 
^.e  Something  that  moves.'  There  is  a  '  Something  that  moves'  at  each  of  the  Fo^r 
Directions  or  Quarters.'  The  Winds  are,  therefore,  the  messengers  or  exponents  ofZ 
powers  Which  remain  at  the  Four  Quarters.   These  F.ur  Quarters  are  spZi  of  as  ' 
ho  ding  the  earth,  and  are  connected  with  thunder  and  lightning  as  well  as  the  wi  S" 
Life,  both  mi^s  continuity  and  its  vicissitudes,  is  connected  with  tir  X^ousTorm 
of  an  Idea  which  perhaps  belongs  to  the  primary  and  esoteric  class    Th  pvp 
hgious  festival  1  have  seen,  or  been  told  of  by  the  Indians,  the  Fou/w  nds  or  Oua  t^ 
are  recognized  by  .signs  drawn  on  skins,  on  the  earth  or  on  some  of  ti  sfl  ed  articles 
My  informant  went  on  to  tpil       thnt  «ifi.^  _^       „  "'ii^ieu  aiticles. 


but  twelve,  iind  tliey  are  spoken  of  as  twelve    In  ,m  Olihww  ,^  m  ,  ' 

..•aft  a„.l  called  "Lone  l!ig„tnin."  the.e  are   "w  Ive  a,™  v'sTse;'''7n"a  L 
myth  twelve  Sisters  descend  f.on,  the  sky  npon  the  circle  of  c  eS  ground  LTbT 
come  instnimental  in  the  creation  of  animals  and  bird,    nth..      f  ™'""  " "d  be- 
nnmber  twelve  with  the  Pour  Winds  or  Quar  Ss^Ld  thet  coZtes^h' n;^,:°°"r^^^ 

rst:==^^^^^^^^ 


M    -CI      ^  ^'  s"aKing  tne  bunches  Of  herbs 

the  Four  Quarters  as  the  procession  moved  during  the  feast  of  tabernacles 

When  a  people  have  arrived  at  the  art  of  carving  in  stone  and  building  edifices 
figures  expressive  of  the  Four  Quarters  are  often  to  be  found  As  amon!  fh.  t 
nese,  where  these  symbols  of  an  earlier  worship  are  placed  in  the  t^^ZnlZ.nZ' 
mg  and  sustaining  the  symbols  of  the  more  modern  Buddhism  thT.  ^  ^"PPOit- 
desc  ibed  as  having  claws  upon  their  feet,  their  garments  as  iriw^rhv ^  T 
their  heads  surrounded  with  flames,  and  two  l-oJe^ctingtLt  t  th.  By  Itsr^^^^^ 
tioned  pecxal.ar  ty,  one  is  reminded  of  the  representation  of  the  humL  so  i^e* 
quenily  met  with  in  Central  and  South  America.  "uman  lace  so  fie- 

2 It  is  not  enougli  to  have  had  the  vision :  the  man  must  sppIt  fnv  fv,o  „  ^     ,  ,  . 
Which  was  represented  before  the  trne  bcneflts  of  ^  1^ ^ir  cf^^e ^e  "d  S 
me:rnSred.^7°="     '"^  '-^"'"'""^  ^'-'o-  -"'^  I  ^'^Te'llfJX 

Report  of  Pp]abody  Museum  III.    19  ^289) 


290 


character,  entered  upon  with  supplication,  and  the  favor  of  the 
gods  is  manifested  by  a  successful  issue.  When  the  black  stone 
has  been  secured,  the  following  rites  are  observed. 

The  finder  of  the  stone  must  first  procure  a  quantitj^  of  down 
from  wild  geese,  hunting  and  killing  the  birds  himself.  The 
down  thus  procured  is  colored  with  red  ochre,^  and  put  into  a  buck- 
skin bag  made  for  this  purpose,  having  thongs  to  tie  it  up  tight ; 
into  this  receptacle  the  stone  is  dropped  and  kept  carefully  laid 
away  in  the  pack  containing  the  gala  dress,  pipe,  bag  and  other 
articles  used  by  the  man  on  occasions  of  ceremony.    Two  deer  or 
elk  skins  are  dried  in, a  frame,  the  hair  being  removed.  These 
skins  are  to  serve  as  drums.^    Two  other  deer  skins  are  carefully 
dressed  for  robes.    The  edges  of  the  robes  are  trimmed  with  tufts 
of  down,  a  line  of  large  eagle  feathers  is  fastened  from  shoulder 
to  shoulder,  and  an  eagle  feather  hang  from  each  leg  flap.  In 
the  centre  of  each  robe,  a  disk  about  six  inches  in  diameter  is 
painted  with  blue  earth,  and  while  the  paint  is  still  moist,  down, 
colored  with  red  ochre,  is  made  to  adhere.    Just  below  the  row  of 
eagle  feathers,  four  zigzag  lines  are  painted  in  blue.s  These 
ornamented  skins  are  prepared  previously  to  the  festival,  except 
the  painting,  which  is  done  at  the  festival  and  forms  a  part  of 
the  ceremony. 

.  A  new  tent  is  set  up  at  a  little  distance  from  the  man's  lodge, 
the  door  facing  the  east.  Invitations  are  then  sent  to  all  the  men 
who  have  seen  the  raven  or  the  stone  in  their  visions  to  come  and 
partake  of  a  feast  and  join  in  a  festival,  when  the  finder  of  the 
Stone  shall  proclaim  his  religious  emblem  and  association.^ 

3  Down  colored  with  red  ochre  occurs  in  many  religious  ceremonies  and  among 
many  tribes.  It  is  significant  that  in  tlie  Dakota,  Omaha,  as  well  as  other  tongues,  tlie 
stones  u^ed  in  sacred  ceremonies,  tlie  down,  red  ochre,  etc.,  are  classed  as  anmiate 
substances,  being  thus  raised  by  their  importance  in  religious  rites  out  of  the  mam- 
mate  gender  to  the  animate,  thereby  indicatmg  an  interesting  step  towards  anthropo- 

morphism.  ■  ^  t  • 

4  The  drum  used  by  the  Ogallalas  at  the  sun  dance  was  a  similarly  dried  skin. 

5  Blue  is  used  to  typify  the  west,  thunder,  lightning,  winds,  and  is  one  of  the  four 
principal  colors.  Blue  is  the  color  mainly  used  in  tattooing,  as  the  blue  mark  put  upon 
the  forehead  of  girls  in  accordance  with  certain  duties  fulfilled  by  the  father.  Among 
the  Omahas  those  men,  who  by  their  visions  belong  to  the  Thunder  societies,  paint 
themselves  with  blue  spots  on  the  face,  and  some  have  the  circle  with  four  radiating 
lines  indicating  the  four  winds  or  quarters  pictured  upon  their  breast.  Myths  associate 
this  color  with  the  four  quarters,  winds,  thunder,  lightning,  and  ram  or  water. 

6  These  reli'^ious  symbols  are  the  most  sacred  personal  possessions  ;  they  are  rarely 
inherited,  being  generally  buried  with  the  person.  In  a  few  cases,  when  a  man  has 
possessed  peculiar  powers  of  prophecy  and  supernatural  force,  his  son,  if  he  inherits 


291 

A  fire  (fig.  1,  a)  is  built  in  the  centre  of  the  tent ;  a  little  back 
of  it  a  line  is  drawn  across  the  earth  floor  and  all  the  sod  re- 
moved between  this  line  and  the  back  of  the  tent  as  represented 

Fig.  1. 


Arrangement  within  the  tent  during  the  ceremony  of  the  Four  Winds. 


by  the  shaded  portion  of  the  diagram  (fig.  1,6).  Tufts  of  down 
(fig.  1,  c)  are  thrust  in  the  ground  along  the  edge  where  the  sod 
is  cut  off,  thus  setting  apart  the  consecrated  space.     A  foot 

his  father's  talent,  would  sometimes  inherit  the  sacred  symbol  of  his  progenitor  and 
carry  it  with  his  own,  in  his  personal  bag.  In  every  instance  whicli  1  have  been  able  to 
authenticate,  these  more  recondite  ififts  have  been  accompanied  by  a  sort  of  medical 


292 


or  so  back  of  this  demarcation  of  down,  in  a  line  with  the  fire 
and  the  door  of  the  tent,  an  oblong  Is  drawn  (fig.  1,  d)  and  within 
it  the  ground  is  carefally  mellowed.^    In  the  centre  of  this  oblong 
some  coals  are  laid  and  on  them  sweet  grass  or  cedar^  dropped  to 
o-ive  forth  an  aromatic  smoke.    Behind  this  oblong,  a  foot  or 
more,  an  oval  is  drawn,  and  within  it  the  ground  similarly  mel- 
lowed.   On  the  ground,  thus  prepared,  a  new  blanket  is  spread 
and  upon  it  the  bag  containing  the  stone  is  laid  (fig.'  1,  e).  Be- 
hind this  sits  the  finder  of  the  stone  (fig.  1,  /)  •    The  pipe,  set  apart 
for  this  festival  bv  the  finder  of  the  stone,  is  filled  with  proper  cer~ 
emony ,  and  after  being  passed  through  the  smoke  of  the  sweet  grass 
is  laid  beside  the  mellowed  earth  (fig.  1,        A  small  drum  is  placed 
at  the  back  of  the  tent  on  the  right  of  the  centre,  and  a  "  wakan" 
man  sits  beside  it  (fig.  1,     h).    Two  girls  (fig.  1,  i)  who  are  to  smg 
during  the  ceremony,  sit  to  the  right  of  the  drum.9  The  two  dried 
skinsl;fio-.  1,  j)  are  placed  just  outside  the  line  of  down,  one  on 
the  south  and  the  other  on  the  north  side  of  the  tent,  and  by  each 
skin,  four  young  men  sit  down  in  places  corresponding  to  the  four 
quarters.    On  the  north  side  of  the  tent,  between  the  hide  and 
the  door  sit  three  voung  men  (fig.  1,  Jc)  having  rattles  or  bells. 
After  these  are  placed,  the  two  ornamented  robes  are  brought  m 
and  the  blue  disks  and  the  four  zigzag  lines  painted  on  them. 
These  robes  are  then  hung  upon  poles  (fig.  1,     by  mistake  marked 
h  b  in  the  diagram  on  the  two  white  oblong  spaces)  inside  the  line 
of  down,  one  on  the  north,  the  other  on  the  south  side.    The  bag  is 
then  untied  and  the  stone  enveloped  in  down  held  over  the  sweet 
scented  smoke,  after  which  consecration  this  stone  is  "laid  upon 
the  outside  of  its  bag  on  the  blanket.    The  pipe  is  now  extended 
toward  the  stone  and  then  replaced  beside  the  mellowed  earth. 

Tin  this  ceremony  the  ground  seems  doubly  prepared.  Not  only  is  the  sod  removed 
from  nearly  one  balf  the  Tent  where  all  the  sacred  articles  are  to  be  laid  ;  but  beneatl^ 
thrincen«e  fire  and  the  blanket  or  skin,  on  which  the  bag  and  black  stone  are  laid,  the 
ground  is  mo  e  carefullv  mellowed  and  set  apart.  The  universality  of  this  meHowmg 
ofTe  ea  th  its  appearance  in  the  myths  and  its  connection  with  every  rel.giou^  cere- 
Inv  m  le;  it  an  mportant  object  of  study  as  to  its  origin  and  real  meamng. 

s  Ced"  i ^regarded  as  sacred  and  assigned  a  sacred  office,  not  only  m  the  rel.g.ous 
L  hnf  in  the  mvths  Xor  does  the  sacredness  of  the  cedar  seem  to  be  con- 
~th  n  t l  e^  Indlfn::  Among  the  Muskogees  it  was  one  of  the  plants  given 
bvTie  men  who  came  from  the  four  quarters  to  instruct  the  people  in  lie.r  early  days 
in  t^i^  my"h  the  cedar  is  not  only  counted  as  one  of  the  sacred  gifts  but  connected  with 

'""^  The  placToTth  woman  in  the  tent  and  in  ceremonies  is  to  the  right  of  the  man 
The  posiUon  ?s  significant  in  many  ways,  and  indicates  among  other  things  the  absence 
of  the  unifying  idea  which  lies  at  the  base  of  monogamic  marriage. 


293 


After  this  ceremony,  the  ritual  chant  is  sung  by  the  finder  of 
the  stone,  who  accompanies  himself  with  a  deer-hoof  rattle.  The 
"  wakan"  man  also  chants,  sounding  the  drum,  as  do  the  eight 
young  men  who  beat  the  dried  skins,  and  the  two  girls,  thus  mak- 
ing twelve  singers,  while  the  three  young  men  by  the  door  accent 
the  time  with  their  rattles  or  bells.    At  the  close  of  the  chant  the 
finder  of  the  stone  puts  a  whistle  made  of  cane  to  his  lips  making 
a  shrill  call.    After  a  silence,  the  chant  is  repeated  by  the  singers, 
and  again  at  its  close  the  whistle  is  blown.    Before  chanting  the 
ritual  a  third  time,  the  singers  all  give  the  victory  shout  and  then 
proceed  with  the  chant ;  at  the  close  the  whistle  is  sounded.  Dur- 
ing the  fourth  chanting  of  the  ritual,  the  finder  of  the  stone  is 
supposed  to  hear  from  the  west  a  voice.    This  voice  proceeds 
from  "the  Something  that  moves"  the  west  wind  or  the  western 
quarter.    The  finder  of  the  stone  makes  answer  saying,  "Father?" 
At  the  close  of  the  chant  he  announces  that  "  the  Something  that 
moves  is  coming."    Ashes  are  strewn  over  the  fire,  for  "the 
Something  that  moves"  cannot  approach  over  an  open  fire.  The 
finder  of  the  stone  is  now  supposed  to  hear  the  following  inquiry, 
put  to  him  by  the  approaching  deity  :    "  Why  have  you  called 
ine?"    The  man  makes  answer:  "I  have  called  asking  for  pro- 
tection from  sickness,  from  enemies,  for  success  in  hunting  ;"  "then 
he  speaks  of  any  trouble  that  lies  on  his  heart."    In  answer  to 
these  supplications,  the  man  believes  that  he  hears  that  he  is  to  be 
held  in  safety  for  a  certain  length  of  time,  one,  two  or  more  win- 
ters, according  as  he  hears  the  god  say.    During  this  period  of 
safety  he  may  sing  gently  to  "  the  Something  that  moves"  and 
make  feasts  and  give  away  articles  in  honor  of  this  god,  but  must 
not  call  upon  him  until  the  term  specified  has  expired,  and  then  he 
may  hold  another  festival  and  call  on  the  god  and  obtain  a  new 
term  of  protection.    During  the  interim  the  man  must  fully  be- 
lieve that  this  god  is  present  with  and  caring  for  his  faithful  fol- 
iower,io  who  on  his  part  must  treasure  the  sacred  symbol  of  the 
10  The  implicit  faith  in  the  careful  performance  of  rituals  should  never  be  lost  sight 
of,  as  a  distinctive  characteristic  of  Indian  religious  ceremonials  and  as  exercising  a 
marked  influence  on  the  thought  and  action  of  the  people.  A  woman  whom  I  knew, 
and  who  was  suffering  from  a  nervous  affection  which  made  it  almost  impossible  to 
walk,  was  hopeless  of  treatment,  and  her  husband,  also,  because  she  had  failed  once 
in  some  of  the  minuti^  of  the  observances  at  a  religious  festival,  and  she  was  thus 
consequently  punished.   E^'ery  ill  of  life  is  supposed  to  be  traceable  to  some  sucli  sin 
of  omission,  the  people  reasoning  from  the  analogy  of  the  relation  of  one  person  to  an- 
other,  or  one  tribe  to  another,  where  breaches  of  etiquette  might  lead  to  disastrous  re 
suits. 


294 


god  always  carrying  it  in  time  of  trouble  and  danger,  and  on 
occasions  of  religious  festivities. ^  After  the  supposed  colloquy 
between  the  god  and  the  man  is  ended,  and  the  stone  is  put  into 
its  bag  and  this  tied  up,  the  pipe  is  lit,  passed  and  smoked,  and 
all  those  present  being  of  one  religious  society^s  partake  of  a 
feast,  at  which  time  many  gifts  are  distributed  by  the  finder  of 
the  stone. 

Should  this  man  have  a  child  it  may  receive  a  name,  sacred  in 
character,  at  a  similar  festival,  where  every  preparation  and  cere- 
mony as  herein  described  is  repeated.    The  child  is  brought  in 
just  before  the  chants  are  sung.    The  "  wakan"  man  calls  to  "  the 
Something  that  moves,"  and  as  he  calls  he  mentions  a  name,  as 
for  instance,  saying  "  Ta-teo  comes  »  (Ta-teo  or  Big  Nation  was 
given  to  a  child  on  such  an  occasion).    This  name,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  be  recognized  and  acknowledged  by  the  god,  since  he 
comes  to  its  call,  is  to  be  the  name  of  the  child,  and  he  is  thus 
placed  under  the  protection  of  the  god  who  has  answered  it. 
When  the  "wakan"  man  says     Ta-teo  comes,"  "the  Something 
that  moves"  enters  the  tent  and  is  supposed  to  speak  as  for  the 
child,  saying  to  the  "wakan"  man :    "Father,  what  do  you  wish?" 
To  which  the  man  replies  :    "  Child,i3  we  ask  you  to  have  care  of 
this  boy,  to  keep  him  from  sickness  and  ill-fortune.    We  have 
given  this  feast  for  you,  behold,  the  skins  and  the  offerings  we 
have  made  in  your  honor."    After  these  words  have  been  spoken, 
the  goods  are  given  away  to  the  poor  and  all  the  articles  disposed 
of,  and  the  child  is  received  under  the  protection  of  his  father's 

"To  disbelieve  in  the  potency  of  the  symbol  >vonldbelike  treachery  to  a  ftiend, 
and  by  this  means  evil  would  befall  the  man  who  doubted  his  vision. 

12  All  men  are  open  to  the  visitation  of  visions,  if  they  properly  seek  them,  though 
exceptions  are  known  where  no  amount  of  fasting  would  bring  about  the  desired  ef- 
feet.  These  religious  societies,  therefore,  draw  their  membership  from  all  tj^e  gentes 
and  are  small  private  circles  within  the  great  religious  circle  of  the  tribe.  When  the 
annual  religious  festivals  are  held,  all  persons  must  take  part,  and  as  far  aslhavebeen 
able  to  learn  none  of  these  religious  societies  at  that  time  take  any  precedence,  or  as 
societies  perform  especial  religious  services.  The  old  religious  forms  and  rituals 
are  often  preserved  in  these  societies  after  the  tribal  religious  ceremonies,  from  unto- 
ward  circumstances,  have  fallen  into  disuse.  - 

13  It  is  well  known  that  Indian  social  etiquette  forbids  the  mention  of  a  person  s 
name  in  the  person's  presence.  In  a  few  of  the  most  sacred  rites  or  on  occasions  of 
^rave  solemnity  this  rule  has  an  exception,  and  the  manor  men  may  be  called  by  name. 
At  other  limes,  as  during  the  tribal  festivals,  when  the  criers  summon  a  man  his  son  a 
name  la  called  and  the  father,  hearing  the  sound,  responds. 


295 

god  and  bears  henceforth  the  name  pronounced.i^  A  feast  closes 
the  festivities. 

"  It  frequently  happens  that  an  Indian  man  has  several  names.  First,  he  has  the 
name  given  him  by  his  father  or  near  relatives,  his  home  name,  or  else  the  name  given 
in  some  such  ceremony  as  described  in  the  text.  Second,  he  has  the  name  assumed  by 
him  when  he  first  goes  forth  to  prove  his  prowess  and  manly  qualities,  so  that  he  may 
be  accounted  as  worthy  to  be  enrolled  among  those  who  shall  protect  the  tribe  from 
danger  and  provide  for  the  wants  of  the  family.  Third,  he  may  have  a  name  or  names 
which  have  been  given  him  by  others  to  commemorate  a  brave  deed  or  a  foolish  act.  a 
personal  peculiarity  or  some  queer  adventure. 

The  name  given  by  parents  or  relatives  generally  belongs  to  the  gens  in  which  the 
child  IS  born  and  the  name  given  religiously  may  refer  also  to  the  gens  or  may  be  sig. 
nificant  ot  the  religious  society  of  the  father.  A  name  implies  relationship,  and  conse- 
quently protection;  favor  and  influence  are  claimed  from  the  source  of  the  name, 
Whether  this  be  the  gens  or  the  vision.  A  name,  therefore,  shows  the  affiliation  of  the 
individual;  It  grades  him,  so  to  speak,  and  he  is  apt  to  lean  upon  its  implied  power- 
consequently  a  man  does  not  like  a  bad  nickname,  it  handicaps  him  in  his  own  esteem 
The  sacred  i"^Poi-  of  a  name  in  the  mind  of  the  Indian  is  indicated  in  that  part  of  the 

rrrf  ?r       f.^r'?""^*^^*"^^^^^''  overshadow  and  enclose  the 

child  and  addresses  the  "wakan"  man  as  "  father."  The  "wakan"  man  replies  call- 
mg  the  god  child."  at  the  same  time  invoking  the  supernatural  protection  and  cZ 
for  the  boy  as  he  lays  at  the  feet  of  the  messenger  of  the  Unseen  Power,  the  offerings 

IffT.  T      .  "^^^  ^^^^^'^^^  "^"^^  Indians,  therefore,  in! 

dica  es  the  protecting  presence  of  a  deity  and  must,  therefore,  partake  of  the  cere- 
monial  character  of  the  Indian's  reUgion. 


THE  SHADOW  OR  GHOST  LODGE : 
A  CEREMONY  OF  THE  OGALLALA  SIOUX. 


By  Alice  C.  Fletchek. 


The  ceremonies  here  described  were  witnessed  among  the  Ogal- 
lala  Indians  in  1882.  The  old  men  of  the  tribe  told  me  that 
formerly  a  period  of  two  years  was  necessary  to  fulfil  the  require- 
ments of  this  rite.    Now  six  months  or  a  year  will  suffice. 

These  Indians  entertain  the  belief  that  after  death  the  soul  will 
linger  near  the  body  so  long  as  it  is  preserved  or  any  part  of  it 
kept  intact,  particularly  if  not  exposed  to  the  air.  The  clothing 
too,  which  was  needful  to  the  comfort  of  the  body,  partakes  of  the 
Individuality  of  the  person  and  the  spirit  will  linger  about  these 
articles.  On  account  of  this  belief  the  personal  belongings  are 
always  placed  with  the  body  of  the  dead,  and  an  Indian  will  never 
consciously  wear  any  article  of  clothing  which  has  been  used  by 
one  who  is  deceased.  This  idea  that  the  soul  lingers  near  any 
part  of  the  body  which  is  carefully  preserved  is  closely  connected 
with  the  Shadow  or  Ghost  Lodge.  The  name  was  explained  as 
referring  to  the  soul  being  like  a  shadow  continually  with  the  body 
and  at  death  gradually  fading  away. 

A  ghost  lodge  is  usually  kept  for  a  child.  The  rites  are  initia- 
ted by  the  father  who  is  the  principal  actor  and  responsible  person 
in  all  the  ceremonies.  It  is  creditable  to  have  kept  a  lodge  of  this 
character,  and  the  public  consideration  seems  to  arise  from  the 
general  respect  paid  to  any  especial  honoring  of  the  dead,  as  giv- 
ing proof  of  family  faithfulness  and  affection,  as  well  as  the 
accumulation  of  wealth  by  the  father,  and  the  characteristic 
disposition  of  it.  It  is  by  such  deeds  that  a  man  gains  tribal 
distinction,  and  favors  his  advance  to  public  office.  These  prefer- 
ments are  won  from  the  tribe  by  an  Indian  proving  his  devotion  to 
the  religious  ceremonies  and  traditions  of  his  fathers,  by  a  faith- 
ful fulliTment  of  certain  rites,  as  well  as  by  showing  prowess  in 
action  and  wisdom  in  counsel. 

If,  on  the  death  of  a  child,  the  father  desires  to  keep  a  ghost 
lodge,  he  speedily  sends  for  a  holy  or  "  wakan-man,"  who  on  his 
(296) 


297 


arrival  at  the  father's  tent,  takes  a  pipe,  which  is  handed  him,  and 
fills  It  chanting  a  ritual  suitable  to  the  occasion.  One  of  the 
criers  of  the  camp  is  called  and  he  receives  the  pipe  and  starts  for 
the  tent  of  a  man  who  has  successfully  kept  a  ghost  lodge  As 
the  crier  enters  the  tent  he  says  in  an  intoning  voice :  i 

"The  one  who  sends  me  wishes  to  keep  a  ghost  lodge,"  and 
offers  the  pipe.  The  man  addressed  accepts  the  pipe,  lights  it,  and 
smokes  It  in  silence.  When  it  is  finished  he  goes  to  the  father's 
tent  where  the  child  lies  dead. 

After  entering  the  tent  and  observing  a  brief  silence  the  man 
sent  for  walks  over  to  where  the  child  lies  dressed  in  its  best  cloth- 
ing. Its  face  painted  red,  and  taking  a  knife  cuts  off  a  lock  of 
hair  just  above  the  forehead.  He  then  hands  the  hair  to  the 
mother,  who  takes  it,  wraps  it  in  a  piece  of  new  cloth,  and  lays  it 
away,  where  it  remains  undisturbed  for  four  days.  Skin  was  for- 
merly used  in  place  of  cloth. 

Four  yards  of  red  cloth  are  divided  into  two  parts.  One  part  is 
carried  out  beyond  the  camp,  to  an  elevation  if  possible,  and  buried 
in  a  hole  about  three  feet  deep.  This  is  an  offering  to  the  earth 
and  the  chanted  prayer  asks  that  the  life,  or  power  in  the  earth, 
will  help  the  father  in  keeping  successfully  all  the  requirements  of 
the  ghost  lodge.    The  other  part  of  the  red  cloth  is  lifted  and 

T'fJ"  'i"  """'^  ^  ^^^^  be  granted  to 

the  father  during  the  period  of  the  lodge-keeping.  After  this 
ceremony  the  cloth  is  cut  into  eight  strips  and  given  to  eight 
men  who  have  successfully  kept  a  ghost  lodge.  This  is  a  request 
for  their  good  will  and  help.  Formerly  a  deerskin,  well  tanned 
and  painted  red,  was  thus  offered.  These  ceremonies  are  per- 
tornied  by  the  wakan-man  and  the  man  who  cut  the  child's  hair 

The  dancing  society  to  which  the  father  belongs  present  him 
with  horses,  and  friends  make  gifts  ;  these  are  all  treasured  against 
the  day  of  final  ceremonies.  After  these  preliminaries  the  body 
01  the  child  is  put  away  with  the  usual  burial  rites 

The  duties  of  the  father  begin  at  the  time  the  hair  is  cut  and 
continue  until  the  closing  ceremonies,  six  months  or  a  year  after- 
wards.   During  this  interval  he  cannot  eat  dog  meat  or  any  flesh 

'The  prayers  and  rituals  are  chanted  or  Intoned.  When  the  latter  is  „,ed  th. 

nr  aVdrL",?''  T'''"'  '""''""^     " '^"'■'"^  -""^^  ceremo 

ma  a,  d.esses  and  announcements  by  the  criers  are  given  in  a  key  differing  fromThe 

rpre'drordi™ro„c"ai\t ---'"-^ 


298 


scraped  from  the  skin  or  hide  of  an  animal.  He  cannot  cut  open  the 
head  of  any  animal  to  get  the  brains,  strike  or  break  any  ribs  or  do 
any  butchering.  He  cannot  take  a  gun,  pistol,  arrows,  or  any 
weapon  in  his  hand.  He  cannot  run,  go  in  swimming,  make  any 
violent  movement,  shake  a  blanket,  his  clothing,  or  in  any  way  dis- 
turb the  air.  No  one  must  pass  before  him  or  touch  him,  and  to 
prevent  this  disaster  a  coal  of  fire  is  always  kept  about  two  feet  in 
front  of  him  as  he  sits  in  the  tent.  Although  he  remains  with  his 
family  he  must  live  apart  from  his  wife,  and  on  no  account  take 
a  child  in  his  arms,  for  if  he  should  so  forget  himself  the  child 
would  surely  die.^ 

During  the  four  days  the  hair  is  laid  away  the  mother  and  sisters, 
or  the  near  female  relatives,  make  a  small  buckskin  bag  in  which 
the  hair  is  to  be  placed.  A  pack  of  the  same  material  or  cloth  is 
prepared,  having  buckskin  thongs  with  which  to  tie  it.  A  new  tent 
is  pitched  not  far  from  the  father's  tent,  the  opening  toward  the  east. 
Formerly  this  tent  for  the  ghost  lodge  was  set  a  little  within  the 
tribal  circle  or  open  space,  out  from  the  line  of  living  tents. 

On  the  fourth  day  the  wakan-man,  and  the  man  who  had  cut 
the  hair  from  the  child,  repair  to  the  tent  set  apart  for  the  lodge, 
and  make  up  the  pack  into  a  roll  about  six  inches  in  diameter  and 
two  feet  long,  enclosing  the  buckskin  bag  containing  the  lock  of 
hair  cut  from  the  child,  and  the  pipe  which  had  been  filled  by  the 
wakan-man  and  sent  out  by  the  father.  To  these  are  added  any 
other  articles  which  the  parents  may  choose  ta  contribute.  Three 
crotched  sticks  had  been  cut  by  a  male  relative,  and  for  the  honor 
of  doing  this  he  had  given  away  the  value  of  a  horse.  On  these 
sticks  the  pack  is  tied.  A  fire  (fig.  1,  a)  is  made  in  the  centre  of  the 
tent,  back  of  which  an  oval  is  drawn  upon  the  ground  about  three  feet 

3  An  Indian  who  was  keeping  a  ghost  lodge  attended  the  sun  dance.  One  day 
while  there  he  forgot  the  duties  of  the  ghost  lodge  and  suffered  his  six  year  old 
daughter  to  approach  him,  and  took  her  in  his  ai-ms.  Too  late  he  recalled  the  penal  y 
he  had  incurred.  A  fortnight  later  when  I  entered  his  tent,  where  he  was  sitting  with 
the  coal  of  fire  before  him,  I  saw  the  little  girl  lying  sick  unto  death,  on  the  opposite 
Bide  of  the  fire.  Bending  over  the  child  it  was  evident  that  she  was  beyond  any  medi- 
cal  aid.  Her  father  accepted  her  fate  as  a  punishment  he  had  merited.  Her  mother 
was  equally  hopeless  and  sat  without,  working  on  moccasins  to  be  given  away  on  the 
approaching  final  ceremonies,  while  her  brothers  and  sisters  were  racing  over  the  hills 
pictures  of  careless  health.  It  was  a  striking  scene.  To  every  inquiry  I  made  as  to  the 
cause  of  the  child's  illness,  cold,  fever,  or  the  like,  the  invariable  answer  given  by 
relative  or  acquaintance  was :  "  Her  father  forgot  and  took  her  in  his  arms.  It  was  im- 
possible  to  present  to  the  people  any  natural  cause  for  the  child's  illness,  from  that 
which  was  so  clearly  another  evidence,  supernaturally  given,  of  the  sanctity  and  power 
of  their  religious  ceremonies.  Next  day  the  child  died,  leaving  her  parents  fuU  sore  at 
heart. 


299 


in  diameter,  having  an  elongated  opening  at  the  east  (fig.  1,6). 
The  sod  is  then  removed  from  within  the  figure  and  the  earth  thus 
exposed  is  mellowed  and  made  fine.     Down  from  the  wild  goose, 


Fig.  1. 


Arrangement  of  the  ghost  lodge  at  the  beginning  of  the  ceremony. 

colored  with  red  ochre,  is  placed  along  the  outline  of  the  figure.3 

^iBo^thel^^nnrr'  ""^^"^  ^^"'^^•^     ^'^'y  ^«      met  with,  as 

boTs  7-^^  ^"'^^'^"t  recurrence  of  certain  s^m- 

«on  Of  stud^;  "''^     ^'^"^^^"^  ^ov  the  carelul  investf^. 


300 


Behind  ae  OTal  Bgnre  the  three  crotched  sticks  are  set  up  having 
the  pack  fastened  to  them  where  they  come  together  (fig.  1.  c).  A 
bowl  and  a  wooden  spoon  are  fastened  to  the  outside  of  the  pack. 

Xo  woman  but  'the  mother  of  the  child  is  allowed  to  enter  this 
tent     >^he  ha=  charge  of  the  pack,  but  can  only  pass  into  the  tent 
when  performing  some  duty  incident  to  the  lodge-keeping.  When 
entei-in<r  the  tent  she  turns  to  the  left  and  makes  the  entire  circle, 
alwavs^.^oin.'  behind  the  pack  and  passing  out  by  the  right.  This 
mode  of^enterina  and  leaving  is  observed  by  all  who  enter  the  tent, 
and  is  indicated  by  the  arrows  in  the  diagram-  (fig.  1,  e.)  >o 
one  may  pass  between  the  pack  and  the  symbol  drawn  on  the 
cronnd,  or  between  that  and  the  fire."  Xor  can  any  one  turn  back 
on  his  passage  round  the  tent,  for  one  must  always  move  in  a  con- 
tinnons  circle  from  left  to  right.    On  clear  sunny  days,  when  the 
wind  does  not  blow,  the  mother  carries  the  crotched  sticks,  with 
the  pack  tied  to  them,  outside  the  tent,  setting  them  up  about 
four  or  five  feet  in  front  of  the  entrance.    As  the  sun  declmes  she 
returns  the  pack  to  its  place  in  the  tent.    When  it  thunders  or  if 
a  aun  should  be  lired.  or  any  unwonted  noise  should  be  heard,  she 
mu^t  hasten  to  cover  the  pack.    If.  when  the  pack  is  out  of 
doo'rs  a  sudden  wind  should  rise,  the  mother  must  instantly  take 
the  pack  into  the  tent.    Thus  her  constant  care  is  necessary. 

Every  day  the  father  of  the  child  enters  the  ghost  lodge  tent 
and  the  mother,  soon  after,  sets  kettles  of  food  inside  the  tent 
door  The  father  loosens  the  dish  from  the  pack,  a  small  quanta  y 
of  the  food  is  placed  in  it.  and  the  dish  set  down  near  the  pack. 
The  father  then  takes  a  bit  of  the  food  from  the  dish  with  his  fin- 
ders and,  lifting  it,  says  :  "  We  offer  this  food  that  you  may  help 
I.,  that  we  may  escape  ill  fortune.  We  ask  you  to  help  us  to 
avoid  any  sickness  or  misfortune  that  may  lie  m  our  path.  =  The 
offering  i"s  then  dropped  upon  the  mellowed  earth  and  buned  in  it. 
Darin-  this  ceremony  persons  of  the  male  sex  may  be  present ; 
their  position  on  the  north  and  south  side  of  the  lodge  is  indi- 
cated on  the  diagram  by  the  letter  d.  It  is  usual  for  orphans,  the 
aged,  or  any  one  in  need  of  food,  to  repair  to  the  ghost  lodge  to 

.The  apices  bere  mentioned  aie  always  considered  as  consecrated  or  set  apart  in 
e,e^:e=X.a.e-;;-~^^ 

,e;raL:-r-:otorrvl:;w."e.::":a  ...a...r.o^.o...a^^^^ 
ghost  pack,  but  the  deity  or  life  of  the  aaimal  food. 


301 


share  in  this  daily  feast  given  by  the  father  as  a  religious  hospi- 
tality. 

In  the  tent  certain  rules  must  be  observed  ;  the  mode  of  entering, 
moving  about  and  leaving  have  been  already  mentioned.  No  one 
may  blow  the  fire  with  his  mouth.  When  it  needs  to  be  livened 
one  may  gently  fan  it  with  the  wing  of  a  bird,  but  in  no  other  way  : 
no  one  may  spit  toward  the  centre  of  the  tent,  but  if  he  needs  to 
cast  anything  from  his  mouth,  he  must  turn  his  head  and  throw 
the  saliva  behind  him.  No  tales  of  fighting,  nor  any  quarrelsome 
words,  nor  any  subject  which  is  "  bad"  must  be  spoken  in  a  ghost 
lodge.    Quietness  and  friendliness  must  pervade  the  tent. 

If  at  any  time  during  the  period  of  keeping  the  lodge  the  father 
should  by  accident  hear  of  any  violent  words  or  deeds,  he  must  at 
once  perform  certain  rites  which  will  avert  the  evil  consequences 
to  him  and  his  family.  He  must  take  a  few  coals  of  fire,  and  lay  on 
them  a  bunch  of  sweet  grass,  or  sprays  of  cedar.  As  the  smoke  rises 
he  must  crouch  over  the  coals  bringing  his  blanket  close  about  his 
body,  drawing  it  over  his  head  and  face  so  as  completely  to  shut 
him  in  with  the  smoke  ;  sitting  thus  while  the  aromatic  fumes  circle 
his  entire  person,  he  thinks  of  the  duty  of  carefully  fulfilling  the 
ritual  of  the  religious  ceremony  and  by  his  faithfulness  arresting 
disaster  and  securing  good  fortune  for  his  kin. 

During  the  months  occupied  with  these  duties  the  man  can  do 
little  more  than  fulfil  them.  As  he  is  debarred  from  hunting  and 
providing  food  and  raiment,  his  needs  are  supplied  by  his  kindred. 
It  is  not  enough  that  his  avocations  should  be  peaceful  but  it  is 
his  duty  to  relinquish  any  hard  feeling  he  has  had  and  forget  old 
injuries.  The  keeping  of  a  ghost  lodge  is  a  signal  of  peace  and 
cancels  all  grudges  between  parties.  The  father  may  not  smoke 
with  any  one  lest  he  should  consort  with  a  man  who  was  at  enmity 
with  some  other  person.  The  Indians  in  explanation  pointed  out  that 
it  was  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  peace  in  a  man's  actions  and 
thoughts  that  he  was  forbidden  to  take  weapons  in  his  hand  ;  and 
the  coal  of  fire  placed  before  him  while  sitting  in  his  tent  was 
indicative  of  his  setting  himself  apart  for  this  religious  duty,  "the 
coal  being  like  a  partition  between  the  father  and  all  the  world." 

During  these  intermediate  months,  the  family  are  busily  em- 
ployed making  eagle  war  bonnets,  embroidering  moccasins,  tobacco 
pouches,  tobacco  boards,  fashioning  pipes  and  ornamenting  cloth- 
ing and  gathering  together  a  large  amount  of  possessions  to  be 


302 


given  away  at  the  closing  ceremonies.  After  a  ghost  lodge  a 
family  are  often  left  in  poverty,  but  with  the  Indians  it  is  not 
accumulation  and  hoarding,  but  the  record  of  that  which  a  man 
has  given  away  which  entitles  him  to  greatness  and  influence. 

Any  one  of  the  same  gens^  as  the  father,  who  had  lost  a  child, 
after  the  ghost  lodge  had  been  inaugurated  and  who  desired  to 
join  in  the  ceremony,  could  prepare  a  similar  pack,  and  tie  it  to  the 
one  in  the  ghost  lodge.  Each  family  thus  represented  must 
contribute  its  quota  of  gifts  at  the  final  day. 

As  that  time  draws  near  word  is  sent  abroad,  inviting  members  of 
other  gens,  and  even  of  other  tribes,  to  be  present  and  participate 
in  the  feast.  Four  days  the  crier  proclaims  the  opening  of  the 
packs  and  distribution  of  the  gifts,  and  during  these  days  the 
families  are  busy  preparing  for  the  coming  feast.  A  man  who  has 
successfully  kept  a  ghost  lodge  is  invited  to  take  charge  of  the 
proceedings.  For  this  service  he  receives  large  presents  from  the 
parents  represented  in  the  lodge.  To  give  an  i^ea  of  this  pay- 
ment the  following  list  of  articles  was  received  by  the  man  having 
charge  of  the  ghost  lodge  herein  described. 

Four  garnished  buffalo  robes  embroidered  with  porcupine  quills, 
four  woven  sashes,  four  calico  shirts,  four  pipes,  four  plugs  of 
tobacco,  four  hatchets,  six  pairs  of  moccasins,  six  dishes,  six  tin 
pans,  seven  yards  of  calico  (a  dress  pattern),  ten  butcher  knives, 
two  pairs  of  leggings,  two  strings  of  bells,  two  curtains  (strips  of 
tent  cloth  used  to  protect  the  sleeping  place),  two  comforters 
(bed  quilts),  one  lariat,  one  hoe,  one  bed  made  of  reeds,  one  steer, 
two  or  three  ponies. 

Among  the  articles  given  away,  the  following  were  counted. 

Thirty-two  ponies,  one  hundred  pairs  of  moccasins,  ten  shawls, 
seven  buffalo  robes,  three  war  bonnets  (eagle  feathers),  eight  calico 
dresses  (made  up),  besides  numerous  tin  pails  and  cups,  knives, 
coffee  pots,  tin  pans,  looking  glasses  such  as  the  young  men  wear, 
embroidered  beaded  dresses,  knife  cases,  match  pockets,  bows  and 
arrows,  wooden  bowls,  balls,  shinny  sticks  embroidered  with 
beads,  a  quantity  of  dried  cherries,  squash,  pounded  meat  and 
other  things. 

From  early  morning  to  well  on  toward  noon  the  women  were 

«It  was  only  the  Indians  of  one  gens  or  clan  who  joined  in  this  ghost  lodge. 
Further  investigation  wiU  prove  whether  this  is  always  the  rule  among  tribes  which 
hold  similar  lodges. 


303 


engaged  carrying  these  gifts  singly,  in  packs  made  of  raw  hide, 
or  in  wooden  trunks,  and  pladng  them  at  the  door  of  the  new 
tent  set  up  to  receive  them.  On  this  final  day  all  signs  of  mourn- 
ing are  put  away,  for  the  first  time  since  the  death  occurred  the 

Fig.  2. 


Arrangement  of  the  tent  set  up  to  receive  the  gifts. 

immediate  relatives  braid  their  hair,  and  every  one  is  in  gala 
dress.  Over  800  people  gathered  to  the  feast,  and  wei^e  scattered 
over  the  grass.  Forty-two  great  kettles  hung  from  crotched  sticks, 
the  beef  soup  and  dog  stew  flavored  with  dried  cherries  or  turnips 


304 


sent  up  fumes  of  steam.  The  sticks  used  to  stir  these  viands  were 
forked  having  the  end  ornamented  with  beads  and  ribbons. 
Young  girls  were  bringing  water  from  the  creek,  the  older  ones 
grinding  coffee,  and  all  busy  preparing  for  the  great  crowd  of 
Lests.  The  abrupt  outline  of  the  buttes,  dark  evergreens  marking 
the  gullies,  the  narrow  valley  through  which  flowed  the  clear  rapid 
creek  with  its  border  of  shrubs  and  large  graceful  trees,  the  green 
bottom  lands  dotted  with  white  tents,  while  a  few  were  scattered 
over  the  hills  that  rose  in  terraces  to  the  east,  together  with  the 
vast  throngs  of  gayly  dressed  Indians,  combined  to  make  a  picture 
full  of  color,  spirit,  and  a  wild  beauty  all  its  own,  bearing  no 
familiar  lines  to  eastern  civilized  eyes.  ^ 

The  new  tent  set  up  for  the  reception  of  the  gifts  (fig.  2)  is 
placed  near  the  ghost  lodge  tent,  the  door  facing  the  east.  Near 
the  centre  a  fire  is  kindled  (fig.  2,  a),  an  oval  figure  drawn  on 
the  ground  (fig.  2,  b)  similar  to  that  cut  on  the  floor  of  the  ghost 
lodge      The  sod  is  removed  from  within  the  figure,  the  earth 
mellowed,  four  live  coals  laid  on  the  mellowed  earth  and  sweet 
grass  dropped  on  them.     Outside  the  figure  eight  coals  are 
placed,  four  on  each  side  (fig.  2,  c),  and  sweet  grass  laid  on  to 
smoulder  '    On  the  north  and  south  side  a  buffalo  chip  is  set 
(fig  2  d).    Back  of  the  oval  figure  the  sod  is  removed  so  as  to 
leave  a  narrow,  oblong  figure  in  the  earth  on  which  sprays  of  Ar- 
temisia are  spread  like  a  mat  (fig.  2,  e)  ;  behind  this  the  presents 
are  arranged  in  piles  (fig.  2,/),  one  pile  for  each  ghost  represented 
in  the  lodge.^ 

^   .ovninp-  the  ehost  lodffe  are  as  follows:  Long  ago  the  Dakotas 

8  The  '^^^X^l'^Z'^^^l^^^^^^  counci  fi'es.  When  they  broke  up  and  parted  each 
lived  m  -li;:^':^^'^^^^^^  were  given  the  pipe  and  the 

^'"T    of  ZZTZ^tole  says:  Two  warriors  were  returning  to  the 

mystery  of  the  ghost  ioa„e.  «  who  said  -  "When  vou  return,  cause  a  tent  to 
camp,  When  ^j^^^.^J^^^  ,Y,:,rari;n  ote  anlLu  /ou  what  to  do  in  the  tent.'> 
he  pitched  within  the  ^^^f^^^^^^^^  ^^e  warriors  did  as  they  were  directed,  and 

Although  alarmed  f  ^^ey  entered  the  tent  with  her  and  she  then 

the  woman  came  as  she  had  P^^j;^;^'  ^  pipe,  saying :  "  When  you 

'''iTtotolT^Xlyl^^^^^^  Shelefttheten. 

1  vanished  in  a  7Za.   Still  another  version  states,  that  one  day  there  was  a  woman, 
andvanishedm  a  c  oua  ^  a  buffalo  skin  having  the  hair  outside 

wearing  an  ^P7"/^/^^s7;';^4'^,         ke  head  in  her  left  hand  and  the  tail  in  her 
^"V  :  rriind  cr;sserortL4hlandonherlel^^  arm  she  had  a  buffalo  calf,  to- 
right,  herlelt  3,^3  by  side.    Four  days  she  tarried  with  the  Dakotas 
.ow  rkfep  theXJt  lodge,  and  left  them  wUh  the  words :  Wbe. 


305 


After  this  arrangement  is  completed  a  feast  is  given  and  while 
that  is  in  progress  the  women  set  a  row  of  crotched  sticks  in 
front  of  the  tent,  laying  on  poles  to  form  a  framework,  on 
which  they  spread  for  exhibition  the  gifts  they  had  previously  made 

Fig.  3. 


.  Arrangement  of  the  ghost  lodge  at  the  concluding  stage  of  the  ceremony. 

a  mule  shall  hear  a  foal  then  will  come  the  destruction  of  the  earth."  Some  Indians 
declare  that  if  the  father  faithfully  performs  all  the  duties  and  ceremonies  of  the  ghost 
lodge  he  thereby  averts  from  his  child  any  punishment  or  bad  consequences  which 
would  result  from  misfortunes  or  disasters  received  in  this  life. 

In  these  accounts  it  is  both  curious  and  instructive  to  note  the  traces  of  the  early 
missionaries  interwoven  with  native  tradition. 


Beport  of  Peabody  Museum  III. 


20 


306 


into  piles  at  the  back  of  the  tent.   When  the  feast  is  concluded, 

the  master  of  ceremonies  distributes  these  gifts,  reserving  those 
which  are  to  be  given  away  in  the  ghost  lodge  tent.  Visitors  and 
the  poor  are  remembered  in  the  lavish  bestowal.  _ 

The  interior  of  the  ghost  lodge  (fig.  3)  is  rearranged  m  the  fol- 
lowing manner.  The  space  occupied  by  the  packs  is  marked  oflf  m 
an  obLg,the  sod  removed  and  the  ground  spread  ^f.^^  Artemisia 
ffio-  3  e)     The  figure  having  the  mellowed  earth  m  which  the  oflfer- 
iJ.  of  food  have  been  buried  each  day,  is  covered  with  a  red 
cloth     On  the  centre  is  laid  a  disk  of  shell  (fig.  3,  b)  ;  eight  live 
coals  four  on  each  side,  are  arranged  outside  the  figure,  and 
swee  grass  laid  on  them  (fig.  3,  c).    Four  buffalo  chips  are  out- 
side  of  these  at  the  four  corners  (fig.  3,  d).    The  different -packs 
are  loosened  from  the  initial  pack  and  each  one  fastened  to  sticks 
about  four  feet  long.    There  were  nine  packs,  three  belonging  to 
young  men  (fig.  3,  /),  three  to  boys,  two  to  girls  and  one  to  a 
woman  (fi-.  3,  g) .    The  sticks  are  bound  with  hide,  and  an  oblong 
Ilof  hide,  ofnamented  and  having  on  it  a  face  rudely  outlined  in 
mint,  is  hung  in  front  of  each  pack.  Upon  the  packs  belonging  to 
he  young  men  are  fastened  eagle  feather  war  bonnets    These  effl- 
gies  are  arranged  in  a  semicircle  on  the  south  side  of  the  tent  he 
sticks  being  thrust  in  the  ground,  and  the  gifts  contributed  by  the 
relations  of  the  dead  person  piled  about  his  effigy.  _ 

Only  men  who  have  kept  a  ghost  lodge  are  entitled  o  sit  m  this 
tent,  and  join  in  smoking  the  pipe  which  had  been  -ith  the 
appi'opriate  ritual.  Their  position  is  indicated  in  fig.  3  by  the  lette 
h  The  man  in  charge  of  the  ceremonies  distributes  the  gifts 
which  rest  about  the  effigies  to  the  men  present.  In  so  doing  he 
is  particular  so  to  dispose  of  the  articles  as,  for  instance,  to  avoid 
aivin..  an  eagle  war  bonnet  to  a  man  who  had  received  one  on  a 
previous  and  similar  occasion.  Such  items  are  well  remembered 
in  an  Indian  camp,  for  it  is  in  this  way  that  possessions  change 
hands  The  men  who  receive  at  this  time  will  save  up  their  treas- 
ures  and  give  them  away  at  some  f.iture  religious  or  secular  festival. 

When  all  the  gifts  are  distributed  the  packs  are  opened,  the  pipes 
are  given  to  poor  men,  and  the  hair  once  more  handed  back  to  the 
mother  who  either  keeps  it,  or  buries  it,  aud  the  soul  of  the  child, 
whicli  has  been  supposed  to  linger  about  the  pack,  is  now  free  to 

'^''rhe'shadows  were  gathering  in  the  valley  and  the  last  glow  fad- 


307 


ing  from  the  buttes,  as  the  tents  fell  and  the  poles  were  gathered 
and  carried  off  by  their  possessors,  for  not  an  article  used  in  this 
strange  ceremonial  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  parents  who 
had  thus  paid  to  the  full  their  tribute  of  affection  for  the  dead,  and 
proved  themselves  faithful  to  the  custom  of  their  ancestors.  The 
stars  came  out  and  shone  over  the  silent  plains,  for  the  men 
women  and  children  had  vanished  with  the  day.  ' 


THE  -WAWAi\r,-  OR  PIPE  DANCE  OF  THE  OMAHAS.' 


By  Alice  C.  Fletcher. 


-  c.wa-wa«,"^  means,"  to  sing  for  some  one."    The  ceremony 
of  which  this  is  the  name  was  one  of  the  means  in  ancient  times 
bv  which  possessions  were  accumulated  and  exchanged,  and  honors 
counted  and  received.    In  a  tribe  one  gens  would  sometim  s 
dance  "  another  gens  ;  the  ceremony,  however,  was  gener  1  y 
excian^ed  between  different  tribes.    The  wa-wan  party  carues  to 
he  person  visited,  gifts  of  eagle  war  bonnets,  bows  and  arrow 
guns,  red  stone  pipes,  tobacco  bags,  otter  slans,  legg-g^,  Buffalo 
robe  and  blankets,  and  receives  in  return,  pom  s. 
so  tradition  says,  pottery,  bows  and  arrows,  tents  and  dogs3  weie 

%he  ™ols  of  the  wa.wa«  are  elaborate  and  governed  by 
strlt  rul  s  and  an  established  ritual.  Songs  which  have  been 
handed  down  for  many  generations,  and  contauung  words  not 
L  common  usage,  form  a  part  of  the  ritual  and  are  never  omitted. 
They  are  as  follows : 

1     The  song  of  approach  to  the  lodge. 

2.  I-he-the  ^Ya-an.    Song  of  laying  down  the  pipe. 

3.  Am-ba-i  wa-an.    Morning  song. 

able  assistance  in  the  '^'^^'^''''  'l^'^^^^^  of  the  need  of  preserving 

ton.B  of  his  tribe,  '^^^^^^^        ^^^^^^^^^^  -ake  his 

an  accurate  account  of  the  utes  ^"^^^^/^^          .  g  To  Miss  Sarah 

labors    behalf  of  ethnological  '-^^'^'fl^';'^^^^^^^^  the  transcription  of  a  portion 

signifles  11,0  nasal  «°™''\„';-J.'::,,^r^^'|-h  ,       „l„„v  points  of  difference,  is  In  use 
a:^^^^!.:"  ?ow"  Oto;:Pawnee  ana  Sionx  triUes.   Eu^Ler  researci. 
r;low\^iae;ran«ea„aitso.gi,.is^^^ 
=  T,,eo>au,enhaven-M,Uo^^^^^^^  ,e,,„,U„g 

(308) 


309 


4.  First  and  second  part  of  the  final  dance.-* 

5.  Song  when   approaching  and  entering  the  lodge   of  the 

Ha9i-ga. 

6.  Han-ga  Id-ari  wa-a??.     Painting  the  Han-ga. 

7.  Putting  the  feather  on  the  Han-ga. 

8.  Haw-ga  the-ze  wa-a?z.    Taking  the  Ha%-ga. 

Other  songs  are  used  in  the  ceremonies,  but  thev  are  selected 
by  the  singers,  and  pipe  bearers.  The  Omaha  Indians  have  about 
thirty  of  these  songs,  so  far  as  known.  The  tribes  that  practise 
the  wa-wa7i  have  songs  peculiar  to  themselves,^  and  the  Indians 
are  quite  critical  of  each  other's  music. 

Certain  articles  are  needful  for  the  performance  of  the  wa-wan 
rites  and  these  must  all  be  provided  by  the  leader  of  the  party. 
They  are  as  follows  : 

1.  "Ni-ni-ba  we-a-wat^  mim-ba."  These  two  pipes  are  pe- 
culiar to  this  ceremony  although  they  may  be  used  as  peace  pipes 
m  time  of  trouble  and  danger,  when  the  sacred  pipes  are  not 
available.  The  pipes  are  about  three  feet  long,  made  of  ash  sap- 
ling,  and  have  no  bowls.^  The  stem  is  thrust  through  the  dried 
skmof  a  duck's  neck  which  has  the  bill  and  feathers  still  on. 
The  bill  simulates  the  bowl.  Beyond  the  duck-neck  feathers, 
several  large  eagle  feathers  depend  in  a  fan-shaped  arrangement. 
Where  these  feathers  join  the  duck-neck  skin,  a  buckskin  thong 
about  four  feet  long  is  tied,  having  fastened  at  each  end  a  bunch 
of  downy  feathers,  like  a  ball.  These  bunches  are  called  "  we-ta 
eggs."  Next  to  the  eagle  feathers  is  a  cone-shaped  ornament  of 
owl  feathers.  These  feather  decorations  extend  over  nearly  one 
third  of  the  pipe's  length.  About  six  inches  from  the  owl  feathers 
IS  fastened  the  first  of  three  clumps  of  narrow  strips  of  white 

♦  All  the  tribes  which  hare  the  Wa-wfi9^  use  the  same  ritual  music  for  "  Part  First " 

sTotl  Xul\  on  wT'."  "  I-^^^^^^^'-^-^a-jan,  »  while  the  rest  of  the  mu- 

sical  ritual  and  the  dance  songs  are  different. 

«  The  Pawnees  have  their  own  music,  with  the  exception  mentioned.  The  lowas 
andOtoesuse  each  other's  songs.  The  Poncas  and  Omahas  have  their  wa-wa«  mu- 
SIC  m  common  The  Sioux  borrow  from  the  other  tribes,  but  use  principally  the 
Omaha  songs^  All  these  songs  conform  to  the  peculiar  measure  of  the  wa-wait  dance 
iitual,  but  differ  somewhat  in  style. 

«  The  stems  of  the  pipes  have  holes  through  them  so  that  they  can  be  used  for  actual 
smoking.  Smoking  13  sometimes  simulated,  and  the  obligation  accepted  by  the  sym- 
bohsm  18  as  binding  as  when  the  fumes  are  present.  The  perforation  of  the  stem  is 
carefully  made,  and  the  hole  is  frequently  quite  large,  in  order  to  prevent  the  accident 
ot  Clogging.  Among  the  Pawnees,  if  a  stoppage  occurs  in  smoking  a  peace  pipe  the 


310 


rabbit  7  skin  eigbt  inches  long,  ^hich  hang  from  the  stem  like  tas- 
sels.  Red  woodpecker  heads  are  bound  on  the  stem,  one  at  the 
top  of  each  tassel.  The  spaces  where  the  wood  of  the  stem  is  vis- 
ible  are  painted  in  red  and  green  stripes.8 

2  "  Jan-ja-ta."  A  crotched  stick,  made  of  hard  wood  painted 
red*   In  the  crotch  the  mouth-pieces  of  the  two  pipes  are  to  rest. 

3  Pexe  numba."  Two  gourds.  These  are  painted  with  a 
green  band  about  the  middle,  from  which  start  two  bands  equi- 
clistant,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles  over  the  top  of  the 
gourd,  dividing  the  half  into  four  equaU^arts. 

4  "  Ni-ni-ba-xte.  »  A  buffalo  bladder  pouch.  This  pouch  is 
painted  in  the  same  manner  as  the  gourds,  and  tied  with  twisted 
sweet-rass.    Tobacco  and    kinnekinick"9  are  in  the  pouch. 

5  ^'  Ni-thu-de.  "  A  whistle  of  an  eagle's  wing-bone  having 
at  one  end  a  white  downy  feather,  said  to  be  plucked  from  under 
the  Winer.  These  feathers  are  called  -hin-xpe"  in  distinction 
from  the°large  eagle  feathers.  The  hin-xpe  are  the  kind  used  m 
sacred  ceremonies.io  ,     n  ..^ 

6  "  Hin-xpe  tha-bthin. "  Three  feathers,  one  for  each  of  the 
two' pipe-bearers,  to  be  afterward  used  by  the  two  dancers  m  the 
final  dance.  The  third  feather  is  worn  by  the  runner,  afterward 
by  the  wild-cat  skin  bearer  during  the  ceremonial  approach  to  the 
lod-e,  and  laying  down  the  pipes  for  the  first  time  ;  finally  it  is 
worn  by  the  han-ga,  or  child  of  the  man  who  receives  the  wa-wa7i 
party.    These  three  feathers  are  tied  to  the  pipes  when  not  being 

used  as  described. 

7  "  Wa-ha-ba."  An  ear  of  corn,  white,  without  blemish  and 
very  full,  and  called  the  mother.  A  green  band  is  painted  around 
the  middle  from  which  four  stripes  extend  to  the  top  of  the  ear. 
The  ear  of  corn  thus  decorated,  like  the  gourd  and  bladder  pouch, 

7  The  .kin  used  in  making  the  tassels  is  from  a  largo  rabbit  called  by  the  Omahas 
S;n:ft,:e;X:  r>ef,"  '.Sn'gaUe  to  mate  a  pipo.  as  a  comparatively  unimportant 

the  east  in  the  same  direction  as  the  mouth-pieces  of  the  pipes. 


311 


is  tied  around  the  middle  by  a  buckskin  thong  to  a  stick  about  a 
foot  and  a  half  long  and  painted  redM 

8.  "  In-gthari-ga-ha.  "  A  wild-cat  skin^^  within  which  all  the 
foregoing  articles  are  wrapped.  During  a  part  of  the  ceremonies 
in  the  lodge  the  skin  is  spread  and  certain  of  the  articles  laid 
upon  it. 

Eight  to  twelve  is  the  usual  number  of  a  wa-wan  party.  Occas- 
ionally one  or  two  wives  of  the  men  accompany  to  attend  to  the 
cooking,  setting  up  the  tent,  etc.,  but  generally  the  men  go 
alone  and  do  all  the  work. 

Certain  duties  and  forms  are  observed  from  the  time  of  start- 
ing on  the  journey,  and  rites  are  performed  en  route.  The  ritual 
of  the  wa-wan  begins  with  the  peculiar  approach  to  the  lodge, 
set  apart  for  the  party  on  their  arrival  about  sunset  at  the  camp 
circle  of  the  tribe  visited.  The  ceremonies  continue  for  four  nights 
and  well  on  into  the  day  following  the  last  night.  At  the  conclu- 
sion, the  party  return  home  at  once,  being  careful  to  leave  the  camp 
circle  before  sunset. 

When  a  man  decides  to  inaugurate  a  wa-waw  party,  he  men- 
tions his  intention  among  his  friends,  but  invites  no  one  to  join 
him.  Those  who  are  inclined  to  accompany  him,  volunteer  to  do 
so.  Each  one  of  the  party  must  contribute  his  quota  of  gifts, 
these  are  sent  to  the  man  who  inaugurates  the  party  and  who  is 
called  "  Nu-dan-han-ga,  "  or  leader.  For  several  nights  before 
starting  the  party  meet  to  rehearse  the  songs  of  the  wsL-wan.  It 
is  a  point  of  honor  to  have  the  ceremonies  pass  off  creditably. 

On  the  day  of  starting,  the  leader  selects  one  of  the  party  to 
carry  the  wild-cat-skin  <i-oll.  It  is  slung  across  the  man's  should- 
ers like  a  quiver.  The  needed  provisions  for  the  journey  and  the 
feasts  to  be  given  during  the  visit,  and  the  gifts  accumulated,  are 
tied  in  bundles  and  packed  upon  ponies,  and  the  company  move 
out  of  camp  amid  the  good  wishes  of  their  friends.  Should  game 
be  plenty  a  little  hunting  is  permissible  but  on  no  account  must 
any  one  of  the  party  drink  water  from  his  hand,  or  use  any  for 
washing  until  the  close  of  the  ceremony. 

"  The  figure  drawn  upon  the  tobacco  pouch,  the  two  gourds,  and  the  ear  of  corn,  is 
the  cross,  indicating  the  four  quarters.  The  use  of  the  color  green  has  already  teen 
mentioned.  The  sweet-grass  braid  which  ties  the  pouch  is  invariably  used  in  sacred 
ceremonies. 

"  The  skin  of  the  small  wild-cat  is  used  by  all  the  tribes  which  practise  the  wa-wan. 
So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn  there  is  no  choice  of  skins  allowed.  Among  the 
Pawnees  the  wild-cat  must  be  shot  by  an  arrow,  the  Omahas  have  the  same  regulation. 


312 

Durma-  the  journey  should  the  weather  be  stormy  for  several 
days,  the  party  halts  for  the  rites  of  augury  concerning  tlieu-  suc- 
cess but  if  the  sun  shines  this  observance  is  deferred  until  within 
twenty-four  hours  of  their  destination,  when  the  following  cere- 
monies take  place :  ,  .  ,  ,      ,  n,„ 
Soon  after  dawn  the  buffalo  bladder  pouch  is  taken  from  the 
wild-cat-skin  roll  and  given  to  one  of  the  elder  men  of  the  party, 
who  is  selected  to  be  the  "  Ni-ni-a-thin, "  or  runner,  to  carry  the 
bac.  to  the  lodge  of  the  man  whom  the  leader  has  determined  to 
visit  in  this  ceremonial  manner.  The  runner  is  clad  in  leggings 
breech-cloth  and  moccasins  ;  a  buffalo  robe,  hair  outside,  is  tied 
about  his  waist  with  a  buckskin  thong,  the  tail  crossed  over  his 
breast  from  right  to  left  and  passed  under  the  thong,  the  head  end 
hangin<^  over  the  left  shoulder  and  wrapped  about  the  figure 
The  hin-xpe  is  tied  in  his  braided  scalp  lock.    This  costume  indi- 
cates his  official  character.    Three  young  men  are  selected  to  at- 
tend the  ni-»i-a-thi«,  and  are  attired  in  the  same  manner  with 
the  exception  of  the  Vm-xpe. 

On  arrivino-  at  the  camp  circle  the  four  men  walk  m  single  file 
to  the  loA^e'ol  the  designated  man,  and  after  entering,  the  ni- 
ni-a-thin  dllivers  an  address  and  presents  the  pouch  to  the  host. 
This  is  the  manner  of  asking  whether  the  honor  of  the  wa-wan 
will  be  accepted  or  not. 

The  demands  made  upon  a  man  who  accepts  the  pouch  are 
heavy,  therefore  he  always  consults  his  near  of  kin  and  the  leadmg 
men  of  his  gens,  for  according  to  the  law  of  kinship,  their  help  is 
expected  Soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  runner  and  his  followers, 
the  host  sends  for  his  relatives;  when  tlu^y  have  assembled  the 
l^ouch  is  laid  before  them  and  the  proffered  honor  deliberated  upon. 
A  wa-wan  party  of  ten  would  require  the  gift  of  from  twelve  to 
thirty  ponies,  and  the  host,  or  as  he  is  called  by  the  wa-wan-  party, 
"I-ni-thi"  (his  son)  usually  gives  his  best  horse  to  the  leader 
It  is  a  point  of  honor  to  respond  liberally  to  a  wa-wa»  party.  If 
however  a  man  should  accept  the  honor  and  give  but  a  half  dozen 


.  „p  w„„  ir,<-flie  buffalo  robe  as  described  is  peculiar  to  sacred  ceremon- 

ies.  AS  ,,11  ser.ou        '  ^  '^^^  J,,  „„„,eu.  ,vheu  tl,e  duties  of  the  Nu-da^-ban- 

worn  in  tb,s  ^^^f  f „„d  ^-be;  the  runner  of  the  wa.,va«  is  dis- 

'^°h^^  inwea  "l"^^^^^^^^ 

f  knoluTn  anim,,Uire,  an.l  man's  dependence  upon  food  for  health  and  st,-e„gth. 
?htldca°is  ^0  e  otailV'set  forth  «hen  taUen  in  cennec.ion  with  the  atUtudes  as- 
sumed  wb  le  the  robe  is  thus  worn  during  religious  ceremon.es. 


313 


horses,  the  leader  of  the  wa-wan  would  be  justified  both  by  usage 
and  public  sentiment  in  refusing  to  complete  the  ceremonies.  He 
would  in  that  case  take  the  ponies  already  presented  and  retire  from 
the  camp,  with  his  pipes,  etc.  The  gens  would  thereby  suffer  dis- 
grace for  presuming  to  accept  an  honor  tliey  were  unable  to  meet. 

The  wa-wa?!  can  be  refused  lionorably  for  two  reasons.  The 
recent  death  of  a  near  relative,  the  family  being  in  mournino-  and 
notjoining  in  festivities,  and,  the  decision  of  the  leadino-  nTen  of 
the  family  and  gens  that  they  are  too  poor  to  make  a  response  com- 
mensurate with  their  position  and  that  of  the  leader  proposing  to 
visit  them.    When  a  refusal  has  thus  been  decided  upon,  some- 
times one  of  the  men  will  say :  "  We  are  too  poor  and  cannot  ac- 
cept the  honor,  but,  the  man  shall  not  go  away  empty  handed 
I  will  give  him  a  horse.  "    The  pony  is  brought  to  the  lodge  and 
the  runner  and  his  followers  take  the  horse,  and  return  with  the 
pouch  to  the  wa-wan  party  and  repeat  to  the  leader  the  message 
sent.    The  expedition  is  given  up  for  that  time  and  the  party  go 
home  at  once  or  else  visit  the  tribe  unofficially  for  a  few  days.  If 
the  kindred  and  gens  decide  to  accept  the  wa-wa7i,the  pouch  is  re- 
tained by  the  host  and  the  runner  sent  back  with  the  words  :  Tell 
him  (meaning  the  leader)  to  come.    We  are  ready  for  him*  " 

Shortly  after  the  departure  of  the  runner,  in  the  early  mornino-, 
the  wa-wa72  party  prepare  for  the  ceremonial  of  the  augury  "  Wa- 
the-gthari.  "    One  of  the  older  men,  after  all  are  seated,"fills  a  pipe 
and  passes  it  to  the  one  of  the  party  having  the  gift  of  prophecy 
who  taking  the  pipe  tells  the  bearer  of  the  wild-cat-skin  to  un- 
fold the  roll  and  spread  the  pipes.    The  skin  is  laid  down  some 
ten  or  more  feet  from  the  group,  the  head  pointing  in  the  direction 
of  the  tribe  about  to  be  visited.     The  crotched  stick  is  thrust 
into  the  ground  at  the  head  of  the  skin,  and  the  mouth-pieces  of 
tne  pipes  are  crossed  and  rested  in  the  crotch,  the  other  pnds 
of  the  pipes  touching  the  skin.    In  the  flare  of  the  pipes  the  two 
gourds  are  placed  side  by  side,  and  the  whistle  on  the  neck  of  the 
skm.    To  the  right  the  ear  of  corn  stick  is  set.    In  front  of  the 
skin  a  circle  of  about  two  feet  in  diafneter  is  drawn  upon  the 
ground  having  an  elongated  opening  toward  the  pipes,  the  sod  is 
removed  from  within  the  outline  and  the  brown  earth  exposed.^ 

"  ^'■^""'^     ^'^^  ^^""^  "^^^^     the  Ghost  Lodge  and  other  cere 

L  owPd  .  "  ?f  ^^^^"^  ^^^^^-1  «f       Omahas  the  grounTL 


314 

When  tbese  arrangements  are  completed,  the  f  , 

power  to  prophesy  rises  from  his  place  and  approaching  the  pipes 
IZus  o  and  fro  behind  the  skin,  holding  the  mouth-p.ece  of  the 
;  e^Xe  toward  the  sky.    As  he  walks  he  sings  ^Le  -ng  sacred 

;  ins'p'ersonal  vision.    After  ten  or  fifteen  haU  and 

calls  the  young  men  of  the  party  to  him  saying  :  Come !  i  will 
te    you  what  I  have  seen."    He  then  recounts  how  he  has  seen 

afi.amist,anumberofliorsesapproachingthe  pipe  of  the  leader 

and  describ;s  them.    After  this  recital  be  lights  the  pipe,  and  the 
pi  smoke  together.    The  -guiy  is  not  always  pr^^^^^^ 
stories  are  told  of  the  prophet  foretelling  the  refiisa  of  the  ba  , 
TZ  an  inadequate  number  of  horses  would  be  given  and  the 
consequent  failure  of  the  wa-wa». 

When  the  augury  is  over  the  pipes,  gourds,  sticks,  etc  are  re 
turned  to  the  wild-cat-skin  roll,  and  the  party  move  on.  When 
w  hin  a  mile  or  so  of  the  camp  they  are  met  by  the  runner  with 
i  o?  the  pouch.  If  he  brings  the  message  of  acceptance  the 
Tany  continife  their  march  until  within  sight  of  ^-c  ' 
when  they  halt  and  await  the  coming  of  the  messenger  from  the  l  ost 
bis  arrival  be  informs  them  which  lodge  has  been  set  apart  for 
their  use,  bids  them  advance,  and  departs  as  he  came. 

The  ader  then  selects  two  men  who  are  good  singers  and 
dai  ers  to  carry  the  pipes  and  lead  in  the  ceremonial  approach  to 
trZZ  and  in  tl.e  ceremonies  of  the  first  three  days  and 
These  two  men  and  the  bearer  of  the  wUd-eat-skin  roll 
di°ess  themselves  in  the  same  manner  as  the  runner  when  on  his 
official  rand.  The  bulfalo  robe  is  worn  as  before  described,  ex- 
TtL  tte  head  end  is  passed  under  the  thong  leaving  the  neck 

The  hin-xpe  feathei-s  are  tied  in  their 
:Vbvaidedscalplocks.  ^he  pipe  beai-ers  hold  the  pipes^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
left  hands,  the  mouth-pieces  presented  towai-d  the  hue  of  ad  an  e 
and  the  gourds  are  grasped  in  their  right  hands.  H  e  wiW-cat  «1  n 
hpnrer  carries  the  roll  slung  across  his  shoulders.  Only  these 
Se  m"  wear  the  buffalo  r;be.  The  two  pipe  bearers  lead  and 
the  re"  of  the  party  follow  in  groups,  the  leader  bringing  up  the 

-  O;  reaching  the  camp  ^  ^ r^ik"  ^^^^^^ 

rr  i;  ,i::rheS:\:::Jnrof  approach,  keepmg^ 

musll  bi  I  si;w  sliding  step,  a  rhythmic  movement  of  the  body,  the 


V 


315 


swaying  of  the  pipes  and  the  tremulo  of  the  gourds.  The  song 
sung  at  this  time  belongs  to  the  musical  ritual  and  is  never  omit- 
ted.   It  is  considered  to  be  old. 

Riiual.  ^on^  ^  Approach 


3 


" — V.  ^ — ^ — ^ — 

The  two  pipe  bearers  sing  the  song  slowljr.  At  its  close  thejr 
halt,  and  the  entire  party  come  to  a  standstill.  After  a  short 
pause,  the  pipe  bearers  begin  the  song  again,  moving  on  as  before, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  song  the  halt  and  pause  are  repeated.  The 
song  is  sung  four  times,  and  the  last  halt  is  made  at  the  door  of  the 
designated  lodge.  This  ceremonial  approach  occupies  nearly  half 
an  hour,  and  requires  good  management  in  order  to  get  over  the 
ground,  observe  the  pauses,  the  time  of  the  music  and  arrive  at 
the  lodge  when  the  fourth  halt  is  due. 

The  two  pipe  bearers  enter  the  lodge  (Fig.  1)  and  pass  round  by 
the  left,  b'ack  of  the  fire  which  is  burning  in  the  centre  of  the  floor. 
The  bearer  of  the  skin  takes  his  place  between  the  two  bearers  of 
the  pipes.  The  roll  is  taken  from  his  shoulders  and  opened.  Hold- 
ing the  neck  of  the  skin  in  his  left  hand,  and  the  middle  of  the  back 


316 


by  his  right,  he  la5^s  the  skin  clown,  the  head  to  the  west,  about 
three  feet  behind  the  fire.  The  crotched  stick  is  thrust  in  the 
ground  at  the  tail  of  the  skin  and  at  the  right  of  it  the  stick  with 
the  corn  is  set  in  the  floor.    One  of  the  pipe  bearers  begins  one  of 


FIO.  1. 


Arrangement  of  Lodge  of  the  Wa-wan  party. 


a  Tbeflre.  6.  Wild-cat-skin.  c.  Crotched  stick.  cZ.  Two  pipes  (the  pecnliarfeather 
oru^mentfLnot  indicated),  e.  Two  gourds.  /.  Whistle  n.ade  of  wmg-bone  of  an 
ea^le.  g.  Ear  of  corn  tied  on  the  painted  stick,  h.  Tobacco  pouch  ».  Positior.  of 
Wa  wan  leader.  j.  Wa-wan  party,  i-.  Drum  and  drummers.  Mhe  host  Young 
Graves  o  laos  '8  party,  n.  Kindred  of  host  and  head  men.  o.  Position  of  dancers  of 
L  fourth  ni^^^^^^  Sitting.  PP.  Direction  of  dancing  by  the  two  dancers  on  the 

fourth  night,  one  on  each  side  of  the  fire.  sg.  Poor  of  the  gens  and  tribe. 


317 


the  ritual  songs  of  laying  down  the  pipes^^  and  sings  alone  ;  the  first 
two  bars  are  accompanied  by  the  skin  bearer,  who  gives  with  the 
whistle  a  rapid  presto  note.  On  the  repeat  the  two  pipe  bearers 
begin  the  song  together  without  the  whistle  and  proceed  to  the  end. 
The  pipes  are  swayed,  and  the  tremolo  of  the  gourds  given  during 
the  singing.  The  song  is  repeated  four  times  ;  during  the  fourth 
time,  the  pipes  are  circled  over  the  wild-cat-skin  like  an  eagle 
circling  over  its  nest,  the  circles  are  made  lower  and  lower,  until 
at  the  close  of  the  music,  the  pipes  are  gently  laid  upon  the  skin, 
as  the  bird  would  alight  on  its  nest.  The  mouthpieces  of  the  pipes 
rest  upon  the  crotched  stick  and  the  bowls  on  the  shoulders  of  the 
skin,  the  gourds  and  the  whistle  are  placed  as  during  the  augury 
ceremony.  The  three  hi?i-xpe  feathers  are  removed  from  the  scalp 
locks  and  tied  to  the  pipes,  and  not  used  again  until  the  fourth 
night.  The  space  between  the  articles  thus  arranged  and  the  fire 
is  never  stepped  upon. 

The  ponies  are  unpacked,  the  bundles  of  provisions  and  gifts 
brought  into  the  lodge  and  stored  at  the  north  side,  the  entrance 
being  toward  the  east.  A  drum  is  borrowed  and  placed  at  the  left 
of  the  skin.  The  food  for  the  feast  is  prepared  and  everything 
made  ready  for  the  evening. 

About  sunset  the  host  enters  the  lodge  passing  by  the  left,  and 
places  the  buffalo-bladder  pouch,  he  had  received  from  the  run- 
ner, to  the  right  of  the  stick  with  the  ear  of  corn,  and  takes  his 
seat  on  the  south  side,  opposite  the  leader  who  sits  on  the  north 
side  of  the  lodge.  Shortly  after  the  kindred  of  the  host  and  the 
head  men  of  the  gens  arrive  and  sit  at  his  left ;  the  young  "  braves" 
follow  and  take  their  place  at  his  right ;  on  either  side  of  the 
entrance  of  the  lodge  are  huddled  the  poor  of  the  gens  or  tribe. 

The  wa-wan  party  may  if  they  choose  begin  to  sing  and  dance  of 
their  own  accord,  but  they  generally  wait  until  requested  to  do  so. 
The  food  which  is  prepared  for  the  feast  cannot  be  eaten  until  some 
one  of  the  host's  side  shall  say,  "Let  us  eat."  This  remark,  or  the 
request  for  a  song,  obliges  the  one  who  asks  to  give  a  pony  to  the 

13  It  is  the  custom  among  all  the  tribes  I  have  studied,  for  one  man  to  sing  the  first 
few  bars  of  a  song  alone,  and  then  pause,  after  which  the  song  is  begun  again  by  the 
band  of  singers.  In  this  way  the  leader  of  the  singers  makes  known  his  choice  of  a 
song.  There  are  frequenUy  several  repeats;  four  is  the  usual  numbev.  It  is  during 
the  first  solo  that  the  whistle  is  sounded. 


318 


wa-wan  party.  If  the  dancers  do  not  begin  of  themselves,  the 
proper  mode  of  inaugurating  the  evening  is  for  a  young  man,  a 
relative  of  the  host,  to  address  the  leader  of  the  wa-wan,  and  say : 
"  Father,  arise,  and  sing  for  us,  you  have  come  to  sing  and 
dance  for  us. " 

The  host  at  once  rises  and  advances  to  the  young  man  who  has 
thus  given  a  horse,  and  standing  before  him  raises  both  hands, 
palms  outward,  and  drops  them  slowly  ;  then  passes  his  right  hand 
over  his  left  arm  from  shoulder  to  wrist  and  repeats  the  same 
motion  with  the  left  hand  upon  the  right  arm.    He  then  moves 
along  in  front  of  liis  kindred  and  gens,  addressing  each  one  by  a 
term  of  relationship  and  raising  in  thanks  his  right  hand  palm  out- 
ward.   Meanwhile  the  leader  crosses  over  to  the  young  man,  who 
has  given  the  horse,  and  repeats  the  same  sign  of  thanks,  as  that 
first  given  by  the  host.    The  leader  then  raises  his  right  hand 
palm  outward,  turns  his  body  to  the  left,  then  to  the  right,  thus 
covering  with  his  thanks  the  host's  side  of  the  lodge.    As  soon  as 
the  young  warrior  addresses  the  leader,  an  old  man  from  among 
the  poor  of  the  tribe  rises  and  begins  a  song  of  thanks,  passing  out 
of  the  lodge  as  he  sings.    He  introduces  in  the  song  the  name  of 
the  young  man.    The  song  is  sung  twice,  after  which  the  old  man 
calls  out  twice  the  name  of  the  young  man  who  has  given  the  horse 
that  all  the  camp  may  know  of  the  act.    This  form  of  triple  simul- 
taneous thanks  is  observed  after  each  gift  of  a  horse  made  to  the 
wa-wa?i  part}^. 

When  the  leader  has  completed  his  thanks  he  tells  the  bearers 
of  the  pipes  and  skin  to  get  ready  to  dance.  The  bearers  dress 
as  before  described  except  the  omission  of  the  hi?i-xpe  feathers. 
After  the  pipes  and  gourds  are  taken  up,  the  stick  with  the  ear  of 
corn,  the  tobacco  pouch  and  the  crotched  stick  are  rolled  in  the  skin 
and  the  crotch  allowed  to  project  from  one  end  of  the  roll.  The 
skin  bearer  dances  between  the  pipe  bearers  and  holds  the  skin  roll 
with  both  hands  accenting  the  time  with  it.  The  three  men  dance 
abreast  moving  slowly  in  a  wide  circle  around  the  fire.  They  are 
followed  at  a  little  distance  by  about  six  of  the  wa-wa?i  party  who 
carry  the  drum  between  them  and  beat  it  in  accord  with  the  rhythm 
of  the  song  which  may  be  selected  by  the  dancers.  In  making  the 
circuit  of  the  fire,  one  song  is  repeated  four  times  with  a  short 
pause  between  each  repeat.    Four  songs  and  four  circuits  make  the 


319 


full  dance.  The  following  is  one  of  these  dance-  songs.  The  only 
word  is  at  the  close  of  the  cadence,  Han-ga ;  all  else  are  musical 


H^O  £    yo  o  ijO  O    ho  J 

\=±±^  

^             &        ^  -(  ;  -A  

ha.  Vhi  t 

.syllables.  During  the  fourth  song  the  movement  is  faster,  and 
but  three  pauses  are  made ;  while  singing  the  fourth  repeat  the 
bearer  of  the  skin  unrolls  it,  lays  it  down  as  before  described, 
places  the  pouch  and  the  sticks  in  their  positions  and  makes  ready 
for  the  singing  of  the  regular  ritual  song  of  laying  down  the 
pipes.  There  are  two  of  these  songs.  They  are  called  "I-he-the- 
wa-an."  The  first  has  no  words  and  is  sung  when  the  pipes  are 
placed  upon  the  skin  after  entering  the  lodge  and  whenever  the 


320 


pipes  are  laid  clown  before  a  horse  has  been  given  to  the  wa-wan 
party.  After  the  gift  of  a  horse  has  been,  made,  the  following 
second  ritual  song  is  used.  The  words  are  :  "This  is  a  joyful  time, 
Ha?i-ga."  All  the  motions  of  the  pipes  previously  described  are 
repeated. 

^vtrnxl^on^'  Hjayivz^  cLwyL     the  pipt 

1^1  .r.  r  r  r 


ft** 


■J 


m\  f  f      t  i;  t  V 


r  r  r  fj  t  f  I  f^^^ 


321 


At  any  time  during  the  festival  a  man  who  has  asked  for  a  song, 
thereby  presenting  a  horse,  may  ask  for  a  second  song  without 
incurring  the  necessity  of  another  gift,  but  etiquette  forbids  his 
asking  for  more  than  two  to  one  gift.  Tliis  rule  does  not  apply 
to  the  host.  A  man  who  has  given  a  horse  can  also  say;  "Let 
ns  eat,"  without  any  further  gift.  After  the  first  formal  request 
already  described,  the  customary  words  used  in  asking  for  a 
dance,  and  so  giving  a  horse,  are:  "  My  father,  your  sons  wish 
to  hear  you  sing."  , 

^  The  leader  is  called  "  Da-di-ha,"  my  father,  and  the  host  anti 
his  gens  are  sons  and  are  addressed  by  the  leader  as  "  Ni-thi-ha." 
A  horse  may  also  be  given  in  the  following  manner : 
One  of  the  host's  party  goes  towards  the  pipes,  takes  up  the 
tobacco  pouch  and  carries  it  back  to  his  place  and  fills  his  pipe 
from  it.  The  host  at  once  arises  and  makes  his  thanks  as  des- 
cribed, while  the  old  man  sings  his  song  of  thanks  and  calls  out 
the  donor's  name,  and  the  leader  expresses  his  gratitude  in  the 
usual  way.  After  the  formal  thanks  are  over  the  man  returns  the 
pouch  to  its  place. 

Generally  not  more  than  two  dances  are  performed  during  one 
feast.  Sometimes  a  feast  and  dance  take  place  in  the  afternoon  : 
in  that  case  there  are  no  ceremonies  in  the  night.  Four  feasts  are 
given  by  the  wa-wan  party.  The  feast  is  eaten  after  the  dances 
around  the  fire  are  concluded. 

The  ceremonies  of  a  night  are  sometimes  prolonged  because  of 
the  hesitation  of  men  on  the  host's  side  to  come  forward  with  gifts 
of  horses.  At  such  times  the  old  men  will  rally  the  young  men 
and  remind  them  of  their  obligation  to  ancient  customs.  The  fol- 
lowing speech  was  made  by  an  aged  Omaha,  named  Am-ba-he-be 
under  similar  circumstances  of  hesitancy,  when  the  Omahas  were 
receiving  a  wa-wsm  party  from  another  tribe. 

"Ho  !  In-cta  sun-da-jin  ga,  Hari-ga-ce-nu-jin-ga  e-da-be.  Wa- 
ckan-e-gan-i-ga.  In-ca-ge  thi-thi-ta  the-cnan  tha-te-xi  i-ye-de-gan 
a-tha-ki  pa-i  ha.  Eo-ste  ni-ni-ba  the-te-thi-ze  cna^i-i-ha  si-g'the 
u-gi-ha  i-ga  ha.  Tha-ni-ta-i-te-di  za-za-e  i-btha  ki-tha-i-ga  ha 
E-da-dan  jin-ga  a-cni-egi  ga-tha-i-ga  ha.  Tha-ta-i-ki  a-cni  cna-ba-zi 
ta-i-teha.  Ma7icu-cu  de  the-ke  we-a-ki-ci-btha»z  tai-te  ha.  In-ca-ge 
te  gan-za-i-gan  te-xi  ha.  Ce-nu-jin-ga  !  Wa  za-ni !  Ho  !  Gan  wi- 
gi-pa-xe  ta-ya-tha  da-dan  wi-gi-the  wa-za-ni  narixi-de  wi-gtha-zan-i 
ha. 

Report  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  21 


322 

Ho'  Incta-siinda-jin-ga.  Ha«-ga-ce-nu-jin-ga  (Inctasunda 
yo^gmen  ;  Han-ga,  youiig  men,  thus  incUKling  the  active  men  of 
both  sides  of  the  camp  circle),  together  exert  yonrselves.  lour 
ancestors  have  declared  this  only  to  be  hard,  and  you  meet  itnow 
Even  they  have  often  accepted  these  pipes,  follow  the  footsteps  of 
those  who  were  your  fathers.  Wliile  you  are  living  make  that  for 
yourselves  which  brings  honor  and  satisfaction.  What  little  you 
have,  give  of  that  away.  When  you  die  you  cannot  take  it  with 
you.  Soon  we  shall  be  mixed  np  with  tliis  dust.  Old  men  have 
tauaht  us  that  death  is  inevitable,  and  it  is  hard.  Young  men,  all ! 
HoT  Tliis  let  me  do  for  you  and  be  done,  as  1  make  the  ears  of 
you  who  belong  to  me  to  ring !" 

At  the  feasts  given  by  the  wa-wa«  party,  only  the  relatives  and 
friends  belonging  to  the  host  can  partake,  in  accordance  with  the 
custom  that  those  who  give  a  feast  must  not  eat  of  it.  I  he  host 
must  abstain  as  he  is  classed  with  the  leader  and  his  party.  A 
these  feasts  the  same  regulation  is  enforced  as  at  the  feasts  called 
"Ha»-ga  ki.ku,"  during  the  sacred  tribal  festival,  when  the  meat 
cannot  be  eaten  with  the  use  of  a  knife.  ,  „    ,  . 

Two  men  are  selected  by  the  leader  to  fill  the  pipes  of  the  host 
and  his  friends.  The  wa-wa»  party  cannot  smoke.  Every  morn- 
ing the  two  pipe  bearers  sing  the  following  ritual  song,  which  is 
the  signal  for  the  party  to  vise,  prepare  the  food  and  enter  upon 
the  duties  of  the  day. 

"  Am-ba  i-ya-tho  ku-the-gan  u-han-ga." 
"  The  day  is  coming  !  Hasten  and  prepare  the  food." 
When  the  lodge  is  not  in  ceremonial  use  the  pipes  are  tied  one 
on  each  side  of  the  centre  posl^^  by  a  buckskin  thong  passmg 
under  the  cone-shaped  ornament  of  owls'  feathers.  The  stems  are 
elevated  toward  the  east.  The  skin  roll  containing  the  other 
articles  is  fastened  a  few  inches  below  on  the  same  post.  The 
pipes  and  the  roll  point  east  and  west. 

While  the  wa-wa»  party  remain  in  the  host's  camp  they  do  all 
tl,eir  own  work  and  are  obliged  to  render  any  service  asked  of  them 
by  members  of  the  tribe.  This  affords  opportunity  to  the  small 
boy  to  play  tricks  and  tease.  He  will  put  his  head  in  at  the  lodge 
door  and  say  :  "  Father,  I  want  some  wood  !"  or,  "  Father,  I  want 

The  first  po.t  south  of  .line  dvawn  through  the  ceut.e  '"''/l^^f^^^j^^J^ 
west,  is  callei  the  eentre  „ost.  This  name  appl.es  to  the  one  '^J^^ 
posts  of  the  miKl-loage  and  not  in  the  outer  circle.  Tlje  same  name  g 
Bimilarly  situated  tent  pole  ot  the  tent. 


323 


some  water !"  and  the  man  addressed  is  obliged  to  go  and  get  the 
wood  or  water. 

When  the  fourth  night  arrives  the  leader  decides  whether  he  will 
complete  the  ceremony,  or  withdraw  taking  with  him  the  pipes, 
etc.,  the  bundles  of  gifts  he  had  brought  and  the  ponies  he  lias 
already  received.    His  decision  depends  upon  the  number  of  horses 
so  far  given  to  the  wa-waw  party.    If  the  host  says  that  his  young 
men  have  presented  all  the  ponies  they  can  afford  and  the  number 
is  insufficient  to  go  around  the  wa-wan  party,  the  leader  declines  to 
proceed  further.  If,  however,  the  number  received  and  those  prom- 
ised by  the  host  are  enough  to  divide,  the  leader  prepares  for  the  final 
dance.    The  lodge  is  arranged  as  before  described,  and  while  the 
feast  is  being  made  ready  the  host  and  his  friends  arrive.  When 
the  food  is  cooked  it  is  set  near  the  fire  on  the  opposite  side  from 
the  skin.    After  some  one  has  said  ;  "let  us  eat,"  and  so  given  a 
pony,  the  host  selects  four  men  to  serve  the  food.    While  the  host's 
party  are  eating  the  two  pipe-bearers  array  themselves,  and  volun- 
tarily dance  around  the  fire,  singing  one  of  the  wa-wan  songs. 
The  following  song  is  worthy  of  note  for  the  grace  and  charm'^of 
its  music  which  is  as  free  and  as  tender  as  the  breeze  among  the 
prairie  blooms.    The  only  words  are:  "The  ho-wa-ne  Harz-ga," 
and  the  usual  musical  syllables.    The  words  signify  "This  is  what 
I  seek,  Ha?i-ga." 

After  the  feast  one  of  the  elder  kinsmen  addresses  the  host  and 
says:  "Ke,  iri-da-di  ce-ma^  wa-thi?^  gthe  ta-te-ha.  Gan  ha-jan 
te  ha."  "Now  let  this  be  all  that  my  father  takes  home  with  him. 
Let  him  sway  the  pipes."  This  speech  is  equivalent  to  saying  the 
same  thing  to  the  leader.  If  this  mode  of  address  is  not  used, 
then  the  host  will  say  directly  to  the  leader  of  the  wa-wan  :  "Ke, 
da-di-ha,  ce-wan  wa-sni  tha-gthe  ta-te  ha.  Ke  ba-jan  ga  ha.'* 
"Now,  father,  this  is  all  you  shall  take  home.   Now  sway  the  pipes." 

After  this  speech  the  leader  chooses  two  young  men  who  take 
the  bundles  of  gifts  and  opening  them,  lay  the  articles  in  a  heap 
to  the  north  of  the  skin.  The  leader  advances  and  stands  having 
the  gifts  at  his  right  hand,  and  says  :  "Hou  I  Ni-thi-ha  the  e-wi-bthi7i 
a-ti-i  ha  !"  "  Behold  sons  !  this  is  what  I  have  brought  you  !"  To 
which  the  host  and  kindred  respond,  "Hou  !" 

The  host,  or  one  of  the*principal  men,  selects  two  young  men 
from  among  the  kindred,  and  directs  them  to  divide  the  gifts  among 


324 


those  wh-)  have  given  horses.  These  young  men  quietly  enumer- 
ate the  donors  of  horses,  count  the  goods  and  then  distribute 

X^aTtce  arouryl  "tJi&^ire, 


rtfTTTTT>A:^^::£=fc4 


i^a  y 


them.  The  most  valuable  gifts  are  presented  to  the  noted  men. 
Should  they,  however,  desire  the  credit  of  counting  their  gifts  of 


325 


ponies,  on  a  similar  occasion,  or,  toward  their  "Hundred,"i7  the 
presents  they  now  receive  from  the  wa-wa?z  party  must  be  by  them 
given  away  to  some  one,  not  a  relative,  or  to  a  poor  person. 
The  poor  therefore  often  receive  a  portion  of  the  gifts  brought  by 
the  visitors.  If  the  number  of  articles  should  fall  short  of  the  num- 
ber required  to  give  each  donator  of  a  horse,  a  gift,  the  host  tells 
the  young  men  to  divide  the  pipes  and  indicates^o  whom  they  are 
to  be  given.  The  wild  cat-skin  will,  in  that  instance,  go  with  one 
pipe  and  the  tobacco  pouch  and  corn  stick  with  the  other.  It  is 
proper  for  the  host  to  do  this,  as  at  the  close  of  the  ceremony  the 
pipes  and  other  ceremonial  articles  become  his  property. 

After  the  disposal  of  the  gifts,  the  leader  selects  two  athletic 
young  men  who  are  to  perform  the  dance  of  the  fourth  night  and 
the  next  day.  These  young  men  do  not  sing :  the  songs  are  ren- 
dered by  the  men  who  sit  a.bout  the  drum.  The  final  dance  may  be 
said  to  be  divided  into  two  parts.  The  first  is  performed  on  the 
fourth  night,  and  is  called  I-mari-tha,"  the  assurance  that  the 
dance  will  be  completed.  The  second  is  performed  on  the  mornino- 
after  the  fourth  night,  when  the  "Ha^i-ga"  or  child  is  present! 
This  is  the  true  final  dance  and  is  called  "  Ba-ja?i."  The  youno^ 
men  who  are  to  dance  take  oflT  their  moccasins  and-strip  themselves 
to  their  breech-cloth,  a  red  circle  is  painted  on  their  breasts  and 
on  their  backs.  The  hi^i-xpe  are  taken  from  the  pipes  and  fastened 
in  their  scalp-locks. 

The  leader  advances  to  the  pipes  and  taking  one  in  his  left  hand 
says  :  "When  a  pipe  like  this  was  brought  to  me,  I  gave  "  so  many,  ^ 
mentioning  the  number  of  "  horses  ;"  here,  he  waves  the  pipe  to  in- 
dicate a  new  count,  the  drum  is  struck  and  he  continues  :  "  when  a 
pipe  like  this  was  brought  to  me  I  gave  "  so  many  "horses  ;"  again 
the  wave  of  the  pipe  and  sound  of  the  drum.  When  a  pipe  like 
this  was  brought"  to  such  and  such  a  man  "I  gave"  so  many 
horses,  and  so  on.  After  thirty  or  more  horses  have  been  counted 
on  one  pipe,  it  is  handed  to  one  of  the  young  men  selected  to 
dance.  The  leader  then  takes  up  the  other  pipe  and  continues  his 
count  in  the  same  manner,  and  when  he  has  concluded  hands  the 
pipe  to  the  second  dancer.  Unless  the  leader  of  a  wa-waii  party 
be  a  man  of  distinction,  he  can  hardly  make  a  good  showing  at 

"  When  a  man  can  count  a  "hundred,"  he  has  given  away  a  hundred  ponies  or 
hen-  equivalent,  and  he  can  put  "the  blue  mark,"  "Kthe-xe,"  on  his  daughter,  and 
becomes  a  candidate  for  certain  tribal  honors.  ' 


326 


this  time.  If,  however,  the  leader  be  a  comparatively  young  man 
and  just  coming  forward,  he  is  often  obliged  to  call  on  some  of  his 
kindred  or  gens  to  count  on  one  of  the  pipes.  The  leader,  how- 
ever, must  be  able  to  outcount  any  member  of  his  party,  and  the 
party  must  be  able  to  count  over  fifty  horses. 

After  the  pipes  are  handed  to  the  two  dancers,  the  other  articles 
except  the  gourds  are  rolled  up  in  the  skin  and  laid  away,  and  one 
of  the  men'' seated  at  the  drum  gives  the  prolonged  signal  call, 
which  is  followed  by  the  victory  shout  from  the  rest  of  the  drum- 
mers.   The  two  dancers  begin  to  sway  the  pipes,  and  give  the 
tremolo  of  the  gourds,  and  the  ritual  song  of  the  final  dance  is 
started  as  before  described.    This  song  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
the  first  and  second  parts  are  each  sung  four  times,  and  belong  to 
the  old  wa-wan  ritual  and  are  never  omitted  or  varied.    The  third 
part  has  no  fixed  song,  but  selections  are  permissible.    All  the 
songs  composed  for  this  third  part  must,  however,  be  in  the  same 
time,  and  have  the  peculiar  call  of  the  dancers  and  response  by  the 
drummers.    During  the  first  and  second  parts,  the  dancers  remain 
sitting,  swaying  the  pipes  and  accenting  with  the  gourds  until  the 
time  changes  in  the  second  part  to  |  when  they  rise  to  take  a  few 
dancing  steps,  after  which  they  sit  again.    The  first  bar  of  the 
third  ^Sivt  is  sung  by  one  man,  on  the  repeat  by  all  the  drum- 
mers, at  which  the  dancers  rise  and  each  one  takes  his  place  and 
dances  on  opposite  sides  of  the  fire  in  a  line  like  one-half  of  an  el- 
lipse, advancing  and  returning  on  the  same  track.    The  movements 
are  rapid,  the  knees  are  lifted  as  high  as  possible,  the  body  bent 
forward,  the  arms  extended  and  moving  like  wings.    To  suggest 
the  eagle's  movements  seems  to  be  the  idea  of  the  dance.    It  is 
during^the  part  third  song  that  the  peculiar  interruptions  character- 
istic of  the  wa-wan  ceremony  take  place.    When  these  occur,  the 
part  third  song  is  broken  off  at  the  point  of  interruption,  and  the 
two  dancers  sit.    The  drummers  begin  again  at  the  part  first,  and 
on  through  part  second  to  part  third,  when  the  unchallenged  dan- 
cer rises  and  proceeds  with  the  dance,  while  the  challenged  dancer, 
remains  sitting.    If  the  challenged  pipe  has  been  returned  to  the 
dancer,  he  too  resumes  the  dance  on  his  side  of  the  fire.  This 
peculiar  musical  sequence  is  here  given,  the  old  ritual  songs  of 
part  first  and  second,  and  a  selection  belonging  to  part  third. 

The  interruptions  take  place  as  follows  :  one  of  the  host's  kin- 
dred or  gens  advances  toward  a  dancer  and  takes  the  pipe  from 


327 


art 


n 


> 

> 

I^V  4-  ' 

IN  Ml  J  J  J  Ijll  J  J  II 


328 


^^^^^^^ 


> 


him.    The  dancer  immediately  retires  to  his  seat.    The  challei.ger 
holding  the  pipe  says  to  the  leader  of  the  wa-wa»  party  :  'Father ! 
a  pipeke  this  was  brooght  to  me  and  I  gave,"  so  many  "  ho  ses 
accenting  with  the  pipe  he  continues.  "  when  a  p,pe  hke  h,s  was 
brought"  to  such  a  man,  indicating  him,  "I  gave"  so  many  "horses 
If  you  can  exceed  that  number,  take  up  your  pipe  agam !  He 
lays  the  pipe  down  on  the  ground  just  where  he  had  s topped  the 
dancing  and  returns  to  his  seat.    The  leader  ,f  poss.ble  makes 
answer  from  his  own  reco.d,  but  if  the  number  challenged  s  too 
larce  for  him,  he  calls  upon  some  of  his  party  to  count  up  the  de- 
fidlncy.    Should  the  wa.wa»  party  be  unable  to  exceed  the  chal- 
Lgerf  the  man  who  has  made  it  returns  the  pipe  to  the  dancer 
and  the  dance  is  resumed.    The  pipe  may  be  challenged  by  a  mar. 
reciting  a  de«d  of  valor  and  demanding  its  equal  from  the  wa- 


329 


waw  party.  Sometimes  both  pipes  are  challenged,  then  the  music 
ceases  until  the  pipes  are  redeemed.  Tests  are  played  upon  rela- 
tives by  demanding  of  them  a  record  of  their  gifts  of  horses  on 
similar  occasions.  If  the  relative,  who  is  generally  a  young  man, 
cannot  meet  the  challenge,  he  can  redeem  the  pipe  by  dancing  for 
a  time  in  the  place  of  one  of  the  regular  wa-wan  dancers.  This 
calling  out  of  young  relatives  is  accompanied  by  much  laughter 
and  many  jokes,  and  adds  greatly  to  the  sport.  Most  of  the  fourth 
night  is  consumed  in  these  ceremonies. 

The  next  morning  before  sunrise  and  without  breaking  their  fast, 
the  wa-waw  party  proceed  to  the  lodge  of  the  host  singing  the 
ritual  song  of  going  for  the  ha?2^ga.  The  third  hi7^-xpe  is  taken 
from  the  pipe  and  together  with  the  stick  having  the  ear  of  corn 
is  placed  with  the  clothing  which  has  been  brought  for  the  child. 
The  pipes  lead,  carried  by  the  two  dancers  of  the  preceding  night. 
At  the  door  of  the  host's  lodge  a  halt  is  made,  after  which  the  party 
enter  and  resume  the  song,  accompanied  as  before,  by  the  swaying 
pipes  and  the  tremolo  of  the  gourds,  while  one  of  the  younger  chil- 
dren is  handed  to  the  leader  to  be  dressed  by  him.  This  over,  the 
party  sing  the  following  ritual  song  for  the  painting  of  the  child, 
who  is  called  the  Ha^i-ga.is    The  words  signify  <'I  cause  this  to  ad- 

£itual  Sort^.  Painiinj  the.  ^kildl 


3 


»8  The  name  Haw-ga  given  to  the  child  is  the  name  of  the  gens  the  third  from  the 
eastern  opening  of  the  tribal  circle  on  the  south.  This  gens  has  charge  of  the  two 
sacred  tents,  containing  the  pole  and  white  buffalo  skin.  The  southern  half  of  the 
circle  of  gentes  is  called  the  "  Haw-ga-ce-nu."  '« Pa-han-ga-di,"  signifies,  "  in  the  be- 
beginning."  Pa-haw-ga,  maw-thin-ga,"  ' ' go  first."  '« Mi-han-ga,"  a  woman's  name  of 
the  Ha«-ga  gens,  "meaning  first  woman."  ''Haw-ga"  seems  to  indicate  the  ancient 
one  or  tune,  the  leader,  and  Jias  both  a  religious  as  well  as  a  tribal  and  tistorical  mean- 
ing. 


830 

here.  It  adheres  to  you  Han-ga."  The  leader  designates  the 
„.an  .vho  shall  do  the  paintiBg  and  also  the  way  xn  which 
it  shall  be  done.  The  face  of  the  child  is  first  pamted  red  then  a 
black  band,  about  half  an  inch  wide  is  drawn  across  the  forehead 
„ear  the  line  of  the  hair,  from  each  end,  a  similar  band  is  d  awn 
down  each  side  of  the  face  to  the  lower  jaw,  thus  forming  thiee 
sides  of  a  square.  White  down  is  put  on  top  of  the  head,  and 
if  the  child  is  a  boy  the  liin-xpe  is  tied  in  his  scalp  lock,  if  a  g.U, 
the  feather  is  fastened  to  a  lock  of  hair  growing  on  the  crown  of 
her  head.    The  following  ritual  song  is  sung  during  this  decorat- 


'Kliual^on^.  PuH,nj  on  ihe  Feaiher 

^^^^^^^^ 


-> 

r 


^^^^^^ 


i 


ino-  and  the  leader  calls  out  in  a  loud  voice,  his  deeds  of  valor. 
The  words  of  the  song  may  be  rendered :  -I  cause  it  to  stand 
on  you  Han-ga."  ^ 

This  and  all  the  songs  are  accented  by  the  pipes  and  gourds. 
The  leader  selects  a  man  to  carry  the  han-ga  on  his  back,  bound 
on  by  a  blanket  in  the  same  way  as  a  woman  usually  carries  her 
child  The  wa-wan  party,  led  by  the  man  with  the  han-ga,  the 
pipes  following  him,  return  to  their  lodge,  and  sing  as  they  go  the 

following  ritual  song :  ,     ^       «     •    ^i  ^ 

On  returning  to  the  lodge  the  leader  sits  back  of  the  fire  in  the 
place  previously  occupied  by  the  cat-skin  and  holds  the  child  m 
his  arms,  together  with  the  cat-skin  and  crotched  stick.    The  pipes 


331 


are  placed  just  in  front  of  him  ready  to  be  taken  up.  He  then 
calls  upon  some  member  of  the  party  to  take  up  the  pipes  and 
count  his  gifts  of  ponies,  which  is  done  in  the  manner  previously 
described.  The  man  who  thus  counts  continues  to  take  the  place 
of  the  leader  during  the  remainder  of  the  ceremonies,  while  the 
leader  holds  the  child.  If,  however,  there  is  no  member  of  the 
party  able  to  make  a  sufficient  count,  the  leader  passes  the  child 
over  to  the  most  distinguished  member  who  holds  the  child  as 


Taking 


r  J  ^  J:|  r  Lf  J  J  J  T. 


before  mentioned,  while  the  leader  counts  upon  the  pipes.  When 
this  ceremony  is  completed  the  man  with  the  han-ga  seats  him- 
self outside  the  entrance  to  the  left  as  you  approach,  holding  the 
child  between  his  knees. The  leader  takes  his  place  in  front  of 
the  entrance,  on  the  han-ga's  left  hand.  The  two  dancers  sit  at 
the  leader's  left,  and  the  drummers  a  little  back  of  the  dancers. 

The  men  who  have  given  horses  to  the  wa-waw  party  make  ready 
to  hand  them  over.  The  horses  are  generally  led  up  to  the  wa-wan 
leader  by  a  child,  the  son  or  daughter  of  the  giver.  As  the  bridle 
is  put  into  the  leader's  hands,  he  takes  the  ear  of  corn,  which  the 
han-ga  holds,  and  passes  the  corn  down  the  left  arm  of  the  child 
who  has  brought  the  horse,  and  then  strokes  in  a  similar  way  the 
child's  right  arm,  after  which  the  ear  on  its  stick  is  handed  back  to 
the  little  haw-ga  to  keep  until  the  next  horse  is  brought  up.  Mean- 

19  The  child  sometimes  fails  to  appreciate  the  honor  conferred  cand  will  kick  and 
scream  during  the  ceremony  of  dressing  and  painting,  and  while  being  carried.  The 
older  folk  often  tell  amusing  tales  of  their  struggles  when  they  were  little  han-gas, 
and  how  they  were  fed  with  the  best  that  the  wa-waw  party  could  give  to  make  them 
content.  Sometimes  a  little  fellow  will  succeed  in  making  off  to  his  playmates,  who 
would  deck  themselves  with  the  paint  and  feathers  of  the  han-ga,  and  indulge  in  pranks 
comwofl.  to  childhood,  unmindful  of  the  serious  ceremonies  of  their  elders. 


332 


while  the  two  dancers  begin  the  "ba-jan,  "or  final  dance,  which  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  night  and  subject  to  like  chal- 
lenges, and  having  the  same  musical  ritual.  The  members  of  the 
party  not  engaged  at  the  drums  are  bus}^  picketing  the  horses  as 
they  are  brought  in.  Only  the  children  who  lead  up  the  horses  are 
stroked  with  the  ear  of  corn  in  thanks.  Sometimes  a  man  in  full 
gala  dress,  well  painted  and  his  horse  also  decorated,  will  ride  up  in 
front  of  the  ha7i-ga  and  there  recount  his  valiant  deeds,  the  drum- 
mers responding.  He  then  rides  back  to  his  lodge  and  sends  a  gift 
of  a  horse  by  his  child.  The  day  is  far  spent  before  all  the  horses 
are  gathered  in.  The  ceremonial  articles  are  left  with  the  host,20 
and  the  wa-waw  party  hasten  to  leave  and  get  on  their  journey. 
They  go  into  camp  less  than  a  mile  off  and  there  cook  and  eat  their 
first  meal  after  a  fast  of  nearly  twentj^-four  hours. 

The  distinctive  mark  of  a  wa-wa?!  party  is  the  wild-cat-skin  roll 
containing  the  pipes  and  the  other  ceremonial  articles  and  the  mem- 
bers are  regarded  by  all  who  meet  them  as  peace-makers  because 
of  the  presence  of  the  pipes.  Should  a  war-party  come  in  sight 
the  pipes  would  insure  safety.  In  such  an  event  the  warriors  would 
make  a  wide  detour,  thus  permitting  the  wa-waii  group  to  pass 
unmolested,  even  though  belonging  to  the  tribe  about  to  be  at- 
tacked. A  war-party  can  be  recognized  from  other  travellers  by 
all  the  members  being  clad  in  white  robes  or  blankets  and  having 
their  faces  whitened  with  clay,  and  the  hair  concealed  under  a  white 
cloth  bound  about  the  head.  This  costume  makes  the  men  less  lia- 
ble to  be  noticed  as  they  thread  their  way  through  the  yellow  grass, 
for  after  July  and  during  the  winter  the  prairies  are  of  a  tawny 
color.  Should  a  wa-wa7i  party  be  attacked  by  a  war-party  it  would 
be  considered  a  grave  ofi'ence  because  of  the  dishonor  shown  the 
pipes. 21  The  homeward  journey  of  a  wa-wa?i  party  may  be  fraught 
with  danger  as  the  pipes  have  been  left  with  the  host  and  the  party 

20  A  man  who  accepts  the  tobacco  pouch  may  be  visited  by  the  same  wa-wan  leader 
four  times,  who  must  bring  each  time  a  new  set  of  ceremonial  articles.   The  host,  how- 

.  ever,  must  never  visit  in  a  similar  way  the  leader  or  his  gens,  as  they  are  fathers  and  the 
host'and  his  gens  are  sons,  but  the  sons  may  call  on  the  fathers  to  help  in  receiving  a 

wa-wan  party.  ,      ■  -n 

21  About  thirty  years  ago  an  Omaha  war -party  soon  after  leavmg  the  village  en- 
countered a  solitary  Ponca.  They  were  intent  on  winning  an  immediate  success  and 
hastily  shot  and  killed  the  man.  On  coming  near  the  body  they  discovered  to  their 
dismay  that  the  victim  Avas  the  Xi-ni-a-thin,  or  runner,  of  a  wa-wan  party  on  his  way 
with  the  tobacco  pouch  to  an  Omaha  chief.  The  war-party  returned  at  once  to  the 
village  and  proclaimed  their  deed.  A  few  leading  men  started  with  the  peace-pipes 
and  hastened  to  the  place  where  the  Poncas  were  awaiting  the  return  of  the  runner. 


333 


is  therefore  no  longer  insured  against  attack.  Much  vigilance  is 
necessary  to  secure  safety.  When  about  two  days'  journey  from  the 
village  the  horses  are  divided  among  the  party  by  the  leader,  who 
takes  the  first  choice  and  those  who  contributed  the  most  valuable 
gifts  follow  accordingly.  After  the  distribution  the  party  disband 
and  each  one  speeds  home  with  his  ponies.  If,  however,  the  leader 
chances  to  be  a  man  highly  regarded,  the  party  will  keep  together 
and  enter  the  village  in  triumph. 

When  the  Poncas  learned  what  had  happened,  they  were  very  angry  and  intent  upon 
war.  The  pipes  were  offered  to  each  man  of  the  party  and  by  each  man  refused.  Deter- 
mined on  peace,  the  Omahas  again  offered  tlie  pipes  which  were  again  refused,  and  it 
was  not  until  the  fourth  offering  of  the  pipes  that  the  Poncas  consented  to  condone  the 
offence  and  the  welcome  symbol  of  smoke  rose  over  the  offenders  and  the  offended. 
The  Poncas  were  induced  to  return  with  the  Omahas  as  guests.  They  were  cordially 
received  by  the  village  and  many  gifts  were  made  in  testimony  of  the  appreciation  on 
the  part  of  the  Omahas  of  the  wrong  which  had  been  done. 


SEVENTEENTH  REPORT. 


ABSTRACT  FROM  THE  RECORDS. 


Monday,  Eebruaey  18,  1884.  The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  was  held  at  noon  in  the  rooms  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Boston.  Present:  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Gray,  Wheatland, 
ScuDDER,  Phillips  and  the  Curator. 

The  President  read  a  letter  from  the  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  stat- 
ing that  a  temporary  indisposition  prevented  his  attending  the  meeting, 
which  he  particularly  regretted  as  he  was  "connected  with  no  other 
object  of  the  kind  that  is  so  satisfactory  in  its  system  and  its  administra- 
tion." 

After  the  reading  of  the  records  by  the  Secretary,  the  Treasurer  pre- 
sented his  report  which  was  accepted  and  ordered  to  be  printed  as  part  of 
the  Seventeenth  Report  of  the  Board.  The  Curator's  cash  account,  audi- 
ted by  the  Secretary  in  the  absence  of  the  Auditor,  was  accepted  and 
ordered  to  be  printed.  The  Curator  then  read  extracts  from  his  Annual 
Report,  which  was  accepted  and  ordered  to  be  printed  in  full,  as  part  of 
the  Seventeenth  Report  of  the  Board. 

It  was  then  voted  that  the  Treasurer  be  authorized  to  pay  the  accruing 
income  to  the  Curator  to  be  expended  for  the  several  purposes  as  here- 
tofore. 

It  was  also  voted  that  the  Trustees  visit  the  Museum  and  hold  a  busi- 
ness meeting  there  at  such  time  as  the  President  may  appoint. 

The  President  read  a  communication  addressed  to  the  President  and 
Pellows  of  Harvard  College  in  relation  to  certain  provisions  of  the  trust, 
which  was  referred  to  Messrs.  Gray  and  Lyman  as  a  committee  of  con- 
ference. 

The  copy  of  Mr.  Winthrop's  comn^unication  and  of  Mr.  Salisbury's 
letter  were,  by  vote,  added  to  the  records  of  the  Board,  and  the  meeting 
then  adjourned. 

Henry  Wheatland, 

Secretary, 

(334) 


REPORT  OE  THE  TREASURER. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  American  Archmology  and  Eth- 
nology ^  in  connection  with  Harvard  University. 

The  Tkeasurek  respectfully  presents  the  following  Annual  Report  :— 


Income  Account. 

1883. 

July  1.  Received  Pueblo  and  Arkansas  Valley  R.  R. 

45  coupons  $35  each  $1,575  00 

Aug.  1.  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Q.  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

62  coupons  $20  each   1,240  00 

"       Kansas  &  Missouri  R.  R. 

54  coupons  $25  each   1,350  00 

Oct.    1.       "      Coupons  United  States  Bonds      ....         2  00 
1884. 

Jan'y  1.       «*      Pueblo  &  Arkansas  Valley  R.  R. 

45  coupons  $35  each   1,575  00 

"       Coupons  United  States  Bonds,     ....  200 
Feb'y  1.       «<      Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

62  coupons  $20  each   1,240  00 

"      Kansas  &  Missouri  R.  R. 

54  coupons  $25  each   1,350  00 

 $8,334  00 

1883. 

July  1.  Paid  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Building  Fund        •      •      •      •      .  $1,555  00 
Aug.  1.     "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Museum  Fund  2,610  00 

1884. 

Jan'y  1.     "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Building  Fund       .      .      .      •      .    1,555  00 
"     4.     "    for  Fire  Insurance,  $3,000  for  5  years, 

Mercantile  Marine  of  Boston   37  50 

Feb'y  1.     "    F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Museum  Fund   2,576  50 

 $8,334  00 

Investment  Account — Museum  Fund, 

188.3.  Cr. 

Feb'y  17.  By  Balance  of  cash  uninvested   $263  75 

July  26.  To  Cost  $200,  United  States  4's  at  118|    .      .      ,      •        $237  50 

1884. 

Feb'y  18.  To  Balance  ,  26  25 


$263  75    $263  75 

1884. 

Feb'y  18.  By  Balance  of  cash  on  hand.   $26  25 


John  C.  Phillips, 

Treasurer, 

Boston,  Febkuaet  18, 1884. 

(335) 


336 


CASH  ACCOUXT  OF 

Ihr. 

F.  W.  Ptjtxam,  Curator,  in  Account  with  Peabody 

1883-84.  ^    „  ^  , 

To  Building  Fund. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account   $2000  07 

Received  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer  3110  00 

"       Cash,  discount  on  bill   104 

  $5111  11 


To  Museum  Fund. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account   476  41 

From  Building  Fund,  4th  payment  account  of  cases  1868-74  ...  600  00 

Rec'd  from  Smithsonian  Inst,  for  drawings  and  photographing  .   .  27  00 

Eeceived  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer   5186  50 

Publications  sold   39  68 

Eeceived  cash  for  express  paid   1  00 

Gift  from  a  friend   33  00 

Clerical  services  of  Assistant  on  salary  account   65  50 

  6429  09 


To  Subscriptions  for  Archceological  Research  in  America. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account    428  92 

Eeceived  from  Mrs.  Susan  C.  Warren  of  Boston   250  00 

Received  from  Mrs.  George  O.  Shattuck  of  Boston   5  00 

Received  from  Mrs.  Clara  B.  Kimball  of  Boston    100  00 

Rec'd  from  Wm.  B.  Weedon,  Esq.  of  Providence,  2nd  subscription  50  00 
Received  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer,  the  following  subscriptions  : 

Mrs.  G.  H.  Shaw  of  Boston    100  00 

Dr.  R.  M.  Hodges  of  Boston    100  00 

Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop  of  Boston    100  00 

S.  D.  Warren,  Esq.  of  Boston    5u0  00 

Geo.  Peabody  Russell,  Esq.,  Isle  of  Wight,  Eng   100  00 

To  Subscriptions  for  Research  among  Indian  Tribes. 
Balance  on  hand  from  last  account   550  00 


1733  92 


$13,824  12 


337 


Cp. 

1883-84. 


THE  CUEATOR. 

Museum  of  American  Archceology  and  Ethnology, 

By  Building  Fund, 

Paid  Museum  Fund,  4th  payment  account  of  cases  1868-74  .   .  ,  $600  00 

Cases,  stock  and  labor  -   *    .  ►       .  ^   .   ,    ,  ,  ,  1303  17 

Painting  and  repairing  old  cases    146  93 

Furniture,  stock  and  materials  used   96  88 

Repairs  on  building   ,   33  01 

Express    .   24  95 

E.  E.  Chick,  part  salary   500  00 

  $2704  94 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  ,  2406  17 


6111  11 


By  Museum  Fund. 

Collections  purchased  and  special  explorations  1147  74 

Stereotyping  and  printing   600  00 

Drawing  and  engraving  *  ,  99  56 

Various  publications   46  80 

Library;  books,  subscriptions  and  cards   16  33 

Photographing  and  materials    100  73 

Diagrams,  cloth,  etc.    .   93 

Mounting  Stone  Idols  ',  \  \  20  25 

Cutting  meteorite    16  00 

Stands  for  Crania    17  16 

Postage,  telegraph,  telephone,  express  \  ,  \  236  03 

Stationery,  twine,  etc  ,   ^  g  93 

Paper  trays  *.  '.  *..*,'.  19  75 

Water  tax  ;  25  00 

Fuel  and  gas   181  01 

Extra  labor  !!!!!!  9  26 

Incidentals                                                                    *  *  25  75 

Salaries   *.*.'.!*.*.*.*.  3800  00 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account   ^*Jo  86 


6429  09 


By  Subscription  for  Archceological  Research  in  America. 

Explorations  in  Central  America   652  80 

Explorations  in  Ohio  and  Tennessee  \  \       940  57 

Explorations  in  New  Jersey  \  \        75  Oo 

T>  ,  ,    166S  37 

Ualance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  65  55 

1733  92 


By  Subscription  for  Research  among  Indian  Tribes, 
Amount  to  new  account   550  00 

$13,824  12 

I  have  examined  this  account,  with  the  vouchers,  and  find  it  correct. 
Feb.  18,  1884.  Henry  Wheatland. 

Eeport  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  22 


REPOET  OF  THE  CURATOR. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  American  Ardiceology 
and  Ethnology : — 

Gentlemen:  — The  explorations  which  were  carried  on  in  1882 
by  means  of  the  liberal  subscriptions  of  several  friends  of  the 
Museum,  whose  names  are  given  on  page  158,  have  been  continued 
to  the  full  extent  of  the  means  at  our  disposal,  during  the  past 
year,  and  most  important  results  have  been  obtained  with  the  aid 
of  the  pecuniary  assistance  which  was  so  timely  given ;  but,  un- 
fortunately, it  has  not  been  sufficient  to  enable  us  to  complete  the 
work  in  the  Little  Miami  valley  ; —  a  work  which  has  developed  on 
our  hands  as  the  explorations  proceeded,  until  we  have  been  led  to 
subterranean  explorations  where  at  first  we  supposed  that  all  of 
importance  was  to  be  found  in  the  tumuli  above  the  level  of  the 
surrounding  land.  Now,  just  as  our  means  have  given  out,  we  have 
come  to  such  an  important  subject  for  investigation  that  to  stop 
the  work  will  be  a  discredit.  I  have  been  twice  to  the  Little  Mia- 
mi valley  since  your  last  annual  meeting  to  look  after  the  work  in 
person,  and  Dr.  Metz  has  been  on  the  ground  almost  daily  between 
my  visits,  so  that  the  work  has  been  conducted  in  a  thorough  and 
careful  manner  whenever  it  was  possible  for  the  men  to  dig  during 
summer  and  winter.  We  have  obtained  from  the  owner  of  the  land 
the  exclusive  right  to  carry  on  the  exploration  and  to  remove  such 
trees  as  may  be  necessary  for  thorough  work,  but  it  will  cost  at 
least  fifteen  hundred  dollars  to  complete  the  exploration  in  a 
proper  manner.  Long  trenches  will  have  to  be  dug  and  thousands 
of  cubic  feet  of  earth  will  have  to  be  turned  over. 

The  large  mound  in  the  group  of  altar  mounds  mentioned  in  the 
last  report  has  proved  to  be  of  a  far  more  complicated  structure 
than  was  made  evident  by  our  work  of  1882.  We  now  find  that 
the  mound  is  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall  two  feet  high,  which  is 
below  what  at  first  we  took  to  be  the  natural  level  upon  which  the 
mound  was  erected,  and  that  the  stones  covering  the  mound  start 

(339) 


340 


from  this  wall.  At  one  place  the  wall  was  higher  and  wider  and 
contained  a  cavity  in  which  were  the  burnt  remains  of  a  human 
skeleton,  a  large  sea-shell,  fragments  of  copper  earrings,  and  a 
singularly  carved  piece  of  a  deer's  antler,  possibly  representing 
a  rattlesnake.  Over  these  remains  stones  had  been  arranged  so 
as  to  form  a  dome-shaped  covering. 

Within  this  wall  is  a  bed  of  burnt  clay.  This  we  first  thought 
to  be  limited  to  the  vicinity  of  the  altars,  but  the  indications  now 
are  that  it  covers  the  area  enclosed  by  the  wall.  Under  this  burnt 
clay  we  have  discovered  a  singular  series  of  pits  about  three  feet 
in  diameter  and  four  to  nine  feet  deep.  These  pits  are  connected 
with  tunnels  or  tubes  eight  feet  long  and  a  foot  in  diameter,  having 
a  slight  dip  downward  from  the  pit  and  ending  in  a  small  vertical 
tube  which  extends  to  the  "  concrete"  or  gravel  layer  above  the 
burnt  clay.  The  walls  of  these  pits  show  the  eifect  of  great  heat 
and  at  the  bottoms  are  ashes  containing  fragments  of  burnt  bones. 
The  long  tunnels,  or  flues  as  we  are  inclined  to  call  them,  still  re- 
tain their  form  perfectly  and  on  the  floor  of  each  is  a  layer  of  fine 
ashes.  At  the  further  ends  of  these  flues  the  walls  are  covered  with 
a  thin  glossy  incrustation,  evidently  formed  by  the  condensation 
of  vapors.  In  two  instances  the  pits  had  dome-like  coverings  of 
clay,  and  in  one  of  these  covers  were  two  small  holes.  These 
covered  pits  were,  like  the  others,  partly  filled  with  burnt  material, 
above  which  was  an  empty  space.  One  of  the  pits  without  a  cover 
had  a  short  tube  extending  from  it  in  an  opposite  direction  to  the 
flue.  In  one  instance  two  of  the  pits  were  connected  with  a 
single  flue. 

Work  has  only  just  commenced  on  this  singular  series  of  pits, 
to  get  at  which  it  is  necessary  to  cut  a  deep  trench  and  remove  a 
large  portion  of  the  mound  above  them.  We  do  not  yet  know  how 
many  there  are,  but  eight  have  already  been  discovered.  Of  course 
the  first  impression  is  that  these  pits  are  the  cremation  places  of 
the  people  who  built  the  elaborate  tumulus  above  them,  but  much 
more  extended  field  work  must  be  done  and  careful  chemical  and 
anatomical  analyses  be  made  before  the  purpose  for  which  they 
were  used  can  be  stated.  We  can  only  say  now  that  interesting 
works  have  been  discovered  and  from  indications  in  other  parts  of 
the  mound,  as  well  as  in  the  vicinity  of  the  pits,  we  are  convinced 
that  we  are  only  beginning  to  understand  this  important  group 
of  tumuli  erected  over  several  kinds  of  ancient  burning-places. 


341 


That  there  was  once  a  wooden  structure  over  the  pits  seems  to 
be  indicated  by  many  holes  in  the  gravel  forming  the  natural 
surface,  which  are  now  nearly  filled  with  a  fine  black  earth  which  we 
think  was  in  part  formed  by  the  decay  of  upright  timbers  or  posts. 

Another  singular  discovery  was  made  while  removing  an  eastern 
segment  of  the  mound.  It  was  found  that,  at  some  time  after  the 
mound  had  been  completed,  a  large  hole,  about  ten  by  fifteen  feet 
in  diameter  and  seven  feet  deep,  had  been  dug  in  the  side  of  the 
mound,  cutting  through  all  the  upper  layers,  including  the  stone 
covering,  down  to  the  sand  layer.  At  the  bottom  of  this  hole 
were  two  human  skeletons,  lying  in  ashes,  which  also  extended 
around  portions  of  the  excavation,  and  arranged  about  them  were 
sixteen  human  skulls  without  other  bones.  This  singular  burial 
was  unquestionably  intrusive,  but  at  what  period  it  took  place 
we  have  as  yet  been  unable  to  ascertain. 

But  I  have  said  enough  to  call  your  attention  to  the  importance 
of  the  work  which  is  being  done  by  the  Museum  at  this  place,  and 
I  can  only  hope  that  your  endorsement  of  it  will  be  the  guarantee 
for  its  completion  in  a  manner  which  will  prove  creditable  to  the 
Museum  and  of  value  to  American  Archaeology.  It  has  already 
shown  that  any  conclusions  drawn  from  our  present  knowledge  of 
the  ancient  earthworks  in  the  Ohio  valley  must  be  taken  with 
proper  allowance  for  the  imperfect  record  of  facts  upon  which 
they  have  been  based. 

In  pursuance  of  our  plan  of  making  a  thorough  archaeological 
exploration  of  the  Little  Miami  valley,  Dr.  Metz  has  carefully 
examined  several  small  mounds  as  opportunity  offered  during 
the  year.  One  of  these  is  situated  about  a  mile  from  the  village 
of  Madisonville,  in  what  is  known  as  Stite's  grove.  In  this  grove 
are  many  beautiful  maple  trees,  the  largest  and  finest  I  have  ever 
seen.  Under  the  shadow  of  these  old  trees  is  a  small  mound  not 
over  four  feet  high,  surrounded  by  an  embankment  of  earth,  en- 
closing an  area  one  hundred  feet  in  diameter.  This  proved  to  be 
a  burial  mound  and  in  it  were  the  much  decayed  fragments  of 
several  skeletons.  A  short  tubular  pipe  made  of  stone  and  two 
perforated  stone  ornaments  or  gorgets  were  found  with. the  human 
bones.  Pieces  of  steatite  pots  and  two  stone  pestles  were  found 
in  the  earth  composing  the  mound,  which  had  been  previously 
disturbed.  The  details  of  these  explorations  with  the  descriptions 
and  drawings  of  all  the  mounds  and  their  contents  will  be  given 


342 


when  our  explorations  of  the  region  are  completed.  It  is  m}^ 
ol>ject  now  simply  to  call  attention  to  the  progress  of  the  work 
and  to  note  a  few  of  the  many  mounds  which  we  have  already  ex- 
amined in  the  valley. 

Four  mounds,  in  group  C  of  the  Archaeological  Map  of  Anderson 
Township  by  Dr.  Metz,  were  explored.  One  of  these  is  on  the 
farm  of  Mr.  William  Edwards,  who  is  one  of  many  gentlemen 
owning  farms  in  the  valley  who  have  given  to  the  Museum  the 
exclusive  right  of  exploration  upon  their  lands. 

Mound  21  of  group  C  was  about  four  feet  high  and  fifty  in 
diameter.    It  proved  to  be  made  entirely  of  the  sandy  loam  of 
the  immediate  vicinity.    The  remains  of  five  skeletons  were  dis- 
covered at  diiferent  points  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  mound. 
The  bones  were  nearly  all  reduced  to  dust  and  only  a  fragment 
here  and  there  could  be  saved.   There  was  not  a  single  relic  found 
with  the  skeletons,  and  a  few  flint  chips  and  a  broken  arrowhead 
were  the  only  artificial  objects  found  in  the  earth  composing  the 
mound.  The  condition  of  the  bones  showed  considerable  antiquity, 
but  their  advanced  decay  and  friability  were  probably  largely 
due  to  the  character  of  the  soil  in  which  they  were  enclosed.  The 
position  of  the  skeletons  rather  goes  to  show  that  the  several  bodies 
were  buried  at  diff'erent  times  and  that  the  mound  was  gradually 
constructed  as  the  burials  took  place.    For  the  present  we  are  in- 
clined to  consider  this  mound,  with  some  others  in  the  valley,  as  a 
place  of  sepulchre  by  tribes  of  a  more  recent  time  than  the  build- 
ers of  the  earthworks  of  the  Turner  group. 

Another  mound.  No.  22  of  the  same  group,  on  the  farm  of  Mr. 
Samuel  Edwards,  was  explored  by  Dr.  Metz  and  proved  to  be  of 
a  more  interesting  character  than  the  last.  This  mound  was  four- 
teen feet  high  and  about  one  hundred  in  diameter.  It  was  com- 
posed of  pure  clay  except  in  the  central  portion.  Five  feet  from 
the  top  there  was  found  a  hard  mass  of  burnt  earth  and  ashes, 
seven  feet  deep  and  a  little  over  nine  feet  in  width  and  length. 
Kesting  on  top  of  this,  about  in  the  centre  and  covered  in  part 
by  the  overlying  clay,  lay  a  large  stone  celt.  A  foot  below  this, 
in  the  burnt  material,  was  a  stone  implement  perforated  at  its  upper 
end.  Below  this  at  points,  several  feet  apart  in  the  burnt  mass, 
were  three  holes,  or  pockets,  each  of  which  contained  the  remains 
of  portions  of  human  skeletons  surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of  clay. 
Near  the  bones  in  the  lowest  pocket  were  three  spearheads,  or 


343 


chipped  points.  A  few  potsherds  and  several  flint  chips  were 
found  throughout  the  burnt  mass.  Under  it  was  a  circular  bed  of 
black  soil  and  ashes,  thirteen  inches  thick  in  the  centre  and  four- 
teen feet  in  diameter,  beneath  which  was  a  layer  of  fine  sand  and 
gravel,  three  inches  thick,  which  covered  another  circular  bed  of 
black  soil  and  ashes,  fourteen  inches  thick  in  the  centre  and  fifteen 
feet  in  diameter.^  Directly  under  the  centre  of  this  lowest  layer 
was  a  pit  four  feet  deep,  ten  feet  four  inches  long,  four  feet  wide 
at  the  ends  and  three  feet  five  inches  wide  at  the  centre.  This  pit 
probably  had  contained  a  wooden  structure,  as  its  sides  showed 
rough  striations  as  if  large  logs  had  once  rested  against  them.  The 
pit  had  been  dug  in  the  drift  gravel  upon  which  the  mound  was  built 
and  was  nearly  filled  with  soft  spongy  ashes  mixed  with  a  reddish 
substance.  Extended  at  full  length  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit  was  a 
human  skeleton  with  the  head  to  the  west.  Among  the  bones  of 
the  neck  a  single  shell  bead  was  found ;  at  the  feet  were  ten 
stones  or  small  bowlders  such  as  are  common  in  the  drift  gravel. 
It  is  evident  that  this  interesting  tumulus  was  erected  over  the 
grave  which  was  dug  in  the  underlying  gravel,  and  that  the  human 
bones  placed  in  the  burnt  mass  above  the  grave,  with  the  few  stone 
implements  found  in  or  on  the  mass,  had  some  connection  with  the 
funeral  ceremonies  which  took  place  in  connection  with  the  burial 
of  the  body  in  the  pit  below.  The  regularity  of  the  deposits  over 
the  pit,  which  was  under  the  centre  of  the  mound,  seems  to  be 
sufficient  proof  of  this. 

Another  mound  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Samuel  Edwards,  No.  23  of 
group  C  of  the  map  referred  to,  proved  to  be  almost  identical  in 
structure  with  the  mound  on  Mr.  Gould's  farm  near  Reading,  of 
which  a  brief  account  is  given  in  the  last  report  (see  p.  175). 
Neither  of  these  mounds  contained  human  remains ;  under  each 
were  four  small  pits,  and  both  mounds  were  distinctly  stratified. 
They  still  further  agree  in  being  surrounded  by  embankments.  In 
the  Gould  mound  there  were  five  strata,  in  the  Edwards  mound 
there  were  only  four.  The  pits  under  the  latter  contained  ashes.  A 
single  stone  celt  was  found  near  the  surface  of  the  Edwards  mound. 
The  mound  was  four  feet  high  and  sixty  feet  in  diameter.  The 
embankment  was  about  two  feet  high,  and  enclosed  an  area  two 
hundred  feet  in  diameter.  On  the  inside  of  the  embankment  was 
a  shallow  ditch.    Ploughing  and  cultivation  of  the  land  for  many 


344 


years  unquestionably  have  reduced  the  mound  and  embankment 
from  their  original  height  and  also  partially  filled  the  ditch. 

BetT^een  these  mounds  and  the  river,  about  one  hundred  yards 
from  the  bank,  on  an  elevated  portion  of  the  bottom  land,  was  a 
mound  differing  in  construction  from  any  of  the  others  explored 
in  this  vicinity.    Mr.  Samuel  Edwards,  a  venerable  gentleman  of 
ninet3^-tive  years,  who  is  still  hale  and  active  and  has  taken  a  great 
interest  in  our  explorations,  pointed  out  the  mound  to  Dr.  Metz  ; 
and  his  brother,  Mr.  William  Edwards,  stated  that  sixty  years 
ago  it  was  about  nine  feet  high  and  covered  by  a  heavy  forest  growth 
which  also  extended  over  the  region  about.     Over  fifty  years  ago 
the  land  was  cleared  and  the  mound  scraped  down  by  Mr.  Ed- 
wards, who  after  removing  about  four  feet  of  earth  from  its  summit 
came  to  a  large  quantity  of  stones  with  which  were  many  human 
bones.    Since  that  time  the  mound  has  been  ploughed  over  and 
stones  have  been  taken  from  it  until  it  has  been  so  nearly  levelled 
as  hardly  to  be  noticed.    Thus  only  the  base  of  the  mound  could 
be  explored,  but  that  has  proved  of  great  interest  in  connection 
with  the  other  works  of  the  valley.    On  removing  the  earth  around 
the  base  it  was  found  that  stones,  many  of  considerable  size,  had 
been  so  arranged  as  to  form  a  mound"  about  five  feet  high  in  the 
centre  and  ninety  feet  in  diameter,  over  which  earth  had  been 
placed  to  the  height  of  about  four  feet,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Edwards. 
In  height,  about  one-half  of  the  stone  portion  of  the  mound  was 
undisturbed.    On  removing  the  outer  covering  of  stones  it  was 
found  that  many  burials,  probably  at  least  one  hundred,  had  been 
made  in  the  mound.    The  remains  of  seventy-one  skeletons  were 
obtained.    These  skeletons  were  all  more  or  less  crushed  by  the 
stones  which  surrounded  them,  as,  in  addition  to  the  outer  stones 
of  the  mound,  each  body  had  been  surrounded  with  stones  at  the 
time  of  its  burial.    In  many  instances  large  slabs  of  limestone  had 
been  used  and  in  a  few  cases  they  were  set  on  edge  around  the 
body.    In  other  cases  small  stones  had  been  piled  around  and 
over  the  bodies  which  had  been  placed  in  various  positions,  some 
extended  and  others  flexed  in  various  ways.    With  many  of  the 
skeletons  were  stone  implements  and  ornaments,  among  which  were 
several  of  the  flat  stones  with  two  or  more  perforations,  generally 
known  as  gorgets.    There  were  also  man}^  bone  implements,  shell 
and  bone  ornaments,  and  cut  teeth  of  bears.    Several  small  cop- 


U5 


per  awls  in  bone  handles,  and  the  shells  of  box-turtles  were  also 
found  with  the  skeletons.    Many  fragments  of  pottery  and  broken 
bones  of  animals  were  scattered  through  the  mass  of  stones  and 
human  bones.    At  the  feet  of  the  skeleton  in  the  centre  of  the 
mound  there  was  an  upright  slab  of  limestone,  two  feet  long  by 
twenty  inches  wide,  and  with  this  skeleton  were  the  following  ob- 
jects.   Resting  on  the  chest  was  a  large  ornament  made  from  the 
apex  of  a  conch  shell,  with  a  hole  at  one  edge  for  suspension  ;  below 
this,  on  the  ribs,  was  a  spear-shaped  gorget  with  one  hole,  and  by 
its  side  were  several  shell  ornaments  also  perforated.    Lying  near 
the  right  femur  and  parallel  with  it,  was  a  carved  bone,  grooved 
on  the  under  side  and  having  two  holes ;  between  this  and  the  leg 
bone  were  four  small  pieces  of  carved  bone  about  an  inch  in  length. 
In  the  bones  of  the  right  hand  was  a  small  awl  made  of  native 
copper  and  inserted  in  a  little  round  handle  made  of  bone,  similar 
to  others  found  with  other  skeletons  in  the  mound.    At  the  south 
side  of  the  mound,  on  the  original  surface,  was  a  burnt  space  on 
which  was  a  large  quantity,  several  bushels,  of  broken  bones  of 
animals,  clam  shells  and  fragments  of  pottery  mixed  with  ashes. 
This  mass  seems  to  have  existed  before  the  mound  was  made,  or 
at  all  events  completed,  as  five  of  the  burials  had  taken  place  above 
it.    On  the  plain  about  the  mound  are  evidences  of  the  site  of  a 
former  village,  and  the  annual  ploughing  brings  to  light  many  animal 
remains,  fragments  of  pottery,  and  stone  implements  of  the  same 
character  as  those  from  the  mound.    From  this  fact  and  from  the 
character  of  the  burials  in  the  mound,  as  well  as  that  of  the  objects 
found  with  the  skeletons,  and  from  the  absence  of  the  character- 
istic ornaments  found  with  so  many  of  the  human  remains  in  the 
Turner  group  and  other  ancient  mounds  of  the  Ohio  valley,  we  are 
led  to  look  upon  this  stone  mound  as  the  burial  place  of  a  tribe 
of  Indians  living  in  the  region  subsequent  to  the  builders  of  the 
Turner  mounds.    The  remains  found  in  this  stone  mound,  as  a 
whole,  indicate  that  the  people  here  buried  were  closely  connected 
with  those  who  made  the  singular  ashpits  in  the  ancient  cemetery 
near  Madisonville.    Limited  explorations  of  a  burial  place  further 
down  the  valley  have  already  brought  to  light  many  implements 
and  ornaments  of  stone,  bone,  shell  and  copper,  as  well  as  pottery, 
similar  in  character  to  those  found  in  the  Madisonville  ashpits  and 
in  the  stone  mound.    In  connection  with  this  burial  place,  the 
explorfitipft  Qf  which  has  only  just  begun,  I  will  onl^  state  th^t 


346 


the  singular  grooved  implements  made  from  the 

the  deer,  so  common  in  the  MadisonviUe  ashpits,  have  been  found 

in  this  ne^Y  place  as  well  as  in  the  stone  mound. 

The  different  periods  to  which  the  various  mounds  and  burial 
places  belong  can  only  be  made  out  by  such  a  series  of  exp  ora- 
tions as  the  Museum  is  now  conducting  in  the  Little  Miami  vallej , 
and  when  they  are  completed  we  shall  be  better  able  to  answer  the 
ouestion,  "Who  were  the  mound  builders?"  than  we  are  now. 
That  more  than  one  of  the  several  American  stocks  or  nations  or 
groups  of  tribes,  built  mounds  seems  to  me  to  be  established.  What 
their  connections  were  is  not  yet  by  any  means  made  clear  and  to 
say  that  they  all  must  have  been  one  and  the  same  people  seems 
to  be  maldng  a  statement  directly  contrary  to  the  facts  whicli  are 
early  increlsing  as  the  spade  and  pick  in  careful  hands  bring 
hem  to  light.    That  many  Indian  tribes  built  mounds  and  earth- 
works is  beyond  doubt,  but  that  all  the  mounds  and  earthworks  of 
North  America  were  made  by  these  same  tribes,  or  their  immedi- 
ate ancestors,  is  not  thereby  proved.    MrX.K.,  in      --nt  p^^^^^ 
published  by  the  Kentucky  Geological  Survey,  has  taken  up  the 
Soitl  sile  of  the  question,  but  it  must  not  be  received  for  more 
than  he  intended.    He  only  shows  from  historical  data  what  the 
spade  and  pick  have  disclosed  to  the  archaeologist.    It  is  simply  one 
de  of  the  shield  ;  the  other  is  still  waiting  to  be  turned  to  the 
itht,  and  as  history  will  not  help  us  to  read  the  reverse,  only  pa- 
tient and  careful  exploration  will  bring  out  its  meaning. 

Ifter  the  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment  of  Science  at  Minneapolis,  in  August  last,  I  took  advantage 
Z  my  proximity  to  the  singular  earthworks  of  Wisconsin  to  vis^t 
iTi  al  groups  of  the  effigy  mounds  which  are  found  by  tbe  B.de  of 
nearly  every  river  and  lake  in  the  portion  of  the  s^ate  between 
Lak  Michigan  and  the  Mississippi.  This  excursion  was  made  in 
company  wUh  my  friend  Mr.  Johk  Cone  K.mbali.  who  also  acted 
asTotographer!  and  my  son  who  rendered  assistance  in  the  ex- 

'^ru^n'a  portion  of  the  time  the  Eev.  S.  D.  Pk.t  of  Clinton 
,  wa's  wL  us  and  we  are  much  indebted  to  him  for  his  guid- 
"ce  to  interesting  groups  with  which  he  was  familiar,  or  about 
which  he  had  received  information.  Descriptions  and  drawings 
:  e  mad  of  several  groups  not  before  noted,  and  the  latter  have 
IZ  reproduced  as  diagrams  for  use  in  the  Museum,  and  also  as 
lantern  slides. 


347 


As  our  excursion  was  one  of  general  observation,  only  four 
mounds  in  one  group  were  examined  to  ascertain  their  structure 
and  contents.  This  group  is  situated  in  the  city  park  of  La  Crosse, 
and  by  permission  of  the  authorities  and  the  kind  assistance  of 
Mr.  LosEY  and  Mr.  E.  B.  .  Usher  the  mounds  were  carefully  ex- 
plored, but  unfortunately  they  had  been  previously  disturbed. 
The  "effigy"  in  this  group  is  of  the  form  known  as  the  "turtle," 
but  it  as  well  represents  the  outstretched  skin  of  a  buffalo  or  deer. 
Associated  with  this  are  three  low  conical  mounds.  In  the  centre 
of  the  effigy  mound,  which  is  a  little  over  two  feet  in  height,  the 
remains  of  a  human  skeleton  were  found,  with  which  were  fragments 
of  a  pot  and  a  small  chipped  implement.  I  was  informed  that 
from  each  of  the  conical  mounds  human  bones  had  been  taken. 
Near  the  surface  of  one  we  found  the  remains  of  a  skeleton  which 
was  probably  an  intrusive  burial.  As  the  park  authorities  wished 
to  resod  and  preserve  the  mounds,  care  was  taken  not  to  disturb 
the  outlines  and  the  earth  removed  in  the  explorations  was  care- 
fully replaced.  This  is,  I  believe,  the  first  record  of  the  finding  of 
human  bones  in  an  effigy  mound,  but  very  few  examinations  of 
them  have  been  made  of  which  we  have  any  account. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society  held  soon 
after  my  return  from  this  trip,  I  gave  an  extended  account  of  the 
excursion,  of  which  an  abstract  is  already  printed  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Society.  It  is  therefore  only  necessary  to  refer  to  that 
publication,  and  to  state  here  that  among  the  other  groups  visited 
the  most  important  were  those  on  both  sides  of  the  Baraboo  river. 

At  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  and  within 
the  limits  of  the  town  of  Baraboo,  is  a  well  defined  effigy  mound 
in  low  relief,  in  the  form  of  a  man  extended  upon  the  back  with  the 
head  up  the  hill ;  unfortunately  the  lower  part  of  the  legs  and  the 
feet  have  been  destroyed  b}^  ploughing.  From  the  head  to  the  knees 
this  effigy  is  eighty-three  feet  in  length.  Extending  to  the  north 
up  the  hill  is  a  line  of  conical  mounds.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river  there  is  a  large  group  of  works  embracing  two  "  long" 
mounds,  three  "  bird"  mounds,  a  "  bear  "  mound  and  nearly  thirty 
conical  mounds,  besides  several  others  of  which  the  outlines  have 
been  destroyed. 

Near  the  Lower  Dells  of  the  Wisconsin  river  three  very  large 
"bird"  mounds  were  examined,  over  which  an  old  forest  is  still 
growing,    Qn  tl^e  lagh  ground  over  the  stone  quarry  at  Madisou 


348 


there  is  a  very  interesting  group  containing,  among  other  forms, 
well  defined  effigies  of  a  "bear"  sixty-three  feet  long,  a  "pan- 
ther" two  hundred  and  thirty  feet  long,  a  "  bird"  seventy  feet  long 
with  a  stretch  of  "wings"  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet.  Ar- 
rangements were  made  with  Prof.  E.  S.  Holden  of  the  Observ- 
atoiy  at  Madison  for  a  careful  survey  of  this  group,  which  has 
been  made  and,  thanks  to  his  assistance,  a  plan  is  now  in  the 
Museum. 

Under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Usher  a  visit  was  made  to  a  small 
cave  near  West  Salem  in  Wisconsin,  of  which  a  description  was 
given  in  the  American  Antiquarian  for  June,  1880,  p.  257.  This 
cave  is  situated  in  the  side  of  a  hill  and  is  a  natural  formation  in 
the  sandstone.    It  is  of  particular  interest  on  account  of  numer- 
ous fio-ures  of  men  and  animals  and  several  other  designs  which 
have  been  cut  upon  its  walls.    It  is  probable  that  this  work 
is  of  comparatively  recent  origin  although  the  floor  of  the  cave 
has  been  covered  to  the  depth  of  several  feet  by  the  sand  which 
had  washed  in  at  the  entrance.    Excavations  to  the  level  of  an 
old  water  bed  were  made,  but  nothing  was  found.    During  former 
excavations  by  the  Eev.  Edward  Brown  and  others,  a  bone  im- 
plement and  fragments  of  pottery  were  discovered,  and  Mr.  Usher 
gave  to  the  Museum  two  potsherds  obtained  at  that  time. 

For  many  vears  it  has  been  my  desire  to  examine  the  ancient 
works  of  the  Scioto  and  Paint  Creek  valleys,  many  of  which  have 
become  so  well  known  from  the  oft-repeated  descriptions  and 
fio-ures  given  by  Atwater  in  1820,  and  by  Squier  and  Davis  in  then- 
valuable  work  of  1848.  At  last  the  time  came,  and  in  company 
with  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  Mr.  C.  F.  Low,  Judge  Joseph  Cox  and  Mr. 
Kimball,  I  made  the  trip  in  September.  A  brief  account  of  this 
excursion  also  is  printed  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Antiquarian 
Societv,  and  therefore  only  a  summary  of  the  trip  is  here  given, 
simply  as  a  Museum  record,  as  many  photographs  were  taken  and 
numerous  specimens  obtained  at  the  different  places  visited. 

The  "  Serpent  mound,"  on  the  land  of  Mr.  John  J.  Lovett  m 
Adams  Co.,  is  situated  on  a  high  blufi"  on  the  east  fork  of  Brush 
Creek  and  is  a  singular  and  remarkable  work,  unlike  any  other  m 
the  country.  The  figure  given  by  Squier  and  Davis,  in  their  An- 
cient Monuments  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  is  in  general  accurate  ; 
but  we  found  a  few  mistakes  had  been  made  in  the  details,  the  most 
important  of  which  is  in  the  i>osition  of  the  projections  from  the 


349 


sides  of  the  "head,"  which  are  not  at  right  angles  as  represented 
in  the  figure,  but  are  more  nearly  parallel  with  the  main  embank- 
ment. Drawings,  photographs  and  measurements  were  taken  of 
this  work  ;  for  a  more  detailed  account  of  which  reference  is  made 
to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Antiquarian  Society  for  October,  1883. 

The  next  place  visited  was  the  fortified  hill  in  Highland  County, 
known  as  "  Fort  Hill,"  of  which  an  accurate  description  and  figure 
are  given  by  Squier  and  Davis.  This  is  in  several  respects  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  of  the  prehistoric  works  in  the  state  of  Ohio, 
and  has  not  yet  suffered  much  by  the  hand  of  man,  thanks  to  its 
being  diflScult  of  access.  Nature  has  held  almost  undisputed 
sway  over  the  works  since  they  were  deserted,  and  forest  trees  of 
great  age  are  growing  upon  the  walls  and  within  the  enclosure. 
The  walls  of  this  fort  are  formed  of  stones  taken  from  the  top  of 
the  hill  and  from  the  ditch  made  on  the  inside  of  the  walls.  These 
walls  are  from  eight  to  fifteen  feet  high  and  from  twenty  to  thirty 
or  more  feet  in  width,  and  they  enclose  an  area  of  nearly  fifty 
acres.  They  are  carried  around  the  very  brow  of  the  hill,  forming 
a  continuation  of  its  steep  sides.  Some  conception  of  the  antiq- 
uity of  the  place  may  be  derived  from  the  size  of  a  decayed  oak 
stump  still  standing  upon  the  summit  of  the  wall,  which  measures 
seven  by  nine  feet  in  its  two  diameters,  nearly  three  feet  from  the 
ground.  This  is  probably  the  same  stump  which  thirty-seven  years 
ago  Squier  and  Davis  reported  as  having  a  circumference  of 
twenty-three  feet. 

Several  of  the  earthworks  in  the  Paint  Creek  vallej^  described 
by  Atwater  in  1820  were  visited,  but  with  the  exception  of  some  of 
the  largest  mounds  they  have  been  nearly  levelled  by  ploughing  and 
the  cultivation  of  the  land.  Even  the  extensive  stone  fort  on  the 
hill  near  Bainbridge  was  reported  to  be  so  nearly  destroyed  that 
the  former  position  of  its  walls  could  only  be  determined  at  places. 

In  the  Scioto  valley,  in  the  vicinity  of  Chillicothe,  are  the  famous 
and  still  well  defined  works  of  High  Bank,  Hopeton  and  Cedar 
Bank.  Of  these  the  High  Bank  works  have  suflfered  most  by  the 
plough  of  the  farmer.  At  this  place  Mr.  Milton  Jones  received  us 
kindly  and  guided  us  over  the  works,  tracing  out  the  portions  that 
had  been  nearly  obliterated  within  his  time.  At  the  Hopeton 
works,  and  those  near  by  at  Cedar  Bank,  we  were  much  indebted 
to  J.  Smith,  Esq.,  for  his  kind  attentions  and  valuable  observa- 
tions upon  the  structure  of  the  ^^orks,  with  which  he  had  been 


350 

familiar  for  years.  Both  the  gentlemen  named  gave  to  the 
Museum  stone  implements  which  they  had  collected  within  these  in- 
teresting enclosures.  We  also  found  numerous  objects  of  interest. 
To  Dr.  MiEssE  and  Mr.  A.  Douglas,  jr.,  of  Chillicothe  we  are 
indebted  for  valuable  assistance  and  introductions  to  the  owners 
of  the  different  works.  For  some  details  relating  to  these  earth- 
works I  refer  to  the  abstract  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Antiquarian  Society  ;  where  will  be  found  a  few  reasons  for  dissent- 
iug  from  Mr.  Morgan's  pueblo  theory  in  relation  to  the  High  Bank 
works. 

Another  excursion  was  made  to  the  Milford  works,  on  the  east 
fork  of  the  Little  Miami  river.  The  square  and  great  circle  can 
still  be  traced,  but  their  embankments  are  nearly  levelled  by  long 
cultivation  of  the  ground,  and  the  parallel  walls  extending  to  the 
small  circle  on  the  hill,  with  the  circle  itself  and  the  singular  diverg- 
ing walls  running  from  it,  figured  by  Squier  and  Davis,  no  longer 
exist.  Several  mounds  within  this  work,  although  much  reduced 
by  ploughing,  have  been  explored  by  Dr.  Metz  for  the  Museum, 
but  few  important  results  were  obtained. 

The  opportunities  offered  by  these  excursions  for  comparing  the 
present  condition  of  these  wonderful  monuments  of  antiquity  with 
their  condition  when  first  described  have  shown  how  rapidly  they 
are  becoming  obliterated.  A  generation  of  men  has  not  yet  passed 
away  since  most  of  these  earthworks  were  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation ;  our  children's  children  will  look  for  them  in  vain 
unless  something  is  done  at  once  to  preserve  them.  Is  it  not 
possible  to  protect  these  ancient  works  before  it  is  too  late?  Every 
year  that  passes  without  action  is  one  more  yesLV  allowed  for 
ploughing  over  and  destroying  these  wonderful  works.  A  few 
thousand  dollars  expended  now  for  the  purchase  of  those  which 
are  best  preserved  will  save  monuments  that  future  generations 
will  surely  value  beyond  all  price.  Shall  Fort  Ancient,  Fort  Hill, 
Hopeton,  The  Serpent,  and  many  other  ancient  works  in  various 
parts  of  Ohio  be  obliterated?  Shall  such  vandalism,  such  shame, 
be  laid  to  Americans  of  this  centur}^  ?  If  the  state  will  not  take 
action,  cannot  the  cities,  or  counties,  or  local  societies  become  the 
preservers  of  ancient  monuments?  And  Cahokia,  the  largest  of 
all  the  tumuli  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  must  not  be  omitted  when 
this  work  of  preservation  shall  begin.  Will  the  great  state  of 
Illinois  permit  this  monument  of  another  race  to  be  levelled  to 


351 


furnish  ballast  for  a  railroad  ;  its  inevitable  fate  if  left  in  private 
hands  !  Wisconsin,  too,  should  do  her  part  by  preserving  the  most 
interesting  of  the  effigy  groups.  By  Americans,  who  have  so  little 
of  the  past  to  preserve,  these  works  of  another  race  should  be 
regarded  with  veneration  and  reverence.  Of  what  value  are  our 
recent  monuments  of  stone  and  bronze  compared  with  these? 
Would  it  not  be  well  to  form  an  association  for  the  preservation  of 
ancient  monuments? 

Besides  these  explorations  in  the  west,  we  are  indebted  to  the 
subscribers  of  1882-3  for  the  means  of  extending  our  researches 
in  the  southern  states  to  a  limited  extent.  Several  more  of  the 
stone  graves  in  the  ancient  cemetery  on  Dr.  Jarman's  farm  have 
been  opened  by  Mr.  George  Woods,  who  was  my  foreman  during 
my  work  there  the  preceding  year,  and  has  assisted  me  in  several 
expeditions.  The  examination  of  this  locality  therefore  has  been 
made  more  complete,  and  it  is  of  the  first  importance  to  make  a 
thorough  exploration  of  every  place  where  work  is  begun. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Emmert  was  also  employed  to  explore  a  burial  mound 
on  Joy  Creek  in  North  Carolina,  from  which  he  obtained  two  pipes 
carved  in  stone,  several  stone  implements  and  numerous  fragments 
of  pottery.  A  refuse  pile  on  the  bank  of  the  Walango  river  in 
Custer  Co.,  Tenn.,  was  also  examined  by  Mr.  Emmert  and  he  there 
obtained  numerous  stone  implements  and  fragments  of  pottery  of 
an  interesting  t^^pe.  Mr.  Emmert  also  explored  for  the  Museum 
two  small  burial  caves  in  the  cliffs  on  the  Holston  river,  Tennessee, 
which  proved  of  considerable  interest.  The  skeletons  were  so 
much  decayed  that  only  small  fragments  of  bones  were  found,  and 
the  condition  of  the  caves  and  the  accumulations  in  them,  shov^^ed 
that  the  burials  were  of  considerable  antiquity.  Among  the  ob- 
jects of  special  interest  found  were  a  large  pipe  made  of  steatite, 
a  large  obsidian  core  and  one  arrowpoint  of  obsidian,  a  beautiful 
polished  celt  made  of  a  green  stone,  numerous  chipped  points  of 
flint  and  several  other  stone  implements ;  also  a  perfect  bowl  of 
fine  reddish  clay,  pieces  of  cut  antlers  and  several  shell  beads. 

To  Dr.  C.  C.  AcBOTT  the  Museum  continues  to  be  indebted 
for  many  valuable  contributions  from  New  Jersey.  The  entries 
in  the  catalogue  of  specimens  obtained  by  him,  and  by  his  son 
Richard  M.  Abbott,  cover  more  than  two  hundred  numbers  and 
embrace  nearly  a  thousand  specimens  received  during  the  year. 
Among  them  is  an  interesting  collection  from  Somer's  Point,  a 


352 


locality  from  which  we  had  not  before  received  specimens.    It  is 

greatly  to  be  hoped  that  the  Museum  will  still  be  able  to  allow  Dr. 
Abbott  the  small  sum  he  will  require  for  expenses  incident  to  his 
collecting.  His  constant  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  Museum  have 
resulted  in  bringiug  together  a  ver}'  large  and  complete  collection 
from  a  limited  region,  in  arranging  which  for  exhibition  I  hope  to 
have  his  assistance  during  the  present  year. 

Supplementar}-  to  the  Abbott  collection  from  Xew  Jersey  is  the 
IIexry  R.  Bennett  collection  from  Delaware,  of  which  mention 
has  been  made  in  former  reports,  and  I  now  have  the  pleasure  of 
stating  that  Mr.  Bennett  has  added  more  than  three  hundred  stone 
implements  to  this  alread}'  large  collection  during  the  past  year.  It 
is  my  hope  to  have  this  also  on  exhibition  by  the  side  of  that  from 
Xew  Jersey  during  the  present  year,  as  well  as  all  our  other  speci- 
mens from  the  eastern  Atlantic  states. 

Mr.  Lewis  Cabot  has  continued  to  remember  the  Museum  dur- 
ing his  annual  trips  to  Xorth  Carolina  and  has  brought  to  us  a 
ver}'  interesting  lot  of  arrowpoints  and  other  implements  during 
the  past  year. 

Among  several  other  contributions  from  the  Atlantic  states  I 
must  call  special  attention  to  the  little  collection  of  rude  forms 
found  b}'  Mr.  Albert  I.  Phelps  in  Revere,  Mass..  on  a  ridge  back 
of  the  beach,  and  to  a  second  lot  from  Marshfield  from  Mr.  G.  B. 
Frazar,  all  of  which  seem  to  have  been  made  from  beach-pebbles. 
To  Mr.  Frazar  we  are  also  indebted  for  a  peculiarly  interesting 
series  of  over  two  hundred  chipped  points  and  as  many  flakes, 
found  by  him  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Monroe,  Florida,  during  the 
low  water  of  the  past  summer.  These  specimens  are  all  made 
from  various  forms  of  silicious  stones,  probably  found  in  some 
part  of  the  state.  Many  of  these  are  fossilized  corals,  agates  and 
other  chalcedonic  varieties,  of  diflferent  colors,  giving  to  the  col- 
lection a  beauty  and  variety  of  color  not  often  met  with  to  such 
a  degree  in  stone  implements. 

Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball  has  obtained  a  number  of  specimens 
from  Brookfield,  Mass..  and  other  towns  in  its  vicinity,  by  inter- 
esting the  farmei's  in  the  objects  and  work  of  the  Museum. 
Should  his  example  be  followed  by  other  gentlemen  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  many  interesting  specimens  could  be  added 
to  the  Museum,  which  in  most  cases  would  otherwise  be  lost. 

As  is  well  known  to  you,  my  honored  predecessor,  the  late  Dr. 


353 


Jeffries  Wyman  paid  particular  attention  to  the  shellheaps  of  the 
Atlantic  coast,  and  brought  together  a  series  of  objects,  illustra- 
tive of  the  primitive  habits  and  arts  of  the  Indian  tribes  from  Flor- 
ida to  Maine,  leaving  an  unrivalled  collection  of  material  at  the 
Museum.    It  will  therefore  give  you  pleasure  to  know  that  the 
constant  efforts  which  have  been  made  to  maintain  the  character  of 
this  collection  have  met  with  remarkable  success,  and  that  thous- 
ands of  objects  have  been  added  to  it  during  the  past  few  years 
from  shellheaps  not  before  represented.    During  the  past  year  the 
additions  have  been  of  particular  value,  thanks  to  Mr.  Albert  I. 
Phelps,  Mr.  A.  T.  Gamage,  and  Mr.  James  E.  Knowlton,  all  of 
Damariscotta,  Maine.    These  gentlemen  have  given  attention  to 
this  subject  for  several  years,  and  Messrs.  Gamage  and  Phelps 
especially  have  made  extended  trips  to  points  along  the  Dama- 
riscotta river  and  Muscongus  sound  where,  as  stated  in  the  last 
report,  I  also  made  an  extensive  exploration  in  their  company. 
Messrs.  Gamage  and  Phelps  have  presented  their  entire  collec- 
tions to  the  Museum,  and  .Mr.  Knowlton  has  given  a  portion  of 
his,  so  that  we  possess  from  this  region  a  series  of  objects  made 
of  bone,  stone  and  clay  which  is  unsurpassed,  and  of  great  import- 
ance in  drawing  a  picture  of  Indian  life  on  our  New  England 
coast  from  an  unknown  period  in  the  past  down  to  the  time  of  con- 
tact with  our  race.    The  evidence  of  this  contact,  during  the  time 
the  shellheaps  were  still  being  formed,  was  mentioned  in  the  last 
report,  and  the  labors  of  Mr.  Phelps  during  the  past  season  have 
confirmed  the  statements  there  made,  as  he  has,  in  several  in- 
stances, found  iron  implements  and  clay  pipes  of  European  make 
in  the  upper  layer  of  shells,  but  in  no  case  have  European  objects 
been  found  at  a  depth  of  a  foot  in  these  deposits. 

In  1879,  Miss  Franc  E.  Babbitt  of  Little  Falls,  Minnesota, 
made  the  important  discovery  of  stone  implements  and  chips  of 
quartz  at  the  depth  of  fifteen  feet  in  the  gravel  forming  the  modi- 
fied drift  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  river  at  Little  Falls, 
Morrison  Co.,  Minn.  Since  then  she  has  made  repeated  examina- 
tions of  the  gravel,  and  has  taken  out  many  specimens  of  chipped 
and  worked  quartz  from  the  same  stratum,  all  of  which  were  found 
in  a  very  limited  area.  A  series  of  the  specimens  was  exhibited  at 
the  Minneapolis  meeting  of  the  A.  A.  A.  S.,  in  connection  with  a 
paper  giving  a  full  account  of  her  work  and  containing  a  state- 
ment on  the  geological  conditions  by  Mr.  Warren  UPHAM,"an  assist- 
Report  of  Peabody  Museum  III.  23 


354 


ant  to  the  state  geologist.    In  this  account  Mr.  Upham  gives  his 
testimony  to  the  discovery  of  the  implements  by  Miss  Babbitt  in 
the  modified  drift,  and  we  therefore  owe  to  her  the  knowledge  of 
the  existence  of  man  at  that  early  period  in  the  Mississippi  valley, 
another  of  the  facts  which  are  slowly  but  surely  pointing  to  the 
great  antiquity  of  man  on  our  continent.    After  the  meeting, 
Miss  Babbitt  most  kindly  presented  the  whole  collection  on 
exhibition  to  the  Museum,  and  since  its  arrival  I  have  again  ex- 
amined the  specimens,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  a 
large  proportion  of  them  the  work  of  man.     Some  are  simple 
chips  or  flakes,  split  off  in  the  process  of  working  the  stones  into 
shape.    Others  are  pointed  pieces  of  quartz,  possibly  with  natural 
fractures,  but  which  have  received  a  few  finishing  blows  from 
the  hands  of  paleolithic  men.    A  few  others,  including  one  or 
two  not  of  quartz,  are  evidently  natural  forms,  but  in  the  collec- 
tion are  about  a  dozen  of  unquestionably  chipped  implements, 
which,  except  that  they  are  made  of  quartzi  instead  of  argillite, 
closely  resemble  the  palaeolithic  implements  found  by  Dr.  Abbott 
in  the  New  Jersey  gravels.     For  the  present  I  refer  for  further 
details  to  Miss  Babbitt's  paper  now  in  course  of  publication  by 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

In  a  more  distant  region,  we  are  also  obtaining  further  evidence 
of  the  antiquity  of  man  near  one  of  the  centres  of  his  highest 
development  on  this  continent.  For  six  years  Dr.  Earl  Flint 
has  been  an  enthusiastic  worker  in  Nicaragua  for  the  Museum, 
and  at  small  pecuniary  outlay  on  our  part  has  furnished  the 
Museum  with  what  is  probably  the  most  important  collection  ever 
made  in  that  country.  He  has,  in  a  very  thorough  manner  and 
at  great  personal  inconvenience  and  trial,  explored  several  caves, 
copyino-  with  care  the  many  inscriptions  on  their  walls,  and  dig- 
gin-  below  the  accumulations  on  their  floors  to  discover  the  facts 
which  prove  their  antiquity.  He  has  dug  into  immense  shell- 
heaps  on  the  coast  and  sent  us  large  series  of  the  objects 
secured,  among  them  many  species  of  shells,  some  of  whifch  he 
thinks  are  now  extinct  on  the  coast.  He  has  explored  burial 
mounds  of  large  size,  and  burial  places  of  difl'erent  kinds  and  ot 
various  periods,  many  belonging  to  remote  times  and  others  to  the 

1  Since  this  report  was  presented  Dr.  Abbott  ha8  sent  to  the  Museum  a  chipped  nn- 
plem^nrot  quaZof  identical  shape  and  character  of  chipping,  with  two  xn  the  Manne- 
BOta  collection,  which  he  found  in  place  in  the  Trenton  gravel. 


355 


period  since  contact  with  the  Spanish.    From  these  sources  we 
have  received  hundreds  of  objects  made  of  clay,  many  ornaments 
of  shell,  bone  and  stone  (the  latter  including  several  made  of 
jadite),  stone  implements  and  other  things  of  importance.  The  pot- 
tery is  of  particular  interest,  from  the  many  great  shoe-shaped 
burial  jars  to  the  highly  decorated  dishes  and  bowls,  and  the  num- 
erous carved  and  moulded  images  of  men  and  animals.    The  de- 
scription of  these  will  be  printed 'at  some  future  time  with  Dr. 
Flint's  account  of  their  discovery  contained  in  his  extensive  man- 
uscript journal  already  received.    To  him  also  we  are  indebted  for 
three  idols  from  Nicaragua.    These  idols  are  carved  from  large 
masses  of  basalt  and  represent  the  human  form.    The  two  larger 
are  each  about  five  feet  in  height  and  have  recently  been  mounted 
in  the  main  hall  of  the  Museum.    The  taking  of  idols  and  other 
antiquities  from  the  country  has  now  been  prohibited  by  law,  but, 
thanks  to  the  President  of  Nicaragua  a  special  permit  was  given  to 
Dr.  Flint  to  continue  his  work  for  the  Museum  for  the  present. 
During  the  exploration  of  a  stone-enclosed  burial  place  on  Dead- 
man's  island  in  Lake  Nicaragua,  a  spherical  burial  jar  was  found 
containing  decayed  human  bones.    With  these  bones  were  several 
long  glass  and  polychrome  beads  of  old  Venetian  patterns,  and 
two  gold  ornaments  identical  in  pattern  and  method  of  manu- 
facture with  those  found  in  the  graves  at  Chiriqui.    The  beads  of 
course  prove  that  the  burial  in  question  took  place  after  the 
Spanish  conquest  and  they  prove  also  the  use  at  the  time  of  gold 
ornaments  of  the  character  described.    The  scarcity  of  these  or- 
naments in  Nicaragua,  however,  seems  to  indicate  that  the  original 
source  of  these  two  specimens  was  Chiriqui.    In  another  burial 
place  or  stone-covered  mound,  apparently  of  great  antiquity.  Dr. 
Flint  has  found  several  iron  or  steel  implements. 

It  has  been  remarked  that  the  present  natives  of  Nicaragua 
continue  to  use  metates  or  grinding  stones  of  the  same  character 
as  those  found  in  the  burial  mounds,  and  this  might  be  taken  as  an 
instance  of  the  survival  of  ancient  forms  and  peculiar  art,  had 
not  Dr.  Flint  in  his  manuscript  called  attention  to  the  fact  that 
the  sources  of  supply  of  these  essential  domestic  utensils  are  the 
old  burial  mounds,  which  are  dug  into  regularly  to  procure  them, 
and  large  numbers  of  elaborately  carved  metates  are  thus  obtained ' 
Under  date  of  December  24,  1883,  Dr.  Flint  has  notified  me 
of  what  seems  to  be  another  fact  in  relation  to  the  antiquity  of 


356 


man.  It  is  no  less  than  the  finding  of  imprints  of  human  feet 
in  volcanic  rock  between  fourteen  and  fifteen  feet  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  surface  soil  The  foot-tracks  are  in  several  series, 
going  east  and  west  nearly  parallel  with  the  border  of  Lake 
Managua,  but  about  300  feet  from  the  present  shore.  Immediately 
above  the  footprints  is  a  bed  of  clay  and  volcanic  material  con- 
taining fossil  leaves,  and  over  this  are  four  distinct  beds  of  vol- 
canic material.  A  box  is  now  on  the  way  containing  four  of  these 
ancient  footprints,  two  of  which  were  cut  from  the  rock  by  Dr. 
Flint  who  has  sent  also  masses  of  the  layer  containing  the  fossil 
leaves.^ 

Leaving  the  topic  of  the  antiquity  of  man,  I  will  call  your 
attention  to  the  instructive  researclies  which  Miss  Alice  C. 
Fletcher  has  been  making  during  the  past  year  among  the 
Omahas,  Winnebagoes  and  Poncas,  notwithstanding  her  long  pros- 
tration by  a  painful  attack  of  inflammatory  rheumatism  which 
confined  her  to  her  couch  at  the  Winnebago  Agency  for  nearly  six 
months.  During  all  that  time  interest  in  her  work  never  flagged 
and  she  has  gathered  many  stories,  legends  and  accounts  of  cer- 
emonies and  customs  of  the  Indians  which  will  prove  of  great 
interest.  Of  this  the  papers  printed  in  these  reports  are  sufficient 
guarantee. 

As  Miss  Fletcher  had  visited  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Madison- 
ville,  Ohio,  and  personally  explored  some  of  the  singular  ashpits 
of  that  place,  she  at  once  was  reminded  of  them  on  learning 
of  some  of  the  past  customs  of  the  Omahas,  and  wrote  me  the 
following  letter,  which  certainly  throws  light  upon  the  possible 

1  Since  this  report  was  put  in  type  the  blocks  of  rock  containing  the  footprints  have 
been  received,  and  with  them  several  small  masses  of  the  clay  and  tufa  with  the  fossil 
leaves  and  grasses  Irora  the  bed  above  the  lava-rock  containing  the  footprints.  That 
the  imprints  were  made  by  the  feet  of  men,  while  the  material  of  which  the  rock  is 
formed  was  in  a  plastic  condition,  there  is  not  the  least  doubt.  The  imprints  are  from 
9  to  10  inches  long,  and  about  4  wide  across  the  ball  of  the  foot,  and  all  are  highly  arched. 
A  paper  cast  taken  of  one  of  the  imprints  shows  that  it  is  a  perfect  impression  of  a 
naked  foot,  with  heel,  ball  and  toes  perfectly  distinct.  The  four  imprints  received  are 
those  of  two,  and  possibly  of  three,  individuals.  Two  are  of  right  feet  and  two  cf  left. 
One  is  much  deeper  than  the  others  and  was  made  while  the  material  was  in  a  different 
state  of  plasticity,  as  the  impression  has  forced  the  substance  outward  so  as  to  form  a 
ridge  about  the  imprint.  Dr.  Flint  states  that  the  stride  was  only  from  11  to  18  inches, 
which  indicates  slow  walking  over  the  plastic  substance.  Of  course  only  a  careful 
geological  study  of  the  locality  will  furnish  data  as  to  the  age  of  these  remarkable  im- 
pressions, but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  were  made  long  before  historical  times. 
It  is  possible  that  the  fossil  leaves  will  give  a  clew  to  the  geological  age  of  the  deposit, 
and  it  is  my  hope  that  Prof.  Lesquereux  wUl  report  upon  them. 


357 


origin  of  the  Madisonville  pits,  although  there  are  a  few  points 
which  must  bo  considered  regarding  their  being  ancient  caches. 
First,  tlie  circles  indicating  the  sites  of  lodges  are  at  some  distance 
from  the  pits  ;  second,,  the  thousand  and  more  pits  underlie  an  ex- 
tensive burial  place  where  about  fifteen  hundred  skeletons  have 
been  discovered.  It  may  be  that  successive  tribes  have  inhabited 
the  place  and  that  the  last  occupants  used  the  site  of  a  former 
town  for  their  cemetery  while  their  own  town  was  farther  up  the 
hill.  This  supposition  would  agree  with  the  condition  of  things 
already  noticed  in  former  reports,  but  we  must  also  recall  the  fact 
that  the  makers  of  some  of  the  ashpits  disturbed  human  skeletons 
buried  deep  in  the  clay  which  indicates  that  there  were  three 
distinct  periods  of  occupation  of  this  particular  point  of  land. 
All  things  considered,  we  can  but  agree  that  Miss  Fletcher's 
account  of  the  caches  of  the  Omahas  suggests  the  most  plausible 
theory  which  has  been  proposed  to  account  for  the  Madison- 
ville ashpits. 

Winnebago  Agency,  January  15,  1884. 

Dear  Prof.  Putnam: 

The  following  has  come  to  my  knowledge  and  may  or  may  not  throw 
light  on  the  Madisonville  ashpits. 

The  Omahas  always  lived  in  permanent  villages  of  mud-lodges  and  the 
site  of  a  village  remains  the  same  for  a  long  time,  only  changed  by  some 
great  disaster.  Each  mud-lodge  was  occupied  by  one  or  more  families, 
sometimes  as  many  as  four  or  five.  The  lodges  were  often  quite  large 
and  could  hold  a  company  of  two  or  three  hundi-ed.  Each  family  had  out- 
side the  lodge  a  cache,  and  some  of  the  families  would  have  two.  These 
caches  would  be  used  sometimes  for  two  or  three  years,  but  after  a  time 
the  posts  would  become  worm-eaten  or  the  rain  get  in  and  if  the  cache 
was  not  repaired,  as  it  occasionally  was,  a  new  one  would  be  built  close 
beside  it  and  the  old  one  taken  for  other  uses  to  be  described.  In  the 
cache  was  kept  the  winter  supply  of  corn,  dried  meat  and  other  provisions, 
and  the  gala  dresses  and  ornaments  of  various  kinds.  These  were  kept  in 
par-flesh  packs;  also  the  sacred  articles,  such  as  medicine  bags,  or  sacred 
bowls,  etc.  When  a  village  was  attacked  it  was  always  considered  im- 
portant to  try  and  burn  the  caches.  Eire  was  put  in  the  cache  and  the 
articles  consumed  in  the  hole;  sometimes  they  were  only  charred.  A 
malicious  person  having  a  grudge  would  sometimes  take  revenge  by  burn- 
ing a  cache. 

The  old  caches  were  used  for  ashpits.  The  accumulations  of  ashes  in 
the  centre  fireplace  (a  circular  depression  in  the  centre  of  the  lodge) 
would  be  cleared,  and  the  ashes  thrown  in  the  pit.  So  also  the  bones  and 
refuse  of  eating,  and  of  feasts,  and  the  broken  implements  and  weapons, 


858 


worn-out  moccasins,  and  other  articles.  When  the  pit  was  filled  up  it  was 
closed  over  and  another  one  taken.  The  sites  of  the  old  villages  are  hon- 
eycombed with  these  caches,  the  Indians  say,  and  I  am  invited  to  examine 
them  if  I  like,  the  Indians  laughing  heartily  at  my  queer  curiosity. 

This  account  applies  in  several  particulars  to  the  Madisonville  site.  In- 
dians of  the  village  class  love  to  haunt  old  sites,  and  will  return  over  and 
over  again  to  the  old  home  after  being  driven  away. 

Sincerely  yours, 

'  A.  C.  Fletcher.  • 

To  Mr.  J.  Sutton  Wall  we  continue  to  be  indebted  for  photo- 
graphs of  the  picture-rocks  found  in  Pennsylvania  and  West  Vir- 
ginia. The  last  one  received  was  accompanied  by  the  following 
description : 

Monongahela  City,  Pa.,  Sept.  11,  1883. 
Prof.  E.  W.  Putnam,  Peabody  Museum : 
My  dear  Sir ; 

I  send  you  by  this  day's  mail  one  copy  of  photograph  from 
tracing  of  the  "  Hamilton  Picture  Rock,"  which  is  located  on  the  Hamil- 
ton farm,  close  by  the  north  side  of  the  Evansville  pike,  six  miles  south- 
east from  Morgantown,  West  Virginia.  The  rock  is  a  sandstone,  and 
rests  about  seventy-five  yards  beyond  the  crest  of  the  hiU  east  of  the 
Hamilton  residence.  The  north  edge  of  the  pike  passes  over  the  south 
edge  of  the  rock.  There  are  quite  a  number  of  similarly  exposed  rocks 
distributed  over  the  same  ridge,  which  to  aU  appearances  are  just  as  well 
adapted  to  carving  purposes,  as  this  one,  but  on  only  one  of  them  (situ- 
ated about  fifty  feet  from  the  one  I  copied)  did  I  find  a  figure,  and  that 
figure  was  the  outline  of  a  standing  tree,  showing  the  base,  trunk  and 
limbs,  as  herewith  figured. 

The  outlines  of  the  animals  represented  on  the  carved     \^  ^ 
rock  are  formed  by  incised  lines,  from  a  half-inch  to  an  ^ 
inch  in  width,  and  from  a  quarter  to  three-quarters  of  an  ^ 
inch  in  depth.     They  are  quite  uniform  and  smooth  x 
in  finish,  and  have  the  appearance  of  great  age.  \ 

Mr.  Thomas  McBee,  who  lives  in  the  neighborhood, 
informs  me  that  they  were  much  more  distinct  forty 
years  ago  than  they  now  are,  owing,  as  he  says,  to  the  ^.^^^^  feet  high, 
fact  that  a  few  years  since,  the  woodsmen  in  clearing 
out  the  adjacent  land,  piled  up  and  burned  the  brush  and  refuse  portion 
of  the  timber  on  the  surface  of  this  rock,  which  has  caused  the  surface  to 
scale  ofl"  considerably,  and  thereby  lessen  the  depth  and  distinctness  of 
the  carvings;  and,  indeed,  the  surface  of  the  rock  does  present  something 
of  that  appearance. 

You  will  notice  that  I  have  numbered  some  of  the  figures  on  the  pho- 
tograph.   I  did  this  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  in  the  following  description 


Limbs. 


Trunk. 
Base. 


359 


which  is  the  result  of  my  conclusions  as  arrived  at  in  examining  the  fig- 
ures as  they  appear  on  the  rock. 

Figure  1  represents  the  outline  of  a  turkey;  2,  a  panther;  3,  a  rattle- 
snake ;  4,  human  form ;  5,  a  spiral  or  volute  similar  to  that  mentioned  by 
Professor  Eau,  on  page  11,  of  Vol.  V  of  the  Contributions  to  American 
Ethnology.  Figure  6  represents  the  impression  of  a  horse's  foot;  7,  that 
of  a  human  foot;  8,  the  outline  of  top  portion  of  a  tree;  9,  the  impres- 
sion of  a  human  hand ;  10,  that  of  a  bear's  fore  foot,  but  lacks  the  proper 
number  of  toe  marks. 

Figure  11- represents  two  turkey  tracks  going  in  opposite  directions. 

Figure  12  has  some  appearance  of  a  hare  or  rabbit? 

Figure  13  represents  the  impression  of  a  bear's  hind  foot,  but  lacks  the 
proper  number  of  toe  marks;  U  represents  the  outline  of.  an  infant  human 
form,  with  two  arrows  in  the  right  hand? 

Figures  15  and  16  represent  two  of  the  cup-shaped  depressions,  similar 
to  those  mentioned  by  Professor  Rau. 

Figure  17  represents  the  outline  of  .hind  part  of  an  animal. 

Figure  18  might  be  intended  to  represent  a  horse's  footprint,  were  it 
not  for  the  line  bisecting  the  outer  curve.  Figures  19, 19,  represent  buffalo 
and  deer  tracks. 

Now  it  occurs  to  my  mind  that  the  footprint  of  the  horse  on  this  rock, 
as  I  have  found  it,  is  a  matter  of  some  importance,  at  least  in  a  chrono- 
logical point  of  view,  if  the  matter  can  be  definitely  determined. 

The  person  who  made  that  figure  could  certainly  not  have  made  so  close 
an  imitation  without  first  having  seen  a  horse's  track,  which  circum- 
stance would  bring  the  age  of  the  carvings  within  the  last  four  hundred 
years,  or  else  fix  it  at  a  time  corresponding  with  the  mastodon,  American 
elephant  and  ox. 

.  Very  respectfully  yours, 

J.  Sutton  Wall. 

For  the  numerous  gifts  of  specimens  received  during  the  year  I 
must  refer  to  the  list  of  additions  to  the  Museum  for  1883,  printed 
on  the  following  pages  and  covering  several  thousand  objects  under 
the  2988  entries  in  the  catalogue.  For  gifts  to  the  library  I  also 
refer  to  the  list  of  additions,  where  are  recorded  the  names  of  117 
contributors;  the  additions  for  the  year  being  216  volumes  and 
267  pamphlets. 

I  will,  however,  make  special  mention  of  the  interesting  collec- 
tion of  weapons,  feather  garments,  gourd  dishes,  and  other  native 
work  of  the  Amazon  Indians  ;  and  of  the  grass-cloth  garments, 
basket  work,  carvings  on  wood  and  ivory,  trumpets  made  of  ele- 
phants' tusks,  and  numerous  other  objects  of  native  workmanship 
from  Southern  Africa,  which  were  collected  by  the  late  Capt. 
John  B.  Sparhawk  and  presented  by  Mrs.  Spakhawk. 


360 


The  fine  series  of  fragments  of  pottery  from  several  shellheaps 
m  Japan,  presented  by  the  Universiti  of  Tokio  through  Prof.  E. 
S  Morse,  is  such  a  valuable  addition  to  our  previous  collection 
.llustrating  the  shellheaps  of  that  country  as  to  be  worthy  of 

special  mention.  . 

From  Mr.  Alexander  Agassiz  we  have  received  an  interesting 
series  of  articles  made  by  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan. 

To  Mr.  Stephen  Salisbury,  jr.,  we  are  indebted  for  two  deli- 
cately chipped  specimens  of  arrowpoints  which  were  found  by  Dr^ 
Le  Plonc^eon  in  a  stone  vase  near  the  famous  buried  statue  of 
Chaac-mol.  These  points  are  unlike  any  in  the  Museum.  One  is 
made  of  a  white  chalcedony  and  the  other  of  a  green  variety  re- 
semblin<r  jadite.  They  are  beautiful  specimens  of  the  art  of  stone- 
chippin°  by  the  builders  of  the  ancient  edifices  of  Chichen  Itza. 

Capt.°NATHAN  Appleton  has  given  to  the  Museum  a  large  silver 
ornament  which  was  given  to  him  by  a  friend  who  obtained  it  in 
Peru  It  is  made  of  hammered  silver  and  is  in  the  form  of  a  large 
disk-pin,  resembling  those  of  bronze  which  were  obtained  in  the 
same  country  and  presented  several  years  since  by  Mr.  Agassiz 
Capt.  Appleton  also  has  given  us  one  of  the  little  gold  bells  and 
several  stone  implements  obtained  from  the  graves  in  Chiriqui. 

Durin<^  his  visit  to  Panama-  he  obtained  from  Mr.  J.  A. 
McNieu'the  well  known  collector,  nearly  four  hundred  specimens 
of  pottery  from  the  Chiriqui  graves  for  exhibition  in  the  Panama 
department  of  the  Foreign  Fair  lately  held  1n  Boston.  Appre- 
ciating the  importance  ot  placing  the  collection  in  some  pubbc 
institution  where  it  would  be  made  useful  in  the  study  of  ear  y 
American  art,  Thomas  G.  Appleton,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  united  w.  h 
Capt.  Appleton,  in  presenting  the  entire  lot  to  the  Peabody 
Museum  where  it  now  is  arranged  in  the  room  which  will  be 
opened  to  the  public  in  the  spring. 

A  study  of  this  pottery  shows  that  it  can  be  grouped  as  fol- 

'T'jlrs,  or  water  bottles,  with  conical  or  rounded  bases  and 
constricted  necks.  These,  with  few  exceptions,  ai^  colored  and 
nearly  all  were  smoothed,  or  stone-polished,  before  the  first  bak.ng. 
The  colors  were  put  on  afterwards  and  have  been  made  nearly 
permanent  by  a  second  slight  baking  or  heating  The  decoration 
I  generally  of  two  colors.  On  a  small  number,  however,  red,  yel 
low  and  black  are  combined  in  the  ornamentation,  and  on  a  lew 


361 


one  color  only  has  been  used  as  a  thin  clay-wash.  The  patterns 
are  generally  in  zones  or  bands  ;  the  most  simple  consisting  of  a 
yellow,  red  or  black  band  around  the  upper  half  of  the  jar,  or  of 
two  bands  dividing  the  jar  into  three  portions  vertically,  the  cen- 
tral portion  including  the  mouth  of  the  jar.  A  higher  type  of 
ornament  is  a  broad  band  of  yellow  or  red,  on  a  contrasting  ground- 
color, extending  around  the  upper  portion  of  the  jar,  on  which 
are  various  designs  of  another  color,  as  red  or  black  on  a  j^ellow 
band,  yellow  or  black  on  a  red  band  ;  or  the  band  may  be  defined 
by  black  lines  between  which  are  figures  in  black  on  a  red  ground. 
The  designs  in  most  eases  are  made  up  of  horizontal,  vertical,  and 
oblique  lines,  sometimes  enclosing  dots ;  occasionally  of  zigzags, 
by  the  extension  of  one  line  beyond  the  two  adjacent  in  a  group. 
On  a  few  specimens  there  are  combinations  of  curved  lines  forming 
scrolls  or  waved  figures  ;  in  two  or  three  instances  covering  the 
whole  of  the  jar  below  the  neck.  In  another  group  the  ornamen- 
tation consists  of  arched  lines,  with  their  bases  on  the  band 
encircling  the  central  portion  of  the  jar,  and  so  arranged  as  to 
form  a  symmetrical  ornament  on  the  sides,  or  to  divide  the  upper 
zone  into  three  portions.  A  still  higher  type  consists  of  three  slight 
bosses  made  just  above  the  centre  of  the  jar  and  each  boss  or- 
namented by  central  and  surrounding  dots  and  lines.  On  one 
jar  bosses  in  the  form  of  two  coiled  serpents  are  moulded  on 
opposite  sides. 

2.  The  next  group  consists  of  small  cooking  vessels,  or  pots, 
with  two  handles  generally  connected  with  the  lip.  These  are  of 
the  usual  form  common  in  all  stages  of  the  ceramic  art.  The 
majority  of  these  pots  are  simply  colored  red,  but  on  a  few 
there  are  bands  of  another  color  on  the  red  ground.  The  han- 
dles general  1}^  are  plain  or  simply  ornamented  by  notches  on  the 
upper  portion.  There  are,  however,  several  in  the  lot  with  handles 
which  are  more  elaborate,  and  on  some  they  are  not  attached 
to  the  lip  of  the  vessel,  thereby  giving  a  more  pleasing  sense  of 
proportion.  In  these  handles  the  surface  has  been  broken  by  deep 
and  symmetrical  notches  or  lines  cut  in  the  clay,  or  a  combination 
of  plastic  and  incised  work  has  resulted  in  rude  representations  of 
the  human  form.  The  limbs  of  these  figures  are  entirely  out  of  pro- 
portion, and  there  is  little  in  the  work  showing  a  true  perception 
of  realistic  art ;  it  is  rather  rudely  grotesque. 

3,  Of  Si  form  between  the  jars  and  the  cooking  pots  are  nunjer- 


362 


ous  specimens  which  probably  were  used  for  holding  and  serving 
prepared  food  and  drink.  These  are  globular  in  shape  with  small 
mouths,  like  the  jars  in  the  first  group.  In  general  they  are  more 
highly  ornamented  than  the  jars,  both  in  plastic  work  and  in  color. 
Many  are  furnished  with  carved  handles  of  human  form  ;  others 
have  two  animal  heads  projecting  from  opposite  sides  just  above 
the  central  portion  of  the  jar ;  on  some  there  is  a  single  head, 
and  a  few  have  a  head  on  one  side  and  a  tail  on  the  opposite. 
Some  of  these  vessels  are  ornamented  with  colored  figures  similar 
to  those  on  the  jars,  and  a  few  have  a  plastic  ornament  around 
the  neck,  which  is  gracefully  incised  and  adds  much  to  the  beauty 
of  the  vessel.  On  the  sides  of  some,  instead  of  the  human  form,  are 
little  modelled  figures  of  toads  and  lizards.  Such  ornaments 
were  luted  to  the  vessel. 

4.  Another  group  of  vessels  can  be  described  briefly  as  jars  with 
wide-spreading  lips  united  to  the  sides  of  the  vessels  by  broad 
handles  which  in  some  cases  are  carved.  Jars  of  this  pattern 
generally  are  ornamented  in  color,  but  a  few  in  the  lot  are  of  plain 
unpainted  clay. 

5.  Several  plain  dishes  and  cups  of  small  size  are  comprised  in 
this  group,  one  of  which  stands  upon  a  hollow  base,  or  rim,  out  of 
which  pieces  have  been  cut.  Some  of  the  jars  from  the  mounds  in 
Missouri  and  Arkansas  have  similar  bases. 

6.  This  group  embraces  the  tripods,  but  there  are  several  sub- 
divisions in  it.  The  simplest  are  those  which  evidently  were  used 
for  cooking  or  heating  food.  These  are  in  all  respects  the  same 
as  the  wide-mouthed  cooking  pots  with  the  addition  of  the  three 
legs  or  feet.  These  tripods  apparently  are  the  result  of  a  happy 
thought  of  some  ancient  cook,  who  attached  permanent  feettotl/e 
pots  as  a  substitute  for  the  stones  or  lumps  of  clay  which  were 
required  to  prevent  the  pots  with  rounded  bottoms  from  rolling 
over  and  spilling  the  soup  while  over  the  fire. 

From  these  pots  with  simple  feet  the  development  of  the  potter's 
art  can  readily  be  traced  through  the  various  stages  of  utility  and 
ornamentation,  and  we  find  the  feet  added  to  cups  and  to  vessels 
of  spherical  forms,  embracing  the  several  shapes  and  particular 
designs  already  noticed. 

The  feet  of  some  are  solid,  slightly  curved  and  pointed  masses 
of  clay,  of  others  they  are  hollow  and  contain  little  clay  balls  which 
of  course  were  dropped  in  before  baking  the  vessel.    These  feet 


363 


have  offered  a  fine  opportunity  for  the  display  of  the  sculptor's  art, 
of  which  many  grades  are  shown,  from  simple  curved  lines  and 
notches  to  the  representation  of  the  human  form.  Several  feet 
are  carved  to  represent  a  child  done  up  in  cloths,  as  if  tied  to 
a  cradle  board,  with  the  head  free  but  the  arms  and  feet  strapped 
down  ;  the  effect  being  increased  by  a  narrow  band  of  clay  wound 
over  the  body.  On  others  only  the  human  face  is  shown,  and  in 
these  cases  the  vessel  must  be  inverted  in  order  to  show  the  face 
in  a  natural  position.  Among  these  tripods  are  many  which  have 
not  been  colored,  and  as  it  is  evident  that  new  vessels  were  often 
placed  with  the  dead,  it  is  probable  that  in  these  instances  they 
were  used  in  that  way  directly  after  the  first  baking. 

It  is  not  possible  in  this  brief  notice  of  the  collection  to  give  an 
account  of  all  the  forms  and  varieties,  and  I  will  only  mention 
in  addition  that  very  few  specimens  in  the  collection  have  an  or- 
namentation made  by  incised  lines,  and  these  only  of  the  most 
simple  kind,  consisting  of  a  row  of  lines  in  small  groups  cut  about 
the  neck  of  a  vessel. 

As  a  type  this  Chiriqui  pottery  is  easily  recognized,  and  it  has 
little  aflSnity  with  that  from  either  North  or  South  America.  Of 
course  many  of  the  forms  are  the  same,  but  such  are  of  cosmopol- 
itan types  which  are  not  to  be  considered  when  tracing  aflanities. 
To  that  of  Nicaragua  it  approaches  more  nearly  than  to  any  other 
group,  but  with  this  even  it  would  not  be  confounded  by  one  fa^ 
miliar  with  the  pottery  of  the  two  regions.  Tripods  are  common  in 
both  regions,  and  also  in  Yucatan  and  farther  north  in  Mexico, 
but  the  ornamentation  and  even  the  forms,  as  a  whole,  differ  in 
each  locality.  In  its  development  the  Chiriqui  pottery  seems  to  be 
intermediate  between  that  of  the  northern  and  southern  nations, 
V  as  its  makers  were  in  their  geographical  position,  and  while  there 
are  some  traces  of  a  common  art  in  the  three  regions,  there  are 
differences  enough  to  show  that  each  had  a  distinct  development 
even  if  founded  upon  one  original  type. 

The  Museum  has  been  kept  open  from  9  a.  m.  to  5  p.  m.  on 
week  days,  as  heretofore,  and  the  number  of  visitors  increases 
from  year  to  year.  It  is  evident  that  many  persons  come  to  Cam- 
bridge especially  to  see  the  Museum,  while  of  course  the  other 
attractions  of  the  University  bring  many  casual  visitors. 

During  the  past  year  several  special  parties  have  come  for  edu- 
cational purposes,  among  them  a  class  from  the  Boston  University  ; 


364 

and  Mr.  C.  E.  Ridler,  Master  of  the  Kingston  High  School,  with 
sixt3'  of  his  pupils.  When  notice  is  given  of  such  visits  it  is 
alwaj's  m}^  effort  to  make  them  as  instructive  as  possible,  but 
generally  too  much  is  undertaken  by  the  Adsiting  parties,  and  the 
results  would  be  of  more  benefit  to  them  if  they  limited  their  ex- 
aminations to  one  or  two  rooms  at  a  visit,  or  only  took  a  general 
glance  at  the  whole  and  afterward  gave  their  attention  to  the 
different  departments  in  a  series  of  visits.  When  I  can  do  so  I 
always  urge  this  upon  any  school  or  class,  for  experience  has 
shown  that  otherwise  only  a  confused  idea  is  obtained  of  the 
whole  and  little  of  importance  is  stored  away  in  the  brain  for 
future  use.  Sometimes  the  same  persons  have  been  noticed  at  the 
Museum  da}^  after  da}^,  and  when  questioned  they  have  stated  that 
they  were  trying  to  study  all  that  was  spread  before  them.  The 
approval  of  such  visitors  shows  'that  the  Museum  has  attained 
importance  in  an  educational  way. 

Last  year  Dr.  W.  C.  Barkett,  the  well  known  dental  surgeon  of 
Buffalo,  passed  several  days  at  the  Museum  in  examining  the  teeth 
of  the  various  races  represented  by  our  collection  of  crania.  He 
since  has  published  an  article  in  the  Independent  Practitioner'* 
for  October,  1883,  under  the  title  of  An  examination  of  the 
teeth  of  certain  prehistoric  American  Races,"  in  which  he  pre- 
sents his  conclusions,  with  many  interesting  details,  drawn  from 
his  study  of  the  crania  in  the  Museum. 

Beginning  his  studies  of  these  old'  skulls  with  the  generally 
taught  belief  that  the  majority  of  existing  dental  diseases  were 
due  to  the  changed  condition  of  man  in  civilization,  he  has  been 
forced  to  change  his  view  and  makes  the  following  emphatic 
statements. 

With  the  exception  of  syphilitic  diseases,  there  is  not  to-day  an  oral 
trouble  witli  which  all  these  nations  were  not  familiar  in  its  most  exag- 
gerated form. 

In  the  jaws  of  all  the  people  whose  skulls  I  examined,  I  found  traces 
of  all  the  diseases  known  to  modern  dentistry.  There  was  caries  of  the 
most  formidable  character,  black,  white  and  brown.  There  were  marks 
of  abscesses  which  devastated  great  regions  of  tissue.  There  was  necro- 
sis which  had  caused  the  loss  of  great  sloughs  of  bone,  though  I  must  ad- 
mit that  necrosis  was  more  rare  than  most  other  oral  diseases.  Tliere 
were  great  masses  of  tartar  enveloping  all  the  teeth  in  the  jaw.  There 
were  indications  of  all  kinds  of  inflammation  of  soft  tissues.    There  were 


365 


exostoses  and  hypertrophies,  absorptions  and  malformations,  denudations 
and  abrasions,  exfoliations  and  irregularities. 

The  following  statements  relating  to  the  ancient  Peruvian  skulls 
from  Ancon,  and  those  from  the  stonegraves  in  Tennessee  are  of 
interest  in  connection  with  other  studies  upon  these  races  : 

Of  the  Peruvian  skulls  of  adults  of  various  ages,  I  made  examinations, 
more  or  less  careful,  of  two  hundred,  taking  them  as  they  came,  and  making 
no  selection.  I  think  they  were  a  fair  average  of  the  whole.  Of  these*^ 
seventy-four  had  lost  some  of  their  teeth  iluring  life.  Forty-three  only] 
so  far  as  I  could  discover,  possessed  a  perfect  dentition  and  gave  evidence 
of  healthy  mouths.  One  hundred  and  two  presented  indications  of  oral 
diseases.  The  remainder  were  in  such  a  state  that  it  was  impossible  to 
determine  their  condition  at  death.  Thirty-one  showed  extensive  absorp- 
tion of  the  alveolar  process,  due  probably  to  various  inflammatory  condi- 
tions. In  thirteen  cases  I  found  the  marks  of  deep  alveolar  abscesses 
which  had  caused  extensive  w^asting  of  the  osseous  tissue.  How  many 
others  there  were,  not  of  sufficient  severity  to  leave  indelible  traces  upon 
the  bone,  it  is  impossible  to  say.  In  two  mouths  I  found  supernumerary 
teeth,  and  in  two  there  were  exostoses  so  great  as  to  be  visible.  It  will 
readily  be  understood  that,  as  the  remaining  teeth  were  usually  firm  in 
their  sockets,  ordinary  hypertrophies  were  undiscoverable  without  mutila- 
tion of  the  specimens.  In  fifteen  cases  there  was  no  sign  of  the  presence 
of  wisdom  teeth,  nor  of  their  loss.  Seventy-two  dentitions  were  exten- 
sively worn,  some  of  them  nearly  even  with  what  must  have  been  the  bor- 
der  of  the  gums.  In  five  instances  the  wisdom  teeth  were  in  appearance 
but  rudimentary.  In  eighteen  cases  the  wisdom  teeth  occupied  an  abnor- 
mal position  through  lack  of  room  for  their  development,  and  this,  not- 
withstanding the  usually  massive  character  of  the  maxillae.  There 'were 
four  cases  of  decided  irregularity,  not  counting  unimportant  deviations 
from  the  normal.  There  were  scarce  any  dentitions  that  were  entirely 
free  from  tartar,  and  some  of  the  mouths  contained  large  masses  of  cal- 
careous incrustations.  There  was  at  least  one  case  of  an  almost  com- 
plete calcification  of  the  pulp.  How  many  others,  only  an  examination 
of  the  pulp  chamber  could  determine. 

Of  the  ancient  mound-builders  of  Tennessee  I  examined  the  skulls 
of  seventy. five.  Of  these,  twenty-seven  could  be  set  down  as  probably 
free  from  dental  diseases.  Thirty-two  had  carious  teeth.  There  were 
seven  cases  of  extensive  alveolar  abscess.  Twenty-two  had  lost  teeth 
during  life,  and  the  consequent  absorption  had  obliterated  all  trace  of 
their  existence.  Twelve  cases  showed  extensive  absorption  about  exist- 
mg  teeth.  There  were  two  cases  of  visible  exostoses,  two  apparently 
rudimentary  wisdom  teeth,  and  three  irregular  dentitions.  Only  seven- 
teen showed  depositions  of  tartar,  and  but  thirteen  gave  evidences  of 
much  wear. 


866 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  teeth  of  the  mound -builders  were  much  more 
free  from  calcareous  incrustations,  and  less  worn  than  those  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  Peru.  This  was  doubtless  owing  to  their  living  more  largely 
upon  an  animal  diet.  There  were  less  cases  of  irregularity  because  they 
were  a  larger  and  more  muscular  race,  with  broader,  stronger  jaws,  but 
the  proportion  of  diseased  dentitions  did  not  vary  greatly. 

Mr.  Carr  has  continued  his  historical  researches  during  the  year 
and  is  engaged  in  tracing  out  several  of  the  customs  of  the  In- 
dians during  the  early  years  of  their  contact  with  the  whites. 
I  have  alluded  to  his  publication  on  the  historical  evidence  he 
has  obtained  relating  to  the  Indians  as  agriculturists,  sun- 
worshippers,  and  builders  of  mounds. 

Miss  Smith  has  continued  to  perform  her  work  as  librarian  and 
general  executive  assistant  and  secretary,  and  has  made  all  the 
entries  in  the  catalogue  for  the  past  j^ear. 

Miss  Studley  has  been  intrusted  with  the  arrangement  of  the 
osteological  collection  in  the  upper  hall  and  adjoining  room,  in 
which  she  has  made  good  progress. 

Mr.  Chick  has  continued  to  give  his  efficient  services  in  many 
ways  and  among  other  things  has  perfected  a  stand  for  the  proper 
mounting  of  crania,  so  that  each  skull,  or  portion  of  a  skull,  no 
matter  how  frail  it  may  be,  can  now  be  exhibited  in  its  natural 
position,  without  making  holes  and  wiring  the  bones.  The  im- 
portance of  this  stand  will  be  readily  appreciated  by  all  who  have 
the  care  of  such  a  collection. 

The  cases  in  the  European  room,  mentioned  in  the  last  report, 
have  been  completed  and  the  arrangement  of  the  room  is  in  pro- 
gress ;  the  Danish  collection  is  already  in  its  place,  and  in  a 
short  time  this  room  will  be  opened  to  the  public.  The  comple- 
tion of  the-  cases,  during  the  present  month,  in  the  first  and  second 
hall-galleries,  will  permit  the  arrangement  of  the  Alaskan  ob- 
jects^'and  the  exhibition  of  the  small  Egyptian  collection.  The 
removal  of  a  part  of  the  latter  from  its  temporary  quarters  in  the 
Mexican  gallery  will  give  room  there  for  the  numerous  Mexican 
specimens  received  during  the  past  two  or  three  years. 

The  old  cases  have  all  been  transferred  to  the  upper  floor  and 
are  being  filled  with  the  osteological  collection.  The  work  of 
furnishin'g  the  only  remaining  exhibition  room  will  be  carried  on  as 
fast  as  possible,  and  it  is  probable  that  by  the  next  annual 


367 


meeting  every  available  space  will  be  occupied  by  a  case.  After 
another  year,  therefore,  it  is  probable  that  one-half  of  the  income 
of  the  building  fund  can  be  added  annually  to  the  principal ;  but 
shall  we  have  to  wait  for  the  slow  accumulation  of  income  to  ob- 
tain the  means  to  erect  the  next  section  of  the  building,  the 
foundation  of  which  cannot  be  laid  too  soon? 

Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  W.  Putnam, 

Curator  of  the  Museum. 

Cambridge,  Feb,  18,  1884. 


LIST  OF  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM  AND  LIBRAKY  FOK  THE 

YEAR  1883. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM.  . 

30163  —  30228.  Blow  gun  and  arrows ;  bows,  and  arrows  with  bone  and 
wooden  points  ;  pipe  stems  ;  feather  ornaments  for  the  head,  neck,  arms  and 
legs;  painted  cups  and  dishes  made  of  gourds;  and  pottery  vases,  bottles 
and  pitchers  painted  in  difterent  colors,  from  the  Indians  of  the  valley  of  the 
Amazon.  Mat,  cap,  and  mantle  of  grasscloth ;  trumpets  made  of  elephant 
tusl^s  ;  numerous  carved  articles  in  wood  and  ivory ;  neck  ornament  of  sil- 
ver ;  sword  with  a  scabbard  of  rawhide ;  a  small  basket,  an  ornamented  box 
and  an  ornamented  gourd  from  Loando,  southwest  coast  of  Africa. 
Bracelets  of  elephant  tusks;  gilt  armlet  and  bangle  of  European  work- 
manship, from  western  Africa.  All  collected  by  John  B.  Spaehawk. 
Piece  of  marble  from  the  floor  of  the  Temple  at  Ephesus,  collected  by 
Lemuel  Capen,  and  a  necklace  of  shell,  teeth  and  whalebone,  the  locality 
of  which  is  unknown.— Presented  by  Mrs.  John  B.  Sparhawk. 

30229.  Carved  wooden  paddle  from  the  Hervey  Islands.  —  Presented 
by  Dr.  W.  Sturgis  Bigelow. 

80230  —30319.  Fragments  of  pottery  from  shellheaps  in  Japan.— 
Collected  by  the  students  of  the  University  op  Tokio  and  presented  by 
the  University. 

30320.  A  colored  sash,  worn  by  the  Chippeway  Indians.  —  Collected 
and  presented  by  Prof.  Jules  Marcou. 

30321.  Arrowhead  of  stone  from  Newburyport,  Mass.-  Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  Alfred  Osgood. 

30322.  Grooved  stone  axe  from  Trenton,  N.  J.—  CoUected  by  Richard 
M.  Abbott  and  presented  by  Eben  Putnam. 

30323  —  30325.  Iron  hoe  from  a  mound  on  Halifax  river,  Florida; 
broken  arrowhead  and  a  flake  of  jasper,  both  found  six  feet  deep  under 
sand  on  banks  of  Mosquito  Inlet,  Florida.- Collected  and  presented  by 

Mr.  J.  II.  Fowler. 

30326  Large  earthen  bowl,  red  and  black  decoration,  from  a  rum  near 
the  Moqui  Pueblos,  Arizona.- Presented  by  Capt.  Chambers  McKibbin, 

^3032^'  Fragment  of  soapstone  pot  from  New  Mexico.—  Collected  and 
presented  by  Col.  Theodore  S.  Case. 

30328  —  30329.    Stone  arrowheads  from  Santa  Cruz  river,  Patagonia.- 
Collected  and  presented  by  Capt.  Weaver. 
(3G8) 


369 

■  80330  —  30332.  Stone  arrowheads  from  a  field  on  Doe  Creek,  near 
Gainesboro,  Tenn.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  James  D.  Paek. 

30333.  Stone  chips  from  Coffin's  beach,  Annisquam,  Mass.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  M.  E.  Wadswouth. 

30334  —  30335.  Broken  stone  pestle,  and  a  rubbing  stone  from  Prospect 
Avenue  in  the  Cambridge  Cemetery.— Collected  by  Superintendent  Childs, 
and  presented  by  Dr.  S.  W.  Driver. 

30336.  A  long  stone  pestle,  from  Brookfleld,  Mass.— Collected  by 
Mr.  Martin  Mulvee,  and  presented  by  Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball. 

.30337  —  30348.  Stone  gouge ;  rubbing  and  smoothing  stones;  scraper 
and  knife  of  slate ;  arrowheads  of  stone,  and  an  oval  stone  with  lines  cut 
on  it,  from  the  farm  of  P.  Hall,  New  Braintree,  Mass.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  P.  Hall. 

30349  —  30359.  Stone  pestle  and  haramerstones ;  rude  stone  points  and 
arrowheads  of  stone,  found  on  the  farm  of  Lyman  Draper,  Brookfleld, 
Mass.  —  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Lyman  Draper. 

30360  —  30370.  Stone  arrowheads,  from  Bales'  Mills,  Lee  County,  Va. 
—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  John  H.  Bales. 

30371  —  30377.  Large  silver  ornament  in  the  shape  of  a  pin,  from  Peru ; 
a  golden  bell  from  an  ancient  grave  in  Chiriqui;  stone  celt  and  several 
vessels  of  pottery,  collected  by  J. '  A.  McNiel  from  ancient  graves  at 
Divala,  Chiriqui. —  Presented  by  Capt.  Nathan  Appleton. 

30378—30391.  Eope,  bag  and  fibre  of  the  maguey;  basket  braided 
from  palm;  sandals;  gourd  cups,  wooden  sugar  bowl;  batidor  for  choco- 
late; steel  machete;  steel  axe,  an  iron  point,  and  a  piece  of  turned  wood, 
made  and  used  by  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan.  Hair  of  a  Bosjeman  from 
Africa  —  Presented  by  Mr.  Alex.  Agassiz  and  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology. 

30392.  Knife  and  sheath  from  Assouam,  Egypt.  —  Collected  by  Mrs. 
Helen  Bigelow  Merriman  and  presented  by  Dr.  Samuel  A.  Green. 

30393.  A  wampum  belt  of  the  Mohawks.—  Collected  and  presented  by 
Mrs.  Erminnie  A.  Smith. 

30394.  Chinese  New  Year's  card.  —  Presented  by  Mrs.  F.  W.  Putnam. 

30395.  Cranium,  believed  to  be  of  a  Mexican  Indian,  from  the  Cemetery 
at  Monterey.—  Collected  in  1848,  and  presented  by  Dr.  A.  E.  Heighway. 

30396  —  30420.  Grooved  axes,  a  celt  and  spearpoints  of  stone;  perfo- 
rated stone  ornament,  and  arrowheads  of  stone  from  Miltonville,  Butler 
Co.,  Ohio;  part  of  a  perforated  stone  ornament  from  Winchester,  Preble 
Co.,  Ohio;  scrapers,  knives,  spearpoints  and  arrowheads  of  stone  from 
Boone  Co.,  Ky. ;  stone  arrowheads  and  fragments  of  pottery  from  the 
largest  shellheap  on  Blennerhassett's  Island ;  rude  stone  implement  from 
Guilford,  Dearborn  Co.,  Ind. ;  stone  arrowhead  from  shellheap  near  Port 
Gates,  Florida,  and  an  arrowhead  from  the  Falls  of  the  Willamette, 
Oregon.— Collected  and  presented  by  Rev.  J.  P.  MacLean. 

30421  —  30439.  Rude  stone  axe,  a  celt  and  arrowheads  of  the  same 
material  from  Darrtown;  stone  celt  and  arrowhead  from  Paddy's  Run; 
Repcrt  of  Peabody  Museum,  III.  24 


370 


broken  slate  ornaments  from  near  the  earthworks,  called  "  Cheraw  Fort," 
in  Oxford  township,  and  a  shell  bead  from  Milford  township,  all  in  Butler 
Co.,  Ohio.—  Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  H.  E.  Twitchell. 

30440  —  30466.  Stone  arrowheads  from  a  mound  on  top  of  a  high  bluflf 
near  McGregor,  Iowa;  a  grooved  stone  axe,  a  hammerstone,  drill,  knife 
and  arrowheads  and  fragments  of  pottery  from  localities  near  Prairie 
du  Cliien,  Wis.,  and  Ell^port  and  McGregor,  Iowa.—  In  Exchange. 

30467.    A  notche-d  rubbing  stone,  from  Houghton  Pond,  Milton,  Mass. 
—Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  M.  E.  Wadswortii. 

30468—30475.  Stone  flake,  points,  knife  and  a  square  chipped  stone, 
from  Revere  Beach,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  I.  Phelps. 

30476  —  30527.  Stone  axes,  celts  and  points  of  different  sizes  and  shapes ; 
earthen  pipe,  and  fragments  of  pottery ;  teeth  of  animals ;  shell  beads  and 
perforated  shells,  and  a  conical  stone  of  unknown  use,  from  a  mound  on 
Joy  Creek,  Madison  Co.,  N.  C. ;  grooved  stone  axe,  and  stone  celts,  mul- 
lers,  knives,  spearpoints,  and  arrowheads ;  fragments  of  steatite  pot,  and 
of  stone  ornament;  a  steatite  pipe  and  fragment  of  another;  cut  piece  of 
antler;  and  shell  beads;  all  found  with  decayed  human  bones  in  a  cave 
on  the  Holston  River,  Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn.—  Collected  by  J.  W.  Emmert 
and  received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882-3. 

30528  —  30575.  Harpoonpoints  and  implements  of  bone  of  different 
forms,  teeth  of  animals,  chipped  stone  implements  and  a  stone  celt ;  frag- 
ments of  pottery ;  piece  of  sheet  copper;  pieces  of  clay  pipes  of  European 
manufacture;  oyster  shells  and  pieces  of  antler  showing  marks  of  cutting, 
from  shellheaps  near  Damariscotta,  Maine ;  chipped  stones,  rude  and  unfin- 
ished implements  and  arrowheads,  scrapers  and  flakes  of  the  same  mater- 
ial with  fragments  of  pottery,  all  from  the  sand  ridge  back  of  Crescent 
beach,  Revere,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Albert  I.  Phelps. 

30576  —  30577.  Arrowheads  of  green  and  white  chalcedony,  both  very 
thin  and  delicately  chipped,  from  Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan.  -  Collected  by 
Dr.  Augustus  LePlongeon,  and  presented  by  Mr.  Stephen  Salisbury,  jr. 

30578.  Indian  saddle,  made  of  wood,  deer's  antler  and  raw  hide,  from 
Smoky  Hill  River,  Wallace  Co.,  Kansas.— Collected  by  Mr.  Geo.  R.  Alla- 
man,  and  presented  by  Mr.  Samuel  Garman. 

30579  —  30616.  Hammerstone ;  chipped  flints,  a  scraper,  spearpoints  and 
arrowheads  also  of  flint;  fragments  of  shells,  pottery  and  bones  from 
Lovett's  farm  on  Brush  Creek,  Adams  Co.,  Ohio,  —  probably  the  site  of 
a  village  or  a  burial  place  —  near  the  Serpent  mound.— Collected  by  F.  W. 
Putnam  and  party,  and  received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research 
Fund  of  1882-3. 

30617.  Cliipped  flint  knife  from  Lovett's  farm,  near  the  Serpent  mound, 
in  Adams  Co.,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  James  H.  Lovett. 

30618.  Carved  stone  pipe,  animal  head,  from  a  mound  near  Bainbridge 
earthworks  on  Paint  Creek,  Ohio.— From  the  Subscribers  to  the  Re- 
search Fund  of  1882-3. 

30619  —  30625.  Stone  arrowpoints,  flakes  and  knives  from  Bainbridge, 
and  Hopetown  earthworks  in  Paint  Creek  and  Scioto  valleys  respectively. 


371 

—  Collected  by  F.  W.  Pqtnam  and  party  and  received  from  the  Sub- 
scribers TO  THE  Research  Fund  of  1882-3. 

30626  —  30637.  Stone  celt,  arrowheads,  and  broken  ornament  of  the 
same  material  from  about  the  Hopetown  works,  Ohio.-  Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Squire  J.  Smith. 

30638  — 30G41.  Stone  celts  and  points  from  the  earthworks  near  Hi-h- 
bank,  Scioto  Valley,  Ohio.- Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Mhton 
Jones. 

30642  -  30650.    Flint  flakes  and  unfinished  implements  from  about  the 
earthworks  near  Highbank,  Ohio;  flint  chips  from  the  works  at  Milford 
Ohio;  flake  and  point  from  the  surface  at  Sand  Ridge  and  Newtown' 
Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio.- Collected  by  F.  W.  Putnam  and  party  and 
received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882-3 

30651.  Small  earthen  pot  with  four  handles  from  the  ancient  Jemetcry 
at  Madisonville,  Ohio.—  Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz 

30652.  Stone  with  two  pits  from  Sinking  Springs,  Brush  Creek  Valley 
Ohio.-  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  James  D.  Lovett. 

30653-30671.  Flint  points  and  flakes  and  a  broken  stone  ornament  from 
Bambridge,  Ohio.—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Lindley 

30672.  Carved  stone  (catlinite),  from  near  Taylor's  Falls,  Minnesota 
found  at  a  depth  of  two  and  one-half  feet  from  surface.- Collected  'inr] 
presented  by  Mr.  D.  G.  Snow. 

30673-30675.  Flint  points  and  fragments  of  pottery  from  burial 
mounds  near  the  efiigy  mounds  on  Remington's  farm,  Baraboo,  Wis  - 

IZ^'T  ^'^^^"^^^'TON,  and  presented  by  Mrs.  Remington 

30676.  Quartz  knife  from  Minnesota.- Collected  and  presented  by 
Miss  Ellen  B.  Usher.  ^ 

30677.  Fragments  of  pottery  from  Picture  Cave  near  West  Salem  Wis 

—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Usher. 

30678  -  30689.  Fragments  of  pottery  from  Onalaska,  Wis. ;  flint  chips 
a  small  arrowhead  and  pieces  of  pottery  from  the  Sand  Hills,  La  Crosse' 
Wis. ;  human  bones,  fragments  of  pottery,  a  stone  drill  and  chips  from  a 
group  of  mounds  in  the  park  at  La  Crosse,  Wis.-  Collected  by  F  W  Put- 
NAM,  and  received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of 

loo2— o. 

^  30690  --  30755.  Portions  of  a  pot  and  pieces  of  pottery,  with  scrapers, 
kmyes  and  arrowheads  of  flint;  pieces  of  quartz  and  broken  implements 
of  the  same,  from  a  refuse  heap  on  the  Watauga  river.  Carter  Co  Ten- 
nessee; polished  celts  of  stone;  chips  and  points  of  quartz  and  'slate- 
fragments  of  pottery;  piece  of  mica ;  a  perfect  earthen  pot;  grooved  stone 
axes;  human  teeth;  core  and  chipped  points  of  obsidian,  and  a  small  pol- 
ished celt  of  a  green  stone,  from  a  burial  cave  on  Holston  River,  near 
mouth  of  Beaver  Creek,  Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn.-  Collected  by  J.  W.  Emmkut 
and  received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882-3  ' 
30756.    Cranium  and  portion  of  skeleton  of  Indian  child,  from  Kansas 

-  Presented  by  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 
30757-30759.    Fragments  of  tile,  marble  and  fresco  from  Pompeii.- 

Presented  by  Mrs.  Romeo  Elton. 


372 


30760.    Old  Spanish  olive  jar.-  Presented  by  Mrs.  W.  D.  Boardman. 

30701-30818.  Notched  sinkers;  stone  pestles;  hammerstones  w,th 
and  without  pits ;  small  grooved  stones ;  flint  flakes  a  seraper  of  flmt  and 
Lt  points,  together  with  pieces  of  a  steatite  pot  and  nnmeroas  fragments 
of  pottery,  from  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  river  between  Owego, 
N  Y  and  Athens,  Pcnn.- Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Robeut  How- 


ELL 


30819-30830.    Harpoon  points  of  bone;  fragments  of  pottery;  chips 
and  broken  stone  implements;  worked  bones  and  bones  of  beaver,  deer 
fishes,  with  pieces  of  deer  antlers,  from  shcUheaps  m-™" 
cotta,Me.l  Collected  by  Mr.  Fellows  Knowlton  and  presented  by  Mr. 

'rsii-S"  Bone  points  of  different  shapes;  handles  of  antler  and 
worked  points  of  same;  chips,  scrapers,  and  points  of  stone;  fragments 
Tf  pottery;  hammer,  rubbing  and  smoothing  stones;  eels  and  other  stone 
implement  ;  teeth  of  deer,  beaver  and  bear,  latter  perfora  ed ;  bones  of 
bhds  fishes  and  other  animals,  from  difi'erent  shellheaps  on  the  main  land, 
and  on  Fort  and  other  Islands  near  Damarlscotta,  Maine;  an  ,ro„  spear- 
Toint  from  the  sod  above  the  shells,  and  rude  points  from  the  surmce  on 
Fort  Island;  chips  and  stone  implements,  stone  celts,  fragments  of  po  - 
fery  bone  points  and  worked  bones ;  bears'  teeth,  different  lands  of  shells 
and  ^ones  from  Hodgdon's  Island,  Damarlscotta  River,  H.gh  Island,  John  s 
Bay  near  Pemaqnid:  and  Hog  IsUnd  opposite  Keene's  Pom  ,  Bremen 
m' ine  a  stone  celt  and  rude  Implements  from  the  surface,  Badey's  Point, 
Damarlscotta  Elver;  also  fragments  of  pottery  and  clay  pipes,  made  by 
«,eTliites  iu  ^  times  on  Damariscove  Island,  Maine.- Collected  and 
nvosented  bv  Mr.  A.  T.  Gamage. 

3  955-3U07.  Grooved  stone  a^es  and  stone  celts;  two  discoida 
stones^  hammerstones  with  and  without  finger  pits;  pieces  of  perforated 
.  o"e  :  harpening  stones;  fragments  of  pottery;  stone  hoes  and  spea  - 
poi  t  'and  k  lives,  scrapers,  drills  and  arrowheads,  a  large  and  varied  col- 
Tc  on  in  jasper  and  argilUte  from  the  surface,  Trenton,  N.  J. ;  and  a  piece 
of  o  ked  antier,  probably  a  handle  to  a  stone  knife,  from  the  gravel  m  the 
raib-old  cut  near  where  the  human  tooth  (No.  27798)  was  found.- Col- 

''t::^^Srt::^::o^  triLmerstone,  broken  stone  tube 
with  i  nives  spear  points  and  arrowheads  of  different  sizes  and  shapes 

"3ri81-^195'  ''ofored'tone  axe,  pestle  of  Ihe  same  material;  ham- 
t  ,es  f  a'ments  of  pottery  with  spearpoints  and  arrowheads  from 
;"r::r::ow;,  M-r:  CO  !n.  J.-CoUected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Thomas 

•'■3U0r'stonepipe.  fig.  314  of  Primitive  Industry,  from  Isle  of  Wight 
Co.,  Va.—  liy  PunciiASE.  , 


373 


31197  —  31.301.  A  collection  of  grooved  stone  axes ;  celts,  sinkers  and 
hammerstones ;  drills,  scrapers,  knives,  spearpoints  and  arrowheads  in 
jasper  and  argillite  from  Jones  river,  Morgan's  Branch,  and  other  places 
in  Kent  Co.,  Delaware;  stone  celt,  piece  of  steatite  jar,  stone  knives  and 
points,  from  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  near  Danville,  Montour  Co., 
Pa. ;  a  notched  stone  sinker  from  Millersburg,  Pa. ;  and  fragments  of  pot- 
tery from  shellheaps  on  Chincoteague  Island,  Accomac  Co.,  Virginia.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Henry  R.  Bennett. 

31302  —  31303.  Grooved  stone,  and  a  flat  piece  of  stone,  from  a  mound 
near  Lindsborg,  Kansas.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Udd£n. 

31304  —  3130G.  Skeletons  of  three  Sioux  Indians,  from  Fort  Stevenson, 
Dakota  Ter. — Collected  several  years  ago. 

31307  —  31308.  Cranium  of  Comanche  Indian  from  a  grave  near  Du- 
rango,  Mexico,  collected  in  1848 ;  and  a  piece  of  obsidian  from  Obsidian 
Bluff,  Yellowstone  Park.— Presented  by  Dr.  A.  E.  Heighway. 

31309  —  31315.  Pieces  of  steatite  pots,  stone  celt  and  points,  with  frag- 
ments of  pottery  from  Granville  county,  N.  Carolina.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  Lewis  Cabot. 

31316  —  31350.  Palaeolithic  implements  of  quartz  found  fifteen  feet  be- 
low the  surface  in  the  modified  drift  at  Little  Falls,  Morrison  Co.,  Minne- 
sota. Included  in  this  collection  are  the  specimens  exhibited  at  the 
Minneapolis  meeting  of  the  A.  A.  A.  S.—  Collected  and  presented  by  Miss 
Frank  E.  Babbitt. 

31351—31353.  Quartz  arrowpoint  and  stones  of  natural  forms,  believed 
to  have  been  washed  from  the  gravel  at  Little  Falls,  Minnesota,  col- 
lected by  Miss  Fkane  E.  Babbitt  ;  and  a  quartz  scraper  from  Red  Lake, 
Minn.,  collected  by  Rev.  Fred  Smith,  an  Ojibwa  Indian,  who,  however, 
knew  nothing  of  the  use  of  the  implement. — Presented  by  Miss  Frane 
E.  Babbitt. 

31354  —  31375.  A  rubbing  stone  from  banks  of  Neponset  river,  Milton 
Lower  Mills,  Mass.,  collected  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Bates;  small  stone  pestle, 
notched  stone  and  rudely  chipped  implements  of  stone  from  Marshfield, 
Mass.—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  G.  B.  Frazar. 

31376—31378.  Rude  stone  implements  from  Sand  Ridge,  Crescent 
Beach,  Revere,  Mass.—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  I.  Phelps. 

31379.  Eight  flint  disks  from  the  lot  of  1500  found  near  Beardstown, 
111.,  and  described  in  the  Smithsonian  report  for  1876.— Presented  by  Dr. 
J.  F.  Snyder. 

31380—31425.  Sea  shells  of  different  kinds,  bones  of  deer,  birds,  fishes ; 
tooth  of  beaver;  fragments  of  pottery,  and  chipped  stone  implements 
from  shellheaps  on  Hodgdon's  Island,  Daraariscotta  River,  and  on  Hog 
Island,  Bremen,  Maine;  also  an  iron  point  from  the  latter  place.— Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  Albert  I.  Phelps. 

31426  —  31536.  Fragments  of  pottery  from  the  surface  of  a  shellmound 
at  Spear's  Landing,  Lake  Monroe,  Florida ;  a  rude  earthen  cup  from  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Monroe ;  stone  flakes,  chipped  stones  and  rude  implements, 
and  scrapers,  drills,  knives  and  points  of  the  same  material  forming  the 


374 


largest  collection  of  stone  implements  we  have  ever  received  from  Florida, 
all  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Monroe.- Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 

G.  B.  Frazae.  ,      .        -,.  V,  „ 

31537  —  31900.  A  large  and  valuable  collection  of  eartheo  jars,  dishes, 
bowls  and  tripods,  some  plain,  others  ornamented  in  relief  and  in  colors, 
from  the  ancient  burial  places  in  Cliiriqui,  Panama.-CoUected  by  Mr.  J. 
A.  McNiEL  and  presented  by  Thomas  G.  Appleton,  Esq.,  and  Capt. 
Nathan  Appleton. 

31901  —  31903.  Stone  celts  from  ancient  burial  places  in  the  Chiriqui 
district  of  Northern  Panama.- Collected  by  Mr.  J.  A.  McNiel  and  pre- 
sented  by  Capt.  Nathan  Appleton.  ^   ^  ^ 

31904-31968.  Broken  stone  axe,  flakes  and  chips  of  obsidian  and 
chalcedony,  arrowhead  of  obsidian  and  numerous  fragments  of  pottery, 
plain  and  painted,  from  ruined  Pueblos  and  other  localities  in  New  Mexico. 
-Collected  by  Mr.  Ad.  F.  Bandelier  and  presented  by  the  Arch^olog- 
ICAL  Institute  of  America.  .    ,  , 

31969  —  32004.  Earthen  jars  and  dishes  plain  and  m  the  form  of  ani- 
mals; bone  implement;  discoidal  stone  of  quartz;  shells  and  broken  shell 
spoons;  fragments  of  pottery,  crania  aud  other  human  bones  from  stone 
graves  on  Dr.  Jarman's  farm  near  Brentwood,  Tenn. ;  broken  stone  imple- 
Lnts  and  a  disk  of  pottery  from  the  surface  near  the  same  place.-  Col- 
lected by  Mr.  Geo.  Woods  and  received  from  the  Subscribers  of  the 

Research  Fund  of  1882-3.  .  ^    ^    a  i-ra^r 

32005  —  32025.  Arrowheads  and  broken  stone  points,  beads  and  frag- 
ments of  pottery,  picked  up  on  the  bluffs  of  Little  Sioux  river  in  north- 
western Iowa.- Collected  and  presented  by  Prof.  Wm.  O.  Crosby. 

32026  —  32205.  Celts,  drills,  hammers,  points,  chips  and  flakes  of  stone ; 
ornaments  of  shell,  bone  and  stone ;  awls  and  beads  of  bone,  with  worked 
pieces  of  the  same;  teeth  of  bear  and  beaver,  some  perforated,  others 
sawed;  copper  awls  in  bone  handles;  scraper  made  from  metatarsal  bone 
of  a  deer;  handles  and  worked  pieces  of  antler;  fragments  of  pottery; 
animal  bones,  burnt  and  split;  carbonized  beans;  burnt  shells  with  char- 
coal and  ashes ;  turtle  shells ;  and  portions  of  about  seventy  human  skele- 
tons, from  a  mound  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Samuel  Edwards  in  the  valley  of 
the  Little  Miami  in  Anderson  Township,  Ohio.- Explorations  by  Dr. 
C.  L.  Metz  and  F.  W.  Putnam,  received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the 
Research  Fund  of  1882-3. 

32206-32504.  Human  crania  and  other  human  bones,  a  few  of  which 
are  of  pathological  interest ;  animal  bones,  some  burned ;  teeth  of  beaver ; 
fragments  of  steatite  pots  and  of  pottery;  worked  pieces  of  antler;  shell 
beads  and  perforated  shells;  copper  celt,  bracelet,  beads  and  other  orna- 
ments  of  copper,  with  rings  of  the  same  still  encircling  the  finger  bones ; 
copper  awl  in  a  handle  made  of  antler;  cut  pieces  of  mica;  pieces 
of  soft  coal;  specimens  of  the  earth,  burnt  and  unburnt,  gravel,  ashes, 
etc  of  which  the  mounds  were  composed ;  tubular  pipe  of  stone ;  a  very 
varied  assortment  of  stone  implements  and  ornaments,  such  as.axes  celts 
pendants,  gorgets,  mullers,  pestles,  scrapers,  knives,  spearpoints  and 


375 


arrowheads,  together  with  hammer,  sharpening  and  smoothing  stones; 
all  from  several  mounds  in  the  Little  Miami  Valley.  Also  burnt  human 
bones,  copper  earrings,  a  piece  of  antler  carved  to  represent  some  animal, 
a  large  sea  shell  and  many  shell  beads,  from  a  niche  in  the  stone  wall 
surrounding  the  large  altar  mound  of  the  Turner  group;  portions  of  two 
human  skeletons,  surrounded  by  sixteen  human  skulls ;  and  a  large  sheet 
of  mica,  from  an  intrusive  burial  pit  on  the  side  of  the  same  mound.— 
Explorations  of  F.  W.  Putnam  and  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  and  received  from  the 
Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882-3. 

32505  —  32555.  Bone  scraper,  beads  made  of  bird-bones,  bone  awls, 
and  a  fishhook  made  of  bone,  with  teeth  and  bones  of  animals ;  a  small  cyl- 
inder and  implements  made  of  antler;  shells,  some  of  them  perforated;  a 
rude  earthen  cup  about  the  size  of  a  thimble,  and  fragments  of  pottery ; 
smoothing  and  sharpening  stones,  together  with  drills,  scrapers,  knives, 
points  and  flakes  of  stone,  all  from  the  ashpits  in  the  ancient  cemetery  at 
Madisonville,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

32556  —  32559.  A  stone  drill  and  points  from  the  banks  of  Bush  Creek 
in  Newbury  Co.,  S.  C. ;  and  shell  beads  found  with  a  piece  of  human 
cranium  and  teeth  on  the  banks  of  Broad  river  in  Richland  Co.,  S.  C— 
Collected  and  presented  by  the  Rev.  John  Hawkins. 

32560—  32590.  Portions  of  a  human  skeleton  and  fragments  of  pot- 
tery, collected  by  F.  W.  Putnam;  human  crania;  fragments  of  pottery; 
a  brass  bullet;  stone  axe,  pestle  and  gorget,  with  a  number  of  arrowheads, 
some  of  them  rude  and  others  unfinished,  from  an  Indian  burial  place  on 
the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  river  in  Longmeadow,  Mass. ;  fragments  of 
steatite  vessels,  from  Enfielcl,  Mass.— Collected  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Lord.— Re- 
ceived from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  for  1882-3. 

82591  — 32834.  A  clay  image  representing  a  woman,  from  San  Ramon, 
Nicaragua,  presented  by  Mr.  Ugarte  ;  an  earthen  dish  with  three  feet, 
from  the  surface,  and  a  vase,  a  grinding  stone  and  broken  stone  axe,  also 
from  the  surface,  presented  by  Mr.  Abarca;  cover  of  a  "  Pebetera"  from 
near  Potosi,  and  arrowpoints  from  Rivas,  presented  by  Mr.  D.  Maliano; 
three  small  earthen  jars,  one  a  tripod,  the  others  ornamented  respectively 
with  an  animal  form  and  a  human  face,  and  a  large  ornament  of  jade  from 
a  mound  at  Lamota,  Costa  Rica,  presented  by  Mr.  D.  Hurtado;  a  dish 
with  a  hollow  base  from  a  shellheap,  Culebra bay,  presented  by  Mr.  Seira; 
numerous  large  shoe-shaped  burial  jars,  tripods,  vases,  cups,  jars  and 
dishes  of  pottery,  variously  ornamented  in  colors  and  with  figures  in  re- 
lief; pottery  whistles,  one  in  the  shape  of  a  bird  and  one  resembling  an 
alligator ;  metates  and  grinding  stones ;  portions  of  human  crania  and 
numerous  fragments  of  human  and  animal  bones;  glass  beads;  two  gold 
ornaments ;  beads  and  implements  of  shell ;  a  piece  of  a  gourd ;  obsidian 
points ;  notched  sinkers  of  stone  and  pottery ;  sharpening,  polishing  and 
rubbing  stones;  ornaments  of  jadite;  implements  of  iron;  and  celts,  axes 
and  flakes  of  stone,  with  a  pendant  and  broken  mortar  of  same  material, 
from  mounds  and  burying  places  in  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica,  from  dif^ 
erent  shellUeaps  in  Costa  Rica,  and  from  th^  surface  at  diflTerent  plaqes 


376 


near  Lake  Nicaragua.  -  Collected  by  Dr.  Eaul  Flint  and  received  from 

the  Subscribers  to  the  Eesearch  Fund  of  1882-3.  ^ 

32835-32912.  A  round  stone,  a  grooved  stone  axe  and  a  celt,  knives 
and  numerous  spearpoints  and  arrowlieads  of  argillite  and  quartz,  from 
Grafton  Co.,  N.  C.-CoUected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Lewis  Cabot. 

32913  —  33148.  Human  skeletons,  vessel  of  pottery  and  many  pot- 
sherds; stone  celts,  arrowpoints  and  knives,  ornaments  and  disks  of 
stone-  pieces  of  soft  coal;  ornaments  made  of  shell;  two  fishhooks  made 
of  bone;  points  and  other  implements  made  of  bones  of  deer,  birds  and 
antler;  cylinders  cut  from  antler;  pieces  of  worked  antler,  fragments  of 
scrapers  made  from  deer-bones;  perforated  teeth  of  animals;  bones  of 
various  animals;  charred  corn  and  charcoal,  from  an  Indian  burial  place 
on  the  Little  Miami  Kiver,  Anderson  Township,  Ohio.- Explorations  of 
Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  F.  W.  Pctnaivi,  received  from  the  SuBSCRmmiSTO  the 
Research  Fund  of  1882-3.  v  « 

33U9- 33150.  Two  large  idols  carved  in  basalt,  representmg  human 
and  animal  forms,  from  Nicaragua.-  Collected  by  Dr.  Earl  Flint  and  re- 
ceived  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of  1882-3. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  LIBRARY. 

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numbers  of  Bulletin,  one  Report  of  Museum  Comparative  Zoology. 

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Mr  Sylvester  Baxter,  Boston,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Baron  J.  de  Baye,  Baye,  Marne,  France.    Two  pamphlets. 

Berlin,  Germany.    Koniglichen  Museum.    Four  pamphlets. 

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one  number  Bulletin. 

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Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Buffalo  Society  Natural  Sciences.    Four  volumes  Bui- 
letin. 

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377 


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of  Journal. 

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partement)  de  Constantine.  One  volume  collection  of  Notices  and  Me- 
moirs. 

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Frof.  O.  A.  Derby,  Rio  Janeilo,  Brazil.    One  volume. 

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Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher,  Winnebago  Agency,  Neb.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  Bobert  Fletcher,  Washington,  D.  C.    Two  pamphlets. 

Firenze,  Italy.  Societa  Italiana  di  Antropologia  e  di  Etnologia.  Three 
parts  Archivio. 

Mr.  Augustus  W.  Franks,  London,  Eng.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  Albert  S.  Gatschet,  Washington,  D.  C.    Nine  pamphlets. 

Geneve,  Switzerland.  Society  d'Histoire  et  d'Archeologie.  One  volume 
Memoires  et  Documents. 

Mr.  II.  L.  Gordon,  Minneapolis,  Minn.    One  volume. 

Dr.  Samuel  A.  Green,  Boston,  Mass.    One  volume. 

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Mr.  B.  G.  Haliburton,  Q.  C.    Ottawa,  Can.  Pamphlet. 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society.  One  volume, 
Report  and  Collections. 

Estate  of  Charles  Hammond,  as  part  of  the  Hammond  collection.  Five 
volumes,  two  pamphlets. 

Mrs.  George  W.  Hammond,  Boston,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  Ilamy,  Paris,  France.    One  number  Revue  d'Ethnographie. 

Mr.  Charles  H.  Hart,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  F.  II.  Hooper,  Boston,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  Montreal,  Canada.    Five  volumes. 

Mr.  Ernest  IngeHoll,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  William  James,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

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Frof.  J.  Kollmann,  Basel,  Switzerland.    Two  pamphlets. 

Konigsberg,  Frussia.  Alterthiims-gesellschaft  Prussia.  Report,  one 
pamphlet. 


378 


Leipzig,  Germany.   Museum  fur  Volkeukunde.  Eeport. 

Prof.  H.  Carvill  Lewis,  Germantown,  Pa.    Two  pamphlets. 

London,  England,  Anthropological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
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Prof  Otis  T.  Mason,  Washington,  D.  C.  One  volume,  twelve  pam- 
phlets. 

Prof  A.  C.  Merriam,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 
Middletown,  Coniu    Museum  of  Wesleyan  University.  Report. 
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New  York,  N.  Y.  American  Museum  Natural  History.  Report,  one 
number  Bulletin. 

New  York,  N.  Y.    Astor  Library.  Report. 

New  York  N.  Y.    Editor  Scientitic  American.    Paper  for  the  year. 

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Fifteen  volumes,  two  pamphlets. 

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Pans,  France.  Soci^t^  de  Geographic.  Pour  numbers  Bulletin,  twelve 
Comptes  rendus  des  seances. 

Mr  John  Pearce,  Commissioner  from  Ireland  to  Foreign  Fair.  Pamphlet. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.    Library  Company  of  Philadelphia.    Two  Bulletins. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Phdadelphia. 
Report,  one  pamphlet. 

Mr.  Henry  Phillips,  jr.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  William  John  Potts,  Camden,  N.  J.  Pamphlet. 

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M.  Felix  hegnault,  Toulouse,  France.  Pamphlet. 

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Ostseeproviuzen  Russlands.    Two  volumes. 
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number  Bulletin.  ,     -r.  ,  ,•  x.^„^ 

St.  Louis,  Mo.    Missouri  Historical  Society.    One  number  Publications. 


379 


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pamphlet. 

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ceedings.  Two  volumes. 
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Dr.  J.  H.  Lyman,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Photograph. 

Admiral  G.  H.  Preble,  Brookline,  Mass.  Photograph. 

Mr.  Stephen  Salisbury,  jr.,  Worcester,  Mass.  Photograph. 

Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Photograph. 

Prof.  iV.  P.  Sharpies,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Two  photographs. 

Mr.  Charles  Teubner,  Columbia,  Mo.    Eleven  photographs. 

Mr.  J.  Sutton  Wall,  Monongahela  City,  Penn.    Two  photographs. 


EEPORT  ON  THE  METEORIC  IRON  FROM  THE  ALTAR  MOUNDS 
IN  THE  LITTLE  MIAMI  YALLEY,  OHIO. 


By  Leonard  P.  Kinnicutt,  D.  Sc. 


In  the  spring  of  1883  the  Curator  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of 
American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  placed  in  my  hands  for  ex- 
amination certain  specimens  which  had  been  "  found  on  the  altar 
of  Mound  No.  3  of  the  Turner  Group  of  earthworks  in  the  Little 
Miami  Valley,  Ohio." 

These,  specimens  included  portions  of  two  ornaments  made  of 
iron,  several  others  covered  or  overlaid  with  iron,  and  some  separ- 
ate pieces  which  were  thought  to  be  either  an  ore  of  iron  or,  pos- 
sibly, metallic  iron. 

These  separate  pieces  were  covered  with  cinders,  small  pieces 
of  charcoal,  pearls,  broken  ornaments  made  of  shells  and  other 
materials  which  were  firmly  attached  to  the  coating  of  iron  oxide, 
showing  that  these  pieces  had  been  subjected  to  a  comparatively 
high  temperature.  On  removing  this  foreign  matter  it  was  found, 
that  these  specimens  consisted  mainly  of  metallic  iron,  which  was 
of  a  steel  gray  color  and  easily  malleable.  That  this  iron  was  ob- 
tained by  the  reduction  of  an  ore  of  iron  seemed  at  first  most 
probable  ;  still  there  vras  a  possibility  that  it  might  be  of  meteoric 
origin  and  a  careful  investigation  was  consequently  undertaken. 

The  first  piece  taken  for  this  purpose  was  of  an  irregular  cubical 
shape,  weighing  twenty-eight  grams  and  was  evidently  a  detached 
piece  of  some  larger  mass.  It  was  thickly  coated  with  oxide  of 
iron,  had  in  general  the  appearance  of  a  specimen  of  limonite  and 
could  only  with  difficulty  be  cut  or  broken.  The  specific  gravity 
was  6.42.  A  small  piece  perfectly  freed  from  rust  gave  on  an- 
alysis : 

Insoluble  residue 
Iron 
Nickel 
Cobalt 
Copper 


00.10  per  cent 

12.67 
00.33 
Trace 

(381) 


382 


A  polished  surface  when  etched  gave  well-marked  Widmann- 
stattian  figures  and  at  one  corner  small  crystals  of  olivine  and 
bronzite  could  be  easily  identified  under  the  microscope.  Traces 
of  a  third  mineral  could  also  be  detected  on  the  polished  sur- 
face, the  exact  nature  of  which  I  have  not  as  yet  been  able  to 
determine. 

The  second  specimen  examined  weighed  fifty-two  grams,  was  a 
square  shaped  piece  and  had  evidently  been  hammered  into  its 
present  form.  Crystals  of  olivine  could  be  easily  detected  enclosed 
within  the  iron.    The  specific  gravity  was  found  to  be  6.51. 

A  piece  of  the  iron  thoroughly  cleansed  from  rust  gave  on 
analysis : 


Insoluble  residue 
Iron 
Nickel 
Cobalt 
Copper 
Phosphorus 


00.12  per  cent 

88.37 

10.90 

00.44 

Trace 

Trace 


I  did  not  consider  it  necessary  to  have  a  surface  of  this  piece 
polished  as  its  general  characteristics  were  the  same  as  those  of 
the  first  specimen  examined. 

The  remaining  separate  pieces  of  iron  as  well  as  the  iron  over- 
lying the  copper  ornaments  were  now  carefully  examined  and  in 
each  and  every  case  the  element  nickel  was  shown  to  be  present, 
and  in  most  of  the  separate  pieces  crystals  of  olivine  could  be 
detected.  This  seems  to  prove  conclusively  that  all  the  iron  ob- 
tained from  the  mound  was  of  meteoric  origin,  and  in  all  proba- 
bility portions  of  one  large  meteorite,  which  belongs,  according  to 
Daubree's  classification,  to  the  Syssiderites. 

Two  months  after  receiving  the  specimens  above  described  the 
Curator  of  the  Museum  placed  in  my  hands  a  mass  of  iron  weigh- 
ing 767.5  grams  which  had  been  found  "on  the  altar  in  Mound 
No.  4  of  the  Turner  Group." 

This  mass  consisted  principally  of  metallic  iron  and  olivine  ;  the 
crystals  of  olivine  have  a  diameter  of  5  to  10  millimeters,  and  are 
enclosed  within  the  iron.  Tlie  specific  gravity  was  found  by  Prof. 
Lattimore  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  to  be  4.72. 


383 


A  section  of  the  stone  was  made  and  polished  and  the  general 
appearance  is  shown  by  the  following  wood-cut.  The  dark  portions 
showing  the  size  and  shape  of  the  crystals  of  olivine,  which  were 


of  a  dark  green,  weighing  from  200  -  800  milligrammes  and  had  a 
specific  gravity  of  3.33.  An  analysis  of  the  olivine  gave  the  fol- 
lowing results. 

SiOa  ....  40.02  per  cent 

FeO  ....  14.06  " 

MnO  ....         0.10  "  " 

MgO  ....  45.60  "  " 

The  iron  which  enclosed  these  crystals  had  a  specific  gravity  of 
7.894  and  gave  by  J.  Lawrence  Smith's  process  of  analyses : 

Insoluble  residue 
Iron 
Nickel 
Cobalt 
Copper 
Phosphorus 

A  polished  surface  under  the  microscope  showed,  beside  the 
crystals  of  olivine,  small  crystals  of  bronzite,  which  substance 
could  also  be  easily  detected  by  reflected  light.  Small  quantities 
of  schreibersite  were  also  undoubtedly  present  as  shown  by  the 
traces  of  phosphorus  found  in  the  analysis  of  the  iron. 

The  specimen  belongs  to  the  class  of  meteorites  known  as  pal- 
lasites  and  a  section  of  it  resembles  more  closely  a  section  of  the 


00.09 
89.00 
10.65 
00.45 

Traces 


384 


Atakama  stone  than  any  other  known  pallasite.    This  resemblance 

was  so  marked  that  it  seemed  desirable  to  compare  my  results 
with  the  results  obtained  by  the  study  of  the  Atakama  pallasite.  ' 


Turner  mound. 
Sp.  gr.  4.72 

Olivine 

Sp.  gr.  3.336 


SiOs 
FeO 
MnO 
MgO 


40.02 
14.06 
00.10 
45.60 


per  cent. 


Nickeliferous  iron 
Sp.  gr.  7.894 
Insoluble  residue   00.09    per  cent. 
Fe  89.00 
Ni  10.65 
Co  00.45 
Cu  Trace 
Ph  Trace 

Na   

K  


Atakama. 

Olivine^ 
3.33 
36.92 
17.21 
1.89 
43.90 


per  cent. 
"    "  FeA 
"    "  MnA 


Nickeliferous  iron' 
7.44-7.66 


88.01  per  cent. 

10.25 

00.70 


00.33 
00.21 
00.15 


The  above  comparisons  seem  to  show,  notwithstanding  the  out- 
ward resemblance,  that  the  specimens  from  the  mounds  must  be 
considered,  for  the  present  at  least,  as  portions  of  a  meteorite  of 
which  no  other  fragments  are  known. 

1  Schmid.  Pogg.  Anal.,  vol.  84,  p .  501. 

2  Buchner.  "  Die  Meteoriten,"  Giessen,  1859,  page  195. 


Worcester  Free  Institute, 
Feb.,  1884. 


EIGHTEENTH  AND  NINETEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORTS 


OF  THE  TRUSTEES 


OP  THE 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 


OP 


AMEEIOAN  AEOHilOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY. 


PRESENTED  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOWS  OF 
HARVARD  COLLEGE,  1886. 


Vol.  III.    Nos.  5  and  6. 


CAMBRIDGE : 

PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OP  THE  TRUSTEES, 

1886  . 


PRINTED  AT  THE  SALEM  PRESS, 
SALEM,  Mass. 


COlSTTJElSrTS. 


List  of  Trustees,  Officers,  and  Special  Assistants    ....  388 

Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of 

Harvard  College   339 

Abstract  from  the  Eecords,  1884   39 1 

Eesolutions  on  the  death  of  Stp]phen  Salisbury  and  John  C. 

Phillips,  late  Trustees  of  the  Museum   395 

Eighteenth  Report  of  the  Treasurer   397 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   398 

List  of  Subscribers  in  aid  of  Arch^ological  and  Ethnolog- 
ical Research  in  America   400 

Eighteenth  Report  of  the  Curator    401 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1884  .    .  419 

List  of  Donors  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1884.     .  429 

Notes  on  the  Anomalies,  Injuries  and  Diseases  of  the  Bones 
OF  THE  Native  Peoples  of  North  America  contained  in 

THE  OsTEOLOGICAL  COLLECTION  OF  THE  MUSEUM.     BY  WiL- 

liam  F.  Whitney   433 

Explorations  in  Ohio  by  C.  L.  Metz  and  F.  W.  Putnam  :  The 

Marriott  Mound,  No  1,  and  its  Contents.    By  F.  W. 

Putnam.    (Illustrated.)    449 

Abstract  from  the  Records,  1885-6    469 

Nineteenth  Report  of  the  Treasurer   473 

Cash  Account  of  the  Curator   474 

Nineteenth  Report  of  the  Curator   477 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1885.  603 

List  op  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1885.  608 

(387) 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 

OP 

AMERICAN  ARCHEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY 

IN  CONNECTION  WITH 

HAKVAED  UNIVEESITY. 

FOUNDED  BY  GEORGE  PEABODY,  OCTOBER  8,  1866. 


TEUSTEES. 


Egbert  C.  Winthrop,  Boston,  1866.  Chairman. 
Charles  Erancis  Adams,  Quincy,  1866;  resigned,  1881. 
Erancis  Peabody,  Salem,  1866 ;  deceased,  1867. 

Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  1866;  deceased,  1884.  Treasurer  1866-81. 
Asa  Gray,  Cambridge,  1866.  Frotempove  Curator  of  fJieMuseum,  18/4. 
Jeffries  Wyman,  Cambridge,  1866;  deceased,  1874.    Curator  of  the  Mn- 

GEORGrPEABODY  EussELL,  Salem,  1866 ;  resigned,  1876.  .^ecre^ory,  1866-73. 
Henry  Wheatland,  Salem,  1867.     Successor  to  Erancis  Peabody,  as 

President  of  the  Essex  Institute.    Secretary,  1878. 
Thomas  T  Bouv^:,  Boston,  1874-1880.    Successor  to  Jeffries  Wyman,  as 

President  ofthe  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
Theodore  Lyman,  Brookline,  1876.    Successor  to  George  Peabody  Eus- 

sell,  by  election.    Treasurer,  1881-1882. 
Samuel  H  Scudder,  Cambridge,  1880.    Successor  to  Thomas  T.  Bouve, 

as  President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
John  C.  Phillips,  Boston,  1881 ;  deceased,  1885.    Successor  to  Charles 

Francis  Adams,  by  election.    Treasurer,  1882-1885. 
George  F.  Hoar,  Worcester,  1884.    Successor  to  Stephen  Salisbury,  as 

President  ofthe  American  Antiquarian  Society. 
Francis  C.  Lowell,  Boston,  1885.    Successor  to  John  C.  PhiUips,  by 

election.    Treasurer,  1885. 

OFFICEES  OE  THE  MUSEUM  AND  SPECIAL  ASSISTANTS. 

Frederick  Ward  Putnam,  Curator,  1875. 
LuciKN  Carr,  Assistant,  1875;  Assistant  Curator,  1877^^ 
Charles  C.  Abbott,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Assistant  m  the  Field,  1875. 
Miss  Jennie  Smith,  Assistant  in  the  Museum,  1878 
Edward  E.  Chick,  Assistant  in  charge  ofthe  Building,  1878. 
Earl  Flint,  Eivas,  Nicaragua,  Assistant  in  the  Field,  1879. 
Charles  L.  Metz,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  Assistant  m  the  Field,  1880. 
Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher,  Special  Assistant,  1882. 
Miss  C.  A.  Studley,  Assistant  in  the  Museum,  1882. 
John  Cone  Kimball,  Student-assistant,  1883. 
W.  B.  NiCKKRSON,  Student-assistant,  1885. 
(388) 


EIGHTEENTH  AND  NINETEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORTS. 


To  THE  President  and  Fellows  op  Harvard  College  :— 

The  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archae- 
ology and  Ethnology  herewith  respectfully  communicate  to  the 
President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College,  as  their  Eighteenth 
and  Nineteenth  Annual  Reports,  the  Reports  of  their  Curator  and 
Treasurer  presented  at  the  Annual  Meetings,  June  12,  1885,  and 
April  9,  1886. 

ROBERT  C.  WINTHROP, 
ASA  GRAY, 
HENRY  WHEATLAND, 
THEODORE  LYMAN, 
SAMUEL  H.  SCUDDER, 
GEORGE  F.  HOAR, 
.      FRANCIS  C.  LOWELL. 

Cambridge,  Mass., 
July  31,  1886. 

389 


ABSTRACT  FROM  THE  RECORDS. 


Friday,  June  20,  1884.  In  accordance  with  the  vote  passed  at  the  an- 
nual meeting  in  February,  "  That  a  meeting  of  visitation  to  the  Museum 
and  also  for  the  transaction  of  business  be  held  at  such  time  during  the 
present  season  as  the  President  may  appoint,"  the  Trustees,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  President,  assembled  in  the  Curator's  room.  Museum  build- 
ing, Cambridge,  at  11  a.m.— Present,  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Salisbury, 
Gray,  Wheatland,  Scudder  and  Phillips.  Mr.  Lyman  was  necessarily 
absent,  engaged  in  his  congressional  duties  at  Washington. 

After  an  inspection  of  the  several  rooms  in  the  building  and  an  exami- 
nation of  the  various  collections  under  the  guidance  of  the  Curator,  Mr. 
F.  W.  Putnam,  the  Hon.  Egbert  C.  Wintpirop  called  the  meeting  to 
order  and  in  a  highly  complimentary  manner  expressed  to  the  Curator  the 
satisfaction  of  the  Trustees  with  the  general  appearance  of  the  Museum 
and  with  the  various  methods  adopted  in  the  classification  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  collections.  Others  of  the  Trustees  concurred  in  the  opinion 
expressed  by  the  chairman,  and  on  motion  of  the  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury 
it  was  mtedth^t  the  Secretary  be  requested  to  place  upon  record  a  notice 
ofthe  visit  of  the  Trustees  to  the  Museum  this  day,  and  that  the  collections 
were  found  in  a  satisfactory  condition  in  all  the  departments,  and  ar- 
ranged in  a  manner  well  adapted  for  study  and  reference,  and  that  an  air 
of  neatness  pervaded  every  part  of  the  building. 

Gratification  was  expressed  at  the  care  and  thoroughness  with  which 
the  Curator  had  performed  his  duties,  and  of  the  great  progress  thus  far 
made  in  the  accomplishment  of  the  plans  of  the  Founder,  specified  in  the 
Instrument  of  Trust. 

Mr.  Scudder  asked  if  any  action  was  to  be  taken  in  relation  to  the  ex- 
plorations under  the  direction  of  the  Curator.  Mr.  Putnam  then  gave 
a  sketch  of  the  explorations  he  was  conducting  in  Ohio,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  exhibiting  specimens,  photographs  and  diagrams 
to  illustrate  that  of  the  Turner  Group  of  mounds  in  the  valley  of  the  Lit- 
tle Miami. 

On  motion  of  Prof.  Asa  Gray,  the  Curator  was  requested  to  prepare  a 
full  account  of  the  Ohio  Group  for  publication  by  the  Museum,  and  also  to 
present  a  paper  on  the  same  subject  at  the  coming  meeting  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  so  that  these  important 
explorations  may  be  more  wid^y  known.  The  Curator  called  attention 
to  the  desirableness  of  having  placed  at  his  disposal  the  sum  of  one  thous- 
and dollars  to  continue  this  work.  Mr.  Phillips,  the  Treasurer,  said 
that  no  funds  were  in  the  treasury  applicable  to  this  purpose,  but  he  con- 
sidered that  the  importance  of  this  work  would  warrant  the  propriety  of 
an  appeal  to  the  friends  of  science  for  aid  in  this  direction.  It  was  voted  to 

(391) 


392 


request  subscriptions  in  aid  of  the  Curator  in  the  continuance  of  his  ex- 
ploration. 

A  letter  was  read  from  President  Eliot  in  reply  to  one  sent  by  Mr.  WiN- 
THKOP,  requesting  a  conference  to  define  more  clearly  the  respective  du- 
ties of  the  Trustees  and  the  Corporation  of  Harvard  College  in  the 
management  of  this  Trust,  and  the  prospective  appoiutmeutof  a  professor 
of  archaeology  and  ethnology.  Referred  to  the  committee  of  the  Trustees 
appointed  at  a  previous  meeting,  on  this  subject. 

The  Board  then  adjourned. 

Friday,  June  12,  1885.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
was  held  at  the  Museum  Building,  Cambridge,  this  day  at  11  a.  m.  Pres- 
ent :  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Gray,  Wheatland,  Lyman,  Scudder,  Hoar 
and  the  Curator. 

Records  of  the  preceding  meeting  were  read  and  approved. 

The  chairman,  Mr.  Winthrop,  said,  Our  annual  meeting  has  been 
postponed  from  month  to  month  owing  to  the  deaths  of  two  of  our  little 
number,  and  the  absence  of  others  from  home.  A  quorum  could  hardly 
have  been  obtained  until  now. 

We  miss  from  our  meeting  to-day,  almost  for  the  first  time,  our  vener- 
able associate,  the  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  one  of  the  original  Trustees 
appointed  by  Mr.  Peabody  by  his  "Letter  of  Gift,"  dated  Oct.  8,  1866. 
Mr.  Salisbury  had  been  one  of  our  most  devoted  members.  He  was  our 
Treasurer  for  twelve  years  from  our  first  organization,  and  though  he, 
then,  in  1878,  resigned  that  office,  he  kindly  consented  to  act  as  Treasurer 
and  to  take  charge  of  our  funds,  and  even  to  be  the  subject  of  reelection 
for  several  years  more.  He  was  with  us  at  our  visitation  of  the  Museum 
last  June,  and  evinced  a  warm  interest  in  the  progress  and  prosperity  of 
this  Institution.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Worcester,  on  the  21:th  of 
August  following,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-six  years,  respected  by  all 
who  knew  him.  The  place  of  Mr.  Salisbury  as  a  Trustee  has  been  filled 
by  the  Hon.  George  F.  Hoar,  his  successor  as  President  of  the  American 
Antiquarian  Society,  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  Mr.  Peabody 's  "Let- 
ter of  Gift."  Meantime  Mr.  Salisbury's  place  as  Treasurer  which  had  been 
temporarily  supplied  by  Col.  Lyman,  was  filled  permanently,  it  was 
hoped,  in  1882,  by  Mr.  John  C.  Phillips, 'who  had  been  elected  a  Trustee 
on  the  resignation  of  the  Hon.  Charles  Francis  Adams.  To  the  deep  sor- 
row of  us  all,  Mr.  Phillips  died  on  the  1st  of  March  last,  at  the  early  age 
of  forty-six.  He  had  become  one  of  the  most  active  and  valuable  mem- 
bers of  our  Board,  and  his  loss  to  us  and  to  our  whole  community  is 
greatly  lamented.  The  place  of  Mr.  Phillips  both  as  Trustee  and  as 
Treasurer  will  be  the  subject  of  election  to-day. 

Before  proceeding,  however,  to  that  or  any  other  business,  the  Trustees, 
I  am  sure,  will  desire  to  enteron  their  records  some  expression  of  sorrow 
at  the  loss,  and  of  respect  for  the  memory,  of  these  valued  associates,  and  I 
venture  to  offer  the  following  resolutions. 

Besolved,  That  the  death  of  our  venerable  associate,  the  Hon.  Stephen 
Salisbury,  has  taken  from  us  one  who  will  ever  be  held  in  grateful  re- 


393 


raembrance  as  the  faithful  and  devoted  Treasurer  of  this  Institution  from 
its  first  organization,  until  within  tliree  years  of  his  death,  and  as  one  of 
tlie  original  Trustees,  and  that  we  desire  to  enter  upon  our  records  the 
deep  sense  which  we  entertain  of  his  virtues  and  accomplishments,  his  lib- 
erality and  public  spirit,  and  of  the  sterling  qualities  of  mind  and  heart 
which  characterized  his  long  and  useful  life. 

Besolved,  That  the  loss  of  our  late  associate,  Mr.  John  C.  Phillips,  is 
deeply  lamented  by  us  all;  that  his  services  as  Trustee  and  Treasurer  for 
three  years  past  had  been  of  a  character  to  inspire  us  with  the  warmest 
personal  regard,  and  with  a  confident  expectation  of  his  remaining  one  of 
the  leading  managers  of  our  trust  long  after  many,  if  not  all  of'us,  had 
passed  away,  and  that  it  is  with  sincere  sorrow  at  his  early  death' that 
we  pay  this  heartfelt  tribute  to  his  memory. 

The  resolutions  were  unanimously  adopted,  and  the  Secretary  was  re- 
quested to  transmit  copies  of  the  above  to  the  families  of  the  late  Messrs. 
Salisbury  and  Phillips,  respectively. 

The  chairman,  Mr.  Winthrop,  read  a  communication  supplementary  to 
the  statement  made  at  the  last  annual  meeting  in  regard  to  the  relations 
which  this  institution  holds  to  the  university. 

Voted  that  this  communication  be  referred  to  the  same  committee 
(Messrs.  Gray  and  Lyman)  to  whom  the  statement  of  similar  import  was 
referred  at  the  preceding  annual  meeting,  and  that  Senator  Hoar  be  added 
to  this  committee. 

Voted  to  proceed  to  choice  of  a  Trustee  and  Treasurer  in  place  of  Mr. 
Phillips,  deceased. 

Mr.  Edward  W.  Hooper^  was  unanimously  elected  Trustee  and  Treas- 
urer. 

The  report  of  the  late  Treasurer  was  read  and  accepted,  and  ordered 
to  be  printed  as  a  part  of  the  Eighteenth  report  of  the  Trustees. 

The  Curator's  cash  account  audited  by  the  Secretary  was  read,  ac- 
cepted, and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  report  of  the  Curator  was  presented,  accepted,  and  ordered  to  be 
printed. 

The  Board  then  adjourned. 

Henry  Wheatland, 

Secretary. 

1  Mr.  Hooper  declining  to  serve,  Mr.  Francis  C.  Lowell  was  elected  at  a  special  meet- 
ing  held  on  Monday,  June  22, 1885,  the  record  of  which  will  be  given  in  th^  next:  report. 


395 


The  following  resolutions,  offered  by  the  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop, 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum,  were  unani- 
mously adopted  at  the  meeting  of  the  Board  on  Friday,  June  12,  1885,  and 
ordered  to  be  placed  on  record. 

Resolved,  That  the  death  of  our  venerable  associate,  the 
Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  has  taken  from  us  one  who  will  ever 
be  held  in  grateful  remembrance  as  the  faithful  and  devoted 
Treasurer  of  this  Institution  from  its  first  organization,  until 
within  three  years  of  his  death,  and  as  one  of  the  original 
Trustees,  and  that  we  desire  to  enter  upon  our  records  the 
deep  sense  which  we  entertain  of  his  virtues  and  accomplish- 
ments, his  liberality  and  public  spirit,  and  of  the  sterling 
qualities  of  mind  and  heart  which  characterized  his  long  and 
useful  life. 

Resolved,  That  the  loss  of  our  late  associate,  Mr.  John 
C.  Phillips,  is  deeply  lamented  by  us  all ;  that  his  services 
as  Trustee  and  Treasurer  for  three  years  past  had  been  of  a 
character  to  inspire  us  wdth  the  warmest  personal  regard,  and 
with  a  confident  expectation  of  his  remaining  one  of  the  lead- 
ing managers  of  our  trust  long  after  many,  if  not  all  of  us, 
had  passed  away,  and  that  it  is  with  sincere  sorrow  at  his 
early  death  that  we  pay  this  heartfelt  tribute  to  his  memory. 


397 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Eth- 
nology, in  connection  with  Harvard  University. 

The  Treasurer  respectfully  presents  the  following  Annual  Report : — 

Income  Account. 

1884. 

April  1.  Received  United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

2  coupons,  $1  each  .  .  .  ,  ,  ^  $2  00 
July  1.      "      Pueblo  and  Arkansas  Valley  R.  R. 

45  coupons  $35  each   1,575  00 

"      "      "      United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

2  coupons,  $1  each  2  00 

Aug.   1.       "       Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  R.  R.,  4  per  cent 

Bonds,  03  coupons  $20  each  ....  1,240  00 
"     "      "       Kansas  &  Missouri  R.  R. 

54  coupons  $25  each   1,350  00 

Oct.    1.       "       United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

2  coupons,  $1  each  $2  00 

1885. 

Jan'y  1.       "      Pueblo  &  Arkansas  "Valley  R.  R. 

45  coupons  $35  each   1,575  00 

"     "      "      United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

2  coupons,  $1  each  2  00 

Feb'y  2.       "  '    Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  R.  R., 

62  coupons  $20  each   1,240  00 

"      "      *•       Kansas  &  Missouri  R.  R. 

54  coupons  $25  each   1,350  00 

  $8,338  00 

1884. 

July  1.  Paid  F.  "W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Building  Fund  *  ,  *  ,  .  $1,555  00 
Aug.  1.     "  P.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Professors'  Fund   1,500  00 

"     "      *'   F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Museum  Fund  ......    1,114  00 

1885. 

Jan'y  1.     "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Building  Fund   1,555  00 

Feb'y  1.     *•    F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Professors' Fund   1,500  00 

•«     «      it   F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator, 

Account  of  Museum  Fund  1,114  00 

  $8,338  00 

John  C.  Phillips, 

Treasurer. 

Boston,  February,  1885. 


398 


CASH  ACCOUNT  OF 

Dr. 

F.  W.  Ptjtnam,  Curator^  in  Account  with  Peabody 

1884-85.  . 

To  Building  Fund. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account  .   .  .   •  $2406  17 

Received  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer    .   .   .  .■  3110  00 

  $5516  17 

To  Museum  Fund, 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account   10  86 

From  Building  Fund,  on  accoimt  of  cases  1868-74   600  00 

Publications  sold   28  20 

Received  from  John  C.  Phillips,  Treasurer   5228  00 

Clerical  services  of  Assistant  on  salary  account   50  75 

  5917  81 

To  Subscriptions  for  Archaeological  Research  in  America. 

Balance  on  hand  from  last  account    65  55 

Received  from  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Boston,  Mass.,  2nd 

subscription   50  00 

Received  from  H.  A.  Homes,  Esq.,  Albany,  N.  Y   5  00 

"        "    Dr.  A.  H.  Thompson,  Topeka,  Kan   5  00 

«'        "    A.  E.Douglass,  Esq.,  New  York,  N.Y.     .   .   .   ,  47  00 

Received  from  "Wm.  B.  Weeden,  Esq.,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  3rd 

subscription   50  00 

Received  from  Mrs.  Esther  Herrmann,  New  York,  N.  Y   50  00 

"        "    John  C.  Phillips,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass.,  2nd  sub- 
scription  ^   200  00 

Received  from  Prof.  Asa  Gray>  Cambridge,  Mass   13  00 

"             Miss  Marian  Hovey,  Boston,  Mass   50  00 

  535  50 

To  Subscriptions  for  Research  among  Indian  Tribes, 
Balance  on  hand  from  last  account    550  00 


$12,519  53 


Cambridge,  Feb.  2, 1885. 


399 


Cr. 


•1884-85. 


THE  CURATOR. 

Museum  of  American  Arcjiasology  and  Ethnology. 

By  Building  Fund, 

Paid  Museum  Fund,  on  account  of  cases  1868-74   $600  00 

Cases,  stock  and  labor                                                        ,  1928  89 

Furniture,  stock  and  materials  used    ...........  32  13 

Eepairs  on  building   22  65 

Express   23  75 

E.  E.  Chick   500  00 

.  $3107  32 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account .   2408  85 

5516  17 

By  Museum  Fund. 

Collections  purchased  and  special  explorations   642  38 

Balance,  cost  of  16th  and  17th  Report   214  61 

Drawing  and  engraving   37  74 

Library:  books,  subscriptions,  cards  and  various  publications  195  57 

Photographing  and  materials    99  02 

Record  Books   28  75 

Stationery   121  57 

Express,  postage,  telegraph,  telephone   413  00 

Extra  labor   15  69 

Paper  trays  !  i  !  !  23  25 

Fuel  and  gas  \  \  209  44 

Water  tax    20  84 

Incidentals   31  84 

Salaries   '.  \  W            \  \  3850  00 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  

5917  81 

By  Subscription  for  Archceological  Research  in  America. 

Explorations  in  New  Jersey   Y5  qq 

Explorations  in  Virginia  and  Ohio  Ill',',  132  10 

Explorations  in  Ohio                                                       !  !  283  91 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account   ^44  54 


By  Subscription  for  Research  among  Indian  Tribes. 
Amount  to  new  account  •  


535  55 


650  00 


$12,519  53 

I  have  examined  this  account,  with  the  vouchers,  and  find  it  correct. 
March  17.  1885.  Wheatland. 


400 


SUBSCRIBERS  AIDIXG  IN  THE  TVORK  OF  THE  JVIUSEUM. 


1882-3. 

Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Hon.  Theodore  Ly^ian,  Brookliue,  israss.  . 
John  C.  Phillips,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 
MiJS.  Augustus  Hemenway,  Boston,  Mass.  . 
Samuel  D.  Warren,  Esq.,  " 
Mrs.  Gardner  Brewer,  "  " 

Dr.  C.  a.  Ware, 

Dr.  R.  M.  Hodges,  "  " 

Mrs.  G.  H.  Shaw,  "  " 

Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,     "  " 
Wm.  B.  Weeden,  Esq.,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Col.  a.  C.  Woodworth,  Chicopee,  Mass.  . 
:StRS.  Susan  C.  Warpjin,  Boston,  " 
Dr.  Robert  H.  La3Iborn,  Xew  York,  N.  Y. 
George  Peabody  Russell,  Esq.,  Isle  of  Wight, 
Mrs.  Clara  B.  Ki3IBall,  Boston,  Mass. 


Wm.  B.  Weeden,  Esq.,  Providence,  R.  I.,  2d  subscription 
Joshua  W.  Davis,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass., 
A  EPvIen-d,  Buffalo,  X.  Y.  .... 
Dr.  Wm.  F.  Whitney,  Boston,  Mass.  . 
Mrs.  Geo.  O.  Shattuck,    "        "       •  • 

Amount  of  above  previously  announced, 
1884-5. 

Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Boston,  Mass.,  2d  sub., 

H.  A.  Homes,  Esq..  Albany,  X.  Y., 

A.  H.  Thompson,  M.D.,  Topeka,  Kansas, 

A.  E.  Douglass,  Esq.,  New  York,  Y. 

Wm.  B.  Weeden,  Esq.,  Providence,  R.  I.,  3d  sub., 

Mrs.  Esther  Herrman,  Xew  York,  N.  Y.,  . 

JohnC.  Phillips,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass.,  2d  subscription, 

Prof.  Asa  Gray,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Miss  Marian  Hovey,  Boston,  *'  ... 

Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  Mass.,  2d  sub. 

Prof.  E.  X.  Horsford,  Cambridge,  Mass.  . 


$500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
500  00 
300  00 
200  00 
100  00 
100  00 
100  00 
50  00 
500  00 
250  00 
200  00 
100  00 
100  00 
50  00 


50  00 
33  00 
25  00 
5  00 


§1,663  00 


50  00 
5  00 
5  00 

47  00 

50  00 
50  00 
200  00 
13  00 
50  00 
200  00 
100  00 


$770  00 


Total  of  subscriptions,    ....  $5,433  00 

Additional  subscriptions  are  solicited  for  the  purpose  of  continuing  the 
explorations. 


EEPOET  OF  THE  CUEATOE. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  American  Archceology 
and  Ethnology. — 

Gentlemen  .-—The  sad  events  to  which  the  honored  chairman 
of  your  board  has  referred,  as  causing  the  postponement  of  the 
annual  meeting  to  this  late  date,  lead  me  to  request  the  privilege 
of  stating  our  gratitude  at  being  able  to  welcome  him  to  his  ac- 
customed place  after  his  long  ilhiess,  and  to  ask  to  be  permitted 
to  add  my  personal  acknowledgment  of  the  kindly  manner  with 
which  I  ever  was  treated  by  the  two  members  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  whose  absence  is  mourned  to-day.  By  the  office  which 
they  held  successively  I  was  brought  necessarily  into  direct  com- 
munication with  them,  and  I  know  how  much  they  were  interested 
in  the  work  of  the  Museum,  and  in  the  particular  plans  for  explora- 
tions in  America  which  it  has  been  my  pleasure  to  carry  out,  in 
large  part  by  their  cooperation,  as  they  were  the  two  largest  con- 
tributors of  money  for  that  purpose. 

The  time  covered  by  the  brief  report  which  I  now  offer,  in- 
cludes the  year  from  February,  1884  to  February,  1885.  This 
period  was  a  fruitful  one  in  the  number  of  specimens  received 
at  the  Museum  and  in  important  results  obtained  from  explora- 
tions conducted  in  its  name. 

The  pecuniary  aid  which  a  few  friends  of  American  research 
furnished  for  the  continuation  of  the  explorations  in  Ohio,  re- 
ferred to  in  several  preceding  reports,  has  been  the  means  of 
bringing  to  light  many  facts  of  the  greatest  importance  in  relation 
to  the  archaeology  of  the  Ohio  valley.  The  systematic  explora- 
tions we  thus  far  have  been  able  to  carry  on  have  given  a  clew  to 
the  sequence  of  events  which  have  taken  place  in  that  region  of 
our  country  where  archaeologists  have  hoped  for  important  results. 

In  order  to  continue  these  explorations,  however,  we  must  ask 
for  additional  financial  support  from  all  who  are  interested  and 
willing  to  aid  in  the  work,  which  necessarily  must  be  slow  and  ex- 

REPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III.  26  (^01) 


402 


pensive  in  its  accomplishment.  We  also  must  ask  the  cooperation 
and  good  will  of  local  societies  and  the  owners  of  estates  in  the  region 
of  our  work.  It  should  be  remembered  by  all  interested  in  the 
subject,  that  these  efforts  are  simply  for  the  purpose  of  making 
known  the  facts  relating  to  an  important  ethnological  region, 
which,  if  properly  worked  out,  will  be  of  the  greatest  importance 
in  understanding  the  complicated  questions  in  regard  to  ancient 
American  peoples,  their  connections  with  one  another  and  with 
the  tribes  which  occupied  the  continent  at  the  time  it  was  first 
known  to  our  own  race.  These  are  great  problems  which  can  be 
solved  only  by  long  continued  and  systematic  exploration  such  as 
we  have  undertaken  in  the  region  in  question. 

Unfortunately,  the  desire  to  possess  relics  of  the  past,  regard- 
less of  their  worth  in  a  scientific  sense,  has  led  to  much  indis- 
criminate digging  for  "  relics  and  many  have  been  found  and 
scattered  widely  without  a  record  of  their  discovery  or  their  associa- 
tion with  other  objects. 

While  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  explore  any  mound  in  a 
thorough  manner  and  to  get  from  it  a  complete  record  of  its  con- 
struction, contents  and  relation  to  other  works,  — digging  holes  in  a 
hundred  places  and  obtaining  here  and  there  a  few  implements  or 
ornaments,  which  by  themselves  are  simply  implements  or  orna- 
ments und  nothing  more,  is  not  working  for  scientific  ends  and  should 
be  discouraged  by  all  scientific  societies  and  by  all  owners  of  land 
upon  which  earthworks  exist.    Similar  remarks  apply,  of  course, 
to  all  ancient  remains,  be  they  mounds,  burial  places,  fortifications, 
or  sites  of  villages.     Thorough  exploration  followed  by  careful 
study  of  the  results  should  be  the  method  of  all  explorers,  and  a 
conscientious  record  of  the  whole  should  be  kept  to  be  published 
eventually  in  some  permanent  form  accessible  to  all  workers  in 
the  science.    The  various  objects  obtained  during  such  explora- 
tions never  should  be  scattered  or  separated  from  the  associated- 
articles,  nor  should  they  be  trusted  to  the  vicissitudes  of  private 
collections,  without  proper  protection  from  fire  or  provision  for 
their  ultimate  deposition  in  a  permanent  and  fire-proof  museum. 

It  is  upon  this  plan  and  by  such  a  method,  that  the  explora- 
tions in  Ohio  have  been  carried  on  by  the  workers  of  the  Museum. 
We  have  chosen  for  particular  and  thorough  work  the  valley  of 
the  Little  Miami  and  the  closely  associated  archaeological  region. 
With  the  assistance  of  the  enlightened  residents  of  that  region 


403 


and  the  hearty  cooperation  of  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  who,  living  in  the 
valley,  is  able  to  give  continuous  oversight  to  the  work,  while  I 
can  be  on  the  ground  only  at  irregular  though  frequent  intervals, 
it  has  been  possible  to  execute  what  has  proved  already  the  most 
important  archaeological  exploration  ever  made  in  Ohio,  and  it  is 
our  hope  to  carry  it  on  to  the  end.  Not  only  are  we  exploring 
all  kinds  of  mounds  and  earthworks,  the  old  village  sites  and 
the  burial  places,  but  the  banks  of  rivers,  the  gullies  and  the 
gravel  and  river  deposits  as  well,  in  order  to  correlate  all  our  obser- 
vations and  understand  the  successive  occupations  of  the  region. 

The  photographs,  diagrams  and  specimens  now  exhibited  to 
you,  in  addition  to  what  I  have  stated,  will  give  you  an  idea  of 
the  extent  of  the  work  we  have  undertaken,  and  I  am  sure  you 
will  fully  realize  its  importance  to  American  archaeology  in  add- 
ing to  the  Museum  the  means  of  making  comparative  studies  which 
can  but  furnish  instructive  results. 

It  is  not  my  intention  at  this  time  to  enter  into  a  detailed  ac- 
count of  all  the  explorations  and  of  the  materials  obtained,  as  that 
is  being  reserved  for  a  special  memoir  on  the  archaeology  of  the 
Little  Miami  valley,  which,  in  accordance  with  your  expressed 
wishes,  will  be  offered  to  you  for  publication  in  parts  when  the 
explorations  of  special  places  have  been  finished. 

As  the  grounds  where  we  are  conducting  our  work  are  under 
cultivation  at  different  times,  we  have  been  obliged  often  to  leave  a 
particular  spot  for  a  time  and  work  at  another  until,  after  the  gath- 
ering of  some  crop,  we  could  return  to  the  first.  Owing  to  this 
necessary  method  of  operations  it  is  not  yet  possible  to  give  a  per- 
fect account  of  much  of  our  work.  This  year,  however,  has  brought 
to  completion  the  three  years'  work  on  the  large  group  of  mounds 
and  earthworks  on  Mr.  Turner's  farm  to  which  reference  has  been 
made  in  previous  reports,  and  in  order  to  preserve  the  record  in  its 
proper  sequence,  an  account  of  the  exploration  of  one  of  the  outly- 
ing mounds  of  the  group  is  given  as  a  special  paper  in  connection 
with  this  report. 

My  attention  having  been  called  to  an  account  in  the  "Chilli- 
cothe  Leader  "  of  an  interesting  collection  of  objects  obtained  by 
some  school  boys  from  a  mound  in  the  Scioto  valley  which  we  had 
formerly  visited,  I  requested  Mr.  Kimball  to  go  to  the  place  and 
make  inquiries  relating  to  the  specimens,  as  the  account  seemed  to 
indicate  certain  important  associations  with  the  people  who  made 


404 


the  Turner  group  of  mounds  then  in  course  of  exploration.  The 
result  of  his  visit  impressed  me  with  the  importance  of  making  a 
comparative  study  of  the  group  of  mounds,  from  one  of  which  the 
specimens  had  been  taken.    Through  the  friendly  offices  of  the  ed- 
itors of  the  "  Leader,"  who  had  obtained  the  right  to  examine  the 
large  mound,  Mr.  Edwin  Harness,  the  owner  of  the  land,  kindly 
gave  his  permission  for  the  exploration  of  the  group.  Although 
our  exploration  of  this  group  has  been  as  thorough  as  time  would 
permit  last  autumn,  it  was  not  completed,  ])ut  we  hope  to  finish  it 
at  no  distant  time  as  it  is  included  in  the  region  we  have  mapped 
out  as  that  which  we  hope  to  work  over  in  a  thorough  manner.  As 
in  all  other  Ohio  work,  I  had  the  hearty  assistance  of  Dr.  Metz. 
We  soon  discovered  that  we  were  exploring  the  group  of  earthworks 
surveyed  by  Squier  and  Davis  in  1840,  and  described  in  their 
important  volume  under  the  heading  of  "Ancient  works  in  Liberty 
township."    With  the  aid  of  their  plan  the  embankments  forming 
the  square  and  great  circle  still  can  be  easily  traced  in  the  culti- 
vated fields  on  both  sides  of  the  narrow  gauge  railroad  track.  A 
portion  of  the  earth  walls  which  formed  the  square  are  still  fairly 
preserved  in  the  woods  beyond  the  field.    In  the  next  field,  to  the 
northwest,  the  lines  of  the  walls  which  crossed  the  pike  and  connected 
the  square  with  the  small  circle,  can  be  seen,  and  the  small  circle 
can  be  followed  in  the  woods  on  the  west  side  of  the  pike,  towards 
Mr.  Harness'  house.    Several  of  the  depressions  or  excavations 
noted  by  Squier  and  Davis,  about  and  within  the  works,  are  still 
defined,  and  the  little  circle  to  the  east  of  the  square,  with  the  long, 
single  embankment  running  southward,  can  be  made  out. 

Squier  and  Davis  represent  five  small  mounds  inside  the  great 
square  of  twenty-seven  acres.  These  have  been  levelled  by  culti- 
vation, but  we  could  trace  the  outlines  of  three  at  least,  one 
of  which  we  thoroughly  examined,  and  found  that  it  had  been 
a  simple  mound  of  earth  thrown  up  inside  one  of  the  "  gateways" 
of  the  square.  Three  mounds,  one  twice  the  size  of  the  others, 
are  represented  on  the  plan  as  just  outside  one  of  the  "  gateways" 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  great  circle  of  forty  acres  area.  All 
three  have  been  much  reduced  in  height  by  ploughing  over  them, 
but  probably  only  the  superficial  portions  have  been  disturbed. 
These  three  mounds  we  examined  with  care,  and  found  that  the 
small  one  to  the  westward  contained  only  a  small  bed  of  ashes. 


405 


The  other  two  proved  to  be  burial  mounds  of  considerable  in- 
terest. The  human  bones  were  much  decayed.  We  found  in  these 
mounds  various  objects  made  of  copper,  stone,  shell  and  mica,  of 
the  same  character  as  those  found  in  the  large  mound  of  the  group, 
consisting  of  copper  plates,  spool-shaped  ear-ornaments  made  of 
copper,  a  few  small  ornaments  of  copper,  one  small  copper  celt,  a 
crescent-shaped  ornament  cut  out  of  slate,  another  small  stone 
ornament,  a  few  large  beads  covered  with  copper,  and  a  smaller 
one  covered  with  silver  over  the  copper,  shell  beads  and  numerous 
other  small  objects. 

Another  mound  in  the  cornfield,  north  of  the  three  above  men- 
tioned, was  also  dug  over  completely.  In  this  we  found  a  large  bed 
of  ashes  and  charcoal  about  at  the  level  of  the  natural  surface  upon 
wliich  the  mound  was  made.  This  ash  bed  covered  nearly  the 
whole  area  occupied  by  the  mound,  and  in  it  we  found  many  frag- 
ments of  pottery  and  cut  pieces  of  mica,  some  of  which  were  cir- 
cular. A  large  piece  of  grass  matting  and  a  mass  of  burnt  seeds, 
nuts  and  acorns,  were  found  in  the  bed  of  ashes.  In  one  place  the 
charred  matting  was  in  several  layers  making  a  thickness  of  an  inch 
or  more.  Near  the  centre  of  the  mound,  extending  to  the  south, 
was  a  long,  narrow  pit,  about  9X2  feet,  which  was  a  foot  in  depth. 
At  the  bottom  of  this  pit  were  burned  stones,  and  over  them  ashes 
and  charcoal,  fragments  of  pottery  and  a  few  burnt  bones. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  several  mounds  connected  with  the 
extensive  earthwork  were  erected  for  different  purposes  and  vary 
considerably  in  their  structure. 

Near  the  eastern  corner  of  the  part  of  the  earthwork  which  we 
have  called  the  "great  square,"  and  within  the  line  of  the  circular 
embankment  forming  the  "great  circle,"  stands  the  largest  mound 
of  the  group,  which  is  known  as  tlie  "Edwin  Harness  mound."  This 
mound  proved  to  be  of  great  interest  and  unlike  any  other  we  have 
explored.  It  is  160  feet  long,  from  80  to  90  feet  wide,  and  from 
13  to  18  feet  high  along  the  central  portion,  which  rises  gradually 
from  the  southern  to  the  northern  part.  Up  to  this  time  we  have 
made  a  thorough  exploration  of  about  one-quarter  of  the  mound, 
and  have  ascertained  that  it  is  a  burial  mound  of  a  remarkable 
character.  In  the  northern  portion,  forty  feet  from  the  centre,  we 
discovered  the  first  of  the  burial  chambers,  of  which  we  found  a 
dozen  in  all.  These  chambers  were  made  by  placing  logs,  from 
5  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  on  the  clay  which  forms  the  lowest 


406 


layer  of  the  mound,  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  enclosures  6  to  7  feet 
in  len-th  and  from  2  to  3  in  width  and  about  a  foot  in  height.  In 
these  tiie  bodies  were  placed,  evidently  wrapped  in  garments,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  charred  cloth  and  mats  found  in  several  of  the  cham- 
bers   With  the  bodies  were  buried  various  objects,  such  as  copper 
plates,  earrings,  shell  beads,  and  in  one  instance,  long  knives 
chipped  from  flint.    In  two  instances  the  skeletons  were  found 
extended  at  full  length  within  the  chambers,  the  outlines  of  which 
could  be  traced  by  the  imprint  of  the  logs  in  the  clay,  the  logs  them- 
selves having  decayed,  leaving  only  a  dark  dust.    On  the  breast 
of  one  of  the  skeletons  was  a  thin  copper  plate  or  ornament.  The 
chemical  action  of  the  copper  had  preserved  the  texture  of  a  piece  of 
finely  woven  cloth  lying  between  the  plate  and  the  bones  of  the 
chest.    In  the  other  chambers  the  bodies  had  been  burnt  on  the  spot, 
as  conclusively  shown  by  the  relative  positions  of  the  bones  and  the 
fact  that  in  two  instances  portions  of  the  body  had  fallen  outside 
the  fire  and  escaped  burning.    It  became  evident  as  our  explora- 
tion procrressed  that  these  chambers  were  covered  by  little  mounds 
of  gravel  and  clay,  and  that  in  those  where  the  burning  had  taken 
place  the  coverings  of  earth  were  placed  in  position  before  the 
bodies  were  consumed,  shown  by  the  small  amount  of  ashes  and 
the  reduction  of  the  logs  to  charcoal  in  their  position  on  the  clay 
floor  of  the  chamber,  which  was  burnt  to  a  thickness  varying  with 
the  amount  of  heat.    It  is  probable  that  the  burials  and  cremations 
did  not  all  occur  at  the  same  time,  and  that,  after  all  these  little 
moundshad  been  made,  earth  was  brought  from  various  surrounding 
places  and  heaped  over  all.    Then  the  mound  was  finished  witu 
a  covering  of  gravel  and  a  low  border  of  loose  stones  was  placed 
around  its  base.  .^.^  t 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  Squier  and  Davis,  m  1840,  dug  two 
pits  in  this  mound.  At  the  bottom  of  their  pit  A,  which  was  just 
south  of  the  centre  of  the  mound,  they  opened  one  of  the  burial 
chambers,  and  they  state  that  the  skeleton  in  it  was  partly  burnt, 
that  it  was  enclosed  in  a  framework  of  logs,  and  that  with  it  were 
a  copper  plate  and  a  pipe  carved  out  of  stone.  They  remark 
that  the  bodv  seemed  to  have  been  enveloped  in  matting.  Their 
pit  B  was  about  twenty  feet  northwest  of  the  centre  and  there  they 
came  to  another  burnt  skeleton,  as  shown  by  our  exploration, 
althou-h,  deceived  by  the  imperfect  examination  which  the  caving 
of  the  pit  compelled  them  to  make,  they  thought  they  had  found  au 


407 


"  altar"  and  mention  the  burnt  burial  chamber  as  such.  They 
state  that  they  found  at  this  point  several  implements  made  of 
bone.  At  the  side  of  their  excavation  we  took  out  about  half  a  dozen 
pointed  implements  made  from  the  leg  bones  of  deer.  Several 
months  before  our  work  was  begun,  as  already  referred  to,  the 
school  boys,  under  the  lead  of  Mr.  Wilson,  dug  two  pits  in  the 
mound,  one  of  which  was  between  those  made  by  Squier  and 
Davis  over  forty  years  ago,  and  the  other  at  the  side  of  Squier 
and  Davis'  pit  B.  In  each  of  these  man^^  remarkable  objects  were 
found.  So  far  as  "relics"  are  concerned,  the  boys  made  a  lucky  hit 
and  took  out  more  objects  from  one  of  their  pits  than  were  found 
in  all  our  exploration.  The  larger  part  of  these  we  have  been 
able  to  secure  from  the  boys,  and  from  Mr.  Daniel  R.  Harness, 
who  very  kindly  gave  to- the  Peabody  Museum  all  that  he  had 
purchased  from  the  boys  at  the  time,  realizing  that  they  would  be 
of  more  importance  and  value  to  science  if  placed  in  the  Museum 
with  the  other  objects  from  the  mound,  than  if  held  in  private 
hands  as  mere  curiosities.  Among  the  specimens  thus  obtained 
were  two  copper  celts  and  three  or  four  copper  plates,  also  several 
copper  ear-ornaments,  some  of  which  were  covered  with  mete- 
oric iron  in  the  same  way  as  those  from  the  Turner  mounds  in 
the  Little  Miami  valley,  and  a  celt  made  of  meteoric  iron.  Thus 
we  have  an  important  link  connecting  the  people  who  built  this 
great  mound  and  the  earthworks  about  it  in  the  Scioto  valley,  with 
the  builders  of  the  singular  group  on  the  Turner  farm  in  the 
Little  Miami  valley. 

In  connection  with  Dr.  Metz'  part  in  these  explorations  in  Ohio, 
I  have  great  pleasure  in  stating  that  he  has  identified  his  archaeo- 
logical interests  entirely  with  those  of  the  Museum  and  has  made 
over  to  it  the  extensive  private  collection  which  he  had  formed 
during  the  past  ten  years.  This  collection  was  made  in  large  part 
during  the  early  period  of  the  explorations  of  the  singular  burial 
place  and  ashpits  in  the  Ferris  woods,  referred  to  in  previous 
reports  as  the  "Ancient  cemetery  near  Madisonville".  We  have 
been  able  thus  to  secure  many  additional  and  interesting  speci- 
mens from  that  place.  There  are  also  numerous  objects  obtained 
from  the  surface  at  places  which  our  later  explorations  have 
proved  to  be  ancient  village  sites.  Hundreds  of  other  specimens 
in  the  collection  were  obtained  in  various  portions  of  the  Little 
Miami  valley,  but  principally  in  the  vicinity  of  Madisonville  and 


408 


Newtown.  The  whole  collection  is  covered  by  sixteen  hundred 
entries  in  the  catalogue  and  comprises  over  forty-four  hundred 
specimens,  many  of  which  are  unique. 

Thus  Dr.  Metz,  like  Dr.  Abbott,  has  become  thoroughly  identified 
with  the  work  of  the  Museum,  and  both  have  placed  their  import- 
ant collections  in  a  place  of  safety,  and  where,  we  may  trust  with 
them,  they  will  do  the  most  good  for  all  time  to  come  in  the  study 
which  both  have  done  so  much  to  advance  in  their  respective  fields. 

Dr.  Abbott  has  continued  to  examine  the  Trenton  gravel  as  op- 
portunities occurred,  and  during  the  recent  removal  of  a  large 
amount  of  the  gravel  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  company  he 
was  able  to  secure  several  interesting  palaeolithic  implements 
from  various  depths  in  the  gravel.  The  most  interesting  specimen, 
however,  is  a  portion  of  a  human  under  jaw  which  he  found  at  the 
depth  of  sixteen  feet  from  the  surface,  not  far  from  where  a  piece 
of  a  tusk  of  a  mastodon  (or  mammoth?)  was  found  several  years 
ago.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Dr.  Abbott  had  found  a  human 
tooth  in  this  gravel,  and  had  sent  us  several  years  ago  a  very  thick 
and  in  several  respects  singular  human  cranium  which  was  found 
in  the  gi-avel  deposit,  although  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
jaw  and  tooth.  These  several  discoveries  of  portions  of  the  bony 
framework  of  man  are  of  great  interest  as  corroborative  testimony 
of  his  existence  at  the  time  of,  and  possibly  preceding,  the  forma- 
tion of  the  gravel  deposits  at  Trenton,  a  fact  which  was  proved  by 
the  previous  discovery  of  his  implements  in  these  deposits.  To  Dr. 
Abbott  alone  belongs  the  credit  of  having  worked  out  the  problem 
of  the  antiquity  of  man  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  for  to  whatever 
geological  age  these  gravels  may  be  assigned  ultimately,  in  them 
unquestionably  we  find  buried  the  relics' of  the  representatives 
of  the  earliest  men  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

In  a  former  report  brief  mention  was  made  of  the  explorations 
of  shellheaps  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  of  the  interesting  results 
which  were  obtained.  In  that  work  Mr.  Albert  I.  Phelps  was  em- 
ployed as  an  assistant  and  a  plan  was  discussed  with  him  for  a 
more  extended  exploration  along  the  coast  from  the  Damariscotta 
to  the  Penobscot  river.  As  other  duties  prevented  me  from  con- 
ducting the  proposed  explorations  in  person  I  arranged  with  Mr. 
Phelps  to  take  charge  of  the  field  work,  which  he  did  with  thorough- 
ness and  obtained  most  satisfactory  results.  During  the  year  Mr. 
Phelps  made  extensive  excavations  in  the  great  Damariscotta 


409 


shellheap,  which  is  twenty  feet  high,  and  secured  samples  of  the 
material  from  its  top  to  its  base,  and  at  various  distances  from  the 
edge  nearest  the  river.  Daring  these  excavations  fragments  of 
pottery  were  found  in  the  ashes  of  old  fireplaces  at  the  bottom  of 
the  heap.  As  these  potsherds,  probably,  are  as  old  as  any  pottery 
in  New  England,  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  this  ancient  pottery  is 
well  made,  and  that  the  incised  ornaments  upon  the  pieces,  although 
simple,  are  pleasing  to  the  eye. 

It  would  extend  this  report  greatly  to  give  a  detailed  account  of 
the  forty-six  shellheaps  examined  by  Mr.  Phelps,  with  descriptions 
of  the  many  interesting  objects  obtained  from  them  and  recorded 
in  the  catalogue  under  687  entries.  I  can  mention  only  the  finding 
of  several  hundred  bone  points,  a  few  of  which  are  of  particular 
interest  from  their  close  resemblance  to  harpoons  and  arrowpoints 
from  the  northwestern  coast.  There  are  also  a  number  of  stone 
implements,  among  which  are  chipped  points  of  a  rude  character 
and  several  rude  celts.  Fragments  of  pottery  with  ornamental 
designs  were  found  more  or  less  abundant  in  most  of  the  heaps, 
and,  as  in  our  first  exploration,  several  articles  of  European  man- 
ufacture were  found  near  the  surface  of  some  of  the  heaps.  The 
method  followed  in  the  exploration  of  the  shellheaps,  that  of  mak- 
ing sections,  is  such  that  the  exact  depth  at  which  each  object  is 
found  can  be  noted. 

In  every  case  a  sample  was  taken  at  the  top,  middle  and  bottom 
of  the  heap,  so  as  to  show  the  actual  condition  of  the  material 
forming  it,  and  in  order  to  study  the  fauna  of  the  time  the  heaps 
were  being  formed,  large  collections  were  made  of  the  different 
shells  and  of  the  bones  of  fishes,  reptiles,  birds  and  mammals. 

In  connection  with  the  study  of  the  shellheaps  of  Maine  we 
have  again  to  thank  Mr.  James  E.  Knowlton  for  interesting  speci- 
mens received  from  the  shellheaps  and  old  village  sites  along  the 
shores  of  the  Damariscotta  river.  Among  the  specimens  which 
he  has  sent  are  some  stone  flakes  which  were  found  under  such 
conditions  as  indicate  considerable  antiquity.  Their  decomposed 
surfaces  give  the  flakes  the  appearance  of  great  age  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  they  are  the  earliest  traces  of  man  yet  found  in  the 
Damariscotta  valley. 

When  we  have  case  room  for  the  proper  arrangement  of  the 
large  amount  of  material  obtained  from  the  shellheaps  of  the  At- 
lantic coast,  it  will  form  a  most  instructive  exhibition  illustrative 
of  primitive  life  and  art. 


410 


It  is  with  pleasure  that  I  can  refer  again  to  the  important  re- 
searches of  Miss  Fletcher  among  the  Omahas,  with  whom  she  has 
become  identified  so  thoroughly,  both  b}^  her  philanthropic  and 
scientific  work.    Becoming  convinced  that  the  future  welfare  of 
her  Indian  friends  depended  largel}'  on  their  being  firmly  located  in 
their  homes  and  accepting  the  conditions  of  civilization,  she  made 
a  visit  to  Washington  for  the  purpose  of  pressing  the  passage  of  a 
law  granting  patents  to  the  Omahas  for  their  land  in  severalty. 
This  was  secured  at  last,  largely  by  her  persistent  appeals,  which 
were  endorsed  hy  senators  and  others  in  high  position,  and,  acting 
under  the  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  she  had  the 
satisfaction  of  returning  to  the  Omahas  to  carry  out  the  provi- 
sions of  the  bill  and  to  assist  her  Indian  friends  in  establishing 
their  homes.    This  work  she  completed  in  July,  1884,  but,  unfor- 
tunately, at  a  terrible  sacrifice  in  a  protracted  illness,  causing  her 
the  loss  of  health  from  which  she  has  not  yet  recovered.  During 
this  time  her  interest  in  the  life  and  customs  of  the  tribe  never 
flao-o^ed  and  she  continued  to  make  observations  and  notes.  The 
immediate  results  of  these  were  given  in  part  at  the  meeting  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in  Philadel- 
phia in  August  last,  and  an  important  paper  by  her  is  published  in 
the  Proceedings  of  that  meeting  under  the  title  of  "  Land  in  sever- 
alty to  Indians,  illustrated  by  experiences  with  the  Omaha  tribe." 
Two  other  papers  were  read  by  her  under  the  following  titles: 
"  Observations  upon  the  usage,  symbolism  and  influence  of  the 
Sacred  Pipes  of  Fellowship  among  the  Omahas,"  and  "  Omaha 
child-life."    These  are  not  printed  in  full  in  the  Proceedings  as 
they  were  abstracts  from  the  series  of  papers  on  Omaha  life  and 
customs  which  she  has  prepared  in  connection  with  her  ethnological 
work  for  the  Museum  during  the  past  four  years.    It  is  hoped  that 
tliese  important  papers  will  be  printed  in  the  next  report. 

When  Miss  Fletcher  left  the  Omahas  in  Juh^,  slie  brought  as  a 
sacred  trust  to  be  confided  to  the  keeping  of  the  Museum,  a  collec- 
tion of  singular  interest  and  inestimable  ethnological  value,  as  it 
never  can  be  duplicated.  This  is  nothing  less  than  the  collection  of 
objects  which  for  generations  have  been  held  sacred  among  the 
Omahas,  the  contents  of  "  The  Sacred  Tent  of  War."  One  must 
enter  fully  into  the  inmost  recesses  of  Indian  thought  and  cus- 
toms in  order  to  appreciate  tlie  great  importance  of  the  trust 
the  Museum  has  in  its  perpetual  keeping.    It  will  be  understood 


411 


better  by  reading  the  following  letter  with  the  incorporated  pa- 
thetic speech  of  the  venerable  Omaha,  who  thus  gave  up  all  the 
most  sacred  belongings  of  the  tribe  at  a  time  when  his  people  were 
to  start  on  the  new  pathway,  which  we  hope  will  bring  them  fairly 
and  fully  to  the  benefits  of  civilization  as  well  as  to  its  responsi- 
bilities. I  will  add  only  that  the  objects  mentioned  in  the  letter 
have  been  cared  for  properly  and  placed  in  a  case  where  they  will 
be  safe  from  injury,  to  be  exhibited  as  the  offering  of  the  Omahas 
in  proof  of  their  earnestness  in  adopting  their  new  life. 

Omaha  Reservation,  June  6,  1884. 

Dear  Mr.  Putnam  : 

It  is  with  peculiar  pleasure  that  I  commit  for  preservation,  to  the  Pea- 
body  Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  the  entire  belong- 
ings of  the  Sacred  Tent  of  War  of  the  Omaha  tribe.  The  articles  are 
yielded  to  you  by  the  descendants  of  the  hereditary  head  chief  of  the  tribe, 
to  whose  custody  belong  the  ancient  relics,  and  the  presentation  is  made 
in  behalf  of  the  family  by  Mr.  Francis  LaPlesche  and  myself. 

The  sacred  tent  of  war  and  its  contents  were  the  charge  of  the  Wae-jin- 
ste  gens,  in  which  for  several  generations  the  office  of  principal  head  chief 
has  been  hereditary,  and  this  official  was  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of 
the  rituals  connected  with  the  articles  contained  in  the  tent.  To  the 
oldest  man  iu  the  gens,  however,  was  confided  the  immediate  care  of  the 
articles.  These  were  always  with  the  tribe,  being  carried  with  peculiar 
rites  on  the  annual  hunt,  and  sometimes  they  were  taken  into  battle. 
These  articles  are  as  follows 

The  two  ceremonial  war  pipes  (375";  1-2).^  Two  tobacco  pouches  made  of 
elk  bladders  (3755-1),  and  two  of  very  young  elk  skins  (37555).  A  round 
pipe  stem  (37553).  The  staff  (37556)  upon  which  tlie  old  man  in  charge 
of  the  tent  leaned  when  calling  the  warriors  to  the  ceremonies  of  the  tent. 
Pouch  (37557)  containing  the  sacred  shell.  Fourteen  human  scalps  (37558), 
trophies  of  battle.  The  avenging  staff  (37559).  The  sacred  pack  (37560)  ; 
the  strap  with  which  it  was  carried  (37562) ;  the  staff  (37561)  upon  which 
it  was  hung.  The  mystery  of  this  pack  was  known  only  to  the  chiefs. 
The  honor  pack  (375G3)  used  in  the  ceremonial  when  honors  were  conferred 
upon  warriors.    Rope  (37564)  made  of  sinew. 

The  sacred  tent  of  war  was  vital  to  the  autonomy  of  the  tribe.  Without 
it  war  and  chieftainship  were  impossible.  It  gave  rank  to  the  tribe  among 
other  tribes  and  caused  the  Omahas  to  be  feared  as  enemies  and  consulted 
as  friends.  The  present  act  of  the  keepers  of  the  sacred  articles  is  with- 
out a  parallel.  The  putting  away  of  these  ancient  signs  and  symbols  of  au- 
thority, without  any  iconoclasm,  but  with  the  sober  appreciation  that  a 

iThe  numbers  given  in  parentheses  are  those  under  which  the  articles  are  recorded 
in  the  Museum  catalogue. 


412 


new  era  is  upon  the  people,  wherein  they  have  no  part  or  place,  marks  the 

Omaha  tribe  as  possessed  of  men  having  extraordinary  degree  of  mind 
and  character. 

To  our  own  race  these  relics  may  appear  strange,  trivial,  or  forbidding; 
they  are  certainly  objects  uuidealized  to  our  thought,  but  they  have  a 
significance  which  tells  of  courage  and  self  devotion.  These  noble  traits 
lie  at  the  base  of  the  act  that  has  gently  laid  these  articles  among  the 
historical  remains  of  the  Indian  race ;  a  race  of  the  past,  whose  only 
future  lies  in  the  possibilities  of  American  citizenship. 

To-day  as  Ma-hin-thin-gae  came  to  put  his  sacred  charge  out  of  his  keep- 
ing and  into  that  of  the  Museum,  I  could  not  but  wish  that  his  brave  and 
unique  act  might  find  its  worthy  place  in  history.  In  a  low  voice  he  said 
"These  sacred  articles  have  been  in  my  family  for  many  generations,  no 
one  knows  how  long.  My  sons  have  chosen  a  different  path  from  that 
trodden  by  their  fathers.  I  had  thought  to  have  these  tilings  buried  with 
me,  but  if  you  will  care  for  them,  and  place  tliem  where  they  may  be 
looked  upon  by  my  children  when  they  wish  to  think  of  the  past  and  the 
way  their  fathers  walked,  you  may  do  so.  Should  there  come  a  time  when 
I  care  to  look  once  more  on  that  which  has  been  with  my  fathers,  I  would 
like  to  be  permitted  to  do  so.  I  know  that  the  members  of  my  family  are 
willing  I  should  commit  these  articles  to  your  care,  no  other  persons  have 
a  right  to  question  my  action,  though  there  are  men  who  will  say  hard 
things  of  me  because  of  this  act." 

It  was  late  in  the  afternoon  when  we  reached  Ma-hin-thin-gae's  lodge ;  the 
sun  had  set.  The  old  man  was  sitting  alone  outside  his  dwelling  in  the 
fading  light  taking  a  last  look  at  the  ancient  belongings  of  his  gens.  On 
our  arrival  he  led  the  way  to  where  he  had  gathered  them  for  delivery  and 
lifting  them  into  the  wagon  said  with  quiet  haste  "They  are  all  there",  and 
turned  away.  We  too  turned  and  left  as  the  round  moon  suddenly  rose 
over  the  valley.  Yours  truly, 

Alice  C.  Eletcher. 

To  Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball,  who  has  been  for  several  years  my 
companion  in  field  work  and  a  volunteer  assistant  in  the  Museum, 
we  are  indebted  for  the  thorough  exploration  of  three  mounds 
on  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi,  in  Atlas  township,  Illinois. 
Tills  work  was  carried  on  at  his  own  expense  with  the  kind  assist- 
ance of  Mr.  Alfred  Stebbins  and  Mr.  C.  B.  Dustin  of  Summer 
Hill  and  Capt.  Adams  of  Atlas.  Two  proved  to  be  burial  mounds 
of  simple  construction.  The  earth  of  which  they  were  made  is 
not  adapted  for  the  preservation  of  human  remains,  and  fragments 
only  of  the  bones  of  several  skeletons  were  found  in  each  mound. 
Although  the  earth  forming  the  mounds  was  carefully  removed, 
section  after  section,  the  only  things  found,  in  addition  to  the 
fragments  of  human  bones,  were  potsherds  which  were  obtained 


413 


here  and  there  in  the  earth,  but  not  associated  with  the  human 
remains.  If  any  articles  were  buried  with  the  dead  they  must 
have  been  of  a  perishable  nature.  Further  south  in  the  state,  and 
even  as  near  as  the  bluffs  along  the  Illinois  river,  mounds  of  a 
different  character  have  been  observed,  and  it  seems  probable  that 
these  explored  by  Mr.  Kimball  are  burial  mounds  of  tribes  who  have 
lived  in  this  region  within  the  past  few  centuries.  The  third  mound 
was  of  a  different  character,  and  possibly  the  site  of  a  dwelling. 

During  Mr.  Kimball's  visit  to  Pike  county,  Illinois,  he  was  able 
to  secure  from  several  friends  and  by  his  own  efforts  a  fair  repre- 
sentation of  the  stone  implements  found  on  the  surface  of  cultivated 
fields  or  during  excavations  of  various  kinds,  both  on  the  bluffs 
and  on  the  bottom  land.  Among  these  are  a  celt  of  hematite,  a 
few  stone  axes  and  celts,  five  agricultural  implements  chipped 
from  flint,  found  together,  and  many  chipped  points  made  from 
the  white  flint  of  the  region  and  similar  to  those  from  Missouri. 

To  another  assistant.  Miss  Studley,  we  are  indebted  for  three 
Indian  skeletons,  from  Marion,  Massachusetts.  A  clay  pipe 
and  other  European  articles  found  with  these  skeletons  prove  that 
they  were  of  Indians  who  were  buried  after  contact  with  the  whites. 
In  the  collection  of  about  two  thousand  crania  in  the  Museum 
there  are  but  forty-nine  from  New  England,  and  every  addition 
from  this  region  is  important  for  comparative  study.  It  is  hoped 
that  all  our  friends  will  bear  this  in  mind  and  when  they  hear  of 
the  discovery  of  an  Indian's  skeleton  that  they  will  secure  it, 
if  possible,  for  the  Museum,  with  all  associated  objects  ;  be  they  cop- 
per or  brass  kettles,  metallic  arrowheads,  glass  beads,  clay  pipes, 
u'on  nails  and  other  things  obtained  from  the  white  man,  or  stone 
implements  and  other  articles  of  native  work.  It  is  principally 
from^  the  association  of  such  objects  with  the  bones  that  an  ap- 
proximate estimate  can  be  made  of  the  time  of  burial. 

To  Mr.  H.  R.  Bennett  we  are  indebted  for  another  important 
addition  to  the  collection  of  stone  implements  from  Delaware. 

From  Mr.  G.  B.  Frazar  we  have  received  several  more  lots  of 
rude  implements andstoneflakesfromthevalleyof  the  Charles  river 
particularly  from  the  vicinity  of  Watertown.  These  specimens 
are  of  particular  importance  for  a  study  of  the  stone  age  of  our  im- 
mediate vicinity.  In  this  connection  mention  should  be  made  of  an 
old  refuse  pile,  or  shellheap,  now  nearly  destroyed,  in  the  Cam- 
bridge  cemetery,  for  the  knowledge  of  which  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  S. 
W.  Driver,  who  awakened  the  interest  of  the  foreman,  Mr.  Childs,  so 


414 


that  he  saves  for  the  Museum  all  specimens  which  are  found.  We 
have  received  already  from  him  a  few  stone  implements  and  a  num- 
ber of  oyster  shells  found  at  this  place.  This  is,  T  believe,  further 
up  the  Charles  river  than  any  oyster  shelUieap  found  before. 

In  the  last  report,  where  mention  is  made  of  important  material 
received  during  several  preceding  years  from  Dr.  Flint  in  Nicar- 
agua, attention  was  called  to  the  discovery  of  human  footprints 
in  the  tufa,  under  several  layers  of  volcanic  material,  on  the  shores 
of  Lake  Managua.  The  four  blocks  of  tufa  containing  the  foot- 
prints were  received  at  the  Museum  during  the  early  part  of  this 
year,  as  mentioned  in  a  footnote  added  to  the  last  report,  and 
they  are  now  on  exhibition  with  the  Flint  collection,  which  oc- 
cupies about  half  of  the  first  northern  gallery.  At  the  meeting  of 
the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  April  30,  1884,  I  presented  a 
brief  notice  of  these  footprints  and  gave  Dr.  Flint's  statement  of 
the  geological  conditions  under  which  they  were  found.  As  no 
further  information  of  importance  has  been  received  in  relation  to 
those  conditions,  which  alone  will  furnish  a  correct  determination 
of  the  age  of  the  bed  of  lava  containing  the  imprints,  I  need 
refer  only  to  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Soci- 
ety, Vol.  Ill,  part  2,  and  to  an  article  by  Dr.  Flint,  printed  in 
the  American  Antiquarian  for  March,  1884. 

It  has  been  long  known  that  a  considerable  number  of  ornaments 
made  of  jadeite  are  found  in  the  burial  mounds  of  Costa  Rica 
and  Nicaragua,  particularly  in  the  former  republic.     Tie  last 
invoice  received  from  Dr.  Flint  contained  several  fine  jadeite  orna- 
ments, one  of  which  Prof.  Cooke  has  been  so  kind  as  to  compare 
with  a  cup  of  jadeite  in  his  possession,  which  came  from  Pekin,  and 
he  has  pronounced  the  two  specimens  alike  in  color,  hardness 
and  specific  gravity.    This  of  course  implies,  in  the  absence  of 
any  other  known  locality  of  this  particular  variety  of  the  stone, 
that  the  American  specimens  came  from  the  known  localities  in 
Asia.    One  of  the  Costa  Rica  specimens  is  a  celt  elaborately 
carved  and  bearing  a  characteristic  Central  American  figure,  and 
several  other  specimens  are  halves  or  quarters  of  celts  which 
have  been  made  into  ornaments  and  perforated  at  one  edge  for 
suspension.     These  facts  suggest  that  these  specimens  of  jadeite 
were  brought  to  America  from  Asia  in  ancient  times  in  the  form  of 
celts,  simiFar  to  the  jade  celts  found  in  the  ancient  pile-dwellings  of 
the  Swiss  lakes.  It  seems  probable  that,  after  a  time,  owing  particu- 
larly to  the  custom  of  burying  such  things  with  the  dead,  the  original 


415 


stock  was  greatly  reduced  and  the  value  of  the  remainder  proportion- 
ately increased,  which  led  to  cutting  up  existing  celts  and  mak- 
ing the  pieces  into  ornaments.  The  fact  that  two  of  the  ornaments 
obtained  by  Dr.  Flint  are  pieces  of  one  celt,  as  he  noticed  when 
he  found  them,  is  conclusive  evidence  of  this  cutting,  although 
several  other  pieces,  as  he  also  observed,  have  portions  of  the 
rounded  or  sharpened  edge  of  the  original  celt  remaining.  It  seems 
to  me  that  such  facts  as  these  are  worthy  of  consideration  in  con- 
nection with  others  pointing  to  an  Asiatic  origin  of  some  of  the 
Central  American  peoples,  or  at  least  to  a  very  remote  interchange 
between  the  two  countries. 

From  Mr.  G-.  11.  Squier,  a  gentleman  much  interested  in  the 
archaeology  of  Wisconsin,  we  have  received  a  box  of  human  bones 
found  in  two  mounds  near  Trempealeau,  of  which  an  account  is 
given  in  the  following  letter.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  exami- 
nation of  the  mounds  was  only  partial,  owing  to  his  having  followed 
the  old  and  unsatisfactory  method  of  digging  a  hole  in  the  centre, 
instead  of  removing  the  whole  mound,  section  by  section. 

Trempealeau,  Wis.,  July  22,  1884. 

Dear  Sir: 

After  a  somewhat  longer  delay  than  I  anticipated,  I  have  the  material 
of  which  I  wrote  ready  to  send  and  will  do  so  at  once.  Before  describing 
the  mounds  which  I  have  opened,  some  description  of  the  general  external 
characteristics  of  the  mounds  in  this  vicinity  may  not  be  without  value. 

Owing  to  the  natural  beauty  of  the  place  and  some  peculiar  advantages, 
Trempealeau  appears  to  have  been  always  a  favored  locality  with  the  In- 
dians, and  on  the  authority  of  the  late  Hon.  Geo.  Gale,  there  are  within 
the  limits  of  the  township  of  Trempealeau  between  one  and  two  thousand 
mounds,  or  more  than  in  ah  the  rest  of  the  county  or  in  any  other  adjoin- 
ing county.  Quite  a  number  occur  within  the  limits  of  the  village.  Our 
own  house  (built  before  we  came  to  the  place)  is  standing  on  a  mound. 

There  Is  little  evidence  of  intentional  grouping  of  the  mounds,  beauty 
and  convenience  of  situation  alone  appearing  to  have  determined  their  lo- 
cation. The  group  of  thirteen  shown  in  the  sketch  is  perhaps  the  most 
compact  in  the  county,  but,  as  will  be  seen,  no  definite  plan  seems  to  have 
governed  the  arrangement.  At  Dresbach,  Minnesota,  they  are  arranged 
in  strictly  straight  parallel  lines. 

There  appears  to  be  some  basis  for  separating  the  mounds  of  this  vi- 
cinity into  two  types.  Whether  it  will  be  found  to  possess  any  value 
in  classification  it  is  too  early  to  say.  In  one,  the  base  is  round  and  the 
size  moderate,  varying  from  one  to  five  or  six  feet  high  and  from  ten  to 
thirty  feet  in  diameter.  In  the  other,  the  base  is  a  short  ellipse  and  the 
size  much  greater,  ranging  from  five  to  fifteen  feet  high  and  from  forty  to 
eighty  feet  in  longest  diameter. 


416 


All  three  of  tlie  mounds  from  which  I  have  taken  human  remains  were 
of  the  first  or  round  type.  Of  the  other  type,  I  have  opened  two,  but  ob- 
tained nothing  .... 

My  last  excavations  were  made  in  the  group  shown  in  the  sketch.  I 
first  opened  mound  B  from  the  top  by  a  hole  six  feet  by  two.    I  found 


Group  of  mounds  at  Trempealeau,  Wis.  A  and  B,  mounds  opened.  C,  slough  of  the 
Mississippi.  The  river  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the  slough. 

nothing  in  it  but  a  small  fragment  of  bone  near  the  natural  level  of 
the  ground,  about  three  feet  from  the  top.  Next  opening  mound  A  in 
the  same  manner  I  .found  portions  of  the  skeletons  of  two  individuals. 
About  three  feet  from  the  top  I  began  to  find  reddened  earth  and  at  four 
feet  charcoal,  where  there  had  been  an  oak  log.  It  would  seem  as  if  the 
log  must  have  been  covered  with  earth  while  still  smouldering.  The 
bones  were  to  the  eastward  of  the  charcoal  and  several  inches  lower  .  .  . 
The  bones  were  broken  and  scattered  about  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
seems  to  me  that  neither  secondary  nor  intrusive  burial  can  be  admitted 
in  this  case,  for  the  following  reasons  : 

First :  The  remains  occupy  the  natural  surface  of  the  ground  over  a 
considerable  area. 

Second :  The  area  covered  by  the  bones,  and  by  the  charcoal  which  ex- 
tends still  more  widely,  is  so  great  that  the  uncovering  of  it  would  have 
necessitated  almost  the  demolition  of  the  mound. 


N 


417 


Third :  The  bones  could  not  have  been  placed  there  after  the  fire  with- 
out disturbing  the  charcoal  layers  and  there  is  ho  evidence  of  such  dis- 
turbance. 

Fourth:  The  bones,  though  in  disorder,  do  not  show  the  kind  of  dis- 
order I  should  expect  from  reinterment. 

The  mound  opened  two  years  ago  was  upon  a  hilltop  and  alone ;  it  was 
about  three  feet  high.  On  the  natural  surface  was  a  bed  of  ashes  and 
burnt  earth  (of  which  I  failed  to  take  a  specimen),  over  which  the  bones 
were  widely  scattered  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  mound  already  de- 
scribed. Their  relation  to  the  ashes  was  also  such  that  they  must  have 
been  in  their  places  before  the  mound  was  made. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Tyler  of  our  village  for  assistance  in  opening  the 
last  mounds  and  I  hope  to  have  his  help  in  further  work. 
Hoping  that  the  little  I  have  been  able  to  do  will  be  of  some  value, 

I  remain, 

Yours  very  truly, 

G.  H.  Squter. 

In  the  course  of  the  special  explorations  for  the  Museum,  a 
considerable  number  of  human  bones  have  been  obtained  which 
are  of  pathological  interest.  The  first  of  these  were  collected  and 
described  by  my  predecessor,  Professor  Wyman.  Some  time 
since,  Dr.  Clarence  J.  Blake,  in  examining  the  crania  in  the  Mu- 
seum, found  much  of  interest  bearing  upon  his  special  study  of  dis- 
eases of  the  ear,  and  has  published  an  account  of  his  observations. ^ 
Several  other  gentlemen  have  visited  the  Museum  from  time  to  time 
for  special  study  of  our  osteological  collection,  and  Dr.  Wm.  F. 
Whitney,  the  Curator  of  the  Museum  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  has  examined  the  collection  and  prepared  a  series  of  notes 
upon  all  the  bones,  including  the  crania,  which  exhibit  anomalies,  in- 
juries and  disease.  These  notes  will  be  printed  in  connection 
with  this  report,  and  while  they  will  prove  of  interest  to  patholo- 
gists and  students  of  human  anatomy,  they  will  be  of  considerable 
importance  to  ethnologists. 

Mr.  Carr,  Miss  Smith,  Miss  Studley  and  Mr.  Chick  have  con- 
tinued, as  heretofore,  faithful  workers  in  their  respective  depart- 
ments, and  to  their  ready  cooperation  I  am  indebted  for  much  that 
has  been  accomplished  during  the  year  in  the  various  departments 
of  oflSce  and  museum  work. 

As  in  former  years,  the  books  and  pamphlets  received  for  the 
Museum  library  have  been  sent  to  the  College  library  for  cata- 
loguing, and  the  titles  of  the  more  important  are  given  in  full  in 

1  American  Journal  of  Otology,  April,  188Q. 
BEPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  IH.  2J 


418 


the  quarterly  Bulletin  of  the  University.  Analytical  work  on  the 
library  has  been  performed  by  Miss  Smith  in  such  time  as  she  could 
give  to  it,  and  catalogue  cards  gradually  are  being  provided  with 
references  to  special  papers  in  various  publications.  The  list  of 
donors  to  the  library  is  appended  to  this  report. 

More  entries  were  made  in  the  Museum  catalogue  during  the 
past  than  in  any  other  year,  and  by  far  the  largest  number  of 
specimens  received  in  a  single  year  were  catalogued  and  cared  for. 
The  total  number  of  entries  in  the  catalogue  was  4,450,  which 
include  more  than  25,000  specimens.  Of  course  time  and  care  have 
been  required  in  unpacking  this  large  amount  of  material,  assort- 
ino-it  for  cataloguing,  making-a- special  entry  of  each  lot,  pamtmg 
the  number  on  each  specimen,  then  in  checking  off  each  specimen 
by  the  catalogue  in  order  to  avoid  errors  of  numbering,  and  in 
mending  broken  specimens.  After  these  matters  were  attended 
to  came  the  final  arrangement  of  the  different  lots,  either  in  cases 
or  in  trays  in  the  cupboards. 

In  addition  to  the  specimens  enumerated  there  have  been  received 
over  7  000  bones  of  animals  from  the  explorations  of  the  shellheaps 
of  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  more  than  8,000  from  the  mounds  of  the 
Little  Miami  valley.  These  are  of  importance  in  the  study  of  the 
vertebrate  fauna  of  the  two  places  during  the  times  they  were  occu- 
pied bv  the  respective  peoples  in  whose  refuse  piles  the  bones  were 
found  Similar  collections  have  been  made  in  former  years  trom  other 
places,  and  as  each  lot  is  assorted  and  the  bones  are  identified,  many 
points  are  observed  of  both  ethnological  and  zoological  interest. 

Now  is  the  time  when  all  such  material  must  be  collected  if  at 
all  Every  year  the  farmer's  plough  destroys  alike  the  sacred 
altars,  the  refuse  piles  and  the  graves  of  those  who  occupied  the 
land  before  him,  and  a  constantly  narrowing  field  is  left  for  the 
archseolo-ist.  The  time  is  coming  soon  when  only  a  stone  axe,  or 
some  other  almost  indestructible  implement,  will  be  found  by 
chance  where  now  are  undisturbed  village  sites  and  burial  places. 
Eealizin-  this  we  only  can  be  thankful  that  during  the  past  year 
so  many  things  have  been  secured  from  destruction  and  placed 
where  they  will  be  for  all  time  available  to  students  of  American 
Archaeology.  Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  W.  PUTNAM, 

Curator. 


June  12,  1885. 


LIST  OF  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM  AND  LIBRARY  TOR  THE 

YEAR  1884. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEIBI. 

33151—33152.  Carved  human  heads  of  stone  from  Ozualama,  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico.— Presented  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Whorf. 

33153.  Native  club  from  the  Tonga  Islands.— Presented  by  Mr.  Sam- 
uel Tufts. 

33154— 33156.— Shell  and  glass  beads  and  a  brass  bracelet,  found  with 
the  skeleton  of  a  Sioux  child,  from  Eort  Stevenson,  Dakota.— Collected 
by  Drs.  Gray  and  Matthews. 

33157—33161.  Knives  and  arrowheads  of  stone  from  New  Braintree, 
Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  F.  O.  Warner. 

33162.  ^  Chipped  stone  implement  (?)  from  bank  of  Charles  river, 
Watertown,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Geo.  B.  Frazar. 

33163-33269.  Palaeolithic  implements ;  grooved  stone  axes  and  hammer- 
stones,  pestles  and  notched  sinkers  of  stone,  rubbing  and  smoothing 
stones,  stone  pendant  with  incised  lines,  fragment  of  a  stone  tube,  nu- 
merous potsherds,  and  the  usual  varied  assortment  of  implements  of 
jasper  and  argiUite  including  knives,  scrapers,  points  and  arrowheads, 
from  Trenton,  N.  J.— Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  C. 
Abbott.  ' 

33270.  Chipped  stone  implement  from  Trenton,  N.  J.-CoUected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  Richard  M.  Abbott. 

33271.  Cube  made  of  an  astragalus  of  a  deer,  from  a  mound  in  Arkan- 
sas.-Collected  by  Capt.  W.  P.  Hall  and  presented  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder. 

33272-33293.  Three  grooved  stone  axes,  piece  of  mica,  with  scrapers, 
knives,  points  and  other  implements  of  stone,  from  Trenton,  N.  J.— Ex- 
ploration conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

33294.    Stone  point  from  Trenton,  N.  J.- Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  Richard  M.  Abbott. 

33295-33303.  Stone  points  and  a  chipped  flake  of  argillite,  from  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.— Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

33304—33325.  Stone  beads  from  a  mound  on  the  bank  of  Lake  Nicara-ua 
and  a  jade  pendant  from  a  mound  in  Costa  Rica:  earthen  jar  of  animal 
Shape,  clay  image  of  a  man  and  human  head  in  pottery  from  islands 
m  the  lake ;  human  crania  from  Rivas,  Nicaragua ;  four  human  footprints 
in  tufa  found  at  depths  of  from  fourteen  to  fifteen  feet  under  several  beds 
ot  lava  near  Lake  Managua,  Nicaragua,  and  fossil  plants  and  leaves  from 
tne  beds  of  clay  and  lava  overlying  the  footprints.-  Collected  by  Dr 
1882  3  ™  ^""^  received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research  Fund  of 


(419) 


420 


33326.  Chipped  stone  celt  from  John's  Island,  Florida.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  Joseph  Wilcox. 

33327.  Portion  of  a  human  jaw,  found  in  the  gravel  sixteen  feet  below 
the  surface  in  a  railroad  cut  at  Trenton,  N.  J.— Exploration  conducted  for 
the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

33328.  Pebbles  taken  from  the  gravel  at  the  spot  where  no.  33327  was 
found— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam. 

33329—33369.  Drills,  scrapers,  knives,  arrowheads  and  points  of  jasper, 
quartz  and  argillite  from  the  surface;  and  rude  implements  from  the  talus 
in  railroad  cut  at  Trenton,  N.  J.— Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum 
by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

33370—33372.  Three  crania  with  under  jaws  more  or  less  complete,  and 
other  human  bones,  from  shellheaps  of  Laguna,  province  of  Santa  Catha- 
rina,  Brazil.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  J.  Capristranio  de  Abren. 

33374—33375.  Carved  models  of  the  sacred  bull  and  of  the  lingam,  such 
as  are  used  in  the  Hindu  temples,  from  Benares.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Alexander  Agassiz. 

33376—33377.    Grooved  stone  axe  and  a  steatite  pipe  from  Granville 
county,  N.  C— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Lewis  Cabot. 

33378—33387.  Grooved  stone  axe,  flint  points,  stone  celts,  a  stone 
hoe  and  some  stones  in  natural  forms,  from  the  surface  near  Liberty 
works,  Jefferson  township,  Eoss  co.,  Ohio.-CoUected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  D.  M.  Lunbeck. 

33388—33389.  Portion  of  a  copper  plate  and  a  small  fragment  of  cloth 
from  the  large  mound  in  the  Liberty  works  on  land  of  Edwin  Harness 
Liberty  township,  Hoss  co.,  Ohio.— The  former  collected  by  Mr.  Orr 
Neff  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  V.  Harness,  the  latter  collected  and  pre- 
sented  by  Mr.  Robert  Harness. 

33390—33397.  Portions  of  jade  celts,  with  a  human  head  and  an  orna- 
ment in  terra  cotta,  from  burial  mounds  at  Liberia,  Costa  Eica.-Collected 
by  Dr.  Earl  Flint  and  received  from  the  Subscribers  to  the  Research 
Fund  of  1882-3. 

33398.  Stone  implements— two  of  more  than  sixty  found  three  and  a 
half  feet  deep  in  peat  on  south  side  of  Christiana  river,  Wilmington,  Del. 
—  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Geo.  G.  Lobdell. 

33399.  Stone  points  from  Meredith  Village,  N.  H.— Presented  by  Rev. 
G.  F.  Bard. 

33400.  Stone  celt,  found  in  digging  a  cellar  in  Bow  street,  Cambridge- 
Presented  by  Prof.  N.  S.  Shaler. 

33101—33425.  Drills,  semilunar  knives,  points,  flakes  and  worked  chips, 
all  of  flint,  found  near  Gabes,  Tunis.  -Collected  by  Capitaine  le  Vicomte 
DE  Nadaillac  of  the  French  array,  and  presented  by  M.  le  Marquis  dk 

NaDAILLAC.  .    ,    X.  tit 

33426.  Sacred  axe  from  the  South  Sea  islands.— Presented  by  Mr. 
Frederick  H.  Rindge. 

33427.  Obsidian  knives  from  Guatemala.— Presented  by  Mr.  George 

F.  KuNZ. 


421 


83428.  Flint  point  from  Plattsburg,  N.  Y. — Collected  and  presented 
by  Mr.  Robeet  D.  Kellogg. 

33429.  Silver  ornaments  from  the  grave  of  a  Crow  Indian  near  Topeka, 
Kansas. — Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Thompson. 

33430.  Chinese  charms  from  Yokohama. — Presented  by  Dr.  S.  Knee. 

LAND. 

33431 — 33444.  Four  crania  and  skeletons  of  Indians,  with  a  clay  pipe  of 
European  manufacture,  from  Marion,  Mass. ;  burnt  stones  and  shells  of  dif- 
ferent kinds  on  Indian  hill,  Wing's  Cove,  Marion,  Mass. ;  shells  of  several 
species  from  a  shellheap  and  a  worked  bone  from  a  shellheap  under  an  old 
stone  wall  in  Marion,  and  shells  from  the  woods  at  Wing's  Cove. — Ex- 
ploration of  Miss  C.  A.  Studley  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

83445 — 33446.  Human  bones  and  red  ochre  from  a  burial  mound  on 
the  bluff  at  Stockland,  Pleasant  Hill  township,  Pike  co.,  111. — Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  Alfred  Stebbins. 

33447 — 33448.  Human  bones  and  broken  flint  implements  from  a  burial 
mound  on  the  bluff.  Atlas  tp.,  Pike  co.,  III. — Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball  and  party. 

33449.  Hematite  implement  from  the  surface  near  the  Adams  mound. — 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball  and  party. 

33450.  Grooved  stone  axe  from  the  surface  of  the  Adams  mound  in 
Atlas  township,  Pike  co..  111.— Collected  by  Mr.  James  Graham  and  pre- 
sented by  Capt.  J.  G.  Adams. 

33451 — 33472.  Fragments  of  human  bones  and  pottery,  unio  shells, 
animal  bones,  flint  chips,  burnt  stones,  and  pieces  of  antler  from  a  mound 
on  the  land  of  Capt.  J.  G.  Adams;  portions  of  human  skeletons,  potsherds 
and  samples  of  clay,  loam  and  burnt  earth,  from  mounds  on  land  of  Mr. 
KanadaLong;  piece  of  a  stone  axe  from  the  surface,  all  on  the  bluff  in 
Atlas  township.  Pike  co.,  111. — Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum 
by  Mr.  John  Conk  Kimball,  and  presented  by  him. 

33473.  Flint  point  from  a  ravine  near  the  mounds  in  Atlas  town- 
ship, Pike  CO.,  111. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Alfred  Stebbins. 

3S474— 33480.  Flint  point  and  a  stone  axe  from  Lee  county.  111. ;  stone 
celts,  flint  points  and  arrowheads  from  Atlas  and  Martinsburg  townships, 
Pike  CO.,  111. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Cpiarles  J.  Walker. 

33481—33484.  Broken  stone  axe  and  flint  points  from  Martinsburg 
township,  Pike  co.,  111.  — -  Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Adam 
Snyder. 

33485.  A  catlinite  pipe  found  while  digging  a  grave  on  the  bluff  in 
Atlas  township,  Pike  co..  111.— Collected  by  Mr.  Noah  Ward  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Adam  Snyder. 

33486—33509.  Flint  knives,  points  and  arrowheads  collected  by  Mr. 
Lucien  E.  Oakley;  stone  hoes  and  picks  collected  by  Mr.  William 
Oakley,  all  from  Pleasant  Hill  township,  Pike  co.,  111.— Presented  by 
Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball. 

33510—33511.    Stone  celt  and  a  flint  point  from  Atlas  township,  Pike 


422 


CO.,  111. — Collected  by  Miss  Abbib  Stebbins  and  Mr.  John  Williams  and 
presented  by  Miss  Abbie  Stebbins. 

33512—33520.  Flint  knives,  arrowheads  and  points  from  Atlas  town- 
ship, Pike  CO.,  111.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  William  A.  Dustin. 

33521.  Hematite  celt  from  Spring  Creek  township.  Pike  co.,  111. — Col- 
lected by  Mr.  James  Graham  and  presented  by  Capt.  J.  G.  Adams. 

33522—33525.  Flint  points  from  Martinsburg  township,  Pike  co.,  111.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Jaspek  Foster. 

33526—33537.  Flint  knives  and  points  and  a  hematite  celt  with  grooves 
from  Martinsburg  township,  Pike  co.,  111.— Collected  and  presented  by 
Mrs.  Maky  E.  Tooth achek. 

33538—33539.  Stone  celt  and  a  flint  point  from  Atlas  township,  Pike 
CO.,  111.— Collected  by  Mr.  Henky  Simpson  and  presented  by  Mr.  Frank 
W.  Simpson. 

33540—33553.  Two  grooved  stone  axes,  hammerstone,  flint  points  and 
broken  stone  implements  from  Martinsburg  township.  Pike  co..  111. — Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Messrs.  G.  Herbert  and  Frank  Grabael. 

33554—33555.  Skull  of  a  Navajo  Indian  and  Jragments  of  another 
found  near  Fort  Defiance,  Arizona. — Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  Samp- 
son. 

33557—33559.  Two  baskets,  one  for  seed  and  the  other  for  water,  made 
by  the  Hualapal  Indians ;  and  an  earthen  bowl  from  the  pueblo  of  San 
Ildefonso.— Collected  and  presented  by  llev.  Frederick  Gardiner,  jr. 

33560—33571.  A  Chinese  cap,  Chinese  newspapers,  an  ornament  for  a 
child,  head  ornaments  worn  by  the  women  and  girls,  and  sundry  articles 
of  food  used  in  China.— Given  by  the  widow  of  the  late  Professor  Ko  to 
the  Eev.  F.  W.  Holland,  and  by  him  presented  to  the  Museum. 

33572-33573.  Counting  machine  from  China  and  a  toy  boomerang  made 
in  London. — Presented  by  Dr.  S.  Kneeland. 

33574.  Case  of  Chinese  gambling  sticks. — Presented  by  Prof.  C.  E. 

MUNROE. 

33575.  Native  sash  of  grass  clotli  from  Africa. — Presented  by  Mr.  Geo. 
B.  Frazar. 

33576.  Whizzer  from  the  pueblo  of  Zani. —  Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  F.  H.  CusHiNG. 

33577—33633.  Shells  of  different  kinds,  animal  bones,  fragments  of 
pottery,  chipped  stone  implements,  and  flakes,  arrowheads  and  hammers 
of  stone,  bone  points,  broken  implements  and  pieces  of  cut  and  worked 
bone,  all  collected  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Knowlton  from  shellheaps  on  the 
Damariscotta  river ;  portion  of  a  human  skeleton  collected  by  Mr.  Warren 
Morse  from  a  shellheap  at  Davis'  Point,  Cashing,  Maine,  and  chipped 
stone  implements  and  a  stone  pestle,  with  one  bone  point  and  fragments 
of  others,  collected  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Knowlton  from  the  same  shellheap; 
portion  of  a  large  earthen  vessel,  potsherds,  chipped  stones,  and  pieces 
of  antler  collected  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Knowlton,  from  shellheaps  on  Carver's 


423 


Island,  off  Friendship,  Maine;  pieces  of  lead  and  iron,  with  fragments  of 
clay  pipes  and  earthen  ware  of  European  manufacture  from  an  ancient 
settlement  on  Damariscove  Island,  and  a  broken  stone  implement  and 
chips  and  flakes  of  stone  from  the  surface  near  by,  collected  by  Mr. 
W.  J.  Knowlton. — Presented  by  Mr.  James  E.  Knowlton. 

33634 — 3361-3.  Portions  of  human  skeletons,  shell  of  unio,  fragments  of 
pottery,  pieces  of  bones,  flint  chips,  charcoal  and  burnt  earth  from  mounds 
at  Trempealeau,  Wis. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Squier, 

3364:4 — 33660.  Fragments  of  pottery,  bones  of  animals,  plumbago,  ham- 
merstone  and  chipped  stones  from  a  shell  heap  at  Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y. ; 
chipped  pebbles  and  points,  hammerstone,  rude  stone  points,  chipped  im- 
plement and  a  pitted  stone  from  the  surface.  Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y. ;  a  long 
hammerstone  from  Bridge-Hampton,  N.  Y. — Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  Wm.  a.  White. 

33661 — 33709.  Stone  axe,  and  knives  of  the  same  material,  with  arrow- 
heads andspearpoints  of  difi'erent  sizes  and  shapes,  from  Jones'  river,  and 
Morgan's  Branch,  Kent  co.,  Delaware.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
Henry  R.  Bennett. 

33710,  Joints  of  crinoids  (beads  ?)  from  west  bank  of  the  Susquehanna 
near  Selings  Grove,  Penn. — Collected  by  Mr.  Geo.  C.  Wagenselles  and 
presented  by  Mr.  Henry  R.  Bennett. 

33711—33713.  Three  heads  in  terra-cotta  from  the  bank  of  an  ancient 
reservoir  on  the  Tampico  Division  of  the  Mexican  Central  Railway. — Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Whorf. 

83714.  Cranium  found  near  Lamoine,  Hancock  co.,  Maine. — Presented 
by  Mr.  John  E.  Clark. 

33715 — 33725.  Stone  points  from  the  surface  of  Lehigh  Island,  at  Al- 
lentown,  Penn. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Berlin. 

33726.  Fragments  of  human  skeleton  from  a  cave  near  Glasgow  Junc- 
tion, Ky.— Presented  by  Mr.  Lucien  Carr. 

33727.  Idol  of  pottery  made  by  the  Mexicans  in  imitation  of  an  an- 
tique.—Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  F.  F.  Hilder. 

33728.  Stone  implement  (probably  from  the  Paciflc  islands)  found 
in  East  Freetown,  Mass. —  Presented  by  Mr.  Galen  A.  Peirce. 

33729—33731.  Stone  implement  from  southwestern  Dakota ;  a  stone 
point  and  an  iron  arrowhead  from  Smoky  Hill  river,  Kansas. — Collected, 
and  presented  by  Mr.  Samuel  Garman. 

33732 — 33733.  Stone  point  and  a  brass  button  from  an  Indian  burial 
place,  Agawam,  Mass. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Lord. 

33734.  Grooved  stone  sinker  (?)  from  Lanesville,  Mass. — Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  R.  S.  Tarr. 

33735 — 33740.  Rude  stone  implements  and  stone  points  from  East 
Wareham,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Miss  C.  A.  Studley= 

33741— .33746.  Stone  points  from  Franklin  county,  Ohio ;  fragment  of 
pottery  from  a  shellheap  in  Florida ;  and  a  stone  arrowhead  from  gravel 
brought  to  South  City  wharf,  Boston.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.H. 
W.  Dale. 

33747—33761.    Rude  stone  implements,  stone  scraper,  chipped  drills 


424 


and  points,  and  a  fragment  of  a  clay  pipe,  from  Beverly  Cove,  Mass.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  K.  Ober. 

337(32—33900.  Rubbing,  hammer  and  pitted  stones;  grooved  stone 
axes  and  clubs ;  broken  stone  gorget  and  perforated  stone ;  celt,  pestles 
and  notched  stone  sinkers ;  fragments  of  pottery,  clay  pipes  and  pipe  stems, 
with  a  large  assortment  of  knives,  drills,  scrapers,  points,  and  arrow- 
heads of  jasper  and  argillite  of  the  usual  New  Jersey  surface  patterns, 
from  Trenton,  N.  J.  In  this  collection  there  is  a  palseolithic  implement 
which  was  found  twelve  feet  from  the  surface  in  the  tertiary  deposit  of 
marine  sand  in  the  bluff  on  which  stands  Dr.  Abbot's  house.  This  bluff 
was  dry  land  at  the  time  the  Trenton  gravel  was  deposited.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

33901—34086.  Stone  hammers  and  club,  cores,  points  and  chipped  im- 
plements of  stone,  fragments  of  stone  pestles,  pottery  and  a  soapstone 
vessel,  from  different  places  in  Watertown,  Mass. ;  rude  implements,  chips, 
flakes,  scrapers  and  points  of  stone;  hammers  and  rubbing  stone,  the 
latter  notched ;  piece  of  a  stone  pestle  and  fragments  of  a  steatite  pot 
from  Arlington,  Mass. ;  stone  chips,  flakes,  knives  and  points,  with  broken 
stone  implements  from  Belmont,  Mass. ;  hammerstone,  points  and  flakes  of 
stone  from  Revere  Beach ;  stone  chips,  arrowpoints  and  broken  implements 
from  Waltham  and  Lake  Cochituate ;  stone  chips,  flakes  and  points  from 
Kingston,  Wayland,  and  Concord,  Mass. ;  fragments  of  pottery  from  Way- 
land.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Geo.  B.  Frazar. 

34087—34100.  Flakes  and  chips  of  quartz  and  eleven  palaeolithic  im- 
plements of  the  same  material,  found  fifteen  feet  below  the  surface  in  the 
modified  drift  at  Little  Falls,  Morrison  co.,  Minnesota.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Miss  F.  E.  Babbitt. 

34101—34260.  A  large  and  interesting  collection  of  pots  and  jars  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  and  shapes,  in  human,  animal,  bird  and  vegetable  forms,  some 
painted,  some  plain,  and  others  ornamented  with  incised  lines  and  geomet- 
rical figures,  from  ancient  graves  on  the  Piura  river,  120  miles  N.  N.  W. 
of  Larabayeque,  Peru.— By  purchase. 

34261.  Earthen  jar  with  animal  head,  from  Peru.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Geo.  J.  Engelmann. 

34262—34273.  Grooved  stone  and  quartz  points  from  Riverdale,  N.  Y ; 
argillite  points  from  Shinnicock,  Long  Island;  iron  tomahawk  and 
quartz  point  from  Greenwich,  Conn. ;  stone  axe  and  a  pointed  stone  celt, 
with  handles  of  earthen  dishes  from  San  Domingo,  W.  I.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  II.  Prime. 

34274—34279.  Wooden  spoons  and  trays,  with  rope  made  of  maguey 
fibre  and  different  kinds  of  bark,  all  from  Mexico.— Presented  by  Mr.  John 
Cone  Kimball. 

34280—34284.  Dried  fruit  of  cactus  used  as  food,  stone  pestle,  and  a 
stone  mortar  with  top  of  basket  work,  and  a  sample  of  the  acorn  meal 
and  of  the  acorns  from  which  it  was  made,  all  from  the  mission  Indians 
of  South  Pasadena,  Cal.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  H.  N.  Rust. 

34285—34302.  Five  human  crania,  three  earthen  jars,  varying  in  shape 
and  ornamentation,  shell  beads,  pieces  of  coal  cut  and  polished,  bone  ira- 


425 


plements,  shell  of  unio,  shell  spoon  and  fragment  of  a  chipped  stone  knife 
from  stone  graves  on  Mr.  Oscar  Noel's  farm  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  cir- 
cular stones  and  pieces  of  flint  from  the  surface  near  by.— Collected  by  Mr. 
Geo.  Woods  in  continuation  of  the  exploration  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam. 

34303—34:328.  A  broken  stone  pipe  and  stone  implements  of  various 
kinds  including  axes,  celts,  mullers,  points  and  flakes  from  Newtown, 
Hamilton  co.,  Ohio;  a  circular  flint  core  found  three  feet  below  the  sur- 
face in  Anderson  township,  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented 
by  Mr.  William  Durham. 

34329.  Cast  of  a  stone  ornament  from  a  mound  in  Brown  county,  Ohio. 
— Presented  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Low. 

34330—34336.  Stone  chips  and  broken  points  from  the  vicinity  of  the 
Natural  Bridge,  Ya.,  and  flint  chips  from  Marietta,  Ohio,  collected  by 
Messrs.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  J.  C.  Kimball;  boat-shaped  stone  from 
Gomer,  Ohio ;  and  large  chipped  stone  points  from  the  Muskingum  valley 
near  Marietta,  Ohio.— Exploration  of  the  Curatok  conducted  for  the 
Museum. 

34337—34350.  A  rude  axe,  celts,  chipped  points  and  a  broken  gorget, 
all  of  stone,  with  flint  flakes  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  a  cultivated 
field  about  the  Turner  group  of  mounds  in  the  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio. 
—Collected  and  presented  by  Messrs.  E.  J.  and  J.  M.  Turner  and  received 
during  the  exploration  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

34351—34357.  Stone  implements  consisting  of  a  muller,  celts,  long 
points  and  a  small  axe  from  a  ploughed  field  near  the  Turner  mounds  in 
the  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio.— Exploration  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  and 
Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

34358—34855.  This  collection,  covered  by  five  hundred  entries  in  the 
catalogue,  consists  of  a  part  of  the  articles  found  in  the  mounds  of  the  Tur- 
ner group  in  the  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio.  (Other  specimens  from  this 
group  of  mounds  have  been  recorded  in  previous  reports.)  In  it  are 
human  crania  and  other  human  bones ;  thousands  of  animal  bones ;  many 
pearl,  bone,  copper,  shell  and  clay  beads;  implements  of  bone  including 
needles,  arrowpoiuts  and  chisels;  a  disk  and  cut  pieces  of  mica ;  copper 
plates  and  earrings,  some  of  the  latter  covered  with  meteoric  iron ;  copper 
celts,  a  cone  and  a  nugget  of  copper;  sea  shells,  some  carved  and  perfo- 
rated, also  shells  of  Unio  and  Helix;  handles  made  from  antler— one 
with  a  stone  point,  another  with  a  bone  point  still  in  place  —  also  points 
and  cut  and  worked  pieces  of  the  same  material;  red  ochre;  formations  of 
iron  and  lime  from  the  pits  and  flues ;  bears'  teeth— some  perforated,  others 
with  pearls  inserted  in  them— also  perforated  teeth  of  other  animals ;  celts, 
drills,  scrapers,  points,  arrowheads,  chips,  cores,  flakes  and  flake  knives, 
all  of  stone,  with  polishing  and  pitted  stones  and  hammerstones ;  frag- 
ment of  a  gorget  and  other  carved  and  worked  stones ;  fragments  of 
pottery,  some  plain,  some  cord  and  cloth  marked,  and  others  ornamented 
with  stamped  and  incised  figures ;  burnt  earth  and  bones ;  charcoal  and 
pieces  of  soft  coal  cut  in  various  shapes ;  and  specimens  of  the  earth,  sand, 
clay  and  concrete  layers  of  which  the  mounds  were  composed.— Explora- 


426 


tion  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  conducted  for  the 
Museum. 

34856—35134.    Burnt  human,  animal  and  bird  bones ;  shells  of  different 
kinds,  some  of  them  perforated;  cores  and  chipped  points  of  flint;  orna- 
ments made  of  stone;  hammerstone  and  a  discoidal  stone  ;  beads  of  pearl, 
bone  and  shell;  canine  teeth  of  large  bears,  some  of  them  perforated; 
teeth  of  deer  and  a  shark's  tooth;  ornaments  made  of  copper;  ear  orna- 
ments of  copper,  a  few  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  silver  and  others  with 
meteoric  iron ;  small  hemispheres  of  stone  and  of  pottery,  covered  with 
silver,  copper  and  meteoric  iron ;  fragments  of  silver  ornaments;  a  celt 
of  meteoric  iron  and  one  of  copper;  ornaments  and  fragments  of  mica; 
portion  of  a  pipe  carved  out  of  stone;  a  large  mass  of  galena;  cloth, 
seeds,  nuts,  corn  and  grass,  all  charred;  fragments  of  matting  partly 
burnt;  ball  of  clay;  fragments  of  pottery;  bone  handles,  awl  points  and 
other  implements  of  bone  ;  braided  grass ;  charcoal,  ashes  and  burnt  clay 
some  of  the  latter  still  bearing  the  impress  of  logs  of  wood ;  portions  of 
burnt  and  unburnt  human  skeletons;  all  from  mounds  belonging  to  the 
Liberty  group  on  the  land  of  Edwin  Harness,  esq.,  in  Liberty  township, 
Eoss  CO.,  Ohio.— Explorations  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Mr.  F.  W. 
Putnam  and  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

35135—35154.  Charcoal,  ashes  and  cut  pieces  of  soft  coal,  animal 
bones  burnt  and  unburnt,  a  bone  awl,  fossil  coral,  a  fossil  elephant's 
tooth,  broken  stones,  split  pebbles,  flint  flakes  and  chipped  points  from 
the  Durham  mound,  Newtown,  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio.— Explorations 
conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam. 

35155—35161.  Split  and  burnt  animal  bones,  jaws  and  teeth  of  deer 
and  bear,  cut  turkey  bone,  fragment  of  bone  implement  and  skull  of  a 
deer  with  two  perforations  in  it  from  the  stone  mound  in  the  Edwards 
group.  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio.— Explorations  conducted  for  the  Mu- 
seum by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam. 

35162.  Bone  point  from  the  mound  on  the  river  bank  near  the  Turner 
group,  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio.— Exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum 
by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam. 

35163—35185.  Unio  shells,  potsherds,  a  pottery  disk,  a  hammerstone, 
and  bones  of  birds,  deer  and  turtle,  from  a  refuse  pile  on  the  hillside  at 
the  Sand  Ridge,  with  a  stone  celt,  pitted  stones,  large  sharpening  stone 
and  chipped  stone  implements  of  different  kinds  including  knives  and 
points  from  the  Sand  Ridge,  Anderson  township,  Little  Miami  valley, 
Ohio.— Explorations  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam 
and  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

35186—36783.  This  magnificent  collection  is  covered  by  1600  numbers 
in  the  catalogue  and  consists  of  more  than  four  thousand  specimens. 
Among  many  other  things,  it  contains  over  200  celts,  36  grooved  axes,  28 
pipes,  and  51  articles  of  copper.  In  part  it  consists  of  cut  pieces  of 
soft  coal;  disks  of  shell  and  pottery;  beads  of  shell  and  copper;  flakes, 
knives,  points,  drills  and  scrapers  of  flint;  a  fossil  tooth;  cylinders  of 
antler;  shells  of  turtle  and  busycon;  twenty  earthen  pots  and  numerous 


427 


fragments  ornamented  in  different  styles;  pins,  pendants  and  other 
ornaments  of  shell;  pipes  of  stone  and  pottery;  sharpening,  rubbing 
and  pitted  stones,  with  mullers,  celts,  club  heads,  grooved  axes,  ham- 
mers, tablets  and  implements  of  the  same  material,  some  of  them  carved  ; 
finger  rings,  ornaments  and  hammered  pieces  of  copper;  five  human 
crania,  one  of  them  with  an  arrowhead  imbedded  in  the  occiput,  together 
with  other  human  bones  from  the  ancient  cemetery  in  Ferris  woods  near 
Madisonville,  Ohio.    Pieces  of  iron,  a  perforated  copper  hammer  and  a 
piece  of  a  mastodon's  tooth,  found  in  the  leaf  mould  over  the  burials  in  the 
Ferris  woods.    Flint  flakes,  knives,  points  and  scrapers ;  copper  beads 
and  pieces  of  hammered  copper ;  soft  coal ;  beads  and  whistles  made  of 
bird  bones;  shells  of  unio,  some  of  them  perforated;  one  shell  containing 
red  ochre ;  bones  and  teeth  of  deer,  bear,  wolf,  rabbit,  squirrel,  beaver, 
raccoon,  woodchuck  and  of  birds,  turtles  and  fishes;  numerous  cylinders, 
points,  handles  and  agricultural  implements  of  antler;  burnt  clay  and  bits 
of  bone  also  burned;  fish  hooks,  points,  scrapers  and  implements  of  bone 
some  of  them  perforated ;  ornaments  made  from  teeth  of  animals  ;  sharp- 
ening and  rubbing  stones,  with  celts,  grooved  club  heads  and  pipes  made 
of  stone ;  toy  vessels  of  pottery  and  fragments  of  large  jars ;  charred  corn, 
nuts,  seeds,  rope  and  grass  matting  all  from  the  ashpits  in  the  ancient 
cemetery  near  Madisonville,  Ohio.    Hammerstones  and  incised  stones; 
earthen  vessels  and  fragments  of  pottery,  charcoal,  shells  of  unio,  some 
of  them  perforated;  a  stone  celt;  flint  flakes,  and  points  of  various  shapes 
and  sizes  from  different  mounds  in  the  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio,  and  in 
Mississippi  county,  Missouri  and  in  Arkansas.    Besides  these  specimens 
there  are  numbers  of  flint  flakes,  drills,  points  and  scrapers  of  the  usual 
Ohio  patterns ;  gorgets,  pipes,  club  heads,  hammers,  celts,  pestles,  mullers, 
hoes  and  grooved  axes  of  stone  ;  fragments  of  pottery  and  disks  of  pottery 
and  stone;  shells  and  shell  ornaments  of  different  kinds;  sharpening  and 
rubbing  stones,  with  other  stone  implements,  including  several  of  plum- 
met shape;  bone  fish-hooks  and  points;  handles,  cylinders  and  points  of 
antler;  pieces  of  cut  coal,  principally  from  Indian  graves  and  village  sites 
in  Ohio ;  also  a  number  of  similar  specimens  from  Indiana,  New  York  and 
Missouri.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

36784—36800.  Grooved  axe,  mullers  and  fragments  of  a  gorget,  all  of 
stone,  and  various  chipped  flint  implements  such  as  scraper,  drill,  points 
and  flakes  from  the  surface,  Little  Miami  valley,  Newtown,  Ohio.— Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  William  Durham. 

36801—36817.  Pitted  hammerstone  and  grooved  stone  axe  from  the 
Durham  farm,  hammerstone  and  burnt  earth  from  the  Broadwell  mound 
near  Newtown,  Ohio;  chipped  flint  points  and  scrapers  from  the  surface, 
Anderson  township.  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio ;  stone  muUer  from  New- 
town, Ohio.— Collected  by  Mr.  Matthias  Britten,  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and 
Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  received  during  the  exploration  conducted  for  the 
Museum  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

36818.  Stone  celt  from  Red  Bank,  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  William  Durham. 

36819.  Chipped  flint  knife  found  within  the  Liberty  w^orks,  Scioto  val- 
ey,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  James  V.  Harness. 


428 


36820.  Stone  celt  from  the  farm  of  J.  D.  Mace,  Scioto  valley,  Ohio.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Mace. 

36821.  Stone  muller  found  twelve  miles  north  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio.—  Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Roads. 

36822—36825.  Chipped  flint  flakes  and  points  from  the  surface  near  the 
Liberty  works,  Scioto  valley,  Ohio.— Exploration  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam  and 
Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

36826.  Chipped  flint  points  from  Amsterdam,  N.  Y.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  P.  M.  Van  Epps. 

36827.  Stone  implement  from  Concord,  N.  H. 

36828—36829.  Bone  implement  and  cut  bones  from  a  shellheap  on  Dara- 
ariscotta  river,  Maine.-Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Charles  Metcalf. 

36830—36854.  Assegais  from  Madagascar ;  an  Arab  shield  made  of  rhi- 
noceros hide,  from  Zanzibar;  knife,  sheath  and  belt,  with  a  club,  an  axe, 
assegais,  bows  and  iron  pointed  arrows  from  different  places  in  eastern 
Africa.— Collected  and  presented  by  Capt.  A.  Ward  Weaver,  U.  S.  Navy. 

36855—36858.  Models  of  a  native  boat  and  of  a  gourd  boat  bailer,  neck- 
laces made  of  seeds,  from  Surinam,  Dutch  auiana.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Fernando  Neumann. 

36859—37546.  Oyster,  clam,  mussel,  quahaug,  Pecten,  Natica  and  Buc- 
cinum  shells;  human  bones;  numerous  fragments  of  pottery ;  teeth  and 
bonesof  animals;  pieces  of  worked  antler;  stone  implements  consisting  of 
arrowheads,  scrapers,  celts,  gouges  and  hammers,  with  flakes  and  chips 
of  stone;  polishing  and  sharpening  stones;  implements  of  bone  some  of 
them  perforated,  and  among  them  over  500  bone  points  many  of  which  are 
barbed ;  all  f  mm  the  shellheaps  along  the  coast  and  on  the  islands  of  Pe- 
nobscot bay  and  Damariscotta  river,  Maine.— Collected  by  Mr.  A.  I. 
Phelps  in  continuation  of  an  exploration  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Mr. 
F.  W.  Putnam. 

37547—37550.  Stone  spearpoints  from  a  muck  swamp,  and  other  stone 
points  from  a  shellheap  at  Cushing,  Maine.-Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  F.  C.  IIatuorn. 

37551—37564.  Pipes,  tobacco  pouches,  human  scalps,  sacred  pack, 
carrying  strap,  pouch  containing  sacred  shell,  rope  of  sinew  and  some  other 
articles,  the  whole  being  the  contents  of  the  sacred  war  tent  of  the 
Omahas.  (See  letter  in  report  of  Curator  on  p.  411).-Presented  by  the 
family  of  the  hereditary  chief  of  the  Omahas,  through  Mr.  Francis  La 
Flkche  and  Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher. 

37565.  Fragment  of  feather  rope  from  a  cave  in  Utah.— Presented  by 
Mr.  A.  G.  Richmond. 

37566—37583.  Cut  piece  of  shell  and  fragments  of  pottery  from  Walnut 
caiion,  Arizona;  bridle,  saddle  blanket,  a  hand  loom,  blanket  of  primitive 
pattern,  silver  tweezers  and  various  articles  contained  in  leather  pouches, 
one  of  which  is  elaborately  ornamented  with  silver,  all  of  Navajo  work- 
manship, from  Arizona.— Collected  by  Rev.  Frederic  Gardiner,  jr. 

37584—37590.  Clay  pot,  pitcher,  bowls  and  saucer  of  different  colors 
and  a  wooden  mortar  and  implement,  from  Surinam,  Dutch  Guiana.— Col- 
lected and  presented  by  Mr.  Fernando  Neumann. 


429 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  LIBRARY.* 

Mr.  A.  Agassiz,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Three  Memoirs,  four  numbers 
Bulletin,  one  Keport  of  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Allen,  Hartford,  Conn.    One  volume. 

Dr.  Bichard  Andree,  Leipzig,  Germany.    Five  pamphlets. 

Athens,  Greece.  Society  Arch6ologique.    One  number  Proceedings. 

Dr.  W.  G.  Barrett,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 

M.  le  Baron  de  Baije,  Baye,  Marne,  France.  Pamphlet. 

Berlin,  Germany.    Koniglichen  Museum.    Two  pamphlets. 

31.  A.  Blomme,  Termonde,  Belgium.  Pamphlet. 

M.  le  Prince  Roland  Bonaparte,  St.  Cloud,  France.    Folio  volume. 

Boston,  Mass.  Archaeological  Institute  of  America.  Keport,  one  num- 
ber Bulletin,  one  number  Papers. 

Boston,  Mass.  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.    One  volume. 

Boston,  Mass.    Museum  of  Fine  Arts.  Eeport. 

Dr.  Daniel  G.  Brinton,  Philadelphia,  Penn.    One  volume. 

Buffalo,  N.  7.    Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences.  Bulletin. 

Cambridge,  England.  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society.  One  pamphlet, 
two  volumes  Report  and  Communications,  one  number  Octavo  Publica- 
tions. 

Cambridge,  Mass.  Harvard  College  Library.  One  volume,  four  num- 
bers Bulletin. 

Mr.  Lucien  Carr,  Boston,  Mass.    Four  volumes. 

M.  Emile  Cartailhac,  Toulouse,  France.    Thirteen  pamphlets. 

Col.  Theo.  S.  Case,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  Eleven  numbers  Kansas  City 
Eeview. 

M.  le  Comte  de  Gharencey,  St.  Maurice-les-Charencey,  Orne,  France. 
Pamphlet. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.    Cincinnati  Museum  Association.  Report. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.    Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History.    Four  num- 
bers Journal. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.    Public  Library.  Report. 

Cleveland,  Ohio.  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society.  One  number 
Tracts. 

Mr.  John  Collett,  Indianapolis,  Ind.    One  volume. 
Prof.  G.  II.  Cook,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.    One  volume. 
Copenhagen,  Denmark.    Congres  International  des  Americanistes.  One 
volume. 

Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson,  Montreal,  Canada.    One  volume. 

Mr.  T.  A.  Dickinson,  Worcester,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  8.  L.  Elliott,  New  York,  N.  Y.    One  volume. 

Dr.  H.  Fischer,  Munich,  Germany.  Pamphlet. 

Miss  A.  C.  Fletcher,  Cambridge,  Mass.   Three  pamphlets. 

iThe  full  titles  of  books  received  by  the  Museum  are  given  in  the  quarterly  Bulletin 
of  Harvard  College  Library. 


430 

• 

Florence,  Italy.   Societa  Italiana  di  Antropologia  e  cli  Etnologia.  Four 
numbers  Arcbivio. 
Dr.  J.  G.  Garson,  Loudon,  England.    Three  pamphlets. 
3Ir.  E.  F.  Greg,  Westminster,  England.    Two  pamphlets. 
Dr.  E.  T.  Ilamy,  Paris,  France.    One  volume. 
Frof.  H.  W.  Haynes,  Boston,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 
Col.  T.  W.  Hirjgmson,  Cambridge,  Mass.    One  volume. 
Dr.  W.  J.  Hoffman,  Washington,  D.  C.  Pamphlet. 
Frof.  A.  Hyatt,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 
Mr.  Ernest  Ingersoll,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Pamphlet. 
Col.  C.  C.  Jones,  jr.,  Augusta,  Georgia.  Pamphlet. 
Frof.  H.  Kato,  Tokio,  Japan.  Pamphlet. 
Frof  A.  H.  Keane,  London,  England,  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  S.  Kneeland,  Boston,  Mass.  Seventy-seven  volumes,  thirty  pam- 
phlets. 

Frof.  J.  Kollmann,  Basel,  Switzerland.    Two  pamphlets. 

Konigsherg,  Frussia.    Altertliums-gesellschaft  Prussia.  Report. 

Leipzig,  Germany.    Museum  fiir  Volkerkunde.  Report. 

Bev.  8.  8.  Lewis,  Cambridge,  England.  Pamphlet. 

Liverpool,  England.  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society.  Three  vol- 
umes Proceedings. 

London,  England.  Anthropological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land.   Four  numbers  Journal. 

Bev.  J.  F.  MacLean,  Hamilton,  Ohio.    Two  pamphlets. 

Frof.  0.  T.  Mason,  Washington,  D.  C.    One  volume,  twelve  pamphlets. 

Dr.  W.  Matthews,  Washington,  D.  C.    Two  pamphlets. 

Middletown,  Conn.    Museum  Wesleyan  University.  Report. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey.  Four  Re- 
ports. 

Dr.  G.  S.  Minot,  Boston,  Mass.    One  volume. 

M.  G.  de  Mortillet,  St.  Germain-en-Laye,  France.    Three  pamphlets. 

Munich,  Germany.  Deutsche  Gesellschafb  fiir  Anthropologic,  Ethnolo- 
gie  und  Urgeschichte.    Two  numbers  Correspondenz-Blatt. 

Munich,  Germany.  Munchener  Gesellschaft  fur  Anthropologic,  Ethnol- 
ogic und  Urgeschichte.    Three  numbers  Contributions. 

3L  le  Marquis  de  Nadaillac,  Paris,  France.    Four  pamphlets. 

Nashville,  Tenn.  Tennessee  Historical  Society.  Pamphlet,  twelve 
pieces  of  Confederate  money. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Society  of  Antiquaries.    One  volume, 

one  pamphlet. 

New  York,  N.  T.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Report,  one 
number  Bulletin. 

New  York,  N.  Y.    Astor  Library.  Report. 

New  York,  N.  Y.    Editor  Scientific  American.    Paper  for  the  year. 
Ottawa,  Canada.    Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey.  Report, 
two  volumes,  one  pamphlet. 
Mr.  Henry  8.  Fancoast,  Philadelphia,  Penn.  Pamphlet. 


431 


Dr.  Carl  Passavant,  Basel,  Switzerland.    One  volume. 

Paris,  France.  Societe  amSricaine  de  France.  Two  numbers  Ar- 
chives, one  pamphlet. 

Paris,  Frayice.    Societe  d'Anthropologie.    Three  numbers  Bulletin. 

Paris,  France.  Societe  d'Ethnographie.  Two  numbers  Annuair,  one 
number  Bulletin,  Report,  one  pamphlet. 

Paris,  France.  Societe  de  Geographie.  Four  numbers  Bulletin,  seven- 
teen pamphlets. 

Philadelphia,  Penn.  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia.  Two  numbers 
Bulletin. 

Philadelphia,  Penn.    Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society.  Report. 
Mr.  Henry  Phillips,  jr.,  Philadelphia,  Penn.    Two  pamphlets. 
Prof.  L.  Pirjorini,  Rome,  Italy.  Pamphlet. 

Providence,  B.  I.  Public  Library.  Report,  Monthly  Reference  lists  for 
1884. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Four  pamphlets. 

Biga,  Bussia.  Gesellschaft  fur  Geschichte  und  Alterthumskunde  der 
Ostseeprovinzen  Russlands.    One  volume. 

M.  Leon  de  Bosmj,  Paris,  France.    Two  pamphlets. 

St.  John,  New  Brunswick.  Natural  History  Society.  Report,  one  num- 
ber Bulletin. 

St.  Louis,  Mj.    Academy  of  Science.    One  number  Transactions. 

St.  Paul,  Minn.    Minnesota  Historical  Society.  Report. 

Salem,  Mass.    Essex  Institute.    One  volume,  nine  numbers  Bulletin. 

Dr.  Einil  Schmidt,  Leipzig,  Germany.  Pamphlet. 

Prof.  G.  Sergi,  Bologna,  Italy.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  E.  E.  Shepard,  Fairfield,  Ind.    Two  volumes. 

Stettin,  Germany.  Gesellschaft  fiir  prommersclie  Geschichte  und  Alter- 
thumskunde.   Four  numbers  Baltische  Studien. 

Dr.  H.  O.  Ten  Kate,  Paris,  France.    Two  pamphlets. 

Mr.  Cyrus  Thomas,  Washington,  D.  C.    Two  pamphletg. 

Mr.  G.  O.  Thompson,  Terre  Haute,  Ind.    Two  pamphlets. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Thompson.  Worcester,  Mass.    One  volume. 

Toronto,  Canada.  Canadian  Institute.  Five  numbers  Journal,  three 
numbers  Proceedings. 

Washington,  D.  C.    Bureau  of  Ethnology.  Report. 

Washington,  D.  C.    Philosophical  Society.  Bulletin. 

Washington,  D.  C.    Smithsonian  Institution.  Report. 

Washington,  D.  C.    U.  S.  Geological  Survey.    One  volume. 

Dr.  Herbert  Welsh,  Germantown,  Penn.  Pamphlet. 

Col.  Charles  Whittlesey,  Cleveland,  O.  Pamphlet. 

Wilkes  Barre,  Penn.  Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society.  Pam- 
phlet. 

Mr.  Joseph  Willcox,  Media,  Penn.  Pamphlet. 

Hon.  Bobert  G.  Winthrop,  Boston,  Mass.  Two  volumes,  twelve  pam- 
phlets. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Wise,  Wheaton,  111.   Three  pamphlets. 


432 


Worcester,  Mass.  American  Antiquarian  Society.  Two  numbers 
ceedings. 

Prof.  G.  F.  Wright,  Oberlin,  O.    One  volume. 

Dr.  Harrison  Wright,  Wilkes  Barre,  Penn.    Two  pamphlets. 

By  purchase.    American  Antiquarian  for  1884. 

14       "         Revue  d'Anthropologie  for  1884. 

u       "  Science  for  1884. 

"         One  volume. 

PHOTOGRAPHS. 

Cincinnati,  0.    Society  I^atural  History.  Photograph. 

Mr.  0.  A.  Derby,  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil.    Six  photographs. 

a.  J.  Fisher,  M.  D.,  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.  Photograph. 

Dr.  8.  Kneeland,  Boston,  Mass.    Six  photographs. 

Mr.  Henry  McGuier,  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.  Photograph. 

3fr.  Peter  Neff,  Gambler,  O.  Photograph. 

Mr.  S.  B.  Scudder,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Seven  photogpraphs. 

By  purchase.   Twelve  photographs. 


NOTES  ON  THE  ANOMALIES,  INJURIES  AND  DISEASES  OF  THE 
BONES  OF  THE  NATIVE  RACES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


By  WILLIAM  F.  WHITNEY,  M.  D. , 
Curator  of  the  Warren  Anatomical  Museum,  Harvard  Medical  School. 


At  the  request  of  the  Curator  a  study  of  the  osteological  collec- 
tion of  the  Peabody  Museum  has  been  made  with  a  view  to  estab- 
lishing, as  far  as  possible,  what  diseases  existed  on  this  continent 
among  its  original  inhabitants.  The  collection  is  especially  valu- 
able for  this  purpose  as  it  contains  such  a  large  number  of  well 
authenticated  specimens,  which  have  been  found  in  the  mosinds, 
and  ancient  cemeteries  in  various  portions  of  the  country.  These 
remains  have  been  dug  up  with  particular  care  for  the  preservation 
of  the  bones  of  the  body  as  well  as  those  of  the  head.  The  im- 
portance of  this  cannot  be  overestimated,  for  not  only  can  the  sex 
and  age  be  more  accurately  determined,  but  also  it  can  be  more 
easily  settled  whether  any  pathological  changes  are  the  results  of 
a  local  affection  or  of  a  general  (constitutional)  disease. 

The  evidences  obtained  from  even  the  richest  collection  must  be 
meagre  at  best  and  only  the  existence  of  a  very  few  diseases  can 
ever  be  proved.  All  those  which  implicate  the  viscera  alone  will 
have  to  be  excluded,  and  it  is  only  to  such  as  either  primarily  or 
secondarily  leave  marks  on  the  osseous  system  that  any  clew  can 
be  obtained.  Even  when  alterations  are  seen  here,  the  possibility 
of  their  being  the  results  of  the  action  of  the  atmosphere,  soil  or 
plants  must  be  constantly  borne  in  mind.  For  appearances  are 
thus  produced  which  closely  resemble  those  arising  from  morbid 
processes.  And  yet  on  the  other  hand  these  same  agents  may 
easily  obscure  a  loss  of  substance  which  has  taken  place  before 

REPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  in.  28  (433) 


434 


death  In  determining  whether  a  loss  of  substance  is  of  an  ante- 
or  post-mortem  origin,  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  a  zone  of 
heio-htened  activity  usually  surrounds  that  which  occurred  during 
life"  This  is  shown  by  an  increased  vascularity  or  by  the  forma- 
tion of  new  bone  or  by  the  thickening  of  the  old  bone  in  the 
immediate  vicinity.  ^ 

The  lesions  which  have  been  found  may  be  conveniently  grouped 
into  three  classes.  First,  those  which  represent  simply  variations 
from  the  normal  type,  so-called  anomalies;  second,  those  which 
have  foUowed  injuries  ;  and  third,  those  resulting  from  disease. 

Anomalies. 

Shape  of  the  head.  One  of  the  most  striking  variations  is  in  the 
shape  of  the  head  produced  by  a  pressure,  applied  either  through 
desi-n  or  accident.  Tliis  should  strictly  be  classed  among  the  m- 
jurie's,  but  as  distortion  of  the  head  observed  in  life  has  not  had 
any  bad  effect  upon  the  health,  it  is  best  considered  here. 

The  skulls  showing  signs  of  this  are  either  flattened  or  short- 
ened    The  former  come  chiefly  from  the  northwest  coast,  while  the 
latter  are  common  in  the  stone  graves  and  burial  mounds  of  Tenne- 
see  and  the  adjoining  states.    In  the  flattened  skulls  the  deformity 
is  unquestionably  intentional.    The  forehead  is  very  low  and  re- 
treatinc^  and  the  posterior  portion  of  the  head  rounded  and  bulging 
Such  a^shape  would  follow  the  continued  application  of  pressure  on 
the  frontal  during  the  growth  of  the  bones  of  the  head.    Most  of 
the  skulls  from  the  mounds  and  stone-graves  are  short,  the  fore- 
head and  top  of  the  skull  high  and  rounded,  while  the  occipital 
region  is  flattened.    It  has  been  suggested  that  such  a  form  might 
be'' the  result  of  post-mortem  pressure,  as  it  is  a  well  established 
fact  that  bones  which  have  lain  in  some  kinds  of  soil  become  very 
much  softened  and  can  be  readily  distorted  by  handling.    But  a 
careful  study,  especially  of  the  base,  will  show  that  this  occipital 
fl.ittenino-  must  have  been  brought  about  during  the  period  of 
growth  "  A  good  index  of  this  universal  action  is  the  angle  which 
the  basilar  process  of  the  occipital  bone  makes  with  a  horizontal 
line  with  the  skull  in  the  normal  position.    This  seems  to  be  con- 
siderably larger  than  in  natural  heads.  It  is  necessary  to  state  here 
that  the  difference  of  these  angles  cannot  be  expressed  in  degrees 
and  minutes,  as  it  is  impossible  to  find  points  which  are  constant 


435 


enough  for  the  application  of  a  goniometer.  The  eye  is  the  best 
instrument  of  precision  here,  just  as  it  is  in  recognizing  the  features 
of  different  nationalities  that  are  met  with  in  the  street.  Individ- 
ual crania  may  be  brought  forward  as  exceptions  but  it  is  by  the 
average  that  the  whole  is  to  be  judged. 

Associated  with  the  posterior  flattening  are  islets  of  bone  inter- 
posed in  the  course  of  the  sutures,  so-called  Wormian  bones,  as 
wellasthe  frequent  persistence  of  the  interparietal,  suture,  which 
causes  the  occipital  to  look  as  if  divided  in  two  by  a  transverse  line. 
The  exact  way  in  which  flattening  produced  these  results  cannot 
be  stated  positively.  Each  of  these  little  bones  must  have  risen 
from  a  separate  centre  of  ossification  and  failed  to  unite  with  the 
main  portion.  But  how  the  posterior  flattening  (implying  pressure 
there,  accidental  or  otherwise)  could  bring  about  this  it  is  difficult 
to  understand,  and  any  explanation  would  be  simply  an  hypothesis. 

In  one  skull,  27205,  from  a  stone  grave,  Brentwood,  Tennessee, 
there  is  apparently  a  suture  in  one  of  the  parietal  bones.  This 
is  perhaps  best  explained  on  the  ground  of  there  being  a  large  and 
abnormally  situated  Wormian  bone.  The  left  parietafis  separated 
into  two  parts  by  an  indented  line  following  quite  closely  the  tem- 
poral ridge  and  connecting  the  coronal  with  the  lambdoidal  suture. 
A  second  skull,!  12797,  from  a  stone-grave  near  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee, was  found  which  showed  the  commencement  of  a  similar  line 
of  division.  But  here  although  it  started  from  the  same  place  in  the 
lambdoid  suture,  instead  of  reaching  the  frontal,  it  turned  down- 
wards after  a  short  distance  and  joined  the  squamous  suture.  Such 
a  piece  as  this  cut  off  would  be  properly  regarded  as  a  Wormian  bone, 
and  the  larger  and  more  extended  one  is  best  looked  upon  in  the 
same  light.  Whatever  view  is  taken  of  the  matter  these  two  should 
be  studied  together. 

Another  change  which  can  be  directly  associated  with  this  pos- 
terior flattening  is  a  narrowing  of  the  auditory  canal  in  an  antero- 
posterior direction.  Here  again  the  eye  rather  than  the  compasses 
must  be  the  guide  as  to  the  general  outline.  And  this  narrowing, 
as  will  be  shown  farther  on,  seems  to  stand  in  the  closest  relation 
to  the  production  of  osseous  tumors,  which  are  found  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  canal. 
A  persistence  of  the  frontal  suture  occurs  in  skulls  from  diflTerent 

1  See  account  of  these  skulls  in  Proc.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  Vol.32,  p.  390. 


436 

localities  but  probably  not  in  so  large  a  number  as  in  modern  Can- 
casian  heads:  6785,  San  Mateo,  California  ;  9144,  918o  Santa  Cruz 
Island,  California;  18277,  stone-grave  near  2sashville,  lei^nessee  ; 
07377  97378,  Rtone-sraves  near  Brentwood, Tennessee  ;  ^ew  l^ng- 
Taud  Mian,  2598,  Tiverton,  Rhode  Island;  also  861  from  Ten- 
nessee, R.  C.  S.  Loudon.2  '  .  i 
A  bonv  union  of  the  atlas  with  the  occipital  was  found  several 
time«.    This  is  usually  regarded  as  due  to  the  growth  of  the  par- 
anostoid  process,  which  springs  from  an  eminence  just  behmd  the 
iucrular  fossa.    In  one  case  the  body  of  the  vertebra  was  more  or 
le^s  absorbed  and  new  bone  deposited  in  places,  as  if  chronic 
rheumatic  arthritis  had  also  been  at  work  .  Vancouver  ^  ^^^^^^  '^^t' 
R  C  S  ;  California  Indians,  9183,  Santa  Cruz  Island  and  1328., 
Santa  Catalina  Island  ;  27290,  stone-grave,  Brentwood,  Tennessee  ; 
95135,  ancient  cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio. 

"  The  teeth  are  frequently  irregular  and  marks  of  extensive  caries 
and  alveolar  abscesses  are  found  in  skulls  coming  from  all  parts  of 
the  country,  but  these  should  be  a  special  subject  for  study  and 
T\ill  not  be  considered  in  this  paper. 

Injuries. 

The  next  class  comprise  those  bones  which  clearly  show  the 
direct  result  of  violence  as  seen  either  in  a  dislocation  or  a  frac- 

^''o*f  the  former  there  was  found  but  one  example,  which  however 
deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice. 

It  was  a  luxation  of  the  hip  in  a  California  Indian,  a  woman  of 
middle  life,  1 3448.  Santa  Catalina  Island.  The  right  femur  had  been 
pushed  backwards  so  that  the  head  rested  upon  the  edge  of  the 
crreat  sciatic  notch.  The  acetabulum  had  been  partially  obliterat- 
ed and  another  socket  formed  for  the  bone  in  its  new  position. 
The  head  of  the  bone  was  roughened  and  the  outlme  of  the 
articular  surface  irregular.  Tliis  as  well  as  the  greater  part  of 
the  neck  of  the  femur  was  covered  by  a  sort  of  cap  of  new  bone, 
Tvhich  was  not  united  to  the  new  socket.  It  must,  however,  have 
been  in  opposition  to  it  as  one  of  the  edges  was  facetted.  The 
lea  was  shortened  about  eighteen  cm.  and  its  motion  must  have 
heeix  greatly  restricted.    Such  an  injury  must  have  been  received 

«  E.  C.  S.  Collection  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgecns,  London. 


437 


a  long  time  before  death,  or  these  structural  changes  could  not 
have  taken  place. 

As  might  be  expected  from  the  rough  life  of  these  early  people, 
fractures  were  of  frequent  occurrence.  Tiaere  seems  to  be  no  way 
of  distinguishing  those  which  occurred  directly  before  death  from 
those  soon  after.  Of  course  any  breaks  which  were  made  in  ex- 
huming the  bones  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  freshness  of 
the  edges.  In  recent  cases  the  hemorrhage  between  the  bones  is 
the  important  diagnostic  feature  of  an  ante-mortem  from  a  post- 
mortem crack.  As  this  evidence  passes  away  in  the  process  of 
decay  there  is  left  nothing  by  which  to  decide  whether,  for  example, 
a  mutilated  skull  is  evidence  of  a  death  blow,  of  the  vindictiveness 
of  man  upon  the  dead,  or  of  a  fall  of  earth  some  years  after 
burial. 

Those  on  the  other  hand  which  were  not  immediately  fatal  give 
unmistakable  evidence  in  the  attempts  at  repair  with  which  they 
are  associated.  These  will  be  considered  in  the  natural  order  of 
the  bones  from  above  downwards. 

Fractures  of  the  Skull.  In  11371,  Haunted  Cave,  Kentucky, 
there  is  a  depressed  break  which  shows  itself  externally  as  an  oval 
indentation  in  the  right  parietal  bone  with  a  depression  of  the  in- 
ner table  extending  over  a  larger  area.  There  are  no  evidences  of 
repair,  and  therefore  its  exact  relation  to  the  time  of  death  must 
be  a  little  doubtful. 

From  Vancouver's  Island  is  a  specimen  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  (No.  845)  having  a  fissure  in  the  posterior  part  of  the 
right  temporal  bone,  probably  the  result  of  an  ununited  fracture. 
There  is  very  little  evidence  at  the  widest  part  of  any  reactive 
inflammation,  the  edges  being  simply  rounded  off.  Beyond  the 
opening,  however,  there  is  to  be  seen  a  faint  line  as  if  union  had 
taken  place  here,  while  the  fissure  resulted  from  the  absorption  of 
the  bone,  at  the  part  where  the  injury  had  been  more  severe.  Such 
a  loss  of  substance  is  recognized  as  following  head  injuries,  and 
specimens  can  be  found  in  all  anatomical  museums. ^ 

Among  the  California  Indians,  a  skull,  13551,  San  Clemente 
Island,  probably  of  a  female  past  middle  life,  has,  in  the  posterior 
parietal  region  of  the  left  side  directly  over  the  mastoid  process,  a 
depression  which  will  admit  the  tip  of  the  finger.  Corresponding 


'  No.  973  of  the  Warren  Anatomical  Museum  illustrates  this. 


438 


to  this  on  the  inner  surface  an  elevation  can  be  felt.  The  edges 
of  the  hole  are  smoothed  off  and  there  is  only  a  slight  crack  in  the 
bone  at  the  bottom.  The  openings  for  the  vessels  are  plainly 
larger  on  this  side  of  the  head  than  elsewhere.  The  injury  might 
have  been  produced  by  a  blow  from  a  sharp  pointed  stick  or  stone. 
The  person,  however,  must  have  lived  many  years  after  the  injury, 
as  appears  from  the  manner  in  which  all  the  sharp  edges  of  the 
bone  are  rounded. 

Among  the  skulls  from  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Madisonville, 
25126  is  of  interest.  It  is  the  cranium  of  a  young  adult  woman, 
which  has  an  oblong,  shallow  depression  (3.5  by  4.5  cm.)  in  the 
posterior  and  upper  part  of  the  left  parietal  bone.  The  surface  is 
slightly  roughened  and  through  the  centre  passes  an  ill-defined 
fissure  which  can  be  followed  for  some  distance  in  either  direction 
into  the  normal  bone.  A  blow  from  a  rather  long  blunt  instru- 
ment might  make  a  fracture  lil^e  this,  and  the  irregular  surface  is 
due  to  a  slight  superficial  exfoliation  of  bone  which  supervened. 

One  of  the  most  injured  is  the  skull  of  a  person  about  forty 
years  of  age,  14278,  from  a  stone-grave,  Nashville,  Tennessee.  At 
first  glance  it  seems  as  if  this  trouble  were  the  result  of  an  ulcera- 
tive process,  such  as  has  been  probably  at  work,  but  closer  inspec- 
tion shows  that  an  extensive  break  involving  the  greater  part  of  the 
left  parietal  region  was  the  starting  point.  The  main  line  of 
the  fracture  is  indicated  by  a  crack  commencing  near  the  middle 
of  the  coronal  suture  and  extending  downwards  and  somewhat 
backwards  for  about  6  cm.  It  is  bridged  over  in  several  places 
and  the  edges  are  rough  as  if  from  attempts  at  repair.  A  second 
line  starts  from  the  anterior  part  of  the  fissure  about  1.5  cm. 
from  the  suture  and  sweeps  downward  and  backward  in  a  sickle- 
shaped  curve  for  about  4  cm.  Then  it  turns  sharply  forwards 
and  downwards  and  ends  at  the  upper  point  of  the  spheno-tempo- 
ral  suture.  This  line  marks  a  slight  depression  of  the  bone  behind 
it,  which  has,  however,  become  firmly  united  in  its  new  position. 
Above  the  fissure  and  extending  anteriorly  over  the  forehead  is  a 
band  with  rather  irregular  edges  averaging  about  2.5  cm.  in 
width  where  the  outer  table  has  been  destro3^ed  and  the  diploe 
laid  bare  by  a  carious  process.  Although  this  is  one  of  the  cases 
in  which  it  is  difficult  to  say  how  much  the  appearances  have  been 
exaggerated  by  weathering,  still  there  is  no  doubt  that  an  inflam- 
matory process  has  been  at  work  far  beyond  the  original  line  of 


439 


fracture.  This  is  proved  by  the  existence  of  a  narrow  ridge  of 
newly  formed  bone  at  the  lower  edge  of  the  eroded  portion  of  the 
forehead. 

The  number  of  cases  of  cranial  fracture  is  so  very  small  that  too 
much  weight  cannot  be  attached  to  their  position  and  appearance, 
but  in  the  three  last  described  there  is  a  strong  presumption  in 
favor  of  their  being  due  to  intentional  violence.  The  seat,  the  left 
side  of  the  head,  especially  favors  this  view,  as  it  presupposes  that 
the  persons  who  gave  the  blows  were  right-handed. 

Fractures  of  the  Clavicle.  Of  this  there  are  four  probable  cases. 
Among  the  skeletons  of  the  California  Indians  is  a  clavicle  from 
13449  which  shows  a  slight  deviation  from  the  normal  line  accom- 
panied by  a  little  thickening  at  one  point  which  is  suggestive  of 
an  injury  early  in  life.  From  a  stone-grave,  Brentwood,  Tennessee, 
27405  shows  a  like  appearance  near  the  middle  of  the  bone,  while 
15904,  from  a  stone-grave  mound,  Oldtown,  Tennessee,  has  an  old 
and  firmly  united  fracture  of  the  right  bone  with  marked  displace- 
ment. 271(S6,  from  a  stone  grave,  near  Brentwood,  Tennessee,  is 
from  a  middle  aged  man  and  the  bone  was  broken  near  the  middle. 
The  ends  overlapped  for  a  considerable  extent  and  although  they 
are  well  united,  a  marked  deformity  must  have  resulted. 

Fractures  of  the  Arm.  In  27235,  stone-grave,  Brentwood, 
Tennessee,  the  right  radius  was  broken  near  the  middle,  and  the 
fragments  had  slipped  by  each  other  for  some  distance.  They 
are  strongly  fastened  together,  but  a  section  through  the  bone  shows 
that  the  medullary  cavity  had  not  been  restored.  In  the  same 
person,  a  woman  of  about  fifty  or  sixty  years  of  age,  there  was 
also  an  oblique  fracture  of  the  right  tibia  in  its  lower  third.  In 
this,  with  a  strong  union,  there  has  been  but  little  displacement. 
The  two  fractures  appear  to  be  of  about  the  same  date  and  are 
possibly  the  result  of  the  same  accident. 

There  seems  to  have  been  an  old  injury  in  27218,  stone-grave, 
Brentwood,  Tennessee,  which  involved  the  tubercle  of  the  radius. 
The  bone  is  thickened  at  this  point  and  the  outline  is  irregular. 
This  is  a  vej-y  unusual  place  for  a  break  to  occur,  and  as  the  joint 
shows  evidence  of  chronic  rheumatic  arthritis,  it  is  possible  that 
this  inflammatory  process  may  have  been  the  cause  of  the  distor- 
tion. 

The  ulna  was  found  broken  in  one  case,  27285,  stone-grave, 
Brentwood,  Tennessee,  a  man  fifty  to  seventy  years  old.  The  in- 
jury was  at  the  junction  of  the  middle  and  lower  third.    The  ends 


440 


have  grown  together  solidly,  accompanied  by  the  formation  of  a 
large  callus,  and  without  much  deviation  from  the  normal  line. 

Fractures  of  the  Femur.  Two  undoubted  and  one  questionable 
case  are  in  the  collection.  This  last  is  that  of  a  Californian, 
13234,  Santa  Catalina  Island,  a  man  of  about  fifty  years.  One 
femur  is  distorted  and  slightly  twisted  upon  itself  in  such  a  way  as 
to  suggest  an  incomplete  break  which  must  have  occurred  in  early 
life,  as  there  is  no  evidence  pointing  to  any  change  in  the  structure 
of  the  bone. 

The  others  came  from  stone-graves  in  Tennessee.  In  one, 
15875,  Oldtown,  the  junction  of  the  lower  and  middle  third  of  the 
shaft  of  the  left  femur  was  the  place  of  the  injury.  The  lower  piece 
had  been  drawn  upward  and  backward  for  the  distance  of  9  cm. 
In  this  new  position  it  had  been  firmly  soldered  by  a  strong  bony 
mass  to  the  opposing  surface  of  the  upper  fragment.  Both  ends 
are  rounded  off  and  the  opening  of  the  medullary  cavity  is  oblit- 
erated. 

In  the  second  15226,  Nashville,  the  lesion  is  at  about  the  same 
place,  but  a  much  better  line  has  been  preserved,  and  it  has  been 
suggested  that  this  may  be  the  result  of  an  attempt  at  treatment 
rather  than  accident.  The  hony  union  is  firm  and  its  appearance 
recalls  what  would  have  taken  place  if  the  two  ends  had  been  joined 
by  a  flexible  strap  and  had  gone  by  each  other  as  far  as  this  would 
permit,  and  then  the  strap  had  suddenly  become  ossified.  The 
amount  of  shortening  is  about  7  cm. 

Fractures  of  the  Tibia.  Two  others,  besides  27235  already  men- 
tioned, were  found.  In  26590,  ancient  cemetery,  Madisonville, 
Ohio,  there  had  been  an  oblique  break  of  the  right  bone.  The 
line  is  still  visible  passing  from  the  upper  part  of  the  lower  third 
on  the  outside  to  just  over  the  inner  malleolus  ;  the  bone  is  strong- 
ly knit  together  and  there  is  a  minimum  of  deformity. 

In  26600,  from  same  place  as  last,  the  seat  was  similar  but  there 
is  a  good  deal  of  roughening  from  an  ossifying  periostitis  about 
the  point  of  fracture  which  extends  for  some  distance  both  above 
and  below  but  gradually  diminishing. 

These  are  all  that  have  been  noticed,  and  it  is  remarkable  that 
no  case  of  impacted  fracture  of  the  neck  of  the  femur  has  been 
found,  which  is  of  such  frequent  occurrence  in  old  people.^ 

<The  lesions  found  in  the  sknlls  and  hones  from  the  caves  in  Mexico  have  already 
"been  noticed  by  Miss  Studley  ia  the  XVI  Report  of  the  Museum. 


441 


Diseases. 

Exostoses.  Although  new  growths  of  bone  are  often  the  accom- 
paniment of  the  repair  of  injuries,  yet  at  times  a  ciicumscribed 
growth  of  this  sort  is  found  which  cannot  be  associated  in  any 
way  with  violence.  Such  must  be  called  bony  tumors,  or  exostoses. 
They  do  not  have  any  tendency  to  generalize  themselves  through- 
out the  system  and  are  inconvenient  only  from  the  place  where 
they  grow. 

One  of  the  most  frequent  seats  for  these  is  at  the  entrance  of  the 
auditory  canal  and  the  attention  of  different  observers  has  been 
attracted  to  it.  Various  explanations  have  been  offered  for  the 
occurrence  of  the  growth  in  this  situation,  but  none  of  these  is  en- 
tirely satisfactory.  There  are  a  few  facts  which  are  capable  of 
being  sustained,  the  value  of  which  can  be  better  appreciated  after 
a  short  consideration  of  the  formation  of  the  normal  meatus  audi- 
tor ius. 

In  the  symmetrical  skull  of  an  adult  European,  the  canal  of  the 
ear  has  in  general  a  round,  slightly  flaring  opening.  If  the  free 
edge  of  this  is  carefully  examined,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  not  con- 
tinuous all  the  way  round  but  at  the  upper  and  posterior  part  there  is 
a  gap  of  varying  width.  This,  however,  is  filled  out  by  a  portion  of 
the  mastoid  process  of  the  temporal  bone,  with  which  the  lips 
bordering  the  gap  are  more  or  less  intimately  fused.  A  good  idea 
can  be  had  of  this  by  imagining  a  short  trumpet-shaped  tube  along 
one  side  of  which  a  V-shaped  piece  has  been  taken  out  and  then 
this  stopped  up  again  by  soldering  the  lips  of  the  gap  against  a 
larger  piece  of  the  same  material. 

If  now  the  flattened  skulls  are  examined  it  will  be  found  gener- 
ally that  the  meatus  is  narrowed  from  before  backwards  and  the 
lips  are  often  slightly  thickened  and  raised  up.  From  this  simple 
thickening  all  stages  can  be  traced,  up  to  the  formation  of  round 
osseous  growths  as  large  as  pease,  which  in  one  or  two  cases  have 
completely  blocked  up  the  opening.  In  almost  all  cases  the  ex- 
ostoses or  rather  hyperostoses  could  be  directly  referred  to  out- 
growths from  these  lips.  In  a  few  cases  a  tumor  was  formed  in 
other  parts  of  the  wall  of  the  meatus,  and  there  is  no  reason  why 
they  should  not  happen  there  as  well  as  in  any  other  part  of  the 
skeleton.  When  one  lip  alone  was  affected  it  was  more  frequently 
the  inferior. 

Other  facts,  brought  out  by  a  study  of  the  cases  in  which  the 


442 


hyperostoses  occurred,  were  that  the  subjects  were  as  a  rule  men 
past  middle  life,  with  massive  bones. 

There  is  no  absolute  demonstration  possible  that  it  is  the  nar- 
rowing of  the  meatus  from  posterior  pressure  in  early  youth  that 
gives  a  vicious  twist  to  the  tympanic  ring  and  places  it  in  a  condi- 
tion favorable  to  give  rise  to  such  outgrowths  in  after  years.  All 
that  can  be  said  is  that  it  occurs  more  frequently  in  such  heads, 
than  in  those  that  are  normal  or  flattened  by  anterior  pressure 
which  does  not  apparently  affect  the  shape  of  the  meatus.  And 
further  the  similarly  flattened  heads  of  the  ancient  Peruvians  show 
also  a  large  per  cent  affected  with  hyperostoses. 

It  is  not  claimed  that  this  deformity  is  the  sole  cause,  but  that 
it  simply  increases  a  tendency  which  is  universal. 

These  hyperostoses  were  found  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  in  the 
skulls  from  the  following  localities  : — 

Colorado,  La  Platte  Co.,  14,101  ;  California,  Santa  Cruz  Island, 
9117,9125,9126,9127,9135,  9143,9156,9159,9166,9178,  9181, 
9189,  Santa  Catalina Island,  13233,13234,  14789;  EastFlorida, 
2909,  2984;  Mexico,  caves  in  Coahuila,  22646,  22647,  22649, 
22652,22791,22823,  22827;  Montreal,  Iroquois  Indian,  26530; 
Kentucky,  mounds,  2342,  8046,  circular  grave,  8051,  8052, 
8054,  caves,  8087,  11343;  Tennessee,  stone-graves,  11850, 
11968,  12295,  12297,  12300,  12306,  12310,  12323,  12802,  12803, 
12805,  12816,  14003,  14006,  14090,  14091,  14096,  14148,  14256, 
15211,  15213,  15215,  15219,  15827,  15839,  15903,  15904, 
15910,  15913,  15995,  15997,  16003,  16006,  17279,  18248,  18251, 
18258,  18274,  18277,  18280,  18405,  18503,  18504,  18505,  18576, 
18599,  18609,  18614,  18620,  27223,  27233,  27236,  27262,  27281, 
27282,  27284,  27292,  27305,  27313,  27366,  27370,  27377,  27387; 
Iowa,  16092;  Arkansas,  mounds,  21198,  21246,  21260,  21264, 
21329,  21334,  21489,  21515  ;  Ohio,  ancient  cemetery,  Madison- 
ville,  25123,  26589  ;  also  from  Tennessee,  870,  875,  R.  C.  S., 
London. 

Besides  these,  other  exostoses  were  seen  on  various  parts  of  the 
skeleton  but  none  of  very  large  size. 

From  the  Californian  Indians,  a  skull  9112,  Santa  Cruz  Island, 
has  a  slightly  raised  and  eburnated  formation  of  new  bone  about 
1.5  cm.  in  diameter  in  the  upper  part  of  the  right  parietal.  Skull 
9160,  from  the  same  place,  has  a  small  growth  (0.75  cm.  in  diam- 
eter) on  the  right  side  of  the  frontal  bone.  9170,  Santa  Cruz 
Island,  has  a  similar  nodule  on  the  left  side,  2  cm.  in  diameter 


443 


and  about  2  mm.  in  thickness.  At  the  posterior  third  of  the  sag- 
ittal suture  in  9185,  also  from  Santa  Cruz,  is  a  rough,  irregularly 
shaped,  oval  exostosis  (2.5  cm.  long  by  1.25  cm.  wide  by  0.5  cm. 
thick).  This  possibly  followed  some  old  injury  of  which  it  is  the 
only  remains.  A  skull  from  Santa  Catalina  Island,  13238,  has  a 
small  bony  tumor  on  the  body  of  the  first  sacral  vertebra. 

Among  the  skulls  from  Tennessee  and  Ohio,  there  is  frequently 
a  tendency  to  thickening  along  the  alveolar  process  of  the  upper 
jaw.  One  of  the  most  marked  cases  is  15825,  stone-grave  mound, 
Oldtown,  Tennessee,  where  this  has  become  almost  a  perfect  fringe 
of  nodular  tumors,  most  marked  over  the  molar  teeth.  Not  much 
stress  is  to  be  laid  upon  these  except  as  one  of  the  local  expres- 
sions of  the  rugged  character  of  the  bones  of  this  old  people. 
Other  specimens  are  27200,  27236,  and  27282,  stone-graves, 
Brentwood,  Tennessee. 

Skull  11970,  from  a  stone-grave  mound,  near  Nashville,  Tenn- 
essee, has  a  rough  growth  of  bone,  which  recalls  the  appearance 
of  the  bark  of  a  tree.  Its  general  shape  is  oval  (7  cm.  by  5  cm.) 
and  its  centre  is  situated  at  the  point  where  the  sagittal  suture 
joins  the  lambdoid  and  from  there  extends  over  a  portion  of  both 
parietals  and  the  occipital.  It  is  in  all  likelihood  to  be  referred 
to  a  blow,  as  there  is  an  indistinct  line  passing  through  it  which 
can  be  traced  for  a  short  distance  on  either  side. 

From  a  stone-grave  in  the  Brentwood  cemetery,  is  one  speci- 
men, 27242,  which  shows  a  slight  thickening  over  the  left  orbit. 
In  another  is  a  small  exostosis  on  the  inside  of  the  right  iliac  bone. 

In  one  of  the  ash-pits  in  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Madisonville, 
Ohio,  was  found  a  metatarsal  bone,  27723,  with  numerous  small 
ivory-like  nodules  along  the  shaft. 

Periostitis.  The  next  series  of  lesions  are  those  which  are  the 
result  of  an  inflammation  of  the  periosteum.  This  is  manifested  by 
a  deposit  of  new  bone  of  greater  or  less  extent,  along  the  shaft  ox 
some  of  the  long  bones,  especially  the  tibia.^ 

In  12027,  from  a  stone-grave  near  Lebanon,  Tennessee,  the 
whole  shaft  is  irregularly  thickened  mostly  from  two  oblong  nod- 
ular enlargements  one  about  the  middle  and  the  other  near  the 
upper  part.   The  structure  of  the  deposit  is  light  and  porous. 

In  the  same  way  both  tibiae  of  14283,  stone-grave  near  Nash- 

^For  the  evidence  necessary  to  prove  that  this,  as  well  as  other  changes,  are  the  re- 
sults of  syphilis,  see  Bost.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journal  Vol.  108,  p.  365. 


444 


ville,  Tennessee,  show  a  generally  increased  thickness  rather  more 
marked  at  the  upper  part,  but  occurring  tliroughout  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  bones,  and  a  section  clearly  shows  the  periosteal  origin 
of  the  trouble. 

In  15882,  stone-grave,  Oldtown,  Tennessee,  the  affection  is 
still  more  nodular  in  character  and  confined  to  the  upper  portion. 
Here  the  bone  itself  seems  to  have  taken  an  active  part. 

The  right  tibia  of  27232,  stone  grave,  Brentwood,  Tennessee, 
shows  a  marked  enlargement  in  the  inner  side,  commencing  below 
the  spine  and  extending  downwards  for  about  10  cm.  It  is  in 
general  smooth,  but  not  eburnated,  with  a  tendency  to  increased 
vascularity. 

A  portion  of  a  tibia,  27261,  also  from  Brentwood,  has  a  firm 
smooth  thickening  along  the  crest. 

,The  same  general  conditions  also  exist  in  27283,  27396,  from 
the  stone-graves  in  Brentwood  cemetery,  and  12041,  stone-grave 
mound  near  Lebanon,  Tennessee  ;  26630,  from  ancient  cemetery, 
Madisonville,  Ohio;  and  13241,  from  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Cal- 
ifornia. 

The  disease  known  as  chronic  rheumatic  arthritis  has  left  its 
marks  in  roughness  and  deposits  on  the  edges  of  articular  surfaces 
and  on  the  bodies  of  the  vertebrae. 

One  of  the  most  marked  examples  is  from  a  Californian,  13553, 
San  Clemente  Island,  where  the  edges  of  the  articular  surface 
project  some  distance  owing  to  these  osseous  growths. 

The  following  cases  of  articular  affection  are  all  from  stone- 
graves,  Brentwood,  Tennessee.  In  27218,  the  bones  of  a  man 
past  middle  life,  both  elbow  joints  are  roughened  and  irregular 
and  the  surface  in  spots  looks  like  ivory.  His  joints  must  have 
grated  like  a  rusty  hinge  when  he  attempted  to  move  them,  and 
the  stiffness  and  restricted  motion  must  have  been  the  same  as  is 
seen  in  the  rheumatic  cripple  of  to-day.  The  vertebra?  also  show 
a  similar  condition. 

27232.  Large  bony  growths  along  the  edges  of  the  vertebrse. 
In  this  case,  also,  it  will  be  remembered  there  is  thickening  of 
the  tibia,  which  may  be  considered  as  another  expression  of  the 
rheumatic  diathesis. 

27234.   Thickening  along  the  edges  of  the  vertebrae. 

27237.  This  has  a  thickening  of  the  odontoid  process  and  about 
the  edges  of  the  articular  surfaces  of  the  atlas. 


445 


27315.  A  jagged  thickeniog  on  the  borders  of  the  lower  artic- 
ular surface  of  the  right  ulna. 

27311.  The  elbow  joint  is  eburnated  and  the  edges  of  the  ar- 
ticular surfaces  of  right  ulna  and  of  the  left  radius  are  increased. 

27351.  A  pair  of  femora  from  an  adult  and  27352,  a  tibia,  have 
a  raised  ridge  of  bone  about  the  border  of  the  joint. 

Caries.  Three  remarkable  specimens  are  in  the  collection. 

The  first  17223,  stone-grave  mound,  near  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
affected  the  spine  and  there  resulted  an  extreme  case  of  anterior 
angular  curvature.  The  disease  had  destroyed  almost  the  whole 
of  the  bodies  of  the  lower  cervical,  or  upper  dorsal  vertebrae  and 
they  had  then  become  united  into  a  firm  mass.  The  spinal  column 
at  this  point  was  bent  forward  so  as  almost  to  touch,  there  being 
but  a  few  centimetres  distance  between  what  are  taken  to  be  the 
bodies  of  the  4th  cervical  and  5th  dorsal  vertebrae.  The  amount 
of  deformity  must  have  been  very  great. 

In  this  connection  it  is  curious  to  note  that  there  are  in  the 
Museum,  found  in  the  stone-graves  of  children  in  Tennessee,  little 
clay  images  which  are  faithful  representations  of  persons  affected 
with  Pott's  disease,  and  that  many  of  the  water-bottles  from  the 
stone-graves  of  Tennessee  and  from  the  mounds  of  Missouri,  rep- 
resent women  with  hunchbacks. 

From  the  mental  acuteness  which  is  so  often  associated  with 
this  malady,  it  is  easy  to  conceive  that  such  deformed  people  may 
have  been  held  in  peculiar  veneration,  or  there  may  have  been 
some  superstition  in  regard  to  their  protective  influence.  At  all 
events  this  spine  furnishes  the  veritable  proof  of  the  existence  of 
persons  so  afl[licted. 

The  second  case  of  caries  is  found  in  bones,  27372,  from  a  stone- 
grave  in  Brentwood,  Tennessee.  The  articulating  surfaces  of  the 
right  femur  and  tibia  forming  the  knee  joint  show  marked  erosions 
of  the  smooth  hard  layer  of  bone  on  which  the  cartilage  rests.  At 
first  sight  this  might  be  attributed  to  the  results  of  weathering ; 
but  closer  inspection  reveals  the  fact  that  there  is  a  marked  in- 
crease in  the  size  of  the  openings  for  the  nutrient  vessels  for  some 
distance  from  the  joint  on  either  side,  and  that  here  and  there  the 
shafts  are  roughened  by  small  pieces  of  newly  formed  bone.  From 
this  the  inference  is  justified  that  the  destruction  noted  above  is 
the  result  of  a  chronic  inflammation  w^hich  in  no  way  differs  from  the 
so-called  "  white  swelling  "  of  the  knee  that  is  always  to  be  found 
in  the  surgical  wards  of  any  large  hospital. 


446 


In  the  third  case,  11891,  stone-grave  mound,  Nashville,  Tenn- 
essee, it  is  the  ankle  joint  that  is  implicated.  The  opposing  sur- 
faces of  the  left  tibia  and  astragalus  are  entirel}^  honeycombed  by 
deep  depressions  separated  by  irregularly  shaped  bony  trabeculse 
with  rounded  or  roughened  edges.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  tibia  is 
seen  a  cavity  communicating  with  the  external  surface  by  a  small 
canal  opening  through  the  inner  malleolus.  Lying  free  in  the 
cavity  is  a  piece  of  dead  bone,  too  large  to  pass  through  the  hole. 

Tliese  cases  are  interesting  from  the  fact  that  such  processes 
are  now  supposed  to  be  the  result  of  a  local  tuberculosis,  and  if 
this  existed  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  the  internal  organs  must  have 
suffered  also  from  tuberculosis,  the  most  common  seat  of  which 
is  in  the  lungs  in  some  form  of  pulmonary  consumption.  This 
assumption  is  verified  by  one  of  the  early  writers  on  the  habits 
and  life  of  the  Indians,  who  says  of  them,  "  C'est  pent  etre  du 
meme  principe  et  de  ce  qu'ils  ont  toujours  I'estomac  et  la  poitrine 
decouverte,  qu'ils  contractent  une  espece  de  phthisic,  qui  les 
minant  peu  a  pen,  en  conduit  la  plus  grande  partie  au  Tombeau  et 
a  laquelle  ils  n'ont  pu  encore  trouver  du  remede."^ 

There  remain  to  note  a  few  skulls  which  have  cicatrices  point- 
ing to  more  or  less  extensive  inflammation,  the  cause  of  which  is 
still  obscure. 

The  skull  of  a  female  of  middle  life,  18264,  from  a  stone-grave 
mound,  on  the  Little  Harpeth  river,  Tennessee,  has  a  number  of 
slight  cicatrized  depressions,  more  or  less  distinctly  connecting, 
passing  completel}^  round  the  head  on  the  line  of  the  forehead. 
Their  form  is  chiefly  linear  but  in  one  or  two  places  they  cover 
spots  as  large  as  a  finger  nail.  The  parietal  protuberances  and 
frontal  bone  show  the  most  extensive  marks  and  from  the  latter 
it  passes  down  over  the  bridge  of  the  nose.  The  right  lachrymal 
canal  is  filled  by  a  new  and  symmetrical  growth  of  bone  almost 
occluding  it. 

'  Another  skull  presenting  somewhat  similar  cicatrices,  is  733, 
from  a  mound  in  Kentucky,  in  the  Army  Medical  Museum  at 
Washington.  The  whole  surface  of  the  parietal,  frontal  and  occip- 
ital bones  is  covered  by  shallow  cicatrices  having  a  firm  base,  and 
near  Avhich  are  minute  perforations  through  the  intact  outer  table 
into  the  diploe.  Some  of  these  depressions  look  as  if  they  had 
been  made  by  placing  a  finger  on  the  softened  bone,  while  others 

•  Lafltaii,  Vol.  II,  p.  360,  Paris,  1724.  This  reference  was  kindly  furniehed  by  Mr. 
Lucien  Carr. 


447 


are  slightly  star-shaped  or  else  are  linear  and  anastomose  sur- 
roanding  islands  of  unaffected  bone. 

The  general  and  extensive  changes  of  these  two  skulls  can  be 
explained  best  by  the  assumption  of  a  syphilitic  affection.  Bat 
the  appearances  are  not  quite  characteristic.  There  is  wanting 
the  peculiar  ivory-like  lustre  to  the  healed  spots  and  the  accompa- 
nying sclerosis  of  the  bone  in  general. 

In  No.  20180,  an  imperfect  calvarium  from  the  Stanley  Mound, 
St.  Francis  River,  are  a  number  of  very  slightly  depressed  and  radi- 
ating cicatrices  situated  chiefly  on  the  frontal  bone.  The  grooves 
for  the  arteries  are  very  deep  on  the  inside ;  but  the  bone  is  not 
in  general  sclerosed. 

The  maxillary  bones  are  of  interest  and  it  is  a  pity  that  the 
bones  of  the  face  are  in  such  a  fragmentary  condition  that  the 
exact  extent  of  the  lesions  cannot  be  satisfactorily  made  out. 

In  the  right  antrum  of  Highmorethe  posterior  wall  is  thickened, 
and  the  superior  is  covered  with  spicular  exostoses,  while  a  large 
linear  one  reaches  from  near  the  opening  across  the  bottom.  The 
whole  inner  surface  of  the  bone  is  rough  and  to  it  the  lower  part 
of  the  palate  bone  is  intimately  blended.  Only  a  narrow  strip  of 
the  hard  palate  is  left  and  it  is  difficult  to  decide  how  much  of  the 
loss  must  be  attributed  to  post-mortem  action.  But  just  in  a 
line  with  the  lachrymal  canal,  is  a  rounded  and  roughened  edge, 
which  must  have  formed  part  of  a  perforation  into  the  mouth  thnt 
existed  during  life.  A  fragment  of  the  right  side  of  the  "sella  Tu- 
circa"  with  an  attached  bit  of  the  great  wing  of  the  sphenoid  and 
pterygoid  plates  shows  marks  of  roughening  similar  to  that  on  the 
maxilla  and  palate  bones  as  if  an  inflammation  had  extended  up- 
wards from  this  point.  The  edge  of  the  anterior  nares  seems 
more  rounded  and  deeper  than  normal. 

There  is  less  remaining  of  the  left  maxilla  than  of  the  right,  but 
the  same  roughness  of  the  internal  surface  is  seen,  and  this  has 
extended  forwards  partially  filling  up  the  edge  of  the  anterior  na- 
res on  this  side.  The  socket  of  the  first  molar  which  lies  directly 
beneath  has  evidently  been  the  seat  of  an  abscess,  and  it  is  possi- 
ble that  this  stands  in  a  causal  relation  to  the  changes  seen  on  the 
bones  bounding  the  nasal  fossae.  It  would  be  diflScult,  however, 
to  bring  this  into  relation  with  the  cicatrices  on  the  forehead. 

At  the  Army  Medical  Museum  in  Washington  are  the  bones  of 


448 


the  face,  with  the  frontal  bone  attached  (748),  from  a  mound  in 
Kentucky,  showing  the  probable  effects  of  a  large  tumor.  This 
had  completely  filled  up  the  nasal  fossae  and  had  rounded  off  the 
edges  of  the  nasal  and  maxillary  bones  forming  the  boundaries  of 
the  anterior  nares.  The  septum  of  the  nose  and  turbinated  bones 
have  entirely  disappeared  and  the  ethmoidal  cells  were  freely 
opened.  Through  the  hard  palate  there  is  an  oval  opening  ex- 
tending from  just  behind  the  alveolar  process  through  the  entire 
length  of  the  hard  palate,  leaving  a  narrow  strip  of  bone  on  each 
side.  The  edges  of  this  opening  are  rounded  off  similarly  to 
those  of  the  nose.  Possibly  there  may  have  been  a  congenital  cleft 
palate  into  the  opening  of  which  the  new  growth  extended. 

From  the  foregoing  account  it  will  be  seen  how  great  is  the 
necessity  of  preserving  the  bones  of  the  skeleton  as  well  as  the 
skull,  and  how  much  is  still  to  be  filled  out  by  the  help  of  future 
explorations,  which  will  allow  what  has  now  to  be  laid  aside  to  be 
pronounced  upon  with  certainty. 

In  closing,  thanks  are  due  to  the  curators  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  London,  of  the  Societe  d'  Anthropologic  in  Paris, 
and  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum  in  Washington  for  the  facilities 
which  were  so  kindly  extended  for  the  study  of  the  collections 
under  their  charge. 


EXPLORATIONS  IN  OHIO. 


By  C.  L.  METZ  and  R  W.  PUTNAM. 


t  THE  MARRIOTT  MOUND,  NO.  1,  AND  ITS  CONTENTS. 


By  F.  W.  Putnam. 


In  October,  1884,  we  explored  a  mound  on  the  land  of  Mr. 
Benjamin  Marriott,  adjoining  Michael  Turner's  farm.  This  is  one 
of  two  mounds  situated  west  of  the  hill  on  which  is  the  mound  and 
earth-circle  forming  part  of  the  Turner  group  in  the  Little  Miami 
T alley.  Through  this  hill,  cutting  it  from  east  to  west,  run  two 
deep  curved  trenches,  and  the  two  mounds  on  Mr.  Marriott's  farm 
are  opposite  the  western  ends  of  these  trenches.  The  southern  one 
has  been  long  used  as  a  family  cemetery,  so  we  could  not  explore 
it.  The  other,  which  we  explored,  has  been  ploughed  over  for 
many  j^ears,  and  is  consequently  much  reduced  in  height. 

At  the  time  of  our  work  it  was  about  two  feet  high  and  sixty  feet 
in  diameter.  Over  this  lower  portion  there  had  been  a  covering  of 
water- worn  stones,  brought  from  the  creek  bottom.  They  had  been 
much  disturbed  by  the  plough,  but  they  seem  to  have  been  arranged 
as  shown  in  Fig.  1,  representing  a  section  of  the  mound.  We 
dug  the  mound  completely  away,  and  found  at  its  centre  a  mass  of 
burnt  clay  in  the  form  of  a  rude  basin  about  two  feet  in  diameter 
(Figs.  1,  2,  A).  The  clay  (34358  i)  of  which  the  basin  had  been 
formed  was  placed  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  over  which  the 
mound  had  been  erected. 

This  basin  contained  a  little  ashes,  in  which  were  a  few  bits  of 
charcoal,  burnt  acorns,  and  several  fragments  of  burnt  bones,  a  few 
of  which  are  evidently  pieces  of  implements  (34359).    In  the 

1  The  numbers  given  in  parentheses  are  those  under  which  the  objects  are 
recorded  in  the  Museum  catalogue. 

KPPOKT  OP  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III.  29  (449). 


Jig.  1.    Section  of  Marriott  Mound,  No.  1.  Diameter 


SCALE 

FT. 


W 


Fig.  2.   Ground  Plan  of  Marriott  Mound,  No.  1. 


EXPLANATION  OF  FIGURES  1  AND 

Basin  of  burnt  clay  in  centre  of  mound. 
Burnt  earth,  stones,  and  ashes. 
Burnt  earth,  stones,  and  ashes. 
Skull  surrounded  hy  stones. 
Skeleton  with  implements  in  handles. 


F.  Skeleton  with  perforated  bear's  teeth  and  copper  plate. 

G.  Extended  skeleton  with  ear  ornaments. 

H.  H,  H.  Post-holes. 

I.  Shell. 

K,  K.    Beds  of  sandy  clay. 


451 


basin  were  also  eleven  pottery  beads,  spherical  in  shape  and  half 
an  inch  m  diameter  (34362),  four  beads  cut  from  shell  and  finely 
pohshed,  about  half  an  inch  in  length  and  a  quarter-inch  in  width 
(34363),  and  five  small  shells  of  the  genus  Marginella,  each  of 
which  had  its  apex  cut  off  so  as  to  permit  of  stringing  as  orna- 
ments (34364). 

Partly  surrounding  this  mass  of  burnt  clay  was  a  mass  of  burnt 
earth,  stones,  ashes,  and  charcoal,  from  eight  to  ten  inches  in 
depth,  irregular  in  outhne,  and  extending  about  fifteen  feet  to  the 
west,  eight  feet  to  the  south,  and  ten  feet  to  the  east  (Figs.  1,  2,  B). 
The  bottom  of  this  burnt  material  was  about  seven  inches  above 
the  surface  over  which  the  mound  had  been  made.  About  six  feet 
northeast  of  the  centre  of  the  mound  was  a  similar  burnt  space, 
about  ten  feet  in  width  and  fifteen  in  length  (Fig.  2,  C).  Under 
these  burnt  portions  was  a  thin  layer  of  sandy  clay,  which  had  been 
placed  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Over  the  rest  of  the  base  of 
the  mound  were  one  or  two  layers  of  stones. 

In  the  ashes  and  earth  on  these  burnt  areas,  and  in  the  adjacent 
earth,  were  over  six  hundred  fragments  of  pottery  (34408-34437), 
varying  in  size  from  one  to  five  inches  in  length.  These  fragments 
are  pieces  of  bowls  and  pots  of  common  sizes,  which  were  well 
made  and  well  burnt.  The  clay  apparently  was  mixed  with  a  fine 
sand.  A  few  of  the  pieces  contain  bits  of  shell.  Many  of  the 
pieces  show  that  the  bowls  were  decorated  neatly  with  incised  lines 
and  punch-marks  in  different  designs.  Others  are  cord-marked, 
and  many  are  plain.  One  fragment  is  that  of  a  conical  foot,  prob- 
ably one  of  three  around  the  base  of  the  vessel.  Among  all  the 
pieces  there  is  not  a  single  handle,  although  there  are  many  por- 
tions of  the  lips  and  sides  of  vessels. 

Scattered  about  in  the  same  manner  were  between  two  and  three 
thousand  broken  and  split  pieces  of  bones  of  animals  (34407), 
principally  of  the  deer  and  bear,  but  including  several  other  species 
of  mammals  and  a  few  of  birds,  which  have  not  3'et  been  deter- 
mined. With  these  were  found  nearly  a  hundred  shells  of  river 
clams,  Unionidse  (34388),  a  portion  of  a  clam-shell  (34389)  which 
had  been  cut  around  the  edge,  possibly  a  piece  of  a  spoon  ;  many 
small  pieces  of  mica  (34360),  some  of  which  are  fragments  of  orna- 
ments ;  and  also  scA^eral  objects  of  bone  and  stone,  as  follows. 

A  needle  (34390)  made  from  a  splinter  of  bone,  nearly  five  inches 
long,  a»  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  in  its  upper  part,  flattenea 


452 

at  the  head,  through  which  a  small  eye  has  been  drilled.  This 
needle  is  well  made  and  highly  pohshed.  It  is  shown  in  Fig.  3. 
Pieces  of  four  other  needles  (34390)  of  the  same  character  and  size 
were  also  found. 


Fig.  3.   Boxe  Xeedle.  Fig.  4.   Bone  Awi* 

An  ornamented  awl  (34392),  formed  from  a  piece  of  bone,  prob- 
ably the  metatarsal  of  a  deer.  As  shown  in  Fig.  4,  the  handle  is 
ornamented  with  rows  of  fine  cross-cut  lines,  on  each  of  the  two 
surfaces  shown  in  the  figure.    On  the  ridge  of  bone  between  these 


453 


two  carved  surfaces  are  eleven  slight  notches.  The  end  of  the 
handle  is  squarely  cut,  and  has  two  distinct  grooves.  The  under 
surface  is  unfinished,  showing  the  cavity  of  the  bone.  The  cellular 
portion  of  this  part  of  the  bone  is  so  slightly  worn  that  it  seems 
probable  this  portion  was  filled  with  some  substance  the  better  to 
adapt  it  to  the  hand.  The  total  length  of  this  implement  is  four 
and  one  eighth  inches. 

Eleven  other  awls  or  points  of  bone  (34391)  are  made  by  simply 
sharpening  splinters  of  bone  from  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches 
long.  These  are  made  from  pieces  of  ribs  and  splinters  of  mammal 
and  bird  bones,  and  are  similar  to  hundreds  of  other  bone  points 
which  have  been  found  in  various  places  the  world  over. 

There  are  also  pieces  of  five  other  bone  implements  with  more  or 
less  chisel  and  spatula-shaped  ends.  One  of  these  (34393)  is  a 
fragment  two  inches  long,  made  of  a  piece  of  thick  bone  ground  on 
one  side  to  a  narrow  chisel-hke  edge  one  fourth  of  an  inch  wide. 
Another  (34394)  is  made  from  a  piece  of  a  deer's  bone  about  three 
inches  long  and  one  inch  wide,  and  has  a  round,  smooth,  and  thin 
edge  at  one  end.  Three  others  (34394,  a)  are  pieces  of  ribs  which 
haA^e  been  split,  and  rounded  and  smoothed  at  one  end.  An  ulna 
of  a  deer  (34397),  the  olecranon  of  which  is  so  often  used  for 
making  implements,  has  had  the  slender  portion  detached  by 
cutting  the  bone  partly  through  from  opposite  sides,  and  then 
snapping  off  the  end.  The  cuts  made  by  a  flint  knife  or  flake  are 
distinctly  seen  in  this  specimen.  Three  points  cut  from  deer's 
antlers  (34396),  and  another  (34395)  which  has  been  hollowed, 
probably  as  a  socket  for  some  implement,  close  the  list  of  objects 
of  bone  and  antler. 

Of  objects  of  stone  we  found  four  small  masses  of  gray  flint, 
from  which  pieces  had  been  struck  off,  and  one  hundred  and  eleven 
chert,  jasper,  and  chalcedony  flakes  of  various  colors  and  sizes 
(34403).  Of  the  same  material  are  seventy-seven  thin  flakes  from 
one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  and  from  a  quarter  to 
about  half  an  inch  wide  (34406),  and  also  a  core  (34405)  from 
which  such  long  narrow  flakes  had  been  struck.  Nine  of  these 
flake-knives  are  shown  in  Fig.  5,  of  natural  size.  They  are  of  the 
same  character  as  the  obsidian  flake-knives  from  Mexico,  and  evi- 
dently were  made  for  similar  purposes.  We  have  found  hundreds 
of  these  narrow  flakes  during  our  explorations  of  the  Ohio  mounds, 
and  also  several  of  the  cores.    A  trial  at  cutting  wood,  antler, 


454 


bone,  and  mica  with  these  flakes,  is  at  once  convincing  that  they 
were  well  adapted  for  knives.  Three  thin  flint  flakes  (34404)  from 
one  and  a  quarter  to  two  inches  long  and  about  one  inch  wide,  are 
of  interest,  as  they  show  secondary  and  fine  chipping  along  their 
edges. 


Fig.  5.  Flake-kioves. 

Five  fragments,  points,  and  bases  of  large  chipped  points  of 
flint  (34400)  are  evidence  of  good  work  of  this  character,  while 
a  slender  point  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  long,  with  a 
simple  shank,  is  very  rudely  chipped  from  a  poor  piece  of  chert 
(34399). 


455 


The  onl}'  fine  chipped  implement  found  in  the  burnt  portions  of 
the  mound  is  shown  of  natural  size  in  Fig.  6.  This  has  serrated 
edges,  and  ma}'  be  a  large  arrow-head  (34398).  It  is  made  from 
a  dark  gray  flint.  A  fragment  of  polished  stone  (34401) ,  probably 
the  central  part  of  a  celt,  is  another  evidence  that  considerable 
refuse  material  was  gathered  at  the  spot  where  the  mound  was 
made,  as  well  as  ornaments  and  implements  of  value  and  im- 
portance to  the  people.  A  piece  of  clay  slate  (34402),  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  thickness,  has  been  cut  into  the  shape  shown  by  Fig.  7, 
which  represents  the  stone  of  full  size  in  outline.  Fragments  of  a 
fossil  plant  (34361),  the  cavities  of  which  contained  considerable 
oxide  of  iron,  were  also  found  in  the  ashes. 


Five  feet  north  of  the  centre  of  the  mound,  and  between  the 
southern  and  northern  burnt  portions  (Fig.  2,  D),  were  a  number  of 
small  stones,  arranged  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  at  t-he  bottom 
of  the  mound,  surrounding  a  human  skull  (34365)  with  its  under 
jaw.  No  other  bones  were  with  the  head,  not  even  fragments,  ex- 
cept those  belonging  to  the  skull ;  neither  were  there  any  objects 
of  any  kind  buried  with  it.  The  skull  is  brachj'cephalic,^  and  is 
that  of  a  youth  who  was  just  getting  his  wisdom  teeth.  A  hole 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter  has  been  bored  through  the  oc- 
cipital bone  at  a  point  three  eighths  of  an  inch  back  of  the  centre 
of  the  margin  of  the  foramen  magnum.    The  position  of  the  hole 

1  Length,  170;  breadth,  142;  breadth  index,  835.  Height,  140;  length,  170; 
height  index,  824. 


Fig.  6.   Chipped  from  Gray  Flint. 


Fig.  7.   Cut  from  State. 


456 


naturally  suggests  that  a  cord  was  passed  through  it  and  out  of 
the  great  foramen  for  the  purpose  of  suspending  the  skull.  In  this 
connection  it  is  well  to  recall  the  several  perforated  skulls  surround- 
ing the  two  skeletons  in  the  intrusive  pit  in  the  large  mound  of  this 
group  to  which  reference  is  made  in  a  former  report. 

Nine  feet  north  of  the  centre,  near  the  western  edge  of  the  north- 
eastern burnt  space  were  the  following  human  bones  (34370),  prob- 
abl}'  of  a  man :  a  piece  of  the  left  parietal,  a  right  molar,  and  the 
left  condyle  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  pieces  of  a  right  femur,  humerus  and 
ulna  of  each  side,  a  right  radius,  and  a  right  scapula  ;  several  finger 
and  toe  bones,  fragments  of  ribs,  vertebrae,  and  long  bones,  all 
representing  a  single  skeleton.  These  bones  were  in  a  group,  out 
of  natural  order,  eighteen  inches  above  the  base  of  the  mound,  and 
were  surrounded  by  small  stones  (Fig.  2,  E).  The  fact  that  many 
of  the  bones  of  the  skeleton  were  missing,  while  those  which  were 
found  were  fairly  well  preserved  and  out  of  natural  order,  suggests 
a  secondary  burial.  Ploughing  over  the  spot  may  have  caused 
some  of  the  fractures,  and  some  of  the  pieces  may  have  been  pulled 
from  their  place  of  deposit  by  the  plough,  but  there  were  no  frag- 
ments about  to  suggest  that  such  was  the  case.  The  broken  lower 
end  of  the  left  femur  has  been  gnawed  by  rodents. 

Mixed  with  the  human  bones  were  a  couple  of  handsful  of  frag- 
ments of  bones  of  animals  (34378) ,  a  few  of  which  had  been  burnt, 
and  pieces  of  a  small  antler  of  a  deer.  There  were  also  two  pieces 
of  bone  and  a  piece  of  antler  (34372)  which  had  been  cut,  and  are 
probably  portions  of  pointed  implements. 

In  a  pile,  m  one  corner  of  the  enclosure  and  partly  under  some 
of  the  human  bones,  were  ten  handles,  more  or  less  perfect,  made 
of  antler  (34371).  Five  of  these  had  holes  in  one  end,  and  while 
they  vary  m  size  from  three  to  four  inches  in  length,  and  from  half 
an  inch  to  an  iuch  in  diameter,  they  are  of  the  shape  and  character 
of  the  handle  shown  in  Fig.  8,  which  is  a  full-size  illustration  of  one 
of  the  lot  in  which  a  point  of  bone  was  still  inserted  in  the  handle 
(34374).  Another  of  the  handles,  made  from  a  point  of  an  antler, 
has  a  groove  cut  across  its  widest  end,  in  which  was  resting  a  tri- 
angular point,  chipped  from  a  dark  chert  (34373),  as  shown  in 
Fig.  9,  also  of  full  size.  Of  course  this  is  a  knife,  and  it  is  a  good 
illustration  of  the  transition  from  arrow-points  to  knives.  These 
specimens  were  taken  up  with  care,  and  both  Dr.  Metz  and  myself 
made  careful  observations  of  the  handles  with  their  points  in  place 


457 


458 


as  they  lay  in  the  earth.  The  method  by  which  this  stone  point 
was  fastened  to  the  handle  is  a  matter  of  conjecture,  bat  it  is  prob- 
able that  it  was  held  in  its  place  by  a  lashing  of  sinew  and  a  mass 
of  glue  or  gum. 

With  the  group  of  handles  was  a  finely  chipped  point  (34375) 
of  light  banded  flint,  with  slight  tangs  and  a  broad  stem,  which  is 
broken  off.  This  point  is  finely  serrated,  and  is  about  the  size 
of  the  one  figured  in  the  handle.  It  is  probable  that  it  also  was 
formerly  mounted  in  one  of  the  handles. 

Two  triangular  flakes  of  white  flint  (34376)  and  three  small  bits 
of  pottery  (34377)  conclude  the  list  of  objects  found  with  the  hu- 
man bones  in  this  small  grave. 

Twelve  feet  west  of  the  centre  of  the  mound  (see  Fig.  2,  F),  and 
about  one  foot  above  the  bottom,  were  portions  of  another  human 
skeleton,  also  surrounded  by  stones.  The  bones  (34366)  were  out 
of  natural  position,  and  were  probably  a  secondary  burial.  They 
are  probably  those  of  a  man  of  middle  age.  The  portions  preserved 
consist  of  a  nearly  perfect  but  much  warped  cranium,  the  under 
jaw,  vertebrae,  ribs,  a  nearly  perfect  pelvis,  and  fragments  of  the 
right  tibia  and  fibula.  The  teeth  are  all  present  and  in  good  con- 
dition, except  the  left  lower  wisdom  tooth,  which  has  a  large  cari- 
ous spot  just  above  the  neck.  A  few  of  the  ribs  and  a  portion  of 
the  pelvis  are  stained  green  by  a  large  copper  plate  which  lay 
partly  upon  these  bones,  and  over  several  bear's  teeth  described 
farther  on. 

The  copper  plate  (34367)  is  of  the  same  shape  and  character  as 
several  found  in  the  large  mound  of  the  Liberty  works,  but  is  the 
first  of  the  kind  we  have  found  in  the  Little  Miami  valley.  This 
plate  is  represented  of  one-quarter  size  in  Fig.  10.  Although  this 
large  plate,  at  first  sight,  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  cut 
from  a  sheet  of  rolled  copper,  a  careful  examination  of  its  surface 
leads  to  the  belief  that  it  was  hammered  from  a  sheet  of  native 
copper.  There  are  inequahties  over  the  surface,  and  several  places 
where  the  copper  is  distinctly  laminated,  and  the  edge  of  the  outer 
piece  has  separated  from  the  mass,  as  can  be  seen  by  a  close  in- 
spection of  the  figure,  which  is  made  by  the  photo-engraving  pro- 
cess. The  edges,  particularly  at  the  rounded  corners  of  the  plate, 
are  thmner  than  other  portions,  and  the  plate  varies  in  thickness 
from  one  to  one  and  a  half  millimeters.  I  have  tried  the  experi- 
ment of  hammering  a  sheet  of  native  copper,  placing  the  piece  on 


459 


a  flat  stone  and  pounding  the  opposite  surface  with  an  ordinar}- 
hammer-stone,  and  I  find  that  I  can  produce  a  surface,  on  a  sheet 
of  the  same  thickness  with  the  plate,  which  is  as  hard  and  compact 
as  the  surface  of  the  plate.  The  copper  of  which  this  plate  is  com- 
posed is  considerabl3-  corroded,  and  the  outer  surface  has  changed 
to  a  green  color,  probably  a  carbonate.    One  surface  is  smoother 


than  the  other,  and  there  are  slight  traces  of  this  having  been  in 
contact  with  a  woven  fabric,  the  meshes  of  which  are  indicated  by 
minute  fines  on  the  copper.  I  may  state  here,  that  on  similar  cop- 
per plates  from  the  Liberty  group,  in  a  few  instances,  cloth  was  well 
preserved  by  the  action  of  the  copper ;  and  I  may  add,  also,  that  one 


460 


of  these  plates  was  found  in  the  large  mound  of  the  Libert}'  group 
resting  on  bones  of  the  chest  of  a  skeleton,  which  was  extended  at 
full  length,  and  it  is  probable  that  such  plates  are  ornaments  which 
were  suspended  over  the  breast  by  passing  a  cord  through  the  two 
holes.  The  several  plates  of  this  character  which  I  have  seen  are 
of  the  same  general  shape,  but  they  vary  in  size  from  considerably 
smaller  to  slightly  larger  than  the  one  from  the  Marriott  mound. 
On  one  surface  of  the  plate  before  me  there  are  several  minute 
wavy  and  curled  hues  close  together  and  covering  each  other. 
These  are  made  evidently  by  a  formation  of  a  carbonate  of  copper 
about  hair  of  some  kind,  perhaps  of  the  person  with  whose  bones 
the  plate  was  found. 

The  following  are  the  dimensions  of  the  plate.  Width  across 
lower  edge,  nine  inches  ;  across  upper  edge,  eight  and  one  fourth 
inches;  across  centre,  eight  and  one  eighth  inches.  Length,  five 
and  one  eighth  inches.  Distance  between  holes,  two  and  five  eighths 
inches.  Diameter  of  holes,  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch.  Distance 
of  holes  from  upper  margin,  one  and  a  quarter  inches. 

Lying  together  immediately  under  the  copper  plate,  and  partly  in 
contact  with  it,  were  six  canine  teeth  of  bears.  These  teeth  are 
from  three  and  a  quarter  to  three  and  a  half  inches  in  length, 
measured  in  a  straight  line  from  base  to  point,  and  although  they 
are  slightly  larger  than  several  teeth  of  black  bears  with  which  I 
have  been  able  to  compare  them,  I  presume  they  are  of  the  same 
species.  Four  of  these  teeth  (34369)  are  probably  from  one  ani- 
mal. Each  tooth  is  perforated  by  a  lateral  hole  bored  near  the  edge 
at  the  point  of  greatest  curvature  of  the  root,  as  shown  in  Fig.  11, 


Fig.  11.  Beak's  Tooth,  showing  Lateral  Perforation. 

which  represents  the  tooth  of  natural  size.  By  passing  a  cord 
through  this  hole,  the  tooth  could  be  fastened  to  any  object,  or 
worn  as  an  ornament.    Two  of  the  teeth  (34368),  perforated  on 


461 


one  side  in  the  same  manner  as  the  others,  have  an  additional  hole 
bored  through  near  the  end  of  the  root.  On  the  side  opposite  the 
lateral  perforation,  this  hole  is  counter-sunk  in  order  to  receive  a 
large  spherical  pearl,  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
The  pearls,  although  now  chalky  from  decay,  were  in  place,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  12,  when  the  teeth  were  found. 


Fig.  12.   Bear's  Teeth  with  Pearls  inserted. 


Seven  feet  northwest  of  the  centre  of  the  mound  we  found  a 
human  skeleton,  extended  at  full  length  and  surrounded  b^'  stones 
(Fig.  2,  G).  The  body  had  been  laid  on  its  back  in  a  grave  dug 
in  the  hard  clay,  and  it  is  evident,  from  the  fact  that  the  foot  of 
the  grave  was  under  a  portion  of  the  mass  of  burnt  stones,  earth, 
and  ashes,  that  it  was  a  primary  burial  over  which  the  mound  was 
erected  after  the  rites  which  here  took  place. 

The  parts  still  remaining  of  this  skeleton  (34379)  are  light  and 
crumbling,  and  consist  of  fragments  of  the  cranium,  the  under  jaw, 
parts  of  all  the  long  bones,  portions  of  the  pelvis,  a  piece  of  scapula, 
and  fragments  of  ribs  and  vertebrae.  These  show  that  the  individ- 
ual was  an  adult  of  light  frame,  possibly  a  woman.  The  condition 
of  the  jaws  points  to  considerable  disease  of  the  teeth,  for  all  the 
molars  of  the  lower  jaw  except  the  wisdom  tooth  of  the  left  side, 
with  the  first  right  molar  of  the  upper  jaw,  had  been  lost  during 
life,  while  the  first  upper  molar  of  the  left  side  has  its  roots  enlarged 
by  inflammation.    The  remaining  teeth  are  somewhat  worn. 


462 


Four  inches  from  the  left  side  of  the  head  were  the  remains  of 
four  of  the  spool-shaped  ear  ornaments  made  of  copper  (34386)^ 
with  which  were  about  a  dozen  large  pearl  beads  (34381,  a).  In 
contact  with  what  remained  of  the  bones  of  the  neck  were  four 
bear's  canine  teeth  (34384)  and  more  than  two  hundred  pearl  beads 
(34385).  With  the  copper-stained  bones  of  each  hand  were  por- 
tions of  an  ear  ornament  of  copper  (34380),  of  the  same  shape  as 
those  near  the  head,  but  in  each  instance  with  one  disk  covered 
with  a  thin  plate  of  native  iron.  With  each  of  these  ornaments 
were  pearl  beads,  about  fifty  in  all.  On  the  bones  of  the  chest 
rested  the  beautifully  chipped  point  of  white  flint  (34383),  shown  in 
Fig.  13.  This  chipped  point  is  from  two  to  seven  milUmeters  thick, 
eighty  long,  and  thirty-four  wide,  and,  very  hkely,  is  the  blade  of  a 
knife. 


Fig.  13.   Point  chipped  from  White  Flint. 

The  pearl  beads  found  in  the  several  positions  mentioned  are 
natural  pearls,  probably  obtained  from  the  several  species  of  Unio- 
nidse  in  the  Ohio  rivers.  In  size  they  vary  from  a  tenth  of  an 
inch  to  a  half-inch  in  diameter,  and  many  are  spherical.  They  are 
neatly  drilled,  the  larger  from  opposite  sides.  These  pearls  are 
now  chalky,  and  crumble  on  handhng ;  but,  when  fresh,  they 
would  have  formed  brilliant  necklaces  and  pendants. 

The  four  canine  teeth  found  at  the  neck  of  the  skeleton  are 
a  httle  larger  than  those  found  with  the  skeleton  previously 
mentioned,  three  of  which  are  shown  in  Figs.  11  and  12.  If  they 
are  those  of  the  black  bear,  that  species  must  have  been  larger 
than  at  present,  judging  by  the  size  of  these  teeth,  of  which 
the  smallest  is  three  and  a  half  inches,  and  the  largest  three  and 
nine  tenths  inches  long.    Is  it  not  likely  that  these  are  the  teeth 


463 


of  the  grizzly  bear?  Upon  one  side  of  each  tooth  are  two  ob- 
lique perforations,  meeting  at  a  common  point,  so  that  a  string 
pushed  down  through  one  hole  passes  up  out  of  the  other.  (See 
Fig.  11.) 

The  ear  ornaments  mentioned  as  found  near  the  head  of  the 
skeleton,  and  with  the  bones  of  the  hands,  are  hke  those  found  in 
other  mounds  of  this  insti'uctive  group,  to  which  I  have  called  at- 
tention in  former  Reports.    The  first  which  came  into  my  hands 
were  described  in  1882  in  my  account  of  "  Copper  Objects  from 
North  and  South  America,  contained  in   the  Museum  "  (15th 
Report,  p.  83).    Since  then  a  large  number  of  objects  of  copper 
have  been  added  to  the  Museum,  principally  from  explorations  in 
Ohio,  and  among  them  many  of  these  ornaments.    In  1882,  follow- 
ing Dr.  Ran,  I  used  the  term     spool-shaped  ornaments,"  as  their 
proper  designation  was  not  then  known.    In  that  paper  the  method 
of  their  manufacture  is  pointed  out.  and  in  part  illustrated  by  fig- 
ures (Figs.  18,  18  i/,and  19)  of  the  two  specimens  found  with  burnt 
human  bones  in  a  mound  at  Frankhn,  Tenn.    Ah  of  these  orna- 
ments since  obtained,  particularly  those  from  the  altar  of  the  large 
mound  in  the  Turner  group,  mentioned  on  page  117,  16th  Report, 
show  that,  with  shght  individual  modifications,  such  as  strengthening 
cross-bars  of  copper  between  the  disks,  and  slight  variations  in  the 
method  of  forming  the  central  part  connecting  the  opposite  disks, 
there  is  httle  to  add  to  the  pubhshed  description.    That  these  ob- 
jects are  unquestionably  ear  ornaments,  I  regard  as  conclusively 
proved  by  the  fact  that,  in  our  explorations  of  the  Turner  group,  to 
which  this  mound  belongs,  in  three  instances  we  have  found  pairs, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  skull,  in  contact  with  the  temporal  bones, 
as  mentioned  on  page  174,  16th  Report,  and  that  the  small  terra- 
cotta figurine  of  a  man  (p.  173,  same  Report)  has  such  a  stud-like 
ornament,  of  large  size,  in  each  ear.    Many  of  these  ornaments 
were  found  in  the  mass  of  material  from  the  altar  of  the  large 
mound,  and  among  them  there  were  several  either  partly  made 
of,  or  covered  with,  thin  plates  of  meteoric  iron  (p.  171,  16th 
Report) . 

In  the  mounds  of  the  Liberty  group  in  the  Scioto  valley  we  also 
found  several  of  these  ornaments  of  copper  (pp.  405-407,  18th 
Report),  some  of  them  covered  with  thin  plates  of  meteoric  iron, 
like  the  two  with  the  finger-bones  of  the  skeleton  now  under 
consideration,  one  of  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  14.    The  cor- 


464 


responding  disk  from  the  other  hand  is  covered  in  like  manner, 
but  the  thin  covering  of  iron  has  near!}'  rusted  awa}'. 

Fig.  14  shows  the  outer  of  the  three  concavo-convex  plates 

which,  closely  overlaid,  form 
one  disk  of  an  ear  ornament ; 
and  in  Fig.  15  are  seen  the  two 
inner  plates,  with  the  central 
C3iindncal  column,  which  after 
passing  through  them  is  split  at 
each  end  and  chnched.  These 


4V  '  i 

Fig.  15.    Central  Poktion  of 
Ear  Orxamext. 

plates  rotate  loosely  upon  the  column,  around  which  a  twisted 
vegetable  fibre  is  wound  three  times. 

Fig.  16  represents  the  surface  of  the  middle  one  of  three  plates, 
showing  a  small  central  hole.  A  bit  of  copper,  carried  through  the 
central  column,  passed  through  these  holes,  holding  together  the 


Fig.  1G.    Under  Surface  of  Cex-  Fig.  17.   Upper  Surface  of  Under 

TRAL  Plate.  Concave  Plate. 


inner  and  middle  plates,  which  were  further  secured  by  turning  the 
edge  of  the  middle  plate  under  the  rim  of  the  inner  plate,  shown  in 
Fig.  17,  where  may  be  seen  the  end  of  the  cylindrical  column  in  the 


465 


Fig.  18.   Outek  Surface  of  Ear 
Ornament. 


central  depression.  Over  the  inner  and  middle  pieces,  thus  closely 
applied,  was  laid  the  outer  piece,  whose  edge  turned  in  secured  all 
three  plates  together. 

Fig.  18  is  an  accurate  representation  of  the  outer  surface  of 
one  of  the  copper  ornaments 
found  near  the  skull.  Over 
the  surface  figured  are  little 
ridges  of  green  carbonate  of 
copper  that  appear  to  have 
been  formed  in  the  little  fur- 
rows of  the  skin,  probabl}^  of 
the  neck,  when  it  was  in  con- 
tact with  the  ornament.  This 
disk  and  the  corresponding 
one  of  the  pair  are  thicker  than 
usual,  and  the  edges  of  both 
show  that  they  are  made  up 
of  two  plates  closeh^  united  to 
a  third  or  under  plate,  as  de- 
scribed above. 

Two  of  these  ear  ornaments  found  near  the  head  have  vegetable 
fibre  wound  around  the  central  column,  as  represented  in  Fig.  15. 
One  of  these  is  so  well  preserved  as  to  retain  all  the  parts  in  place, 
while  all  the  others  are  more  or  less  in  pieces.  The  number  of 
these  ornaments  found  with  this  single  skeleton,  six  in  all,  or  three 
pairs,  none  of  them  in  such  a  position  as  to  indicate  that  they  were 
in  the  ears  of  the  body  at  the  time  of  burial,  might  be  taken  as 
evidence  that  they  are  not  ear  ornaments,  if  it  were  not  for  the 
conclusive  evidence  to  the  contrary  referred  to  above.  These  may 
have  been  placed  with  the  dead  as  tributes,  and  need  not  have  been 
the  personal  property  of  the  individual  in  life.  The  number  of 
these  ornaments  found  on  the  altar  of  the  great  mound,  some  cov- 
ered with  native  iron,  others  with  native  silver,  shows  that  they 
were  regarded  as  valued  offerings,  in  keeping  with  the  thousands 
of  pearls  and  other  ornaments  thrown  upon  the  altar  fires  during 
the  ceremonies  which  there  took  place.  Among  the  terra-cotta 
figurines  from  one  of  the  altars  are  several  representing  women  ; 
but  it  is  only  the  men  who  are  represented  with  ear  ornaments. 
This  fact  also  suggests  that  those  found  with  the  skeleton  were 
offerings,  as  it  is  probably  that  of  a  woman. 

REPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III.  30. 


466 


Two  feet  north  of  the  head  of  the  grave  containing  the  skeleton 
and  objects  last  described  was  a  large  marine  shell  (34387).  The 
shell  is  much  decayed  and  broken,  but  its  central  portion  had  been 
cut  out.  Its  position  in  the  mound  is  indicated  by  the  letter  I  in 
Fig.  2. 

It  only  remains  to  add  to  this  description  of  the  monnd  and  its 
contents,  that  in  the  northern  portion,  fourteen  to  twenty-two  feet 
from  the  central  basin,  we  found  three  soft  spots  in  the  hard  clay 
under  the  mound,  such  as  we  have  found  to  indicate  places  where 
posts  or  large  stakes  have  been.  The  position  of  these  post-holes 
is  shown  by  H,  H,  H,  Fig.  2.  It  is  likely  that  these  posts  pro- 
jected through  the  mound  ;  but  as  they  had  long  since  gone  to 
decay,  leaving  only  a  Uttle  fine  vegetable  mould  at  the  bottom  of 
the  holes,  and  as  the  mound  had  been  planted  over  for  so  many 
years,  this  could  not  be  determined.  I  may  add,  that  in  many  of 
our  explorations  of  mounds  we  have  found  similar  holes,  some  show- 
ing where  the  outer  layer  of  wood  or  bark  of  the  post  had  been  by 
a  deposit  of  bog  iron,  formed  by  infiltration  from  the  cla}'  above ; 
and,  following  out  the  arrangement  of  the  holes,  we  have  been  able 
to  show  that  in  some  cases  a  wooden  structure  had  occupied  the 
site  where  the  mounds  were  afterwards  built,  and  by  tracing  the 
position  of  the  posts  have  even  ascertained  that  the  mounds  some- 
times enclosed  such  structures,  which  were  not  simply  central 
chambers,  but  structures  which  included  extensive  rows  of  posts, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  largest  mound  of  this  group. 


NINETEENTH  EEPORT. 


(467) 


ABSTEACT  EEOM  THE  EECOKDS. 


Monday,  June  22, 1885.  A  Special  Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  was 
held  this  day  at  4  p.  m.,  at  the  house  of  the  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop  in 
Brookline. 

Present :  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Gray,  Lyman,  Scudder,  and  Wheatland. 

Mr.  Lyman  reported  that  Mr.  Hooper  expressed  his  gratitude  to  the  Board 
for  the  honor  conferred  by  his  election  as  a  Trustee  and  Treasurer,  and  regretted 
that  he  was  obliged  to  decline  accepting  the  position  in  consequence  of  his 
other  duties. 

It  was  voted  that  Mr.  Lyman  act  as  Treasurer /?ro  tempore. 

It  was  then  voted  to  proceed  to  the  election  of  a  Trustee  and  Treasurer  in" 
place  of  the  late  Mr.  John  C.  Phillips. 

Mr.  Lyman  proposed  as  a  Trustee  and  Treasurer  Mr.  Francis  C.  Lowell, 
who  was  unanimously  elected. 

After  remarks  upon  the  subject  of  filling  the  Professorship  of  American  Ar- 
chaeology and  Ethnology  established  by  Mr.  Peabody  in  his  "  Instrument  of 
Trust,"  dated  October  8,  1866,  it  was  agreed  by  the  Board  that  the  Professor- 
ship should  be  known  as  the  Peabody  Professorship  of  American  Archaeology  and 
Ethnology. 

On  motion  of  Professor  Gray  it  was  voted  unanimously  that  the  present 
Curator  of  the  Museum,  Mr.  Frederick  Ward  Putnam,  be  nominated  to  the 
Corporation  of  Harvard  College  to  fill  this  position. 

It  was  then  voted  that  the  subject  of  expending  the  principal  of  the  Building 
Fund  in  enlarging  the  present  Museum  building,  be  referred  to  Messrs.  Gray, 
Scudder,  and  Lyman  to  report  at  a  future  meeting. 

Friday,  April  9, 1886.   The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  was 
held  at  the  house  of  the  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Boston,  this  day  at  3  P.  M. 
Present :  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Gray,  Scudder,  Lowell,  and  the  Curator. 
(469) 


470 


The  following  communication,  received  by  the  Chairman  since  the  last  meet- 
ing, was  read  and  ordered  to  be  placed  on  the  records :  — 

"At  a  meeting  of  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College  in  Cam- 
bridge on  Commencement  Day,  June  24,  1885,  a  letter  was  received  from 
Mr.  WiNTHROP  as  Chairman  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum,  giving 
notice  that  F.  W.  Putnam  had  been  nominated  unanimously  by  the  Trustees 
as  the  Peabody  Professor  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  in  the 
University. 

"  Mr.  Parkman  reported  verbally  for  the  Committee  in  relation  to  the  Peabody 
Museum,  tliat  in  the  opinion  of  the  Committee  a  Peabody  Professor  of  Amer- 
ican Archaeology  and  Ethnology  ought  now  to  be  elected,  and  that  Frederick 
Ward  Putnam,  A.M.,  having  been  duly  nominated  as  such  by  the  Trustees  of 
the  Peabody  Museum,  ought  to  be  chosen. 

"  Voted  to  estabhsh  a  Peabody  Professorship  of  American  Archaeology  and 
Ethnology  in  the  University. 

"  Voted  to  communicate  this  vote  to  the  Board  of  Overseers,  that  they  may 
consent  thereto  if  they  see  fit. 

"  Voted  to  proceed  to  the  election  of  a  Peabody  Professor  of  American  Archae- 
ology and  Ethnology.  Whereupon  ballots  being  given  in  it  appeared  that 
Frederick  Ward  Putnam,  A.M.,  was  elected. 

"  Voted  to  communicate  this  election  to  the  Board  of  Overseers,  that  they 
may  consent  thereto  if  they  see  fit. 

"  A  true  copy  of  Record 

"Attest:  E.  W.  Uoofeu,  Secretary.'* 

The  Chairman,  Mr.  Winthrop,  then  presented  the  following  statement :  — 

I  propose.  Gentlemen,  before  calling  upon  our  Curator  for  his  Annual  Report, 
—  which  is  the  principal  subject  of  interest  at  this  meeting,  —  to  make  a  brief 
statement  of  facts  which  may  well  find  a  place  in  the  record  of  our  proceedings. 

Twenty  years  will  soon  be  completed  since  the  Institution  of  which  we  are  the 
guardians  was  founded.  Mr.  Peabody's  Letter  of  Trust  was  dated  October  8, 
1866.  That  Letter  provided  for  "  the  foundation  and  maintenance  of  a  Museum 
and  Professorship  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  in  connection  with 
Harvard  University."  For  this  purpose  the  sum  of  50,000  was  given  to  the 
Trustees  named  in  the  Letter,  to  be  paid  to  them  on  learning  of  the  assent  of 
the  President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College  to  the  terms  of  the  Trust. 

The  money  was  paid  to  the  Trustees,  accordingly,  on  the  3d  of  November 
following,  the  assent  of  the  President  and  Fellows  of  the  College  having  been 
learned ;  and  the  Trustees  have  now  gone  on,  for  nineteen  years,  executing  the 
provisions  of  Mr.  Peabody's  Instrument  of  Trust,  and  making  Annual  Reports 
to  the  President  and  Fellows. 

During  the  first  eight  years  of  this  term  we  had  the  invaluable  services  of  the 
late  eminent  Jeffries  Wyman,  whose  name  will  always  be  associated  with  the 
foundation  and  organization  of  the  Museum,  and  of  whom  it  is  no  disparage- 
ment of  others  to  say,  that  he  would  have  been  unanimously  nominated  as  the 
Professor,  had  he  still  been  spared  to  us. 


471 


One  provision  of  the  Trust  Instrument  of  Mr,  Peabody  is  as  follows  :  "  Until 
this  Professorship  is  tilled,  or  during  the  time  it  may  be  vacant,  the  income  from 
the  fund  appropriated  to  it  shall  be  devoted  to  the  care  and  increase  of  the 
Collections/' 

This  language  is  very  important  in  construing  the  terms  of  the  Trust,  as 
,  defined  by  Mr.  Peabody,  and  as  assented  to  by  the  College.  It  is  not,  "  until 
the  Professorship  is  created  or  founded,"  but  "  until  this  Professorship  is  filled, 
or  during  the  time  it  may  be  vacant."  Mr.  Peabody  made  what  Dr.  Hill,  then 
President  of  the  University,  in  his  Annual  Eeport  of  1867,  styled  "  his  princely 
gift,"  for  "  the  foundation  and  maintenance  of  a  Museum  and  Professorship," 
and  I  have  always  thought  that  the  Professorship  was  virtually  established  by 
the  acceptance  of  the  endowment.  It  might  well  date  from  the  payment  of  the 
money,  as  simultaneous  with  the  establislmient  of  the  Museum,  —  both  being 
included  in  the  same  sentence  in  which  the  purpose  of  the  gift  is  declared. 

But,  under  the  discretion  given  to  them  in  tlie  provision  which  has  been  cited, 
the  Trustees  have  not  been  in  haste  to  have  the  Professorship  filled.  They 
have  erected  a  substantial  and  commodious  fire-proof  Building  for  the  Museum, 
upon  land  given  for  that  purpose,  according  to  Mr.  Peabody's  requirements,  by 
the  President  and  Fellows  of  the  College,  and  liave  employed  the  income  of  the 
Professor's  Fund  for  the  care  and  increase  of  the  Collections.  The  Building 
and  all  that  it  contains  have  now  become  the  absolute  property  of  the  College. 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  Trustees  came  to  the  unanimous  conclusion, 
at  a  meeting  in  June  last,  that  the  time  had  arrived  when  a  due  regard  to  the 
terms  and  conditions  of  Mr.  Peabody's  Gift  rendered  it  obligatory  on  them  to 
take  the  initiative  in  filling  the  Professorship,  by  exercising  their  right  of  nomi- 
nation, so  that  the  lectures  and  instruction  expressly  indicated  in  the  Letter 
of  Trust  might  no  longer  be  deferred. 

It  did  not  occur  to  any  of  the  Trustees  that  any  previous  question  could  be 
raised  as  to  the  founding  of  the  Professorship  to  which  the  College  liad  agreed 
in  1866,  and  they  therefore  confined  themselves  to  making  a  nomination  and 
communicating  it  to  the  President  and  Fellows.  That  nomination  was 
happily  accepted  and  confirmed  by  the  President  and  Fellows  on  the  day  of  its 
being  received,  and  the  person  nominated  was  elected,  and  we  had  hoped  that 
long  before  this  time  our  Professor  would  be  installed. 

But  the  course  of  proceeding  in  1866  having  been  somewhat  informal,  and 
there  being  no  mention  of  the  technical  establishment  of  a  Peabody  Professor- 
ship of  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  on  the  records  either  of  the  Corporation  or 
of  the  Overseers,  it  was  thought  necessary  by  the  President  and  Fellows  to 
accompany  the  communication  of  the  nomination  of  a  Professor  with  a  formal 
proposition  to  establish  the  Professorship.  This  was  a  measure  in  its  nature 
previous,  and  first  and  separately  to  be  considered ;  and  owing  largely,  it  is 
beheved,  to  the  want  of  a  full  understanding  of  the  circumstances  of  the  case, 
and  of  the  moral  obligation  to  recognize  such  a  Professorship  resulting  from 
the  acceptance  of  the  terms  of  Mr.  Peabody's  Letter  of  Trust,  the  Overseers  at 
first  rejected  the  proposal.  At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  Board,  the  question 
was  reconsidered,  and  the  Overseers  concurred  with  the  Corporation  in  estab- 
lishing a  Peabody  Professorship  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology.  But 


472 


no  further  step  was  taken,  and  the  nomination  of  our  Curator  to  the  Professor- 
ship, unanimously  made  by  this  Board  of  Trustees,  and  accepted  and  ratified 
by  the  President  and  Fellows,  has  not  yet  been  acted  on,  either  favorably  or 
adversely,  by  the  Overseers. 

This  is  believed  to  be  an  exact  statement  of  what  has  occurred  since  our  last 
meeting,  and  of  the  present  condition  of  a  question  which  we  all  earnestly  desire 
to  see  settled.  There  seems  nothing  for  us  to  do  but  wait  and  hope.  It  is  an 
embarrassing  state  of  things  for  the  Trustees,  and  still  more  for  our  worthy 
Curator.  We  can  only  trust  that  before  we  meet  at  Cambridge  in  June  next,  to 
visit  the  Museum,  we  may  be  authorized  to  greet  our  Curator  as  a  Professor. 

On  motion  of  Professor  Gray  it  was  voted  that  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Wintheop 
be  printed,  that  they  be  placed  on  the  records  of  this  meeting,  and  that  a  copy 
be  sent  to  the  President  of  the  University. 

Tiie  report  of  the  Treasurer  and  the  cash  account  of  the  Curator  were  read 
and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  Curator  called  attention  to  the  importance  of  continuing  the  explora- 
tions begun  by  the  Museum,  and  it  was  voted  to  print  his  statement  and  request 
contributions  in  aid  of  the  work. 

Messrs.  Gray  and  Scudder  referred  to  the  scientific  value  of  recent  explora- 
tions conducted  by  the  Curator,  who  was  requested  to  prepare  an  account  of 
them,  for  publication  by  the  Museum  at  as  early  a  time  as  possible. 

The  Report  of  the  Curator  was  read  and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned,  to  meet  at  the  Museum,  in  Cambridge,  at  such 
time  in  June  as  the  Chairman  may  appoint. 

Henry  Wheatland,  Secretary, 


473 

REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  American  Archeology  and  Eth- 
nology ^  in  connection  with  Harvard  University. 

The  Tkeasurbr  respectfully  presents  the  following  Annual  Report  :— 


Income  Account. 

1885. 

July  1.  Received  Int.  $200  United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds,  April 


and  July  coupons  .... 

$      4  00 

July  1. 

« 

$45,000  Pueblo  and  Ark.  Valley  R.  R.  7's 

1,575  00 

Aug.  1. 

it 

$62,000  Chic,  Buvl.  and  Quincy  R.  R.  4's 

1,240  00 

Aug.  1. 

11 

« 

$54,000  Kansas  and  Missouri  R.  R.  5's 

1,350  00 

Oct.  1. 

n 

(( 

$200  United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

2  00 

1886. 

Jan'y  1. 

u 

<l 

$200  United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds, 

2  00 

Jan'y  1. 

(( 

$45,000  Pueblo  and  Ark.  Valley  R.  R.  7's 

1,575  00 

Feb'y  1. 

il 

$62,000   Chic,  Burl,  and  Quincy  R.  R.,  4's 

1,240  00 

Feb'y  1. 

« 

<( 

$54,000  Kansas  and  Missouri  R.  R.  5's 

1,350  00 

$8,338  00 


1885. 

July  1.  Paid  for  Safe  in  Union  Safe  Deposit  Vaults      ,      ,      .$    30  00 


July  1.     "   F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Building  Fund   1,529  00 

Aug.  1.     "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Professor  Fund   1,246  20 

Aug.  1.      "   F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Museum  Fund   1,246  20 

Aug.  1.      "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  acceunt  of 

Building  Fund   97  60 

1886. 

Jan'y  1.      "   F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Building  Fund   1,579  00 

Feb'y  1.      *•  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Professor  Fund    1,246  20 

Feb'y  1.      "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Museum  Fund   1,246  20 

Feb'y  1.      "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curater,  on  account  of 

Building  Fund  117  60 

 $8,338  OC 


The  Building  Fund  now  amounts  to     ...      ,       $60,321  50 
"   Professor   "      "         «  45,241  13 

"  Museum    «     ««        "        '*....        45,241  12 

 $150,803  75 

Francis  C.  Lowell, 

Trtaaurer. 

Boston,  March  15,  1886. 


Dr. 

1885-86. 


474 

CASH  ACCOUNT  OF 

F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  in  Account  with  Peabody 


Balance  on  hand  from  last  account  $3017  50 

Received  from  Francis  C.  Lowell,  Treasurer   8308  00 

"         "    Publications   52 

"         "  N.  E.  Telephone  Co  16  33 

"         '<   Express  refunded    2  40 

«         ♦«  the  late  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  2nd  sub- 
scription   200  00 

((         ««  Prof.  E.  N.  Horsford,  subscription   100  00 

«         «  H.  A.  Homes,  Esq.  2nd      "   6  00 


$11,649  75 


Cambridge,  March  16, 1886. 


$11,649  75 


475 


Cr. 

1885-86. 


THE  CUKATOR. 

Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology. 
Paid  as  per  vouchers  numbered. 

1  Cases,  stock  and  labor   $1,335  51 

2  Repairs  on  building   3  65 

'd  Furnitui-e  and  materials   14  07 

4  Special  explorations  and  collections  '  |  1  266  78 

5  Publications,  drawing  and  engraving   230  §2 

6  Library:  books,  subscriptions,  and  binding   41  (58 

7  Photographic  materials   19  48 

8  Caligraph  and  materials   72  70 

9  Postage,  express,  telephone,  telegraph  '  365  55 

10  Fuel  and  gas   *  *  igg  25 

11  Water  tax  .,,,..[',  25  00 

12  Stationery  and  incidentals  ^  43  3^ 

13  Salaries  and  extra  labor   3  985  50 

  $7,505  29 

Balance,  cash  oa  hand  to  new  account   4  144  46 


$11,B49  75 

I  have  examined  this  accowat,  and  find  St  properly  vouxihed  and  correctly  cast. 
^ulem,  M^rch  16,  1886.  ^"^^^^  Wheatland. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CURATOR. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peahody  Museum  of  American  Archceology 
and  Ethnology  :  — 

Gentlemen,  —  In  October  next  it  will  be  twenty  years  since  the 
Museum  was  founded,  and  twelve  years  since  you  placed  me  in 
charge  of  the  collections.  It  is  well,  as  decade  after  decade  rolls 
by,  to  review  the  past,  take  note  of  the  several  periods  in  the 
history  of  the  Museum,  and  compare  the  specified  objects  of  the 
founder  with  the  results  attained.  In  the  brief  review  which  I 
offer,  it  is  only  within  my  province  to  refer  to  the  Museum  and  the 
manner  in  which  the  requirements  of  its  founder  have  been  met. 

In  Mr.  Peabody's  "  instrument  of  trust,"  he  directs  that  the  income 
of  $45,000  "  shall  be  applied  to  forming  and  preserving  collections 
of  antiquities  and  objects  relating  to  the  earlier  races  of  the  Ameri- 
can continent,  or  such  (including  such  books  and  works  as  may 
form  a  good  working  library  for  the  department  of  science  indicated) 
as  shall  be  requisite  for  the  investigation  and  illustration  of  Ar- 
chaeology and  Ethnolog}^  in  general,  in  main  and  special  reference, 
however,  to  the  aboriginal  American  races."  In  his  letter  of  gift," 
Mr.  Peabody  makes  this  important  request.  "  That,  in  view  of  the 
gradual  obliteration  or  destruction  of  the  works  and  remains  of  the 
ancient  races  of  this  continent,  the  labor  of  exploration  and  collec- 
tion be  commenced  at  as  early  a  day  as  practicable  ;  and  al&o  that, 
in  the  event  of  the  discover}^  in  America  of  human  remains  or 
implements  of  an  earlier  geological  period  than  the  present,  especial 
attention  be  given  to  their  stud}"  and  their  comparison  with  those 
found  in  other  countries." 

Thus  there  are  five  specified  objects  which  the  Curator  of  the 
Museum,  acting  fbr  3^ou  and  for  this  purpose,  must  keep  constantly 
in  mind,  and  all  other  undertakings  must  be  secondary  or  inci- 
dental to  those  specified.    No  matter  what  may  be  the  wishes  or 

(477) 


478 


opinions  of  others,  he  has  no  right  to  go  beyond  the  specified 
objects  of  the  founder  of  the  Museum,  unless  other  funds  are  also 
intrusted  to  you,  or  to  him  with  your  approval,  for  additional  pur- 
poses.   The  objects  specified  may  be  expressed  as  follows :  — 

'1st.  The  formation  of  a  Museum  relating  to  the  archaeology  and 
ethnology  of  America. 

2d.  Collections  from  other  parts  of  the  world  for  comparative 
study  with  those  from  America. 

3d.  In  view  of  their  rapid  destruction,  early  attention  is  to  be 
given  to  the  exploration  of  the  works  and  remains  of  the  ancient 
races  of  America. 

4th.  Special  attention  is  directed  to  the  importance  of  the  study 
of  man  and  his  remains  found  under  past  geological  conditions. 
5th.  The  formation  of  a  working  library  is  authorized. 
In  his  "  letter  of  gift,"  Mr.  Peabody  calls  attention  to  "the  im- 
portance and  national  character  of  the  proposed  department "  of 
the  University  ;  and  it  is  not  to  be  questioned,  both  from  written 
and  spoken  words,  that  he  intended  his  foundation  to  be  devoted  to 
the  formation  of  a  Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology 
upon  a  broad  and  liberal  basis. 

It  is  thus  evident  that  the  Museum  must  be  a  depository  for 
objects  relating  to  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  founded,  and  a 
place  where  scientific  investigations  into  the  archaeology  and  eth- 
nology of  America  can  be  made  under  the  best  available  conditions. 
It  is  a  place  for  study,  not  for  amusement,  nor  even  principally  for 
pubUc  instruction,  although  it  is  open  for  pubUc  inspection.  Vis- 
itors are  benefited  by  what  they  see  in  the  Museum  just  so  far  as 
they  are  able  to  appreciate  its  objects ;  but  the  collections  are  not, 
and  never  should  be,  arranged  as  a  museum  of  art.  Archaeology 
and  ethnology  include  art  in  many  of  its  expressions,  but  simply 
as  a  means,  and  not  as  a  result.  In  fact,  so  broad  are  now  the 
requirements  of  anthropology,  that  in  turn  astronomy,  geology, 
botany,  many  subdivisions  of  zoology,  particularly  that  of  compara- 
tive anatomy,  with  technology,  and  the  fine  arts  in  their  subdivisions 
of  architecture,  ornamentation,  painting,  and  sculpture,  all  have  to 
be  called  upon  in  determining  the  origin,  relationship,  connections, 
development,  and  distribution  of  the  races  of  man  in  the  past,  and, 
in  connection  with  language,  customs,  music,  myths,  legends,  and 
history,  are  important  aids  in  the  classification  of  living  peoples 
and  the  study  of  human  development. 


479 


The  first  period  in  the  history  of  the  Museum  terminated,  after 
eight  3^ears'  duration,  with  the  lamentable  death  of  its  first  Curator, 
Professor  Wj^man.  At  that  time  the  collections  forming  the 
nucleus  of  the  Museum  were  contained  in  twenty-four  cases  ^  in  an 
upper  room  of  Boylston  Hall,  and  in  drawers  and  boxes  in  the 
work-room.  The  last  entry  in  the  catalogue  made  by  Professor 
Wyman,  in  the  summer  of  1874,  was  under  No.  7899,  and  the 
total  number  of  specimens  was  not  far  from  13,200. 

Up  to  this  time  but  few  special  explorations  had  been  made  for 
the  Museum,  and  of  these  the  most  important  were  by  Professor 
Wyman  himself,  who  for  successive  winters  systematically  explored 
shellheaps  and  burial  mounds  in  Florida,  and  at-  various  times  con- 
ducted similar  explorations  of  shellheaps  in  Maine  and  Massachu- 
setts, when  it  w^as  several  times  my  privilege  to  accompany  him. 
Advantage  was  taken  of  opportunities  to  obtain  collections  from 
burial  mounds  in  different  places,  particularly  in  Missouri,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Michigan ;  but  while  many  interesting  and 
important  objects  were  thus  secured  from  the  burial  mounds,  little 
information  was  obtained  be^^ond  what  the  objects  themselves  could 
give. 

It  was  during  this  period  that  the  South  American  collection, 
which  now  fills  to  overflowing  one  of  the  large  rooms  in  the  pres- 
ent building,  was  begun  by  the  contributions  of  the  late  Professors 
Agassiz  and  Hartt,  and  the  important  collections  of  human  crania 
from  Peru  were  received  from  Professor  Agassiz  and  Mr.  Squier. 
The  nucleus  of  the  Mexican  collection  was  formed  at  this  time  by 
the  gift  of  the  late  General  Caleb  Cushing,  the  important  Hammond 
and  Thoreau  collections  from  Massachusetts  were  presented,  and 
the  Fast  collection  from  Alaska  w^as  purchased. 

The  other  marked  events  of  this  period  in  the  formation  of  the 
Museum  were  the  securing  by  purchase,  and  by  the  energetic  action 
of  the  President  of  your  board,  of  the  Eose  and  Claus  collections 
of  stone  implements  from  Denmark,  the  Clement  and  Mortillet  col- 
lections from  the  Swiss  lakes,  from  the  caves  of  the  Dordogne,  from 
the  gravels  of  the  Somme,  and  other  parts  of  Europe  ;  of  a  series 
of  duplicates  from  the  Christy  collection,  and  of  Etruscan  vases 
from  Signor  Castellani,  as  gifts.  To  this  period  also  belongs  the 
important  gift  of  Colonel  Theodore  Lyman,  consisting  of  the  Nico- 

1  These  cases  are  now  in  use  in  the  upper  rooms  of  the  present  building,  and 
are  only  sufficient  to  hold  a  portion  of  the  osteological  collection, 


480 


lucci  collection  of  crania,  of  stone  implements,  and  other  objects, 
from  Italy.  The  Smithsonian  Institution  and  the  Peabody  Academy 
of  Science  at  Salem  also  gave  from  their  duplicates  small  collections 
in  exchange.  The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  the  Boston 
Athenaeum,  the  Boston  Marine  Society,  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History,  and  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  in  Cam- 
bridge, made  over  to  the  new  Museum  much  important  and  valua- 
ble ethnological  and  archaeological  material  obtained  from  foreign 
countries. 

This  first  period  of  the  Museum  is  specially  noted  for  Professor 
Wyman's  personal  explorations,  with  the  important  publications 
based  upon  them,  and  for  his  invaluable  comparative  studies  in 
human  osteology,  while  it  is  also  remarkable  for  the  gathering  in  of 
objects  from  foreign  lands.  The  Museum  fortunately  was  founded 
in  time  to  make  all  this  possible.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  existence 
of  the  Museum,  Professor  Wyman's  investigations  might  not  have 
taken  this  direction,  nor  would  the  ethnological  treasures  of  the 
several  Boston  institutions  have  been  brought  together,  even  if 
saved  from  destruction  ;  while  to-day,  owing  to  the  action  taken 
by  the  Swiss  and  Danish  governments,  it  would  be  impossible  to 
obtain  such  large  and  representative  collections  as  we  possess  from 
these  countries. 

The  second  period,  based  on  the  natural  sequence  of  events,  is 
of  only  three  years'  duration,  and  covers  the  period  of  transition 
from  the  old  to  the  new,  closing  with  the  removal  of  the  collections 
to  the  present  building. 

Coming  into  charge  of  all  this  varied  and  important  material, 
much  of  which  was  suffering  from  the  need  of  proper  cases  for  its 
protection  and  exhibition,  it  became  a  serious  matter  to  care  for 
the  collections  and  find  storage  for  the  additions.  During  the 
three  years,  3,175  entries  were  made  in  the  catalogue,  and  12,300 
specimens  were  received.  The  marked  events  during  this  second 
period  may  be  cited  briefly  as  follows  ;  — 

The  reception  of  an  important  collection  from  Peru  and  Bolivia, 
presented  by  Mr.  Alexander  Agassiz. 

The  gift  of  several  gold  and  copper  ornaments  from  the  graves 
of  Chiriqui,  also  from  Mr.  Agassiz,  and  the  purchase  of  a  small 
series  of  gold  ornaments  from  Bogota. 

The  beginning  of  the  explorations  in  Southern  California,  con- 
ducted at  first  jointly  with  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  after- 


481 


wards  solely  by  the  Museum,  with  the  help  of  the  late  Mr.  Paul 
Schumacher. 

The  special  explorations  of  mounds  on  a  more  extended  plan 
than  heretofore,  with  the  assistance  of  the  late  Dr.  E.  B.  Andrews 
in  Ohio,  of  Mr.  Lucien  Carr  in  Kentucky  and  Virginia,  and  of  the 
Curator  in  Kentucky. 

The  explorations  of  caves  in  Kentucky  by  the  Curator,  in  Virginia 
by  Mr.  Carr,  and  in  Ohio  by  Dr.  Andrews. 

The  beginning  of  collections  to  illustrate  the  customs  and  domes- 
tic hfe  of  the  present  Indians,  by  Dr.  Palmer  and  Mr.  Schumacher 
in  Southern  California,  and  among  the  Utes  and  Mohaves. 

The  exploration  of  old  village  sites  of  the  Pueblo  type  in  Southern 
Utah,  by  Drs.  Parry  and  Palmer. 

The  discovery  of  the  works  of  man  in  the  Trenton  gravel  by  Dr. 
C.  C.  Abbott,  followed  by  the  special  exploration  of  the  gravels  by 
Dr.  Abbott  in  behalf  of  the  Museum. 

The  close  association  of  Dr.  Abbott  with  the  work  of  the  Museum 
began  at  this  time ;  and  although  at  one  time  before  this  he  had 
sent  specimens  to  the  Museum,  he  had  in  the  mean  while  given 
bis  archaeological  material  to  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science  at 
Salem.  On  my  leaving  that  institution  to  take  the  position  offered 
me  in  this,  its  Trustees  transferred  the  larger  part  of  the  Abbott 
collection  to  this  Museum.  Since  then  Dr.  Abbott  has  been  a  de- 
voted worker  for  the  Museum,  and  the  important  results  which  he 
has  attained  will  be  noticed  under  the  next  period  in  the  history  of 
the  Museum.  During  this  period  the  Annual  Reports  were  enlarged 
by  the  addition  of  special  and  illustrated  papers  giving  in  detail  the 
results  of  special  explorations  by  the  parties  who  made  them,  and 
by  researches  upon  topics  germane  to  the  work  which  the  Museum 
has  in  charge. 

The  third  period  was  begun  by  taking  possession  of  the  present 
building,  paid  for  from  the  accumulated  income  of  the  building 
fund.  In  this  the  collections  have  found  a  home  worthy  of  their 
character  and  importance  ;  and  in  their  care  and  arrangement  a 
natural  classification  has  been  attempted,  grouping  together  objects 
belonging  to  each  people.  By  this  method  is  brought  out  the  eth- 
nological value  of  every  object  in  the  Museum,  so  that  in  the  mind 
of  the  student  each  is  put  into  the  great  mosaic  of  human  history. 
Thus  it  is  that  throughout  the  arrangement  of  the  Museum  the  chip 
of  stone  and  the  polished  implement  are  side  by  side.    There  is  no 

REPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III.  31. 


482 


forcing  into  line,  no  selection  of  material,  in  order  to  illustrate  a 
theorj'.  Every  object  falls  into  its  place  with  its  own  associates, 
and  tells  its  part  of  the  story  of  the  efforts  of  man  and  the  results 
which  he  has  reached  at  different  times  and  in  different  places.  B}^ 
this  method  of  arrangement  nothing  is  forced,  and  misconceptions 
are  impossible.  Separate  the  objects  and  classify  them  by  their 
kind,  independently  of  their  source,  and  the  result  is  simply  a  series 
of  collections  ilkistrating  the  development  of  the  arts  of  man  ;  and 
although  such  collections  will  find  appropriate  places  in  a  Museum 
like  this,  they  should  be  secondary  to  the  main  collection,  and  be 
formed  of  duplicate  material.  Upon  these  principles  and  methods 
the  arrangement  of  the  collections  in  the  present  building  has  been 
carried  on. 

Although  the  collections  were  thus  at  last  permanently  housed, 
they  were  not  yet  safe,  and  the  serious  question  of  cases  for  their 
arrangement 'and  exhibition  was  yet  to  be  considered.    Of  what 
avail  to  gather  all  these  treasures  of  the  past,  and  these  perishable 
objects  illustrating  the  customs  of  many  nations,  if  dampness, 
mould,  dust,  and  insects  were  to  have  access  to  them?    The  bring- 
ing together  of  a  collection  is  an  easy  matter  compared  to  its  per- 
petual preservation  and  proper  arrangement,  as  every  curator  of 
a  museum  has  realized.    In  museums  devoted  to  natural  history 
the  loss  of  specimens  has  been  enormous ;  but,  with  the  exception 
of  valuable  types  and  some  unique  objects,  such  losses  can  be  reck- 
oned at  the  money  value  at  which  fresh  specimens  of  the  same  kind 
can  be  procured.    This  to  a  large  extent  is  not  the  case  in  ethno- 
logical and  archaeological  museums.    In  these  we  have  to  deal  with 
the  ever  changing  and  advancing  productions  of  man.    An  object 
that  may  be  secured  to-day  is  not  to  be  had  to-morrow.    Like  a 
painting  by  an  old  master,  it  is,  if  destro3'ed,  an  irreparable  loss. 
We  may  know  of  it  from  description,  or  even  from  copies,  but-  the 
truth-telling  original  does  not  exist.    So  it  is  with  specimens  of  the 
past.  Their  number  is  limited,  and,  like  all  individual  works  of  man, 
hardly  any  two  of  these  are  alike.    They  cannot  be  replaced  by 
money  ;  in  some  instances  others  of  a  similar  kind,  for  a  given  time, 
may  be  secured,  but  the  originals  can  never  be  replaced.  Hence 
it  is  that  unusual  care  is  necessary  for  the  protection  of  objects  in 
such  a  museum  as  this  ;  and  as  a  long  experience  in  other  museums 
had  convinced  me  that  cases  have  seldom  been  constructed  in  a 
proper  manner,  it  seemed  of  the  utmost  importance  that,  in  this 


483 


Museum,  everything  possible  should  be  done  to  build  cases  which 
should  be  dust  and  insect  proof,  as  well  as  permanent  and  conve- 
nient. The  results  we  have  secured  in  this  direction  are  now  well 
known,  and  the  principles  so  thoroughly  carried  out  in  the  con- 
struction of  our  cases  have  since  been  adopted  by  many  institutions, 
which  have  either  sent  their  architects  and  builders  to  examine  our 
cases,  or  have  emplo3^ed  Mr.  Wilson  to  make  similar  plans,  models, 
or  cases.  By  the  use  of  cherry  for  the  cases,  thereby  dispensing 
with  paint  and  varnish,  we  have  secured  a  wood  which  takes  on 
a  soft  rich  color  simply  by  rubbing  it  with  oil ;  and  this,  with 
the  adoption  of  a  light  blue  tint  for  the  inside  of  the  cases,  has 
proved  so  satisfactory,  that  many  visitors  have  testified  to  their 
being  able  to  study  the  objects  in  the  cases  for  hours  at  a  time 
without  that  fatigue  to  the  eyes  which  occurs  when  every  specimen 
in  a  case  stands  in  the  glare  of  a  white  background.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  state  that  the  cupboards  used  for  the  storage  of  speci- 
mens which  cannot  yet  be  exhibited  are  made  with  the  same  care 
as  the  exhibition  cases  above  them.  The  only  objection  to  the 
present  halls  are  the  cross  lights  which  fall  upon  some  of  the  wall 
cases.    In  the  next  section  of  the  building  these  will  be  avoided. 

The  third  period  in  the  history  of  the  Museum  thus  opened 
with  many  administrative  duties  to  be  performed ;  but,  notwith- 
standing, the  development  of  the  Museum  has  been  far  more 
rapid  than  at  any  preceding  time,  and  its  influence  has  been  more 
widely  felt. 

This  period  has  been  one  of  great  activity  in  all  directions, 
but  particularly  in  exploration  and  research.  Experience  had 
shown  the  necessity  of  thorough  research  in  the  field,  if  the  Museum 
was  to  be  an  exponent  of  scientific  work  in  American  archaeology 
and  ethnology.  New  methods  of  exploration  were  found  to  be  ne- 
cessary in  order  to  make  the  collections  in  the  Museum  of  scientific 
importance.  The  day  had  passed  for  collecting  at  random,  and 
systematic  work  had  become  a  necessity.  As  already  stated,  this 
had  been  begun  in  former  years,  but  it  was  now  carried  on  with 
broader  views  and  more  definite  aims  ;  —  at  first  with  such  means  as 
could  be  spared  from  the  regular  income  of  the  Museum  fund  ;  but 
as  it  was  soon  found  to  be  impossible  to  devote  any  considerable 
sum  to  this  purpose,  owing  to  the  increased  general  expenses  of  the 
Museum,  an  appeal  was  made  for  aid  in  the  work  of  exploration, 
and  with  the  assistance  thus  obtained  the  Museum  was  able,  for 


484 


a  few  years,  to  carry  on  this  most  important  work  with  unprece- 
dented results.^ 

This  period  has  been,  therefore,  pre-eminently  one  of  exploration 
and  research ;  and,  although  reference  to  the  special  explorations 
have  been  made  in  the  recent  Reports,  it  is  proper  in  the  present 
connection  to  refer  briefly  to  the  most  important.    These  are  :  — 

The  continuation  of  Dr.  Abbott's  work  in  the  gravels  of  the 
Delaware  Valley,  already  referred  to. 

The  exploration  of  caves,  ancient  burial  mounds,  and  cemeteries 
in  Isicaragua  and  Costa  Rica,  by  Dr.  Earl  Fhnt,  to  whose  efforts 
we  are  indebted  also  for  the  blocks  of  tufa  containing  human  foot- 
prints, found  sixteen  feet  below  the  surface,  on  the  border  of  Lake 
Managua. 

The  exploration  of  mounds,  earthworks,  village  sites,  and  burial 
places  in  Ohio,  with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  :  of  shell- 
heaps  in  Maine,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Albert  I.  Phelps  and 
other  gentlemen;  of  mounds  and  earthworks  in  Wisconsin,  Ilh- 
nois,  and  Missouri,  with  the  assistance  of  several  friends  ;  of 
the  mounds  in  Arkansas,  Missom'i,  and  Kansas,  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Curtiss  ;  of  the  stone  graves  and  mounds  in  Tennessee,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Curtiss  ;  of  the  burial  caves  in  Coahuila,  mounds 
and  ancient  pueblos  in  Utah,  Indian  village  sites  in  Texas,  and 
among  the  Indians  of  Southern  Cahfornia  and  Mexico,  by  Dr. 
Palmer;  of  ancient  burial  places,  village  sites,  and  soapstone 
quarries  on  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands,  and  among  the  California 
Indians,  by  the  late  Mr.  Paul  Schumacher ;  of  mounds  in  Florida, 
by  Dr.  David  Mack  and  Mr.  Henry  Gillman  ;  of  mounds  in  Dakota, 
by  Dr.  H.  AT.  Coe  ;  of  researches  among  the  Omahas  and  Sioux, 
by  Miss  Ahce  C.  Fletcher ;  and  the  examination  of  the  ancient 
soapstone  quarry  in  Rhode  Island,  by  the  Curator,  who  also  joined 
Dr.  Abbott  several  times  in  his  work,  and  was  personally  engaged 
in  the  explorations  in  Ohio,  Tennessee,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Wiscon- 
sin, and  Maine. 

To  these  special  explorations,  earned  on  under  the  direction 
of  the  Curator,  should  be  added  work  by  numerous  friends,  who, 
having  made  explorations  of  mounds  and  other  ancient  works  in 
the  country,  have  sent  the  results  to  the  Museum,  and  of  a  few 
other  persons  whose  special  work  became  known  in  time  to  pur- 
chase their  results  while  still  intact. 

1  The  list  of  subscribers  for  this  purpose  is  given  on  page  400. 


485 


Several  collections  have  been  purchased,  or  obtained  by  refund- 
ing the  actual  outlay  on  the  part  of  friends,  which  have  added 
largely  to  the  material  received.  Among  these  are  the  Wells  collec- 
tion, made  in  Egj^pt  in  1856  ;  the  collection  of  types  of  pottery  and 
various  objects  from  Japan,  obtained  by  the  aid  of  Professor  Morse  ; 
a  portion  of  the  Brantz  Mayer  collection  from  Mexico  and  Peru ; 
the  Clogston  collection  of  stone  implements  and  other  objects  from 
various  parts  of  the  United  States ;  the  collection  of  stone  imple- 
ments from  Massachusetts,  obtained  from  Mr.  David  Dodge  and 
from  Mr.  G.  B.  Frazar ;  and  various  other  lots  referred  to  in  the 
recent  Reports. 

Gifts  have  also  been  received  which  are  in  keeping  with  the 
additions  from  other  sources,  as  the  annual  lists  have  shown.  Of 
these,  special  reference  should  be  made  to  the  J.  S.  Blake  collec- 
tion, obtained  in  Peru  in  1837  ;  the  Clarence  B.  Moore  collection, 
from  Europe  and  Egypt ;  the  W.  Sturgis  Bigelow  collection,  from 
Peru ;  the  Agassiz  collections  from  the  Pacific  Islands,  from  Yuca- 
tan, New  Mexico,  and  several  small  lots  from  other  places ;  the 
Appleton  collection,  from  Chiriqui ;  the  collection  from  the  Japa- 
nese shellheaps,  presented  by  Professor  Morse  and  the  University 
of  Tokio;  the  Kneeland  collection,  from  the  Philippines,  Sandwich 
Islands,  and  New  England,  containing  man}^  human  crania ;  the 
inscribed  stones  from  Peru,  given  b}'  the  late  Mr.  E.  A.  Flint ;  the 
Penhallow  collection,  from  the  Ainos  of  Yesso ;  the  Bennett  col- 
lection, from  Delaware  ;  and  the  Metz  collection,  from  Ohio.  With 
these  must  be  mentioned  the  large  series  of  Indian  portraits,  in- 
cluding the  originals  of  Hall  and  McKenney's  work,  from  the  heirs 
of  E.  P.  Tileston  and  Amos  Hollingsworth ;  and  the  collections 
made  in  New  Mexico  and  at  Cholula  by  Mr.  Bandelier,  received 
from  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America. 

By  purchase  have  been  added  the  various  models  of  the  cliff- 
houses  and  pueblos  made  under  the  direction  of  the  Ha^^den  Survey, 
and  also  a  full  set  of  the  government  photographs  of  Indians  up  to 
a  few  years  ago.  As  a  supplement  to  the  set  of  photographs,  we 
have  also  received  as  gifts  numerous  others,  taken  during  the  sur- 
Yeys  under  Major  Powell  and  Captain  Wheeler ;  and  other  large 
photographs  needed  to  illustrate  the  ancient  architecture  of  Mexico 
and  India  have  been  bought.  This  collection  has  also  been  largely 
increased  by  many  gifts  from  friends,  and  the  same  can  be  stated 
of  the  library,  which  has  increased  from  a  few  volumes  at  the 


486 


beginning  of  this  period  until  it  now  numbers  over  800.  volumes 
and  1,100  pamphlets,  including  nearly  all  the  important  current 
serials  and  transactions  pertaining  to  the  objects  of  the  Museum. 

During  this  period  there  have  been  published  in  the  Annual 
Reports  of  the  Museum  numerous  papers  containing  the  results  of 
researches,  including  those  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Bandeher,  Mr.  Lucien 
Carr,  Dr.  Elmer  Reynolds,  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott,  Mr.  Paul  Schumacher, 
Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  Mr.  J.  S.  Blake,  Mr.  Lewis  H.  Morgan,  Dr.  Emil 
Schmidt,  Mr.  Manly  Hardy,  Major  W.  T.  Walthall,  Dr.  L.  P.Kinni- 
cutt,  Miss  Ahce  C.  Fletcher,  Miss  C.  A.  Studley,  and  the  Curator. 

The  growth  of  the  Museum  has  been  so  marked  during  this  third 
period  that  the  following  statistics  of  the  three  periods  are  worthy 
of  consideration :  — 

In  the  first  period,  of  eight  years,  the  entries  in  the  catalogue 
averaged  987  a  year,  and  the  number  of  specimens  averaged  1,660 
for  each  year. 

In  the  second  period,  of  three  years,  the  yearly  average  was 
1,025  entries  and  4,101  specimens. 

In  the  third  period,  of  nine  years,  the  annual  average  was  3,086 
entries  and  19,499  specimens. 

The  total  number  of  specimens  now  catalogued  amounts  to  more 
than  201,000,  under  38,848  entries. 

The  following  causes  have  contributed  to  this  remarkable  growth 
of  the  Museum  in  recent  years  :  — 

The  marked  increase  of  pubhc  interest  in  all  that  pertains  to  the 
origin  and  history  of  man. 

The  possession  of  a  building  devoted  solely  to  the  Museum,  thus 
inviting  attention  to  its  objects. 

The  contributions  from  various  sources,  made  in  consequence  of 
the  permanence  of  the  Museum  and  the  fire-proof  character  of  the 
building. 

The  special  explorations  conducted  by  the  Museum. 

The  activity  in  archaeological  and  ethnological  research  which 
has  so  rapidly  developed  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  in 
various  parts  of  the  Old  World  has  had  a  marked  effect  in  directing 
public  attention  to  such  studies,  and  the  recent  awakening  of  in- 
terest for  just  treatment  of  our  Indian  tribes,  and  the  instructive 
papers  written  upon  them  in  the  new  light  which  has  been  shed  by 
scientific  research,  have  done  their  part  in  calling  public  attention 
to  American  archaeology. 


487 


The  fact  tbat  in  connection  with  the  University  there  is  a  build- 
ing dedicated  solely  to  the  preservation,  study,  and  proper  exhibi- 
tion of  all  material  that  can  be  rescued  from  the  past  or  obtained 
from  the  present  native  tribes  of  America,  is  in  itself  evidence  of 
the  importance  given  to  the  study  of  American  peoples. 

In  regard  to  the  present  arrangement  of  the  collections,  it  must 
be  remembered  that  the  halls  now  in  use  are  far  from  adequate  to 
exhibit  all  the  collections  we  have.  The  object  has  been  to  exhibit 
complete  collections  s^  far  as  possible,  and  each  room  and  gallery 
has  been  devoted  to  objects  from  particular  regions.  The  present 
arrangement,  therefore,  does  not  exhibit  a  continuous  history  of 
past  and  present  peoples  such  as  might  be  shown,  particularly  of 
America,  had  we  room  for  the  purpose,  but  it  is  rather  an  attempt 
to  make  the  best  use  of  our  constrained  conditions,  and  an  effort 
to  exhibit  as  completely  as  possible  certain  departments  of  the 
Museum. 

Thus,  in  the  extensive  collection  from  New  Jersey,  the  student 
can  study  the  stone  implements  from  the  Trenton  gravel ;  and  in 
the  same  room  he  can  find  the  means  of  comparing  the  implements 
with  those  of  probably  about  the  same  geological  time,  from  the 
modified  drift  of  Minnesota ;  then  he  can  carry  this  comparison 
still  further  by  going  to  the  floor  below  and  examining  the  imple- 
ments from  the  river  drift  of  the  Somme  and  a  few  other  European 
localities.  Or  he  can  compare  these  earliest  remains  of  man's 
handiwork  from  the  Trenton  gravel  with  those  of  the  period  im- 
mediately following,  and  with  the  still  later  works  of  the  Indian 
tribes  that  inhabited  the  same  region.  Here  are  the  objects  from 
three  periods,  superposed  in  time,  arranged  in  sequence  side  by 
side,  and  in  such  numbers  that  the  cumulative  evidence,  always 
asked  for  by  the  archaeologist,  is  amply  presented  to  his  consid- 
eration. In  the  same  room  is  placed,  for  comparison,  the  ex- 
tensive and  instructive  collection  from  the  ancient  cemetery  and 
village  site  in  the  Little  Miami  Valley,  with  the  contents  of  the 
many  "ashpits,"  those  singular  excavations  associated  with  the 
burials  of  one  of  the  peoples  of  the  valley.  Also  in  the  same  room 
are  the  "  surface  finds"  from  DelaM^are,  and  from  several  regions 
in  Massachusetts,  such  as  Cape  Cod,  the  Merrimac  and  Concord 
valleys,  with  a  few  other  small  lots  from  Massachusetts.  For 
further  comparison  in  this  room  is  the  collection  from  the  shell- 
heaps,  burial  mounds  of  Florida,  and  also  other  objects  from  that 


488 


State.    On  the  gallery  above  are  the  collections  from  the  Indian 

graves  of  Southern  California,  and  the  various  objects  illustrative 
of  the  life  and  customs  of  the  existing  tribes  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
from  Mexico  to  Alaska ;  while  in  the  adjoining  central  hall  are  the 
articles  obtained  from  the  Sioux,  Omaha,  Ponca,  and  a  few  other 
Western  tribes.  Of  particular  interest  in  these  cases  are  the  objects 
from  the  Sacred  Tent  of  War  of  the  f)mahas,  and  those  used  in 
the  last  Sun-dance  of  the  Sioux,  unique  collections  of  inestimable 
importance  in  the  histor}^  of  American  tribes. 

Entering  the  southern  gallery,  the  student  can  examine  what  we 
have  relating  to  the  inhabitants  of  Asia,  China,  Africa,  Australia, 
and  many  of  the  Pacific  Islands.  Then,  descending  to  the  room 
below,  he  will  find  the  extensive  series  from  South  America,  relat- 
ing to  both  the  present  and  the  past.  Unfortunately  he  will  not 
see  more  than  half  of  our  large  Peruvian  collection,  as  only  a  por- 
tion of  the  later  accessions  can  be  exhibited  for  lack  of  room.  The 
central  hall  on  this  floor  is  devoted  to  an  exhibition  of  the  objects 
from  the  Pueblo  tribes,  both  ancient  and  modern,  of  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  Colorado,  and  Utah,  together  with  models  of  the  cliff- 
houses,  and  of  several  pueblos,  inhabited  or  in  ruins ;  also  many 
large  photographs  of  various  pueblos. 

Descending  one  flight,  to  the  northern  gallery,  the  student  will 
find  an  extensive  collection,  particularly  rich  in  pottery,  from 
burial  mounds  and  graves  in  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua,  from  caves 
in  Nicaragua,  and  from  various  places  in  Mexico  and  Yucatan^ 
Here  also  are  large  photographs,  and  a  framed  set  of  Catherwood's 
drawings  illustrating  the  ancient  architecture  of  Southern  Mexico. 
On  this  gallery,  also,  are  exhibited  the  collection  from  th^  burial 
caves  of  Coahuila,  and  the  imprints  of  human  feet  in  the  bed  of 
tufa,  found  sixteen  feet  below  the  surface  at  Lake  Managua.  An 
overflow  from  this  gallery  is  exhibited  across  the  hall,  and  consists 
of  a  series  of  pottery  and  other  objects  from  the  graves  at  Chiriqui, 
an  instructive  collection  of  pottery  from  Honduras,  and  small  lots 
from  the  West  Indies  and  the  Bermudas.  The  rest  of  the  cases 
in  this  room  are  devoted  to  the  several  collections  from  Europe, 
which  are  particularly  important  for  comparison  with  corresponding 
periods  of  man's  development  in  America.  The  most  instructive 
of  these  are  those  illustrating  the  palaeolithic  period  of  Europe,  the 
later  stone  age  of  Denmark  and  Northern  Europe,  the  collections 
from  Italy,  from  the  Swiss  lakes,  and  from  the  caves  of  Dordogne. 


489 


In  the  central  hall  on  this  floor  is  arranged  the  small  but  instructive 
Eg3^ptian  collection.  On  the  floor  below,  in  the  northern  room,  are 
arranged  the  objects  from  the  caves  of  Xentucky  and  Tennessee, 
from  the  mounds  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  eastward,  and  from 
the  stone  graves  of  Tennessee.  Unfortunately,  but  a  meagre  por- 
tion of  our  collection  from  the  mounds  of  Ohio  can  be  exhibited 
here,  and  none  of  those  invaluable  collections  made  during  the 
special  explorations  of  the  past  four  years  can  be  displayed  until 
the  addition  is  made  to  the  building. 

Tlie  osteological  collection  is  now  in  great  part  arranged  in  the 
upper  room  and  hall,  and  consists  of  over  two  thousand  crania  and 
many  hundred  skeletons  or  portions  of  skeletons,  mostly  from 
America. 

A  few  human  skulls  are,  however,  exhibited  in  the  various  col- 
lections throughout  the  Museum,  in  order  to  show  the  cranial  type 
of  each  people  ;  and  as  bones  with  marks  of  inj\uT  and  disease  are 
interesting  factors  in  a  study  of  the  life  and  condition  of  a  people, 
such  are  in  part  also  shown  with  associated  collections. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  for  want  of  room  no  general  exhibit  has 
yet  been  made  of  the  many  thousand  stone  implements,  and  other 
objects,  from  various  parts  of  North  America,  which  are  classed  as 
surface  finds.  To  exhibit  these  in  a  proper  manner,  at  least  as 
much  case  room  as  is  contained  in  two  of  our  present  halls  would 
be  required.  Although  such  an  exhibition  would  unquestionably 
prove  attractive,  and  add  much  to  the  popular  interest  in  the 
Museum,  the  information  derived  from  it  would  be  of  little  impor- 
tance compared  with  that  from  collections  obtained  at  village  sites 
or  from  burial  places,  where  the  association  of  a  large  number  of 
objects,  particularly  when  found  with  human  skeletons,  gives  a 
scientific  value  which  isolated  specimens  do  not  possess,  no  matter 
what  their  individual  beauty  or  perfection  may  be.  A  specimen 
found  on  the  surface  may  belong  to  any  past  epoch,  or  to  any 
people  who  have  inhabited  the  region  where  it  was  found.  Such 
specimens,  however,  may  be  used  to  advantage  in  displays  illus- 
trating the  development  of  the  arts  as  a  whole,  and  for  comparing 
similar  objects  from  diverse  regions. 

During  the  past  jesLY  progress  has  been  made  in  all  departments 
of  the  Museum,  and  several  instructive  collections  have  been  added 
to,  those  on  exhibition.   The  specimens  from  the  ancient  pile  dwell- 


490 


ings  of  the  lakes  of  Switzerland,  Savoy,  and  Northern  Italy  have 
been  arranged,  and  they  are  so  numerous  that  they  add  greatly  to 
the  means  of  comparative  study  of  the  works  of  man. 

Several  small  lots,  belonging  to  the  early  Etruscan  period,  if  not 
to  a  different  people,  have  been  brought  together  from  ancient  vil- 
lage sites  in  Italy.  They  are  now  arranged  near  the  objects  from 
Etruscan  tombs,  with  which  they  form  an  instructive  series.  This 
completes  the  arrangement  of  the  several  collections  from  various 
parts  of  Europe. 

In  the  last  room  furnished  with  cases,  on  the  second  floor,  to 
which  reference  was  made  in  the  last  Report,  several  collections  have 
been  arranged  for  special  study,  as  previously  mentioned  in  this 
Eeport.  That  from  the  ash-pits  and  ancient  cemetery  near  Madi- 
sonville,  Ohio,  which  occupies  all  the  cases  on  the  western  side  of 
the  room,  is  of  special  interest  for  comparison  with  that  from  the 
lake  dwellings  of  the  stone  age  ;  and  it  is  impossible  to  look  at 
the  two  collections  without  being  impressed  by  the  great  similarity 
of  many  of  the  objects  from  the  two  places,  showing  as  they  do  that 
both  peoples  were  in  about  the  same  stage  of  development. 

On  the  southern  side  of  this  room  the  cases  are  for  the  present 
given  up  to  representative  collections  of  stone  implements  and 
ornaments  from  several  sections  of  Massachusetts,  as  Cape  Cod, 
and  the  valleys  of  the  Merrimac,  Concord,  Ipswich,  and  Charles. 

The  cases  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  room  contain  the  Bennett 
collection  from  Delaware  ;  a  portion  of  the  Abbott  collection  from 
New  Jersey ;  the  Babbitt  collection  of  quartz  implements  from  the 
modified  drift  on  the  Mississippi  River  in  Minnesota  ;  and  the  ob- 
jects from  burial  mounds  and  cemeteries  in  Florida,  including  the 
Wyman,  Mack,  and  Oilman  collections,  and  a  few  other  lots  from 
that  State. 

The  collections  from  the  shellheaps  of  Florida  have  also  been 
arranged  in  a  long  table  case  in  this  room.  The  valuable  collection 
made  by  the  late  Professor  Jeffries  Wyman  from  the  shellheaps  of 
the  St.  John's  River  have  thus  been  brought  together,  and  the  ob- 
jects from  each  shellheap,  from  the  upper  part  of  the  river  to  its 
lower  portion,  have  been  assorted  and  placed  in  order.  Then  follow 
the  specimens  from  the  shellheaps  of  the  eastern  coast,  and  after- 
wards those  of  Cedar  Keys  and  the  adjoining  region  on  the  west 
coast.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Professor  Wyman's  memoir  on 
the  shellheaps  of  the  St.  John's  was  passing  through  the  press  at 


491 


the  time  of  his  death,  and  that  his  collection  had  never  been  ar- 
ranged during  his  lifetime,  and  only  a  ver}^  small  portion  of  it  had 
been  catalogued  by  him.  It  is  almost  needless  for  me  to  add,  that 
every  effort  has  been  made  to  identif}^  the  exact  locality  of  each 
object  by  his  original  labels  and  marks,  and  by  the  descriptions 
given  in  his  memoir.  Fortunately,  tliis  was  possible  from  what  I 
had  learned  of  his  work  and  of  the  collection  during  his  life. 

As  now  arranged,  it  is  a  perfect  illustration  of  his  valuable  re- 
searches on  the  shellheaps  of  Florida.  In  the  same  case  are  placed 
other  collections  from  the  shellheaps  of  the  same  region,  particularly 
those  presented  by  Mr.  Le  Barron,  from  Palatka,  and  also  the  series 
of  stone  implements  from  various  parts  of  Florida,  but  not  from 
shellheaps  or  from  burial  mounds.  Many  of  these  were  obtained 
by  Professor  Wyman  and  his  associate,  Mr.  G.  A.  Peabod}^ ;  others 
were  obtained  from  the  sands  of  Lake  Monroe  hy  Mr.  Frazar,  of 
which  mention  was  made  in  a  former  Eeport. 

At  one  end  of  this  case  are  exhibited  the  human  bones  found 
imbedded  in  the  recent  sandstone  formation  on  Rock  Island  in  the 
northern  part  of  Lake  Monroe.  This  deposit  was  discovered  by 
the  late  Count  Pourtales,  in  1848,  and  these  human  remains  are 
those  about  which  so  man}'  contradictory  accounts  have  been  pub- 
lished.^ In  1874  Professor  Wjanan  visited  this  place  and  obtained 
other  human  bones,  probably  part  of  the  same  skeleton  discovered 
by  Count  Pourtales.^ 

The  other  table  case  and  the  wall  case  on  the  northern  side  of 
this  room  are  devoted  to  the  Abbott  collection,  of  over  twentj^  thou- 
sand objects,  found  upon  the  farm  of  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  and  in  its 
immediate  vicinity,  near  Trenton,  N.  J.  Considered  as  a  whole,  it 
forms  one  of  the  most  instructive  collections  in  the  Museum.  As 
soon  as  the  cases  in  this  room  were  ready,  I  carried  oat  a  long  cher- 
ished plan  of  having  Dr.  Abbott  himself  arrange  this  important  col- 
lection in  such  a  way  as  to  show  the  successive  periods  of  man's 
occupation  of  the  Delaware  valle}-,  from  the  time  of  the  deposit  of 
the  gravel  at  Trenton  to  the  occupation  of  the  vallej^  by  the  recent 

1  See  note  of  Count  Pourtales  in  American  Naturalist,  Vol.  II.  p.  443,  Octo- 
ber, 1868.  The  original  specimens  of  Count  Pourtales  were  given  to  Professor 
Wyman,  and  they  are  probably  included  among  the  specimens  mentioned 
above. 

2  See  remarks  by  Professor  Wyman,  "  Shellheaps  of  the  St.  John's  River," 
p.  18,  1874. 


492 


Indians.    Soon  after  this  collection  was  arranged,  an  account  of  it 
was  given  in  Science,  Vol.  VII.,  which  is  here  reproduced. 

"  The  collection  of  stone  implements  made  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  by  Dr.  C.  C. 
Abbott,  now  on  exhibition  in  one  of  the  recently  opened  rooms  of  the  Peabody 
Museum  of  Archaeology  at  Cambridge,  is  one  of  the  most  important  ever  brought 
together,  and  one  which  archaeologists  will  consult  for  all  time  to  come.  It 
contains  more  than  twenty  thousand  stone  implements,  and  several  hundred 
associated  objects,  made  of  bone,  clay,  and  copper,  with  several  pipes  and 
numerous  ornaments  and 'carved  stones. 

There  are  several  considerations  which  give  the  collection  exceptional  im- 
portance. In  the  first  place,  it  was  brought  together  from  a  very  limited  area 
by  a  single  archaeologist ;  all  the  specimens  having  been  found  by  Dr.  Abbott 
upon  his  own  farm  and  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  with  the  exception  of  some  of 
the  paleolithic  implements,  and  even  these  were  found  within  an  extreme  radius 
of  four  miles.  Secondly,  the  gatherings  in  this  limited  region  have  been  so  long 
continued  and  so  thorough,  that  the  result  is  a  collection  wiiich  shows  the  work 
of  the  peoples  who  inhabited  the  Delaware  valley  at  different  periods  in  a  man- 
ner and  to  an  extent  never  before  obtained  from  any  part  of  this  country,  and 
probably  not  from  any  other  part  of  the  world.  Tiiirdly,  the  collection  is  the 
same  which  formed  the  basis  of  Dr.  Abbott's  volume  on  '  Primitive  Industry.' 

As  now  arranged,  the  collection  exhibits  at  one  and  the  same  time  the  se- 
quence of  peoples  and  phases  of  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Delaware,  from 
paleolithic  man,  through  the  intermediate  period,  to  the  recent  Indians,  and  the 
relative  numerical  proportion  of  the  many  forms  of  their  implements,  each  in  its 
time.  It  thus  forms  an  exhibition  at  once  instructive  to  the  general  visitor,  and 
of  great  importance  to  the  serious  student.  It  is  indeed  doubtful  whether  any 
similar  collection  exists  from  which  a  student  can  gather  so  much  information 
at  sight  as  in  this,  where  the  natural  pebbles  from  the  gravel  begin  the  series, 
and  the  beautifully  chipped  points  of  chert,  jasper,  and  quartz  terminate  it  in 
one  direction,  and  the  polished  celts  and  grooved  stone  axes  in  the  other. 

The  paleolithic  implements  from  the  gravel  and  from  the  talus  include 
nearly  all  found,  some  of  them  coming  from  a  depth  of  thirty  feet  in  the  gravel. 
With  one  exception,  a  black  flint,  they  are  made  of  a  hard,  fine-grained  argil- 
lite  ;  many  are  but  slightly  chipped,  while  others  are  of  well-defined  forms, 
similar  to  the  paleoliths  of  the  Old  World.  With  these  specimens  are  the  human 
skull,  under  jaw,  and  wisdom-tooth,  found  at  difierent  times  in  the  same  gravel 
as  the  implements. 

Following  the  paleoliths  are  the  several  thousand  rude  and  greatly  weath- 
ered points  and  flakes  of  argillite  of  various  forms.  Tiie  relative  importance  of 
the  different  sorts  to  the  people  who  used  them  is  shown  in  an  instructive  way 
by  grouping  and  heaping,  so  that  the  eye  at  once  takes  cognizance  of  this,  while 
it  detects  at  the  same  time  the  individual  variations  in  the  different  groups. 
Tliese  points  belong  to  the  middle  period  of  occupation  of  tlie  valley ;  never 
found  in  the  gravel,  they  are,  as  a  whole,  much  older  than  the  surface  speci- 
mens and  tliose  from  graves. 

To  these  latter,  the  work  of  the  recent  Delaware  Indians,  belong  the  rude 
scrapers  made  by  simply  splitting  a  pebble,  the  rudely  chipped  agricultural 


493 


implements  of  several  kinds  of  stone,  and  the  chipped  scrapers,  many  of  which 
are  beautiful  illustrations  of  tliis  kind  of  work.  Tliese,  like  tlie  arrow-heads, 
knives,  and  large  spear-like  implements  shown  in  an  adjoining  case,  are  made 
from  jasper  of  different  colors,  as  well  as  from  chert  and  quartz,  and  are  shown 
in  great  variety  and  number.  Of  the  other  forms  of  implements,  also  illustrated 
by  many  varieties  of  each,  are  the  hammer  stones,  rubbing  and  polishing  stones, 
pitted  stones,  mortars  and  pestles,  celts  and  axes. 

The  ornamental  stones  are  of  various  shapes,  some  of  them  simply  per- , 
forated  ;  the  so-called  gorgets  are  in  various  stages  of  manufacture,  and  tliere 
are  several  carvings  representing  human  heads.  A  few  pipes  cut  out  of  stone 
illustrate  the  Delaware  type  of  tobacco  pipe,  while  numerous  fragments  of 
pottery  show  that  they  were  also  made  of  clay.  Tlie  potsherds  exhibit  a  con- 
siderable variety  of  ornamentation,  principally  by  incised  lines,  thougli  many 
are  cord-marked,  and  others  have  impressed  designs.  There  are  also  two 
spear-heads  of  hammered  native  copper,  and  a  little  group  of  miscellaneous 
objects. 

Another  group  of  specimens,  not  included  in  the  enumeration  given  above, 
though  by  no  means  an  unimportant  part  of  the  exhibit,  are  tlie  chips  and  refuse 
material  of  an  Indian  workshop.  This  large  mass  of  material  was  obtained  from 
a  limited  area,  evidently  from  where  Indians  liad  worked  in  fashioning  various  im- 
plements. In  the  mass  are  thousands  of  chips  of  stones  of  various  kinds,  broken 
specimens,  failures,  hammer  stones,  and  nodules  of  jasper  still  un  wrought. 

The  collection  is  invaluable,  unique,  and  of  extreme  importance  to  all  who 
wish  to  study  the  stone  age  of  our  Atlantic  coast.  It  reflects  great  credit  upon 
the  industry  and  sharp-sightedness  of  the  collector,  and  its  arrangement  exhibits 
as  well  the  same  perspicacity  and  serious  method  that  is  a  marked  feature  of 
the  entire  Museum.  The  problem  of  the  exhibition  of  archaBological  objects, 
so  that  they  may  themselves  give  the  most  significant  and  instructive  les- 
sons, without  reflecting  transitory  theories,  has  found  an  excellent  solution  at 
Cambridge." 

The  arrangement  of  the  osteological  collection  has  continued, 
and  this  collection  is  gradually  being  brought  into  order  for  exhi- 
bition when  the  new  cases  in  the  upper  hall  are  ready.  In  this 
connection  it  should  be  stated  that,  as  each  skull  is  put  in  place, 
the  principal  measurements  are  taken,  so  as  to  arrange  it  in  the 
proper  subdivision  of  its  group.  The  discover}'  of  a  human  skull 
under  peculiar  conditions  in  the  peat  in  Northborough  in  this  State 
has  taken  Miss  Studley  from  the  arrangement  of  this  collection  for 
several  months,  as  it  led  to  an  extended  study  and  comparison  of 
other  crania  in  the  Museum,  in  order  to  determine  its  race  charac- 
ters. It  proves  to  be  that  of  an  Indian,  with  some  interesting  pe- 
culiarities, but  it  cannot  have  been  long  in  the  peat.  It  was  found 
by  members  of  the  Worcester  Society  of  Natural  History  while  ex- 
cavating for  mastodon  remains  found  under  the  same  layer  of  peat, 
but  it  is  evident  that  it  has  no  association  with  the  mastodon. 


494 


Miss  Smith,  who  for  seven  years  past  has  proved  an  invaluable 

assistant  in  the  Museum,  has  had  charge  of  the  catalogues  and  the 
librarj',  and  has  also  filled  the  position  of  special  assistant  and 
secretary-. 

Mr.  Carr  has  been  engaged  upon  his  historical  researches  in  re- 
lation to  the  Indians,  and  has  ever  been  read}'  to  give  voluntary 
aid  in  the  Museum  work. 

Mr.  Chick  has  continued  in  charge  of  the  Museum  building.  He 
has  assisted  in  caring  for  the  collections  received,  and  in  many 
ways  has  proved  an  earnest  assistant. 

During  the  past  year  Miss  Alice  E.  Putnam  has  been  regularly 
emploj'ed  in  -numbering  the  specimens,  as  this  labor  became  more 
than  Mr.  Chick  could  attend  to  with  his  other  duties. 

Miss  Fletcher  has  continued  her  studies  on  the  Omahas,  and  is 
now  engaged  in  preparing  the  general  sketch  of  their  histor}'  and 
customs,  to  which  I  referred  in  the  last  Report. 

Dr.  Abbott  and  Dr.  Metz  have  devoted  much  time  to  voluntary 
field-work  in  tlieir  respective  localities,  and  have  forwarded  many 
specimens  to  the  Museum. 

For  about  a  year  Mr.  W.  B.  Nickerson  has  been  engaged  as  a 
volunteer  assistant  in  field-work  for  the  Museum.  In  March,  1885, 
he  partlj'  explored  a  group  of  burial  mounds  in  the  Fox  River  val- 
ley, near  Elgin,  Illinois,  and  of  this  exploration  he  has  prepared  an 
interesting  report,  accompanied  by  sketches  showing  the  position 
of  mounds  in  the  valley.  Afterwards  he  was  associated  with  the 
work  in  Ohio,  and  prepared  a  map  of  a  portion  of  the  Little  Miami 
valle3\ 

Mr.  Kimball  has,  as  in  former  3-ears,  given  voluntary  assistance 
in  various  ways,  particularly  in  photographic  work.  He  has  accom- 
panied me  on  manj' archaeological  excursions,  during  which  his  skill 
as  an  amateur  photographer  has  proved  of  great  service. 

Although  our  means  have  not  allowed  of  any  extensive  explora- 
tions in  Central  America  during  the  past  3'ear,  Dr.  Fhnt  has  been 
on  the  watch  to  do  what  he  could  for  the  Museum,  and  has  for- 
warded another  block  of  tufa,  from  the  shore  of  Lake  Managua, 
containing  a  human  footprint.  He  lias  also  sent  several  interesting 
additions  to  the  collection  of  pottery  from  Nicaragua,  to  which 
references  have  been  made  in  previous  Reports.  It  is  unfortunate 
that  we  are  unable  at  present  to  take  still  further  advantage  of  Dr. 
Flint's  valuable  services  in  exploring  more  of  the  old  burial  places 


495 


in  Central  America,  where  so  much  could  still  be  obtained  of  im- 
portance to  American  archaeology. 

At  a  small  expense  for  hired  labor.  Dr.  H.  W.  Coe,  of  Mandan, 
Dakota,  acting  for  the  Museum,  has  thoroughly  explored  a  mound 
at  that  place,  and  has  obtained  information  of  interest  in  rela- 
tion to  its  structure  and  contents.  Very  little  has  hitherto  been 
known  about  the  mounds  in  the  Northwest,  and,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  this  exploration  by  Dr.  Coe  is  the  only  one  that  has  been 
conducted  in  a  proper  manner.  For  a  first  attempt  it  is  a  most 
creditable  piece  of  work.  An  account  of  this  exploration  will  be 
given  in  a  future  Report,  with  illustrations. 

During  the  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  at  Ann  Arbor,  in  August  last.  Captain  W.  L. 
CofSnberr}^  of  Grand  Rapids,  exhibited  a  number  of  objects  re- 
cently taken  from  a  mound  at  that  place.  Among  them  were  two 
large  masses  of  native  silver,  a  nugget  of  copper,  portions  of  a 
pipe  with  two  bowls,  a  beautiful  pipe  made  of  serpentine,  together 
with  several  ornaments  made  of  hammered  silver,  and  a  few  bone 
implements,  all  of  which  I  was  able  to  secure  by  paying  the  com- 
mercial value  of  the  silver.  As  these  are  the  only  specimens  of 
masses  of  native  silver  which  I  have  seen  from  a  mound,  it  was^ 
important  to  secure  them.  In  my  efforts  to  obtain  for  the  Museum 
several  other  things  found  in  the  mound,  I  have  been  seconded 
by  Captain  Cofiinberry  and  Mr.  Wetherb}'.  Unfortunately,  how- 
ever, "several  persons  were  present  at  the  time  of  the  accidental 
discovery  of  the  objects,  which  at  once  fell  into  different  hands, 
and  we  have  not  been  able  to  bring  all  the  specimens  together.  It 
is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  a  proper  spirit  of  scientific  research 
was  not  shown  at  the  time ;  but  Captain  CofSnberry  has  done  the 
best  he  could  under  the  adverse  circumstances,  and  has  prepared  an 
account  of  the  discover}^  and  made  a  map  of  the  group  of  mounds 
to  which  this  one  belonged,  which  will  be  given  in  the  next  Annual 
Report,  with  illustrations  of  all  the  specimen  i  we  ma}^  be  able  to 
obtain  from  this  interesting  deposit. 

It  had  long  been  my  desire  to  examine  some  of  the  hundreds  of 
mounds  which  are  seen  along  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  hence  it  was  with  pleasure  that,  in  company  with  Mr.  Kimball, 
I  accepted  the  invitation  of  Alfred  Stebbins,  Esq.,  of  Summer  Hill, 
Pike  Co.,  Illinois,  to  visit  him  for  an  exploring  expedition  along 
the  bluffs. 


496 


In  September  we  established  our  camp  amid  a  group  of  ten 
mounds,  on  the  bhiffs  belonging  to  Captain  J.  G.  Adams,  in  Atlas 
township.    The  largest  and  southernmost  of  this  group  had  not 
been  disturbed,  and  this  was  selected  for  exploration.  This  mound 
was  seven  feet  high,  forty-six  feet  in  diameter  from  north  to  south, 
and  forty-three  feet  from  east  to  west.    It  was  situated  upon  the 
very  edge  of  a  point  of  the  bluff,  and  of  late  years,  since  the  tim- 
ber was  cut,  it  has  been  considerably  washed,  so  that  its  height  is 
not  quite  as  great  as  when  it  was  first  erected.    More  than  one  half 
of  the  mound  was  carefully  examined,  section  by  section,  and  it 
was  found  to  be  a  simple  burial  mound,  composed  entirely  of  the 
light  soil  of  the  bluff.    The  character  of  the  soil  is  such  that  human 
bones  buried  in  it  would  probably  decay  in  a  few  centuries,  hence  it 
is  probable  that  this  mound  and  others  of  the  same  character  along 
the  bluff  were  made  by  recent  tribes  of  Indians.    The  partial  re- 
mains of  eighteen  skeletons  were  found,  at  irregular  intervals,  be- 
tween the  northern  edge  and  the  centre  of  the  mound.    In  some 
instances  the  bones  of  the  head  were  better  preserved  than  those  of 
the  body ;  in  otlier  cases  only  portions  of  the  long  bones  or  small 
fragments  of  various  parts  of  the  skeleton  were  found.    In  no  case 
was  there  anything  approaching  a  well-preserved  skeleton ;  and 
only  one  skull,  which  proved  to  be  dolichocephalic,  could  be  so  far 
restored  as  to  enable  us  to  take  its  principal  measurements.  Nearly 
all  the  bodies  were  buried,  probably,  in  slight  graves,  over  which 
the  mound  had  been  erected,  and  at  a  later  period  a  few  other  in- 
terments had  been  made  upon  its  sides.    In  a  few  instances,  the 
fragments  of  bones  remaining  seemed  to  indicate  burials  in  a  sitting 
posture,  or  else  secondary  interments,  but  the  bones  were  in  every 
case  too  fragmentary  to  enable  us  to  determine  this  point.    In  one 
case  on  the  western  side  of  the  mound,  the  bod.y  had  evidently  been 
partly  surrounded  by  thirteen  stones,  large  nodules  of  chert  and 
irregular  pieces  of  limestone,  from  one  to  two  feet  in  diameter.  At 
one  end  of  this  irregular  enclosure,  three  teeth  were  found,  and  four 
feet  eight  inches  from  them,  partly  under  one  of  the  stones,  were 
portions  of  a  femur.    Of  the  rest  of  the  skeleton  there  was  not  a 
trace.    Not  a  single  object  was  found  associated  with  the  remains 
of  either  of  these  bodies. 

Between  thirty  and  forty  small  pieces  of  rude  and  cord-marked 
pottery,  sixteen  flint  flakes,  one  piece  of  a  chipped  flint  implement, 
portions  of  about  twenty  very  much  decayed  shells  of  unios,  about 


497 


thirty  broken  pieces  of  animal  bones,  one  of  which  was  burnt,  and 
a  piece  of  decomposed  red  stone,  were  found  at  different  levels, 
from  the  bottom  to  near  the  surface  of  tlie  mound  ;  but  not  one  was 
so  situated  as  to  indicate  that  it  had  been  placed  with  a  body  at 
the  time  of  burial.  They  were  probably  all  mere  chance  deposits, 
made  during  the  erection  of  the  mound. 

We  also  made  partial  examinations  of  three  other  mounds  of 
this  group,  in  which  holes  had  been  dug,  probably  by  treasure  seek- 
ers, and  we  satisfied  ourselves  that  in  their  general  character  they 
were,  like  the  largest  of  the  group,  simple  burial  mounds.  In  the 
centre  one  a  large  hole  had  been  dug,  which  reached  nearly  to  the 
base.  This  we  excavated  about  a  foot  deeper,  and  found  portions 
of  a  human  skeleton,  which  was  not  so  much  decayed  as  were  those 
in  the  largest  mound,  and  near  it  several  potsherds,  a  few  flint 
flakes,  and  a  piece  of  a  chipped  stone  implement. 

In  another  of  the  group  we  found  human  bones,  potsherds,  flakes, 
and  two  quartz  crystals.  From  another,  one  of  the  lowest  of  the 
group,  we  obtained  a  flint  flake  and  a  broken  implement,  but  found 
no  sign  of  human  bones. 

It  was  evident  from  the  condition  of  the  bones  that  these  mounds 
were. not  all  made  at  the  same  time,  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
largest  one  is  by  far  the  oldest. 

In  a  ploughed  field  to  the  northwest  of  this  group,  we  found  many 
pieces  of  pottery  of  the  same  type  as  that  taken  from  the  mounds, 
and  also  small  arrow-points  made  of  the  white  flint  of  the  region, 
many  flint  flakes  and  nodules,  and  a  few  hammer  stones,  all  tending 
to  show  that  the  place  was  a  village  site,  and  that,  so  far  as  can  be 
determined  by  the  fragments  of  pottery,  it  was  probably  inhabited 
by  the  people  who  made  the  mounds. 

A  few  miles  farther  down  the  river,  on  bluffs  belonging  to  Mr. 
Lovell,  there  is  a  far  more  extensive  group  of  mounds  of  a  similar 
character  ;  but  nearly  all  had  been  more  or  less  dug  into,  and  frag- 
ments of  human  bones  which  had  been  thrown  out  were  lying  about 
on  the  surface. 

One  small  mound  of  this  group  had  not  been  disturbed,  and  this 
we  thoroughly  examined.  It  was  three  feet  high  and  twenty-four 
feet  in  diameter,  and  made  of  the  soil  of  the  bluff. 

On  the  northwestern  edge  of  the  mound  we  found  bones  belong- 
ing to  three  human  skeletons.  They  were  much  decayed,  but  it 
.  was  evident  that  the  bodies  had  been  buried  in  an  extended  posi- 

REPOKT  OF  PEABODT  MUSEUM,  III.  3^. 


498 


tion  in  graves  dug  after  the  mound  had  been  made.  One  skeleton, 
with  the  head  to  the  east,  was  only  two  feet  from  the  surface  of  the 
mound.  At  the  feet  of  this  were  portions  of  another  skeleton,  lying 
at  right  angles  to  tlie  first.  A  few  feet  west  of  these  bones,  and 
only  sixteen  inches  from  the  surface,  were  portions  of  a  third  skele- 
ton, l3  ing  with  the  feet  to  the  north  and  the  head  to  the  south.  In 
the  central  portion  of  the  mound,  in  a  space  five  feet  square  and 
covered  by  from  sixteen  to  twenty-four  inches  of  earth,  was  a  pile 
of  human  bones  belonging  to  at  least  seven  skeletons.  These  bones 
were  mixed  together  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  little  doubt  as  to 
their  having  been  placed  there  at  one  and  the  same  time.  There 
vrere  no  other  human  bones  in  or  under  the  mound,  and  it  is  evi- 
dent that  it  was  erected  over  and  about  this  central  pile  of  bones, 
and  that  the  three  skeletons  found  at  the  southern  edge,  which  is 
the  portion  nearest  the  edge  of  the  bluff",  were  the  remains  of  bodies 
buried  afterwards.  During  the  removal  of  all  the  earth  forming 
this  mound,  not  a  single  animal  bone,  clam  shell,  or  fragment  of 
pottery,  was  found.  Eight  flakes  of  flint  were  picked  up  here  and 
there  throughout  the  mound,  and  one  arrow-shaped  point,  chipped 
out  of  flint,  was  discovered  a  few  inches  from  the  surface,  on  the 
western  side. 

Forty  feet  west  of  this  mound  was  a  much  larger  one,  which  had 
been  dug  into  in  several  places.  Tliese  old  excavations  showed 
that  many  large  stones  had  been  placed  in  the  central  portion  of 
the  mound.  We  removed  several,  bnt  found  that  they  had  all 
been  pulled  over  within  a  few  years,  and  that  the  earth  had  re- 
cently been  disturbed  below  them.  We  also  made  a  few  excava- 
tions for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  how  far  the  stones  extended, 
and  found  that  there  had  evidently  been  several  piles  of  them,  the 
one  in  the  centre  being  the  largest.  A  fragment  of  pottery  and 
portions  of  four  skeletons,  which  some  digger  had  disturbed,  were 
found. 

Farther  down  the  river,  in  Calhoun  County,  and  along  the  bluflTs 
of  the  Illinois  River,  the  mounds  were  nearly  as  numerous  as  on 
the  Mississippi  bluffs  in  Pike  County.  Mr.  McAdams  has  exam- 
ined many  of  them.  Unfortunately,  there  has  been  no  account 
published  of  a  thorough  exploration  of  a  mound  in  that  region,  but 
judging  from  w^hat  I  know^  of  the  numerous  interesting  objects  found 
by  Mr.  McAdams  (for  some  of  which  he  has  made  an  exchange 
with  the  Museum),  the  mounds  on  the  Illinois  bluffs  were  not  made 


499 


by  the  same  people  who  built  those  on  the  Mississippi  bluffs  in 
Pike  County.  In  the  latter,  few  if  any  objects  of  an  imperishable 
character  were  placed  with  the  dead.^  In  the  former  have  been 
found  potter}^  of  an  exceptionally  fine  character ;  elaborate  orna- 
ments of  shell,  stone,  and  copper ;  pearl,  shell,  and  copper  beads  ; 
and  implements  made  of  bone,  stone,  and  copper.  From  all  I  can 
learn  of  the  burial  mounds  of  the  Illinois  bluffs,  they  resemble  in 
contents,  size,  and  structure  the  simple  burial  mounds  of  the  Ohio 
valley,  while  those  on  the  Mississippi  bluffs  have  nothing  in  common 
with  them  except  that  they  are  burial  mounds. 

On  the  side  of  a  bluft'  facing  the  Mississippi  in  Calhoun  County, 
we  discovered  in  a  ploughed  field  an  extensive  village  site,  where 
we  found  many  potsherds,  hammer  stones,  nodules,  flakes,  and 
broken  flint  implements,  and  several  perfect  implements  chipped 
from  flint.  The  potsherds  were  like  those  from  the  Pike  County 
mounds,  and  it  is  probable  that  one  tribe,  or  a  group  of  tribes 
closely  allied,  long  held  this  portion  of  the  Mississippi  valley. 

During  our  trip  of  about  forty  miles  down  the  valley,  from  Sum- 
mer Hill,  crossing  to  Hardin,  on  the  Illinois,  we  found  implements 
chipped  from  white  flint,  and  obtained  others  from  "boys  who  had 
picked  them  up  on  old  village  sites.  We  also  saw  the  white  flint 
in  place  in  several  of  the  ledges.  The  rarity  of  grooved  stone 
axes  and  stone  celts  was  very  marked,  until  we  reached  the  Illi- 
nois River,  where  these  implements  were  common,  and  where  the 
greater  variety  of  objects  made  of  stone  was  noticeable,  the  Ohio 
valley  forms  being  prevalent.  Many  of  the  chipped  flints  are  of 
forms  unlike  any  I  have  seen  from  other  regions,  and  exhibit  a 
remarkable  skill  on  the  part  of  their  makers.  All  such,  however, 
were  surface  finds,  and  of  course  it  is  impossible  to  assign  them 
to  any  particular  time  or  group  of  people  until  similar  forms  are 
found  with  human  remains. 

The  explorations  in  the  Little  Miami  valley  in  Ohio  have  been 
carried  on  during  the  year  as  far  as  was  possible  with  the  ver}^ 
limited  amount  of  money  that  could  be  spared  for  the  work ;  and 
had  it  not  been  for  the  disinterested  labors  of  Dr.  Metz,  they  would 
of  necessity  have  been  entirely  suspended.  During  the  year  he  has 
personally  superintended  the  exploration  of  several  small  mounds 

1  Our  experience  was  supplemented  by  inquiries  made  of  residents  in  the 
vicinity,  who  stated  that  bones  were  about  all  that  had  been  found  in  th^ 
mounds,  and  that  some  of  the  mounds  were  full  of  them. 


500 


and  a  portion  of  a  lai^e  cemeteiy.  The  latter  bas  proved  of  great 
interest,  and  from  it  man}-  tbonsand  specimens  have  been  obtained, 
and  also  many  skeletons.  This  cemetery  is  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river  from  the  one  so  often  referred  to  as  the  ancient  cemetery 
near  Madisonville,  but  it  has  much  in  common  with  it.  For  the 
first  time  the  large  pipes  cut  in  stone  in  the  form  of  human  figures 
have  been  found  associated  with  skeletons.  This  is  an  important 
discovery,  as  heretofore  such  pipes  have  only  been  known  from 
surface  finds,  although  the\'  have  been  attributed  to  the  people  who 
made  the  mouuds  in  the  Ohio  vaUey.  Xow  we  know  that  they  be- 
longed to  a  people  who  buried  in  regular  and  large  cemeteries, 
where  the  bodies  were  generall}-  placed  in  extended  postures,  "^e 
also  have  obtained  facts  indicating  burial  ceremonies,  which,  with 
the  man}-  objects  found  associated  with  the  human  remains,  will 
permit  us  to  draw  a  fair  picture  of  the  arts  and  customs  of  this 
particular  people,  who  need  no  longer  be  confounded  with  those 
who  built  the  altar  mounds,  stratified  mounds,  and  large  earth- 
works in  the  valley.  The  specimens  obtained  from  these  explora- 
tions are  at  the  Museum,  and  fill  several  hundred  drawers :  but,  as 
they  are  not  yet  entii'ely  its  property,  they  have  not  been  cata- 
logued, and  therefore  cannot  be  included  in  our  additions  for  the 
year."  Had  that  been  possible,  our  list  of  additions  would  have 
been  about  as  large  as  duiing  the  preceding  year,  instead  of  con- 
siderably under  it,  though  as  it  is  it  reaches  1.258  entries  in  the 
catalogue,  and  coA'ers  more  than  5,500  specimens. 

It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  the  Museum  is  hampered  in  this 
most  important  exploration  by  the  lack  of  a  few  thousand  dollars. 
The  SYstem  of  field-work  we  have  inaugurated  has  already  yielded 
facts  of  great  importance  to  American  archaeology,  and  has  demon- 
strated the  value  of  special  explorations  cartied  on  in  particular 
regions  in  a  systematic  mauner.  Indeed,  the  results  attained  are 
freely  acknowledged  by  promiLient  archaeologists  to  be  most  impor- 
tant contiibutions  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Ohio  valley,  and  they 
have  shown  conclusively  that  it  is  only  from  such  work  that  the 
information  can  be  derived  which  will  enable  students  to  draw  cor- 
rect and  far-reaching  deductions.  What  has  been  done  in  this 
respect  has  shown  what  should  be  done,  and  that  at  once.  Yet  we 
are  unable  to  go  on  with  this  work  simply  for  the  want  of  two  or 
three  thousand  dollars  a  year ;  and  this,  too.  when  so  many  thou- 
sands are  annually  expended  for  explorations  in  other  countries. 


501 


We  have  in  this  country  the  conclusive  evidence  of  the  existence 
of  man  before  the  time  of  the  glaciers,  and  from  the  primitive  con- 
ditions of  that  time  he  has  lived  here  and  developed,  through  stages 
which  correspond  in  many  particulars  to  the  Homeric  age  of  Greece. 
Yet  how  few  persons  appreciate  the  importance  of  a  study  of  pre- 
historic man  in  America,  in  order  to  understand  the  things  for  which 
explanations  have  been  sought  in  vain  in  classic  lands  !  The  op- 
portunity is  now  before  us  to  explore  our  own  countr}^,  to  ascertain 
what  races  have  occupied  America  in  the  past,  to  trace  their  mi- 
grations over  the  whole  continent,  to  ascertain  the  lines  of  develop- 
ment of  the  great  nations  of  Peru  and  Mexico,  to*  determine  the 
connections  of  our  present  Indian  tribes  with  peoples  of  the  past, 
to  trace  man  hack  to  his  origin,  and  ascertain  the  way  b}^  which 
America  was  peopled.  These  problems  are  certainly  worthy  of 
solution.  Will  not  aid  be  given  this  Museum,  which  was  founded 
for  this  special  object,  so  that  it  may  go  on  with  its  labors,  since  it 
has  shown  that  it  is  capable  of  performing  them  ? 

If  a  fund  sufficient  to  yield  a  few  thousand  dollars  a  year  cannot 
be  obtained,  should  we  not  at  least  endeavor  to  secure  a  number 
of  subscriptions  which  would  give  that  amount  annually  for  the 
next  five  years,  so  that  we  may  proceed  with  the  work  before  it  is 
too  late? 

Respectfu%  submitted, 

F.  W.  PUTNAM, 

Curator  of  the  Museum. 

Cambridge,  April  9, 1886. 


LIST  OF  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM  AND  LIBRAEY  FOR  THE 

YEAR  1885. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM. 

87591.  Cinerary  urn  from  tlie  Pyoo  tribe  of  the  Prome  district,  India. 
Presented  by  Mr.  D.  A.  W.  Smith. 

37592—37775.  Human  crania,  wooden  dish,  wooden  pick,  grass  broom, 
shell  fish  hooks,  fish  lines,  and  sheets  and  samples  of  Kappa  cloth  with 
the  pounders  used  in  making  it,  from  the  island  of  Hawaii.  Stone  imple- 
ments including  adzes,  sinkers,  poi  pestles,  mortar,  carved  stone  hammer, 
maika  stones;  wooden  dish  and  bowls,  carrying  sticks,  wooden  tobacco 
pipe,  club  and  portion  of  a  spear ;  water  bottles  and  other  vessels  made 
of  calabash-gourds ;  gourd  and  cocoanut  rattles ;  vessels  and  tobacco  hold- 
ers made  of  cocoanuts;  ava  dishes,  kappa  cloth,  mats,  rope  and  twine, 
calabash  holders  of  cord,  netting  and  implements  for  making  it,  braided 
palm  leaf,  palm  leaf  pillow,  basket,  model  of  a  house,  musical  instru- 
ments; necklaces  of  shells  and  nuts,  and  ornaments  of  seeds,  feathers, 
shells,  ivory  and  human  hair,  from  the  island  of  Oahu.  Strings  of  wooden 
and  shell  disks,  from  the  Kingsmill  Islands.  Stone  implements  including 
points,  knives,  drills,  hammers,  mortar,  metate  and  grinder,  obsidian 
arrowpoints ;  wooden  ladle,  rawhide  tobacco  pouch,  turquoise  ornaments, 
ornaments  of  shell  and  glass  beads,  marine  shell,  copper  vessels,  soap- 
root  basket,  earthen  jars  and  bowls,  some  of  them  with  painted  decora- 
tion, from  various  pueblos,  ruined  and  inhabited  in  New  Mexico.  Mortars 
and  pestles  of  stone  from  graves  in  the  Navajo  mountains,  New  Mexico. 
Water  jars  of  basket  work  from  the  Apache  tribe.  Earthen  vessels  and 
potsherds,  samples  of  adobe,  bones  and  bone  implement,  fragments  of 
metates,  grinding  and  polishing  stones,  paddle  and  spindle  whorl  of  wood, 
and  corn  stalk  and  cobs,  from  Cliflf  Dwellings  in  Walnut  Canon,  Arizona. 
—Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Alexander  Agassiz. 

37776—37777.  Gum  stick,  and  rings  and  poles  for  playing  a  game,  from 
the  Omaha  tribe.— Collected  and  presented  by  Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher. 

37778—37791.  Human  figure  and  heads  of  clay,  stamp  and  spindle 
whorls  in  pottery,  earthen  toy  pitcher,  purse  and  hair  brush  of  agave 
fibre,  iron  finger  ring,  silver  ornament  representing  a  horse,  and  various 
symbolic  religious  objects,  from  different  parts  of  Mexico.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Captain  Nathan  Appleton. 

37792—37804.  Human  figure  and  heads  in  pottery,  and  earthen  spindle 
whorl  found  near  the  city  of  Mexico.  Amethyst  ornament ;  pumice  stone, 
and  potsherds  from  the  ruined  pueblo  of  Cliapillo.    Maize  bread  from 

(503) 


504 


the  pueblo  of  San  Ildefonso.  Smoofhing  stone  from  the  cave  dwelling  of 
Pajarito,  New  Mexico. — Collected  and  presented  by  Eev.  Horatio  P.  Ladd. 

37805—37908.  Stone  implements ;  flint  flakes ;  baskets ;  corn  for  cere- 
monial use ;  coal  and  cinder ;  red  pigment ;  perforated  shells ;  earthen  pen- 
dant, and  many  fragments  of  pottery,  from  ancient  and  modern  Pueblos 
m  New  Mexico.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  Jeremiah  Sullivan. 

37909—37911.  Beads  of  shell  and  stone,  and  turquoise  pendant  and 
beads  from  a  cave  in  Colorado  on  the  river  Colorado  Chiquito. — Presented 
by  Captain  John  G.  Bourke. 

37912—37917.  Portions  of  a  whistle,  of  a  pipe  (?)  and  of  two  figures, 
Fjl  in  terra  cotta;  stone  beads  and  handle  of  an  earthen  jar,  from  Tampico, 
Mexico  and  vicinity.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Whorf. 

37918—37923.  Portions  of  four  human  skeletons,  human  hair,  and 
chipped  stone  point  from  graves  on  Watson's  hill,  Plymouth,  Mass.— Col- 
lected by  Eev.  F.  N.  Knapp  and  Messrs.  John  M.  Cobb  and  John  Cone 
Kimball  and  presented  by  Mr.  John  M.  Cobb. 

37924^37941.  Human  cranium,  fragment  of  another  and  long  bones, 
potsherds  and  chipped  stone  implements,  from  the  bank  of  the  Connec- 
ticut river  in  Longmeadow  and  Agawam,  Mass. — Collected  and  presented 
by  Mr.  B.  W.  Lord. 

37942—37943.  Cut  stone  and  smoothing  stone  found  beneath  the  stump 
of  a  large  tree  inMiddleboro,  Mass. — Presented  by  Col.  Theodore  Lyman. 

37944 — 37496.  Oyster  shells;  animal  bone,  and  hammerstone,  from  an 
ancient  shellheap  in  Cambridge  Cemetery.— Collected  by  Mr.  Charles  S. 
Childs  and  presented  by  Dr.  S.  W.  Driver. 

37947—37948.  Potsherds  and  stone  arrow-points  from  a  shellheap  in 
Kingston,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  Hiram  H.  Burns. 

37949—37952,  Eude  stone  implements  found  near  Mt.  Kineo  House, 
MooseheadLake,  Me.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  P.  A.  Dennen. 

37953—38035.  Portion  of  the  skeleton  of  a  child,  bone  implements  and 
points,  flakes  and  various  implements  of  stone,  carved  and  chipped  stones, 
piece  of  copper  chaiu,  portion  of  a  large  jar  and  fragments  of  pottery, 
animal  bones,  Unio  shells,  wood;  charcoal,  burnt  corn-cobs,  and  samples 
of  burnt  earth  and  stones,  from  a  mound  in  Mandan,  Dakota ;  a  human  under 
jaw  from  an  adjacent  mound. — Explorations  conducted  for  the  Museum  by 
Dr.  Henry  W.  Coe. 

3803G— 38146.  Points  of  quartz  and  jasper,  and  points  and  other  im- 
plements of  argillite,  from  a  stony  field  which  rests  on  tertiary  gravel  and 
was  dry  land  during  the  deposition  of  much  of  the  Trenton  gravel,  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.  Fragments  of  clay  pipes;  stone  ornaments,  one  untinished, 
one  broken;  half  of  a  boat-shaped  stone;  fragment  of  a  stone-tablet ; 
chipped  and  split  stones  and  stone  implements,  including  grooved  axes, 
celt,  pestles,  hammers,  rubbing  and  smoothing  stones,  knife,  scrapers, 
sinkers,  drills  and  points  of  quartz,  jasper  and  argilUte  from  Trenton, 
]s^.  J. — Collected  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

38147.  Carved  piece  of  slate  from  Trenton,  N.  J,— Collected  by  Mr. 
J.  A.  Daulgren  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 


505 


88148.  Carved  stone  from  a  shellheap  in  New  Haven,  Conn.— Collected 
by  Mr.  Horace  Burritt  and  presented  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott. 

38149 — 38150.  Small  earthen  stamp  delineating  a  human  head,  and  por- 
tion of  a  human  figure  in  terra-cotta,  from  San  Juan  de  Teotihuacan, 
Mexico. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall  Pinart. 

38 1 51.  Perforated  piece  of  glass  found  fifteen  feet  below  the  surface  in 
New  Berlin,  O. — Presented  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Eaton.  ' 

38152.  Steatite  pipe  broken  in  process  of  manufacture,  from  near  Eort 
Tejon,  Cal. — Collected  and  presented  by  Professor  Jules  Marcou. 

38153.  Carving  in  pynophyllite,  one  of  a  large  number  of  fraudulent 
specimens  from  North  Carolina. — Presented  by  Mr.  John  H.  Goodale. 

38154.  Oyster  shells  and  bone  from  a  shellheap  in  Cambridge  Ceme- 
tery.— Collected  by  Mr.  Charles  S.  Childs  and  presented  by  Dr.  S.  W. 
Driver. 

38155  —  38163.  Chalcedony  arrowhead  and  stone  scrapers  from  various 
points  in  Dakota. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Lewis. 

38164  —  38173.  Fragments  of  human  bones  and  of  a  deer  bone,  nod- 
ules and  flakes  of  flint,  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  a  small  shellheap 
on  the  Chesapeake  river,  near  Cambridge,  Md.  — Collected  and  presented 
by  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock. 

38174  —  38183.  Imprint  of  a  foot,  probably  in  a  sandal,  from  the  tufa, 
and  fossil  leaf  from  the  deposit  overlying  this  and  the  other  human  foot- 
prints (33312  —  33315),  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Managua,  Nicaragua.  Or- 
nament belonging  to  a  large  jar  from  a  burial  mound,  two  small  clay 
images  representing  women,  fragment  of  a  large  jar  and  feet  of  tripods 
from  various  points  in  the  vicinity  of  Rivas,  Nicaragua. —Explorations 
conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Dr.  Earl  Flint. 

38184.  Iron  implement  from  China.— Collected  by  Mr.  George  Frazar 
and  presented  by  Mr.  George  B.  Frazar. 

38180  —  38223.  Chipped  stones,  stone  flakes,  pitted  and  polished 
stones  and  stone  implements,  consisting  of  points,  hammers,  drill,  hoe, 
and  brokt^n  pestle  from  different  points  in  Kingston,  Watertown,  Wal- 
tham,  Arlington  and  Medford,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
George  B.  Frazar. 

38224.  Celt  of  nephrite  from  New  Zealand. — Presented  by  Harvard 
College  Mineralogical  Museum. 

38225.  Human  cranium  with  a  perforation  in  the  sagittal  cutiirc,  from 
a  mound  on  the  river  Rouge,  Mich.— Presented  by  Dr.  Bela  Hubbard. 

38226  —  38232.  Fragment  of  bone  implement,  broken  jasper  arrow- 
point,  fragments  of  worked  stone,  and  knife,  flake  and  scrapers  of  flint, 
from  a  mound  near  Paint  creek,  five  miles  from  Lindsborg,  Kansas. — 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Udden. 

38233  —  38257.  Canine  skull  and  bones,  cut  animal  bone,  chipped 
stones,  spherical  stone,  pieces  of  wood  and  bark,  from  mounds  on  Fox 
river,  Elgin  township,  111.,  and  samples  of  the  several  strata  composing 
them;  stones,  flint  chips,  hair,  broken  animal  bones,  fragments  of  an 


506 


earthen  jar,  charcoal  and  samples  of  soil,  from  artificial  pits  in  Elgin, 
111. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Nickekson. 

38258  —  38289.  Chipped  stones  and  flakes,  chipped  pieces  of  jasper, 
quartz  and  slate,  rude  chipped  implements,  sickle-shaped  flake  of  slate, 
slate  implements,  hammerstone,  drill,  point  and  knife  of  stone,  and  frag- 
ment of  steatite  pot,  from  Arlington,  Mass. — Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  George  B.  Frazar. 

88290  —  38300.  Fragments  of  soapstone  pots,  pieces  of  soapstone, 
one  of  them  worked,  rude  stone  implements  used  in  making  the  pots  and 
pieces  of  quartz,  some  of  them  chipped  from  an  ancient,  steatite  quarry  on 
Scanell  hill,  Millbury,  Mass. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  B. 
Nickekson. 

38301  —  38302.  Fraudulent  dishes  made  of  soapstone  from  the  quarry 
at  Millbury,  Mass. — Presented  by  Mr.  Richard  O'Flynn. 

38303  —  38335.  Bow  with  string  of  sinew,  and  arrows  with  barbed 
wooden  points,  made  by  Uruguay  Indians ;  cups  made  of  gourds, 
and  tubes,  one  made  of  a  gourd  and  one  of  silver,  used  for  drinking  mate, 
from  Montevideo ;  Uruguay  earthen  whistle  representing  a  dog,  and  palm 
leaf  fire  fan  from  Guayaquil,  Ecuador ;  model  of  catamaran  from  Maranham, 
,  and  palm  leaf  fire  fan  from  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil ;  finger  ring  and  orna- 
ment of  silver  made  by  the  Araucanians;  silver  crucifix  and  apostle 
spoon,  ear  ornaments  and  pendant  of  silver,  from  Santiago,  Chili;  silver 
mounted  gourd  to  hold  cocoa  leaves  and  lime  for  chewing,  silver  bird, 
ivory  stiletto,  necklace  of  seeds  and  charms,  and  another  of  seeds  and 
feathers,  bronze  knife,  and  bronze  face  in  profile,  made  by  the  Indians, 
from  Lima,  Peru;  copper  and  silver  South  American  coins;  carved  '-scep- 
tre" with  stone  head,  pointed  sticks  variously  ornamented,  braided  sling, 
and  the  eyes  of  a  cuttle-fish,  from  ancient  graves  in  Peru.-  Collected  and 
presented  by  Capt.  Nathan  Appleton. 

38336  —  38341.  Skull  with  the  under  jaw  and  other  human  bones 
from  an  ancient  Guanche  cemetery  on  the  Island  of  Grand  Canary ;  gum 
of  the  chazon-tree  used  in  embalming,  and  the  sweepings  of  a  Guanche 
mummy  cave  on  the  same  island. — Collected  and  presented  by  Miss  Julia 
P.  Dabney. 

32342.  Natural  flakes  of  stone  from  Newport  mountain,  Mt.  Desert, 
Me. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Lucien  Carr. 

38343 — 38344.  Chipped  stone  point  and  drill  from  Brookflekl,  Mass. — 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Williajni  Cooley. 

38345 — 38350.  Chipped  stone  points  and  flakes  from  Barnstable  and 
Mashpee,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Francis  C.  Lowell. 

38351 — 383G6.  Chipped  points  of  quartz,  chipped  stones  and  flakes 
and  chipped  stone  points,  from  various  parts  of  the  island  of  Nantucket. 
—Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  D.  F.  Lincoln. 

383G7— 38375.  Half  of  a  hematite  celt  from  the  surface,  Anderson  town- 
ship, Ohio;  stone  chips  and  chipped  stone  points  from  the  surface,  New- 
ton, Ohio. — Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Nickerson. 


607 


38376—38377.  Chipped  stone  knife,  pebble,  and  fossil  oyster  shell 
from  a  shellheap  on  Horse  creek,  Volusia  county,  Fla.— Presented  by  Dr. 
C.  L.  Metz. 

88378.  Stone  with  two  cavities  probably  natural,  from  Pine  lake,  Wis. 
—Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Hinckley. 

38379—38381.  Perforated  stone  tablet,  point  and  knife  of  stone  found 
near  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  David  Depue. 

38382—38384.  Chipped  stone  point  from  Black  Horn  mountain,  Colfax 
county.  New  Mexico ;  chipped  stone  point  from  Bergen  county,  N.  J. ; 
chipped  quartz  point  from  a  muck  deposit,  three  miles  southeast  from 
Eidgewood,  Bergen  county,  N.  J.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
Fuller. 

38385—38388.  Hammerstone,  flint  chips,  potsherds  arid  animal  bones, 
from  Indian  village  sites  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  Evanston,  111.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Messrs.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  John  Cone 
Kimball. 

38389.  Long  flint  point  from  Hardin,  Calhoun  county,  HI.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  F.  L.  Marion. 

38390.  Long  flint  point  from  Hardin,  Calhoun  county,  HI.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  W.  W.  Pulliam. 

38391—38393.  Discoidal  stone,  small  stone  axe,  and  large  flint  point 
from  Hardin,  Calhoun  county,  111.— Collected  and  presented  by  James 
McNabb. 

38394—38400.  Broken  flint  hoe  and  chipped  flint  points  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi bottom.  Atlas  township,  Pike  county,  111.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Alvah  S.  Warren. 

38400—38409.  Stone  arrowpoints,  oval  chipped  stone  implement,  and 
long  flint  points  from  Atlas  township,  Pike  co.,  111.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Miss  Ina  Petty. 

38410—38419.  Chipped  perforator  and  points  of  flint  from  Martinsburg 
township,  Pike  Co.,  111.— Collected  and  presented  by  Messrs.  Frank  and 
G.  Herbert  Grabael. 

38420—38421.  Potsherds  and  worked  antler  points  from  a  refuse  heap 
on  the  blufi;  Atlas  township.  Pike  co.,  111.— Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  Alfred  Stebbins. 

38422—38683.  Knives  and  points  of  flint,  various  broken  and  unfinished 
flint  Implements,  flint  chips  and  flakes,  worked  piece  of  hematite,  and 
potsherds,  from  a  village  site  on  the  Mississippi  blufi",  and  grooved  stone 
axe,  flint  drill  and  knives  and  points  of  flint,  from  other  parts  of  Calhoun 
county.  111. ;  natural  and  chipped  pieces  of  flint,  flint  flakes  and  implements, 
including  knives  of  many  forms,  arrowpoints,  drills  and  oval  implements, 
and  potsherds,  from  the  surface.  Atlas  township.  Pike  co.,  111. ;  portions 
of  several  human  crania,  and  other  portions  of  several  skeletons,  pot- 
sherds, and  flint  points  and  flakes,  from  mounds  on  the  Mississippi  bluff 
on  Mr.  Lovell's  farm.  Atlas  township,  Pike  co.,  111.;  portions  of  crania 
and  bones  of  several  skeletons,  fragments  of  a  child's  skeleton,  leg  bones 
of  a  deer,  fragments  of  Unio  shells,  burnt  bones,  potsherds,  quartz  crys- 
tals, flint  flakes  and  broken  implements,  from  a  group  of  mounds  on  the 


508 


Mississippi  bluflE"  on  land  of  Capt.  J.  G.  Adams,  Atlas  township,  Pike  cc, 
111. ;  flint  flakes,  potsherds,  and  seeds  from  a  mound  on  the  Mississippi 
bottom,  Atlas  township,  Pike  co..  111. — Exploration  conducted  for  the 
Museum  by  Messrs.  P.  W.  Putna:m,  John  Cone  Kimball  and  Eben 
Putnam. 

38684.  War-club  with  a  grooved  stone  head  and  raw-hide  handle,  from 
the  Sioux  Indians. — Presented  by  Mrs.  Erminnie  A.  Smith. 

38685—38808.  Bird,  flsh  and  mammal  bones,  some  split  and  broken ; 
cut  pieces  of  bone  and  antler,  cut  beaver's  teeth,  chipped  stones,  chipped 
stone  points  and  scrapers,  charcoal,  shells,  and  potsherds,  from  a  shell- 
heap  on  Keene's  Neck,  Muscongus  Sound,  Bremen,  Me.  Cut  pieces  of 
antler,  bone  points,  stone  arrow-points,  potsherds,  shells,  and  split  and 
broken  animal  bones,  from  a  clam  shellheap  on  Fort  Island,  Damariscotta 
river,  Me.  Animal  bones,  shells,  charcoal,  potsherds,  points  of  bone  and 
stone,  worked  bones,  clay  pipe  stems  of  European  manufacture,  and  a 
fragment  of  bottle  glass,  from  a  shellheap  on  Hog  Island,  Bremen,  Me. 
Animal  bones,  charcoal,  shells  (Ostrea,  Mya,  Venus,  Natica)  potsherds, 
stone  chips  and  flakes,  and  bone  points  and  needle,  from  shellheaps  at 
Damariscotta,  Me.  Oyster,  quahaug  and  Helix  shells,  animal  bones,  stone 
flakes  and  chipped  implements  and  potsherds,  from  shellheaps  at  Newcas- 
tle, Me.— Explorations  conducted  for  the  Museum  by  Miss  C.  A.  Studley 
with  the  assistance  of  Miss  Margarette  W.  Brooks,  Miss  Edith  B. 
Morse,  Mr.  A.  I.  Phelps,  and  Mr.  James  E.  Knowlton. 

38809 — 38831.  Fragments  of  a  human  femur,  tooth  of  a  moose,  pot- 
sherds and  chipped  stone  points  and  scrapers,  from  a  clam  shellheap  on 
Long  Island,  Friendship,  Me.  Potsherds  from  a  shellheap  in  Newcastle, 
Me.  Bone  points,  some  with  barbs,  cut  tooth  of  a  beaver,  and  tooth  of  a 
moose,  from  a  clam  shellheap  in  Cushing,  Me.  Chipped  stone  point  from 
the  east  side  of  Damariscotta  Bay,  Maine. — Collected  and  presented  by 
Mr.  Jajnies  E.  Knowlton. 

38832 — 3884:0.  Portions  of  human  skeleton,  perforated  bone  imple- 
ments, cut  bears'  teeth,  figure  of  a  beetle  carved  from  antler,  portion  of 
an  animal-shaped  double  pipe  of  steatite,  pipe  of  serpentine,  nuggets  of 
native  copper  and  silver,  and  silver  bands  for  ornaments,  from  a  mound  in 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich. — Collected  by  Capt.  W.  L.  Coffinberry  and  the 
workmen  of  Mr.  F.  H.  Weatherby  and  others,  and  obtained  by  presenta- 
tion from  Capt.  W.  L.  Coffin  berry,  Mr.  John  T.  Strahan  and  Mr.  F. 
H.  Weatherby,  and  by  purchase. 

Additions  to  the  Library. 

Dr.  A.  Agassiz,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Report  and  one  number  Bulletin  of 
3Iuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 
Dr.  Pdchard  Andree,  Leipzig,  Germany.    Two  pamphlets. 
Jliss  Franc  E.  Babbitt,  Little  Falls,  Minn.  Pamphlet. 
Dr.  J.  J.  Bachofen,  Basel,  Switzerland.    One  volume. 
Prof.  V.  Ball,  Dublin,  Ireland.    Two  pamphlets. 
Dr.  G.  Barroeta,  SanCiULa  Pot  osi,  Mexico.  lamphlet. 


509 


M.  le  Baron  de  Baye,  Baye,  Marne,  France.   Two  pamphlets. 

Berlin,  Germany,  Koniglichen  Museum.    Three  pamphlets. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Blake,  Mexico,  Mexico.  Pamphlet. 

M.  le  Prince  Moland  Bonaparte,  Paris,  Prance.  Pamphlet. 

Boston,  Mass.,  Arch^ological  Institute  of  America.  Beport. 

Boston,  Mass.,  Museum  of  Pine  Arts.  Report. 

Dr.  A.  Brezina,  Wien,  Austria.  Pamphlet. 

Daniel  G.  Brinton,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Two  volumes,  eight  pam- 
phlets. 

Brooklyn,  N.  T. ,  Brooklyn  Library.  Eeport. 

Brookville,  Ind.,  Brookville  Society  Natural  History.  Bulletin. 

Mr.  D.  B.  Brunner,  Reading,  Penn.    One  volume. 

Brussels,  Belgium,  Societe  d' Anthropologic  de  Bruxelles.  Bulletin. 

Mr.  A,  W.  Butler,  Brookville,  Ind.  Pamphlet. 

Cambridge,  England,  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society.  Pamplilets. 

Cambridge,  3f«ss.,  Harvard  College  Library.    Three  numbers  Bulletin. 

M.  Emile  Cartailhac,  Toulouse,  Prance.  Twelve  numbers  Materiaux 
pour  r  histoire  primitive  et  naturelle  de  I'homme. 

Col.  Theo.  S.  Case,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  Seven  numbers  Kansas  City  Review. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Cincinnati  Museum,  Association.  Report. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Cincinnati  Society  Natural  History.  Four  numbers 
Journal. 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society.  Six  numbers 
Tracts. 

Mr.  John  Collett,  Indianapolis,  Ind.    One  volume. 
Mr.  G.  JS.  Conover,  Geneva,  N.  Y.    Two  pamphlets. 
Constantine,  Algeria,  Societe  Archgologique  du  department  de  Constan- 
tine.   One  volume  Recueil  des  notices  et  memoires. 
Prof.  G.  H.  Cook,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  Atlas. 
Brig.  Gen.  George  Crook,  Fort  Bowie,  Arizona.  Pamphlet. 
Dr.  J.  Daniell,  Florence,  Italy.  Pamphlet. 
Danvers,  Mass.,  Peabody  Institute.  Report. 

Davenport,  Iowa,  Davenport  Academy  Natural  Sciences.  Pamphlet. 
Denver,  Colorado,  Colorado  Scientific  Society.  One  volume  Proceedings. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Des  Moines  Academy  of  Science.    One  number  Bul- 
letin. 

Bev.  J.  Owen  Dorsey,  Washington,  D.  C.    One  volume,  one  pamphlet. 
Mr.  A.  E.  Douglass,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 

Dumfries,  Scotland,  Dumfriesshire  and  Galloway  Scientific  Natural  His- 
tory and  Antiquarian  Society.    One  number  Transactions. 

Mr.  Arthur  Feddersen,  Copenhagen,  Denmark.  Pamphlet. 

Miss  A.  C.  Fletcher,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Ten  pamphlets. 

Florence,  Italy,  Societa  Italiana  di  Antropologia,  etnologia  e  Psicologia 
comparata.    Three  numbers  Archivio. 

Prof.  W.  H.  Flower,  London,  England.  Pamphlet. 

J.  G.  Garson,  M.  D.,  London,  Eng.    Two  pamphlets. 

Dr.  A.  JS.  Gatschet,  Washington,  D.  C.   Two  pamphlets. 


510 


Dr.  Asa  Gray,  Cambridge,  Mass.    One  volume. 

Dr.  S.  A.  Green,  Boston,  Mass.    One  volume. 

Mr.  B.  P.  Greg,  Coles,  Buntingford,  Eng.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  Horatio  Bale,  Clinton,  Ontario,  Canada.    Two  pamphlets. 

Dr.  E.  T.  Hamy,  Paris,  France.    One  volume. 

Mr.  H.  W'  lienshaw,  Washington,  D.  C.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  H.  A.  Homes,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 

Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Alterthiimsgesellschaft  Prussia.  Keport,  one  pam- 
phlet. 

Leipzig,  Germany,  Museum  fiir  Volkerkunde  in  Leipzig.  Eeport. 
Frof.  H.  Carvill  Lewis,  Germantown,  Pa.    Two  pamphlets. 
Mr.  T.  H.  Lewis,  Harrisburg,  Ark.  Pamphlet. 

Liverpool,  England,  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Liverpool. 
One  number  Proceedings. 

London,  England,  Anthropological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land.  Four  numbers  Journal. 

Miss  Annie  Loomis,  Keytesville,  Mo.    Six  pamphlets. 

Lyons,  France,  Society  d'  Anthropologic  de  Lyon.  Two  volumes  Bul- 
letin. 

Bev.  J.  F.  MacLean,  Hamilton,  0.    Two  pamphlets. 

Madison,  Wis.,  Natural  History  Society.    One  number  Proceedings. 

Frof.  0.  T.  Mason,  Washmgton,  D.  C.    Fifteen  pamphlets. 

Frof.  A.  C.  Merriam,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  Meyer,  Dresden,  Germany.  Pamphlet. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  TuhUc  Museum.  Eeport. 

31inneapolis,  Minn.,  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey.  Three 
Beports. 

Munich,  Germany,  Miinchener  Gesellschaft  fiir  Anthropologic,  Ethnol- 
ogic und  Urgeschichte.    Three  numbers  Contributions. 
*3f.  le  Marquis  de  Nadaillac,  Paris,  France.   Four  pamphlets. 
Dr.  L.  Netto,  Rio  Janebo,  Brazil.  Pamphlet. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  England,  Society  of  Antiquaries.  One  volume, 
one  pamphlet. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  Academy  of  Sciences.  One  volume,  and  two  num- 
bers Transactions. 

New  York,  N.  Y,  American  Geographical  Society.  Bulletin. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Eeport,  one 
number  Bulletin. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.  Report. 

Ottawa,  Canada,  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Canada. 
Report,  one  volume. 

Faris,  France,  Societe  d'  Anthropologic  de  Paris.    Five  parts  Bulletin. 

Faris,  France,  Societe  de  Geographic.  Four  numbers  BuUetin,  sixteen 
pamphlets. 

Frof.  G.  H.  Ferkins,  Burlington,  Yt.  Pamphlet. 

Fhiladelphia,  Fa.,  American  Philosophical  Society.  One  number  Pro- 
ceedings. 


511 


Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia.  Two  numbers 
Bulletin. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. ,  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society.  Eeport. 

Prof.  L,  Pigorini,  Eoroe,  Italy.  Pamphlet. 

Providence,  B.  I. ,  Public  Library.  Eeport. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Putnam,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Eight  pamphlets. 

Biga,  Bussia,  Gesellschaft  fiir  Geschichte  und  Alterthumskunde  der 
Ostseeprovinzen  Eusslands.    Three  Eeports,  two  volumes. 

St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  Natural  History  Society.  One  number  Bul- 
letin. 

St.  Louis,  31o.,  Missouri  Historical  Society.    One  number  Publications. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. ,  Minnesota  Historical  Society.    One  volume  Collections. 
Salem,  Mass.,  Essex  Institute.    Three  numbers  Bulletin. 
Salem,  Mass.,  Peabody  Academy  of  Science.    One  volume  Eeports. 
Mr.  Stephen  Salishurij,  Worcester,  Mass.    One  volume. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  California  Academy  of  Science.    Two  numbers 
Bulletin. 

Br,  Emil  Schmidt,  Leipzig,  Germany.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  S.^  H.  Scudder,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Seven  volumes,  fifteen  pam- 
phlets. 

Prof.  G.  Sergi,  Bologna,  Italy.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  W.  Hudson  Stephens,  Lowville,  N.  Y.    One  volume. 

Stettin,  Germany,  Gesellschaft  fiir  Pommersche  Geschichte  und  Alter- 
thumskunde.    One  volume  Baltische  Studien. 

Mr.  H.  II.  Straight,  Oswego,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  Cyrus  Thomas,  Washington,  D.  C.    Two  pamphlets. 

Mr.  E.  F.  Im  Thum,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana.    Three  pamphlets. 

Dr. Paul  Topinard,  Paris,  France.    One  volume,  three  pamphlets. 

Toronto,  Canada,  Canadian  Institute.    Two  parts  Proceedings. 

Washington,  D.  C,  Anthropological  Society.    One  volume  Transactions. 

Washington,  D.  C,  Bureau  of  Ethnology.    One  volume  Contributions. 

Washington,  D.  C,  Chief  Signal  Office.    One  volume. 

Washington,  D.  C,  Smithsonian  Institution.  Three  volumes  Contribu- 
tions, Eeport. 

Washington,  D.  C,  JJ.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Thirteen  numbers  Bul- 
letin, two  reports,  six  volumes. 

Wilkes  Barre,  Ba.,  Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society.  One 
volume  Proceedings. 

Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell,  Minneapolis,  Minn.    One  volume. 

Hon.  Bobert  G.  Winthrop,  Boston,  Mass.  Pour  volumes,  eight  pam- 
phlets. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Wise,  Wheaton,  lU.    Eive  pamphlets. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  American  Antiquarian  Society.  Three  parts  Proceed- 
ings. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  Society  of  Antiquity.    Three  volumes  Proceedings. 
Mr.  Bryce  Wright,  London,  England.  Pamphlet. 


512 


By  purchase.  American  Antiquarian  for  1885. 

it        '<  Eevue  d'  Anthropologie  for  1885. 

'*        «*  Science  for  1885. 

«<        «'  Two  Yolumes. 

Photographs. 

Capt.  Nathan  Appleton,  Boston,  Mass.    Eleven  photographs. 

Dr.  J.  S.  Billings,  Washington,  D.  C.    Twenty-two  photographs. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Burton,  Littleton,  N.  H.  Photograph. 

Mr.  Lucien  Carr,  Boston,  Mass.  Photograph. 

Gen.  J.  S.  Clark,  Aubnm,  N.  Y.  Photograph. 

Mr.  Robert  Clarke,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Photograph. 

Mr.  T.  A.  Dickinson,  Worcester,  Mass.  Photograph. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Douglass,  Kew  York,  N.  Y.    Four  photographs. 

Mr.  David  Dupue,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.    Three  photographs. 

Mr.  E.  W.  Ellsworth,  East  Windsor  HiU,  Conn.  Photograph. 

Miss  A.  G.  Fletcher,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Photograph. 

Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Two  photographs. 

Mr.  J.  A.  TJdden,  Lindsborg,  Kan.    Two  photographs. 

Mr.  P.  M.  Van  Epps,  GlenviUe,      Y.  Photograph. 

Mr.  B.  F.  Waller,  New  Palestine,  Mo.  Photograph. 

Dr.  C.  E.  Ware,  Boston,  Mass.    Two  photographs. 

Dr.  L.  G.  Yates,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.    Two  photographs. 

By  purchase.   Eighteen  photographs. 


\ 


TWExNTIETH  ANNUAL  REPORT 
OF  THE  TRUSTEES 

OF  THE 

PEABODY  MUSEUM 

OF 

AMEEIOAN  AEOHiEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY. 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOWS  OF 
HARVA.RD  COLLEGE,  APRIL,  1887. 


Vol.  III.   No.  7. 


CAMBRIDGE : 

PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  TRUSTEES. 

188  7  . 


PRINTED  AT  TH13  SALEM  PRESS, 
Salem,  Mass. 


CONTEISTTS. 


List  op  Trustees,  Officers,  and  Special  Assistants  ....  516 
Letter  of  the  Trustees  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of 


Harvard  College   517 

Abstract  from  the  Records,  1886   519 

Twentieth  Eeport  op  the  Treasurer    525 

Cash  Account  op  the  Curator   526 

List  op  Subscribers  aiding  in  the  work  of  the  Museum  .  .  528 
An  Appeal  for  aid  in  the  Explorations  :  Letter  from  the 

Curator  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Endorsement  op 

THE  Appeal  by  the  Trustees  ...........  529 

Twentieth  Report  op  the  Curator    535 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  year  1886  671 

List  of  Additions  to  the  Library  during  the  year  1886  576 
The  way  Bone  Fish-hooks  were  made  in  the  Little  Miami 

Valley,  Ohio.   By  F.  W.  Putnam.    (Illustrated.)  ...  581 

(515) 


PEABODY  MUSEUM 

OF 

AMERICAN  ARCH.EOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY 

IN  CONNECTION  WITH 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 

l-OUNDED  BY  GEORGE  PEABODY,  OCTOBER  8, 1866. 


TRUSTEES. 


ROBERT  C.  WiNTHROP,  Boston,  18G6.  Chairman. 

Charles  Francis  Adams,  Quincy,  1866;  resigned,  1881;  deceased,  1886. 

Francis  Peabody,  Salem,  186G;  deceased,  1867. 

Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  1866 ;  deceased,  1884.    Treasurer,  1866-81. 
ASA  Gray,  Cambridge,  1866.    Fro  tempore  Curator  of  the  Museum,  1874 
Jeffries  Wyman,  Cambridge,  1866 ;  deceased,  1874.     Curator  of  the  iMu- 
sewm,  1866-1874.  ,ona  to 

George  Peabody  Russell,  Salem,  1866 ;  resigned,  1876.  Secretmnj,  m6- 7S. 
Henry  Wheatland,  Salem,  1867.     Successor  to  Francis  Peabody,  as 

President  of  the  Essex  Institute.    Secretary,  1873. 
Thomas  T.  Bouvfi,  Boston,  1874-1880.    Successor  to  Jeffries  Wyman,  as 

President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
Theodore  Lyt^ian,  Brooldine,  1876.    Successor  to  George  Peabody  Rus- 
sell, by  election.    Treasurer,  1881-1882.  ^  -o  - 
Saaiuel  H.  Scuddfr,  Cambridge,  1880.    Successor  to  Thomas  T.  Bouve, 

as  President  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 
John  C.  Phillips,  Boston,  1881 ;  deceased,  1885.     Successor  to  Charles 

Francis  Adams,  by  election.    Treasurer,  1882-188o. 
George  F.  Hoar,  Worcester,  1884.    Successor  to  Stephen  Salisbury,  as 

President  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society. 
Francis  C.  Lowell,  Boston,  1885.    Successor  to  John  C  Phillips,  by 
election.    Treasurer,  1885. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  MUSEUM  AND  SPECIAL  ASSISTANTS. 
Frederick  Ward  Putnam,  Ci.raior,1875.    Feahody  Professor  of  American 

Archaeology  and  Ethnology,  1887. 
LuciEN  Carr,  Assistant,  1875;  Assistant  Curator,  1877. 
Charles  C.  Abbott,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Assistant  in  the  Field,  1875. 
Miss  Jennie  Smith,  Assistant  in  the  31useum,  1878. 
Edward  E.  Chick,  Assistant  in  cJiarge  of  the  Building,  1878. 
Eari  Flint,  Rivas,  Nicaragua,  Assistant  in  the  Field,  1879. 
Chari  es  L.  Metz,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  Assistant  in  the  Field,  1880. 
Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher,  Special  Assistant  Department  of  Ethnology,  1882. 
John  Cone  Kimball,  Student-assistant,  1883. 

Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall,  Special  Assistant  in  Mexican  Archeology,  1886. 
Miss  Alice  E.  Putnam,  Assistant  in  the  3Iuseum,  1886. 
(516) 


TWENTIETH  ANNUAL  REPORT. 


To  THE  President  and  Fellows  op  Harvard  College:— 

The  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archae- 
ology and  Ethnology  herewith  respectfully  communicate  to  the 
President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College,  as  their  Twentieth 
Annual  Report,  the  Reports  of  their  Curator  and  Treasurer  pre- 
sented at  the  Annual  Meeting,  March  22,  1887. 

ROBERT  C.  WINTHROP, 
ASA  GRAY, 
HENRY  WHEATLAND, 
THEODORE  LYMAN, 
SAMUEL  H.  SCUDDER, 
GEORGE  F.  HOAR, 
FRANCIS  C.  LOWELL. 

Cambridge,  Mass., 
April  25,  1887. 

(617) 


ABSTRACT  FROM  THE  RECORDS. 


Saturday,  Nov.  27,  1886.  A  Special  Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
was  held  this  day  in  Boston,  at  the  house  of  the  President,  at  3  p.  m. 
Present,  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Gray,  Wheatland,  Lyman  and  Scudder. 

The  Hon.  Egbert  C.  Winthrop,  President  of  the  Board,  opened  the 
meeting  with  the  following  statement : 

At  the  Annual  Meeting  of  our  Board,  on  the  ninth  of  April  last,  I  pre- 
sented an  exact  and  detailed  statement  of  all  that  had  occurred  in  regard 
to  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Putnam  as  Professor  as  made  by  us  on  June  22, 
1885.  That  statement  will  be  found  on  page  469,  in  the  abstract  from  the 
Records,  prefixed  to  our  last  Eeport  to  the  President  and  Pellows  of  Har- 
vard College,  It  concluded  as  follows  :  "The  nomination  of  our  Curator 
to  the  Professorship, —  unanimously  made  by  this  Board  of  Trustees,  and 
accepted  and  ratified  by  the  President  and  Fellows, — has  not  yet  been 
acted  on,  either  favorably  or  adversely,  by  the  Overseers.    .    .  . 

There  seems  nothing  for  us  to  do  but  wait  and  hope.  .  .  .  We  can 
only  trust  that  before  we  meet  at  Cambridge  in  June  next,  to  visit  the 
Museum,  we  may  be  authorized  to  greet  our  Curator  as  a  Professor." 

A  printed  copy  of  this  statement  was  sent  without  delay  to  the  Presi- 
dent and  Fellows,  and  to  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  Overseers,  and  it  was  in- 
tended then  to  give  distinct  expression  to  our  understanding  that  nothing 
remained  to  be  done  by  this  Board,  and  that,  while  we  adhered  unanimously 
to  our  nomination,  we  could  only  wait  and  hope  for  the  favorable  action 
of  others. 

It  seems,  however,  that  a  different  opinion  exists  in  some  quarters ;  and 
that  in  order  to  obtain  any  early  solution  of  this  long  vexed  question,  the 
subject  must  be  taken  up  de  novo  by  this  Board  and  a  nomination  made  as 
if  nothing  had  occurred. 

We  cannot  hesitate  to  yield  any  opinions  of  our  own  if  we  can  only  ac- 
complish the  end  which  we  so  much  desire ;  and  this  meeting  has  there- 
fore been  called  to  act  upon  the  nomination  of  a  Peabody  Professor  of 
American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology. 

Professor  Gray  off'ered  the  following  votes,  which  were  seconded  by  Col. 
Lyman  and  unanimously  adopted  by  the  Board. 

(519) 


520 


Voted :  That  the  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archae 
ology  and  Ethnology  hereby  nominate  T.  W.  Putnam  to  the  President  and 
Fellows  of  Harvard  College  to  be  by  them  appointed,  if  they  see  fit,  Pea- 
body  Professor  of  American  Archseology  and  Ethnology. 

Voted:  That  the  Trustees,  in  renewing  this  nomination,  wish  to  express 
their  increased  confidence  in  the  fitness  of  their  nominee  for  this  position, 
being  confirmed  in  their  choice  by  the  unasked-for  and  very  favorable 
opinions  expressed  by  scientific  men  most  competent  to  judge,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  eminence  as  an  archaeologist,  and  of  his  talents  for  organization 
and  research.  The  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  in  particular, 
declares  that  he  has  adopted  from  Mr.  Putnam  the  ideas  and  plans  upon 
which  our  Museum  is  arranged  and  that  he  proposes  to  reorganize  the 
vast  national  collections  at  Washington  accordingly. 

On  motion  of  Prof.  Gray  it  was  Voted :  That  the  Trustees  strongly  rec- 
ommend the  Curator  to  complete  the  account  of  the  exploration  of  the 
Turner  group  of  mounds,  in  a  memoir  to  be  published  in  the  next  report 
of  the  Museum. 

Adjourned. 

Henry  Wheatland, 

Secretary. 


Tuesday,  March  22,  1887.  The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees was  held  this  day  at  12.30  o'clock,  at  the  house  of  the  President  in 
Boston.  Present,  Messrs.  Winthrop,  Gray,  Lyman,  Scudder,  Lowell, 
and  the  Curator. 

In  the  absence  of  Dr.  Wheatland,  Mr.  Scudder  was  elected  Secretary 
pro  tempore. 

A  letter  from  Senator  Hoar,  regretting  his  inability  to  be  present,  was 
read  by  Mr.  Winthrop. 

The  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  President  of  the  Board,  made  the  fol- 
lowing statement : 

We  have  the  satisfaction  to-day,  Gentlemen,  of  welcoming  our  worthy 
Curator,  for  the  first  time,  as  "  the  Peabody  Prof essor  of  American  Archse- 
ology and  Ethnology  at  Harvard  University."  We  gladly  forget  all  ihe 
delays  and  misunderstandings  of  the  past.  It  is  enough  that  there  can  be 
no  more  of  them,  and  that  the  result  which  -sve  all  so  earnestly  desired  has 
at  length  been  accomplished.  That  result  was  due  to  the  devoted  services 
of  Mr.  Putnam  for  so  many  years,  and  we  may  well  congratulate  him  on 
having  obtained  the  position  which  he  so  richly  deserved.  But  it  was  due 
also,  to  the  memory  of  our  Founder,  who  expressly  provided  for  a  Pro- 
fessorship as  one  of  the  conditions  of  his  Trust.  For  myself,  I  have  al- 
ways thought  that  the  Professorship  was  rightfully  established  when  the 
endowment  was  accepted  by  the  College,  and  that  it  should  bear  date  ac- 
cordingly. 


521 


And  now,  Gentlemen,  it  is  for  us  to  consider  what  more  remains  for  us 

to  do  iu  tlie  execution  of  the  Trust  committed  to  us. 

Mr.  Peabody,  byliis  Instrument  of  Donation,  dated  8  October,  1866,  placed 
the  sum  of  $150,000  in  the  hands  of  his  Trustees  with  three  special  pro- 
visions as  to  the  use  of  the  money : 

1.  Forty-live  Thousand  Dollars  were  to  be  held  for  the  formation  and 
preservation  of  Archseological  and  Ethnological  Collections,  and  the  in- 
come expended  for  those  purposes.  "  Forming  and  preserving"  are  the 
terms  of  this  provision,  and  they  clearly  include  the  care  as  well  as  the 
purchase  of  collections.  The  income  of  this  Fund  has  been  regularly  ap- 
propriated to  its  designated  purposes,  and  no  change  can  ever  be  made  or 
desired  in  regard  to  this  first  provision  of  our  Trust. 

2.  Another  sum  of  Forty-five  Thousand  Dollars  was  to  be  applied  to  the 
maintenance  of  a  professorship,  but  until  this  professorship  should  be 
filled  the  income  from  the  Fund  was  to  be  devoted  to  the  care  and  increase 
of  the  collections.  The  Professorship  having  now  been  filled,  Mr.  Putnam  is 
entitled  to  the  whole  income  of  this  fund.  By  the  terms  of  Mr.  Peabody's 
Instrument,  he  is  still  "to  have  charge  of  the  Collections,"  and,  also,  "  to 
deliver  one  or  more  Courses  of  Lectures  annually,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Government  of  the  University."  In  this  last  respect,  our  Curator  has 
passed  from  our  control  to  that  of  the  University  Government.  He  is 
still  our  Curator,  as  having  charge  cf  the  Collections,  but  his  Lectures 
are  to  be  arranged  and  directed  by  the  Government  of  Haij,vard  University. 

3.  The  remaining  sura  of  Sixty  Thousand  Dollars  was  to  be  invested  and 
accumulated  as  a  Building  Fund,  until  it  should  amount  to  at  least  $100,000, 
when  (says  the  Instrument)  "it  may  be  employed  in  the  erection  of  a 
suitable  fire-proof  Museum,  upon  land  to  be  given  for  that  purpose,  free 
of  cost  or  rental,  by  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College,  the 
building,  when  completed,  to  become  the  property  of  the  College,  for  the 
uses  of  this  Trust,  and  none  other." 

This  is  the  provision  which  calls  for  our  particular  consideration.  Hav- 
ing waited  until  the  accumulation  reached  the  amount  specified  by  Mr. 
Peabody,  we  have  erected  a  fire-proof  Museum  on  land  given  for  that 
purpose  by  the  President  and  Fellows.  But,  in  doing  so,  we  expended 
less  than  half  of  the  accumulated  Building  Fund,  and  by  the  last  Report  of 
our  Treasurer  it  appears  that  a  little  more  than  $60,000,  the  original  Build- 
ing Fund,  remains  in  our  hands  unexpended.  Meantime  our  Collections 
are  already  crowded,  and  it  is  plain  that  the  Museum  must  be  enlarged, 
sooner  or  later,  to  meet  the  present  and  future  needs  of  the  Institution. 

Mr.  Peabody's  provision  clearly  indicates  that  he  intended  an  expendi- 
ture of  "at  least  a  hundred  thousand  dollars"  (those  are  his  words)  on 
the  Building.  It  was  clearly  contemplated  by  the  Trustees,  when  the 
present  Building  was  erected,  that  it  was  to  be  enlarged  at  a  later  day. 
Indeed,  the  Preface  to  the  second  volume  of  our  Reports  speaks  of  the 
present  Building  as  only  a  fifth  part  of  what  is  proposed.  It  seems  to 
me  due  to  Mr.  Peabody  that  the  Building  should  be  commensurate  with 


522 


the  fund  provided  for  it,  and  should  thus  adequately  represent  the  liber- 
ality of  our  Founder. 

Suggestions  have  been  sometimes  made  thfit  we  should  reserve  a  por- 
tion of  our  Building  Fund  for  the  purpose  of  repairs  and  other  contingent 
expenses.  I  cannot  think  tliere  is  any  justice  in  such  a  course.  Mr.  Pea- 
body  provided  expressly  that  tlie  Building  when  completed  should  become 
"the  property  of  the  College,"  for  the  uses  of  his  Trust.  In  other  Avords 
he  presents  the  Museum  Building,  when  erected,  to  the  University,  just 
as  other  Buildings  have  been  presented  from  time  to  time.  Now  the 
University  is  accustomed  to  take  care  of  its  own  property,  and  to  provide 
for  such  repairs  and  contingent  expenses  as  its  Buildings  may  involve. 
No  benefactor  is  expected  to  provide  a  reserve  fund  for  repairing  the 
Building  which  he  presents  to  the  College,  or  for  any  contingent  expenses 
connected  with  its  occupation  and  use.  In  my  own  opinion  all  the  con- 
tingent expenses  of  our  Museum  Building,  from  the  time  it  was  opened, 
ought  fairly  to  have  been  paid  by  the  College.  It  is  their  property,  not 
Mr.  Peabody's  uor  our  own. 

The  relations  between  our  Museum  and  the  College  have  never  yet  been 
defined  or  recognized.  Is  it,  or  is  it  not,  a  department  of  the  University? 
During  the  earlier  years  of  our  Trust,  allusions  to  Mr.  Peabody's  Institu- 
tion, as  an  embryo  Department  of  the  University,  were  made  in  the  Pres- 
ident's Annual  Eeports  to  the  Overseers.  For  several  years  past  there  has 
been  entire  silence  on  the  subject,  and  the  Institution  has  been  almost 
ignored  by  the  College  Government.  Not  even  in  the  Treasurer's  Report 
to  this  day  is  the  Museum  Building  mentioned  as  an  item  in  the  aggre- 
gate property  of  the  University. 

The  recognition  of  the  Professorship,  and  the  appointment  of  the  Pro- 
fessor, will,  it  is  hoped  and  believed,  change  all  this.  The  Lectures  will 
be  under  the  direction  of  the  President  and  Fellows,  and  the  Museum 
Building,  with  its  costly  collections,  can  hardly  fail  to  be  included  in  the 
Treasurer's  Report  as  property  belonging  to  the  College  —  to  be  ac- 
counted and  cared  for  like  other  College  property. 

For  one,  therefore,  I  hope  that  we  shall  take  measures,  at  no  distant 
day,  for  at  least  duplicating  our  Museum  Building,  thus  enlarging  the 
accommodation  for  our  present  and  future  collections,  and,  perhaps,  pro- 
viding a  suitable  Lecture  Hall  for  the  Professor. 

We  might  well  wish  that  our  Professor's  Fund  was  larger  than  it  is, 
and  that  we  could  provide  a  more  adequate  salary  for  Mr.  Putnam  and  his 
successors.  Some  mode  of  accomplishing  that  result  may  possibly  occur 
hereafter.  But  we  can  do  nothing  in  this  regard  in  the  execution  of  our 
obligations  as  Trustees  of  Mr.  Peabody,  as  they  are  defined  in  his  Letter 
of  Trust. 

We  might  wish,  too,  that  our  fund  for  collections  could  be  increased. 
But  I  am  less  concerned  on  this  score. 

In  the  first  place  we  have  already  secured  large  collections  of  the  high- 
est interest  and  value : 


523 


In  the  second  place,  we  shall  still  have  about  $2,000  a  year  for  preserv- 
ing our  collections  and  purchasing  additions  : 

In  the  third  place,  we  shall  be  constantly  in  the  way  of  receiving  vol- 
untary contributions  of  interesting  specimens  and  relics  : 

And,  lastly,  there  will  be,  as  there  have  been  thus  far,  occasional  sub- 
scriptions and  donations  to  eke  out  the  insufficiency  of  our  own  means. 

When  a  large  Museum  Building  shall  have  been  completed  and  opened, 
I  have  no  fear  that  we  shall  not  be  able  to  fill  it. 

I  believe,  therefore,  that  it  is  for  the  best  interests  of  the  Museum,  and 
that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Trustees,  to  employ  the  funds  devoted  to  that 
object  in  completing  a  Building  which  shall  be  worthy  of  the  name  it 
bears. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Lowell  it  was  voted,  that  the  statement  of  opinions 
made  by  the  President  be  entered  upon  the  records  of  the  Board  and 
printed  in  the  abstract  of  the  records  accompanying  the  twentieth  Ke- 
port  of  the  Trustees. 

The  Reports  of  the  Treasurer  and  Curator,  which  had  been  sent  prior 
to  the  meeting  to  each  member  of  the  Board,  were  accepted  and  ordered 
to  be  printed,  with  the  accompanying  papers,  as  the  Twentieth  Report  of 
the  Trustees,  and  to  be  presented  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Har- 
vard College. 

Professor  Gray  for  the  Committee  appointed  to  consider  what  action 
should  be  taken  about  an  addition  to  the  Museum  building,  reported  that 
the  views  of  the  committee  were  substantially  those  expressed  by  the 
President;  they  recommended  the  immediate  preparation  of  plans  for 
another  section,  and  the  construction  of  the  same  at  such  future  time  as 
would  prove  advantageous.    It  was  thereupon 

Voted,  that  the  Curator  be  charged  with  the  preparation  of  plans  for 
the  extension  of  the  building,  to  be  submitted  to  the  Board  at  the  next 
meeting. 

It  was  also  Voted,  that  the  Trustees  appreciate  the  efforts  now  making 
to  preserve  some  of  the  ancient  mounds  and  monuments  of  the  country, 
and  express  their  readiness  to  accept  any  responsibility  that  may  be  de- 
volved on  them,  so  far  as  it  may  prove  compatible  with  their  organization. 

Adjourned. 

Samuel  H.  Scudder, 

JSecretary  pro  tempore* 


525 

REPORT  OE  THE  TREASURER. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Feabody  Museum  of  American  Archceologij  and  Eth- 
nology, in  connection  with  Harvard  University, 
The  Treasurer  respectfully  presents  the  following  Annual  Keport 
Income  Account, 

1886. 

July  1.  Received  Int.  $200  United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds,  April 

and  JuVy  coupons  .  .  .  .  $  4  00 
ju]y  1.  «  «  $45,000  Pueblo  and  Ark.  Valley  R.  R.  7'3  1,575  00 
^ug.  1.  "  "  $G2,000  Chic,  Burl,  and  Quincy  R.  R.  4's  1,240  00 
^ug.  1.       "         "      $54,000  Kausas  and  Missouri  R.  R.  5's  1,350  00 

1887. 

Jan'y  1.       "        "      $200  United  States  4  per  cent  Bonds,  4  00 

Jan'y  1.  '*  "  $45,000  Pueblo  and  Ark.  Valley  R.  R.  7's  1,575  00 
Feb'y  l'.  "  "  $G2,000  Chic,  Burl,  and  Quincy  R.  R.,  4'3  1,240  00 
Feb'y  1.  "  "  $54,000  Kausas  and  Missouri  R.  R.  5'a  1,350  00 
l^ljir.    1.       "        "      On  deposit  in  New  England  Trust  Co. 

'  .   "  (Building  Fund.)  5  75 

 .  $8,343  75 

1886. 

July  *1.  Paid  for  Safe  in  Union  Safe  Deposit  Vaults  «  ,  ,  $  30  00 
July  1.     "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Building  Fund  S49  00 

Aug.  1.      "   F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Professor  Fund  20 

Aug.  1.      "   F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Museum  Fund   1,246  20 

Aug.  1.      '*  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Building  Fund  9^ 

1887. 

Jan'y  1.      "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Building  Fund  ,      .      .     879  00 

Feb'y  1.      '*  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Professor  Fund  1)246  20 

Feb'y  1.      "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Museum  Fund  1»246  20 

Feb'y  1.      "  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  on  account  of 

Building  Fund  97  60 


6,938  00 

On  deposit  in  New  England  Trust  Co. 
(Building  Fund)  ^'^^^  "^^ 


$8,343  75 


The  Building  Fund  now  amounts  to  .  .  »  *  $61,727  25 

"   Professor  "      "        "        »  .  .  .  .  45.24113 

"  Museum          «        "        "  .  .  .  .  4o,24l  12 

iuuecum   $152,209  50 

Francis  C.  Lowell, 

Treamrer. 


Boston,  March  22,  1887. 


526 


CASH  ACCOUNT  OF 


F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator,  in  Account  with  Peabody 


Balance  on  hand  from  last  account  $4,144  46 


Rece 


ved  frorm  Francis  C.  Lowell,  Treasurer   6,908  00 

"  N.  E.  Telephone  Co.      .   28  00 

"  Publications   1  00 

"  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.,  subscription 

"  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Thompson  " 

"  Geo.  W.  Hammond,  Esq.  «' 

"  Col.  T.  W.  Higginson  " 

"  Miss  Mary  L.  Ware  " 

'*  A  friend  '* 

"  A  IViend  " 

"  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop, 

"  Hon.  Theodore  Lyman, 

"  Mrs.  Clara  B.Kimball, 

«•  Dr.  R.  M.  Hodges, 

«  Dr. C.E.Ware, 


3d  BUbscription 
2d 


$13,806  46 


$13,806  46 

I  have  examined  this  account  with  its  details,  as  per  cash  book, 


Cambridge,  Feb.  1, 1887. 


527 


THE  CUEATOR. 

Cr. 

Museum  of  American  ArchcBology  and  Ethnology, 

1886-87 

Paid  as  per  vouchers  numbered, 

1  Cases,  stock,  labor  and  cartage  $1,079  63 

2  Repairs  on  building   32  93 

3  Furniture,  stock  and  materials  used   116  65 

4  E.  E.  Chick,  services  or  building  account   500  00 

5  Special  explorations  and  collections   4,685  58 

6  Publications,  including  18th  and  19th  Reports    645  57 

7  Library :  books,  subscriptions,  cards  and  binding     ....  79  99 

8  Stationery,  acknowledgments,  labels,  etc   53  03 

9  Photographic  materials  and  printing   42  10 

10  Drawing  and  engraving    22  57 

11  Special  circulars   16  00 

12  Chemicals     ,   7  67 

13  Postage,  express,  telegraph,  telephone   236  67 

14  Paper  trays   8  50 

15  Water  tax   25  00 

16  Fuel  and  gas   166  44 

17  Incidentals  ,   95 

18  Salaries  and  extra  labor   3,979  50 

—   $11,738  78 

Balance,  cash  on  hand  to  new  account  ,  ,  2,067  68 


$13,806  46 


and  find  the  same  correctly  cast  and  properly  vouched. 

Henry  Wheatland. 

,    Salem,  March  14,  1887. 


SUBSCRIBERS  AIDING  IN  THE  WORK  OF  THE  MUSEUM. 


See  page  400  for  the  names  of  subscribers  in  the  j^ears  1882,  3,  4,  and  5, 

who  have  contributed         .       .       .       .       .       .       •       •  $5,433  00 

1886. 

Mr.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  Mass.         .      .      .  1,000  00 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Thompson,  Stamford,  Conn.         .      .      .  1,000  00 

Col.  T.  W.  Higginson,  Cambridge,  Mass   o  00 

A  Friend,  San  Francisco,  California   20  00 

Miss  Mary  L.  Ware,  Boston,  Mass.,   50  00 

Mr.  George  W.  H.\mmond,  Boston,  Mass   25  00 

Hon.  Theodore  Lyman,  Brookline,  Mass.,  2d  subscription,  200  00 

Mrs.  Clara  B.  Kimball,  Boston,       "       "        "    .      .  100  00 

A  Friend,                      Cambridge,  "      "        *'      .      .  100  00 

Mr.  H.  a.  Homes,            Albany,  N.  Y.               "    .      .  5  00 

Dr.  R.  M.  Hodges,           Boston,  Mass.,    '*        "       .       .  25  00 

Dr.  C.  E.  Ware,                     "          "                "    •       •  100  00 

Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,     "         "       3d  subscription  .  100  00 


$2,730  00 

Total  of  subscriptions  for  1882-6    .      .       $8,163  00 

Additional  subscriptions  are  earnestly  solicited  for  the  purpose  of  continu- 
ing the  explorations  in  America. 

(528) 


AN  APPEAL  FOR  AID  IN  THE  EXPLORATIONS. 


To  THE  Honorable  Robert  C.  Winthrop, 

Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum,, 

Dear  Sir  :— In  compliance  with  the  request  of  the  Trustees  for  a 
brief  account  of  the  explorations  which  have  been  conducted  for  the 
Museum  during  the  past  two  years,  together  with  a  statement  of  the 
plans  that  have  been  formed  for  their  continuation,  I  respectfully  sub- 
mit the  following  for  your  consideration. 

Before  the  occupation  of  the  new  building,  there  was  a  small  por- 
tion of  the  income  of  the  Peabody  Fund  which  could  be  used  for 
special  explorations.  By  means  of  this,  the  Museum  was  able  to  make 
a  beginning  in  field  work  ;  and,  small  as  it  was,  it  not  only  resulted  in 
the  discovery  of  important  facts,  but  it  also  secured  certain  collections 
which  are  now  on  exhibition,  and  have  added  greatly  to  the  value  of 
the  Museum, 

After  the  removal  to  our  new  quarters,  the  available  income  of  the 
fund,  amounting  to  ^4,500  a  year,  was  required  for  the  care  of  the 
building  and  the  preservation  and  arrangement  of  the  collections ;  so 
that  even  with  the  strictest  economy  there  were  no  means  left  for  the 
continuation  of  the  explorations.  The  remarkable  results,  however, 
that  had  hitherto  been  obtained  were  such  as  to  make  it  clear  that,  if 
the  Museum  is  to  be  all  that  the  great  advance  in  anthropological 
science  demands,  active  and  systematic  work  in  the  field  must  be 
continued ;  otherwise  we  shall  be  left  dependent  upon  chance  gath- 
erings,  which  are  often  of  but  little  importance. 

In  this  spirit,  and  with  the  view  of  discharging  the  duty  which  seemed 
to  fall  upon  them,  the  Trustees,  in  the  summer  of  1882,  made  an  ap- 
peal for  aid  to  the  friends  of  archaeological  research  in  America.  To 
this  appeal  there  was  a  generous  response  from  several  gentlemen  and 

REPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III.  34  (529) 


530 


ladies,  whose  subscriptions  have  been  acknowledged  in  the  annual  re- 
ports ;  and,  thanks  to  their  liberality,  the  sum  of  ^5,433 — all  the  money 
that  has  been  given  to  the  Museum  since  its  foundation,  twenty  years 
ago  —  was  received.  Thus  encouraged,  active  work  in  the  field  was 
resumed,  with  results  which  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows  : — 

I.    Explorations  in  Nicaragtm  and  Costa  Rica,  th^'ough  the  co- 
operation of  Dr.  Earl  Flint.    From  this  source  a  very  interesting  col- 
lection has  been  received,  and  is  now  on  exhibition  in  the  Central 
American  Gallery.     It  consists  of  pottery,  stone  implements,  and  or- 
naments of  various  materials,  among  which  are  a  number  made  of 
jade.    This  fact  is  of  special  importance,  for  the  reason  that  these  ar- 
ticles are  identical  in  their  constituent  elements  with  Chinese  jade ; 
and  as  this  mineral  has  never  been  found  in  situ  in  America,  it  has  led 
to  the  inference  that  they  were  originally  derived  from  Asia.  The 
large  number  and  variety  of  earthen  vessels  from  the  several  mounds 
and  graves  have  proved  of  great  use  in  the  comparative  study  of  the 
ancient  art  of  America,  as  have  the  inscriptions  copied  from  the  walls 
of  caves  that  were  long  ago  used  as  habitations  and  as  places  of  bur- 
ial.   Of  value,  too,  in  the  same  field  of  study,  are  the  objects  obtained 
from  the  very  ancient  shell-heaps  in  Costa  Rica ;  while  the  blocks  of 
volcanic  tufa  containing  human  footprints,  found  sixteen  (i6)  feet  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  soil  on  the  border  of  Lake  Managua,  are  of 
importance  as  indicating  the  antiquity  of  man  in  this  particular  local- 
ity.   Of  course  the  small  sum  expended  in  securing  these  valuable 
results  would  have  been  of  but  little  avail  but  for  the  efficient  coop- 
eration of  Dr.  Flint,  who  has  long  been  a  resident  of  the  country,  and 
who  obtained  from  the  Nicaraguan  government  a  special  permit  au- 
thorizing the  explorations  for  the  Museum.    The  opportunity  for  fur- 
ther work  in  this  region  is  still  open  to  us  if  the  means  for  its  prosecu- 
tion can  be  obtained  ;   and  I  feel  justified  in  urging  its  continuance 
for  the  reason  that  previous  discoveries  in  this  region  give  us  good 
grounds  for  hoping  that  future  explorations  will  bring  to  light  facts  of 
the  utmost  importance  in  relation  to  the  peoples  of  North  and  South 
America,  their  relation  to  each  other  and  to  the  peoples  of  Asia. 

II.  llie  continuation  of  the  explorations  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  in 
New  Jersey,  which  have  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  fragments  of  hu- 
man skeletons  associated  with  the  stone  implements  in  the  glacial 
gravel,  —  the  earliest  record  of  man  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  —  and  the 
confirmation  of  the  theory  of  the  occupation  of  the  Delaware  Valley 
at  three  successive  epochs.   A  collection  of  over  twenty  thousand  ob- 


531 


jects  shows  what  has  been  done  by  Dr.  Abbott  in  the  way  of  field 
work ;  and,  besides  this,  he  has  published  a  volume  entitled  "Primitive 
Industry,"  giving  the  results  of  his  labors,  based  upon  the  collection 
now  arranged  in  the  Museum. 

III.  The  explorations  of  shell-heaps  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  under 
my  personal  supervision.  These  have  brought  to  light  many  interest- 
ing facts  relating  to  the  early  occupation  of  New  England  by  man, 
and  have  shown  that  while  many  of  these  deposits  are  of  considerable 
antiquity,  their  formation  was  continued  down  to  the  time  of  European 
contact.  This  collection  has  been  made  with  special  care  ;  and  when 
there  is  room  for  its  exhibition,  it  will  be  found  to  be  of  singular  im- 
portance in  illustrating  the  life  of  the  ancient  people  of  New  England. 

In  this  connection,  I  must  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
great  shell-heap  at  Damariscotta,  thirty  feet  high  and  several  hundred 
feet  long,  —  one  of  the  largest  refuse  piles  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  —  is 
now  being  dug  away  to  be  ground  up  for  fertilizing  material.  An  ex- 
ceptional opportunity  is  thus  afforded  for  the  thorough  examination  of 
this  great  mass  of  refuse  material ;  and  as  such  opportunities  are  rare, 
it  is  hoped  that  this  will  not  be  lost.  A  few  hundred  dollars  a  year,  for 
a  few  years  to  come,  will  secure  all  that  this  deposit  can  yield  to  science. 
Feeling  sure  that  we  could  obtain  the  necessary  means  for  this  impor- 
tant object,  I  have  already  received  from  the  proprietor  the  exclusive 
right  to  all  objects  found  during  the  removal  of  the  heap,  and  have 
arranged  with  Mr.  Gamage,  who  was  associated  with  me  in  my  former 
explorations,  to  watch  the  excavation  day  by  day,  and  secure  every- 
thing of  archaeological  interest.  At  the  same  time,  he  is  to  make  draw- 
ings and  photographs  as  the  work  goes  on.  Much  of  interest  has  been 
obtained  during  the  past  month ;  but  unless  aid  is  at  once  secured  we 
shall  have  ,to  give  up  this  chance  of  enriching  our  collection  by  the 
addition  of  much  valuable  material  at  a  comparatively  Httle  cost. 

IV.  The  ethnological  researches  of  Miss  Alice  C.  Fletcher  among 
the  Omaha  and  Sioux  India7ts.  Miss  Fletcher's  work  in  this  direc- 
tion is  so  well  known  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  upon  it  here,  ex- 
cept to  state  that  the  material  which  has  come  to  the  Museum  through 
her  energy  and  perseverance  is  unique  in  its  character  and  throws 
much  light  upon  the  customs  of  the  Indians.  The  contents  of  the 
sacred  war-tent  of  the  Omahas  are  a  revelation  of  Indian  character ; 
and  these  objects,  venerated  as  they  were  for  many  generations,  through 
all  the  vicissitudes  of  the  tribe,  and  now,  by  the  act  of  their  hereditary 
custodian,  made  over  to  the  Museum  for  perpetual  care,  are  believed 


532 


to  constitute  a  collection,  which,  taken  all  together,  is  unique  in  char- 
acter and  of  great  ethnological  importance.  She  has  also  secured  foi 
us  another  collection  of  singular  interest :  it  being  nothing  less  than 
the  various  objects  used  in  the  Last  Sun  Dance  of  the  Sioux.  As  this 
ceremony  has  been  prohibited  by  special  act  of  the  General  Govern- 
ment, a  collection  hke  this  could  not  now  be  made.  What  better  evi- 
dence than  that  offered  by  these  two  collections  can  be  given  of  the 
necessity  of  working  with  diligence  at  the  present  time,  before  the  rapid 
changes  now  taking  place  in  our  Indian  tribes  make  it  impossible  to 
secure  the  means  of  understanding  their  early  customs  !  Miss  Fletcher 
has  just  started  for  an  extended  visit  to  the  northwestern  tribes,  and 
it  is  important  that  she  should  be  provided  with  the  means  for  secur- 
ing other  material  representations  of  the  vanishing  customs  of  the 
Indians. 

V.    The  most  extensive  of  the  systematic  explorations  in  which  we 
have  been  engaged  are  those  which  have  been  carried  on  in  Ohio  with 
tlie  cooperation  of  Dr.  Charles  L.  Metz,  and  to  which  I  have  given 
all  the  time  possible  each  year  since  1 88 1 .    This  work  has  conclusively 
shown  the  necessity  of  conducting  such  explorations  on  a  systematic 
plan  and  an  extensive  scale.    It  has  proved  the  necessity  of  working 
'thoroughly  a  circumscribed  region,  and  of  not  being  content  with  dig- 
<Ting  here  and  there,  if  we  are  to  know  all  that  a  certain  region  can 
yield  of  its  concealed  treasures  of  the  past.    During  this  work  we 
have  limited  ourselves  to  the  region  bounded  by  the  Scioto  River  on 
the  east,  by  Paint  Creek  on  the  north,  the  Little  Miami  on  the  west, 
and  the  Ohio  on  the  south.    This  well-defined  region  is  in  part  cov- 
ered by  the  glacial  gravels  and  reassorted  river  deposits  ;  and  from  the 
time  of  the  formation  of  the  great  glacial  moraine,  extending  to  the 
Ohio  Valley,  down  to  the  comparatively  recent  settlement  of  this  re- 
gion by  the  whites,  it  has  been  an  area  where  the  early  race  of  the 
glacial  period  has  been  met  by  a  later  and  more  advanced  people,  who 
had  here  their  villages,  their  burial-places,  their  altars  and  their  fortifi- 
cations.   Here,  tribe  meeting  tribe,  and  nation  meeting  nation,  a  vast 
amount  of  material,  showing  both  early  and  late  occupation,  has  been 
left  on  village  sites  now  buried  beneath  the  soil,  placed  with  the  dead 
in  cemeteries  and  in  mounds,  or  left  within  the  old  fortifications.  Here 
we  have  found  extensive  burial-places,  covering  acres  in  extent,  and 
overgrown  with  immense  trees.    Here  we  have  found  burial-mounds 
belonging  to  different  periods,  and  of  several  distinct  methods  of  con- 
struction.   Here  we  have  found  elaborately  constmcted  works  of  a 


533 


religious  character.  Here,  too,  as  offerings  during  some  religious  cere- 
mony, we  have  found  the  most  remarkable  objects  that  have  yet  been 
taken  from  ancient  works  in  the  United  States,  —  small  carved  figures 
in  terra-cotta,  representing  men  and  women  ;  ornaments  made  of  na- 
tive gold,  silver,  copper  and  meteoric  iron  ;  dishes  elaborately  carved 
m  stone ;  ornaments  made  of  stone,  shell,  mica,  and  the  teeth  and 
bones  of  animals  ;  thousands  of  pearls  perforated  for  ornaments  ;  and 
knives  made  of  obsidian ;  all  showing  that  the  intercourse  of  the  peo- 
ple of  that  time  extended  from  the  copper  and  silver  region  of  Lake 
Superior  on  the  north  to  the  home  of  marine  shells  in  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico on  the  south ;  to  the  mica  mines  of  North  Carolina  on  the  east, 
and  the  obsidian  deposits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  west. 

In  this  region,  too,  are  some  of  the  most  extensive  of  the  ancient 
earthworks  of  Ohio  :  as  Fort  Ancient,  with  its  walls  of  earth,  from 
twelve  to  twenty  feet  high,  enclosing  over  a  hundred  acres ;  Fort  Hill, 
with  its  surrounding  wall  of  stone,  enclosing  about  forty  acres ;  the 
great  Serpent  Effigy,  more  than  a  thousand  feet  in  length  ;  the  immense 
earthworks  at  High  Bank,  at  Cedar  Bank,  and  at  Hopeton,  with  their 
squares  and  circles ;  while  hundreds  of  mounds,  from  a  foot  or  two 
in  height  to  others  forty  or  fifty  feet  high,  are  to  be  seen  in  all  direc- 
tions. In  a  few  places,  what  is  called  the  primeval  forest  still  covers 
the  ancient  remains  ;  but  by  far  the  larger  number  are  rapidly  disap- 
pearing under  the  plough  of  the  farmer  and  by  the  growth  of  towns 
and  cities,  which  have  been,  in  many  instances,  established  on  the  very 
sites  of  the  ancient  settlements. 

To  this  region,  as  I  have  stated,  our  most  extensive  explorations 
have  been  confined ;  and  here  it  is  that,  more  than  in  all  other  places, 
they  should  be  continued,  if  the  Museum  is  to  advance  the  important 
work  it  has  so  well  begun.    The  time  has  passed  when  the  mere  hap- 
hazard gathering  of  antiquities  was  considered  the  end  and  aim  of 
the  .archaeologist.    That  was  the  work  of  the  curiosity  seeker,  the  pio- 
neer of  the  student.    Now  the  time  has  come  for  thorough  work,  care- 
fully planned  and  systematically  executed.    Archaeology  has  become 
an  acknowledged  branch  of  science,  aiming  at  far-reaching  results ; 
and  it  is  necessary  that  none  but  scientific  methods  should  be  pursued. 
For  this  purpose  it  is  desirable  that  the  Museum  should  be  able  to  ex- 
pend in  Ohio  alone,  three  thousand  dollars  a  year,  before  it  is  too  late. 
With  this  amount  annually,  for  five  years  to  come,  results  of  the  great- 
est importance  could  be  secured.    This  is  shown  by  what  has  already 
been  done.    Such  systematic  work  will  prove  of  the  utmost  importance 


534 


in  solving  the  great  problems  before  us  in  relation  to  the  origin  of  man, 
his  appearance  in  America,  his  migration  over  the  continent,  and  the 
contact  of  race  with  race. 

These  are  problems  in  which  mankind  is  deeply  interested.  The 
Museum  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  at  Cambridge  has 
been  founded  for  this  study.  Will  not  aid  be  given  the  Museum  at 
this  time,  now  that  it  has  been  shown  that  the  work  can  be  performed 
under  its  auspices,  and  that  it  should  be  done  before  the  changing 
conditions  render  it  impossible  ?  In  a  few  years  it  will  be  too  late.  If 
this  aid  is  to  be  given,  now  is  the  time  to  ask  for  it,  and  with  it  to  carry 
on  the  work. 

Respectfully  yours, 

r.  W.  Putnam, 

Curator  of  the  Museum. 

August  6,  1886. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Arcileology 
AND  Ethnology  are  deeply  impressed  by  the  foregoing  communication 
from  the  Curator,  and  they  commend  his  appeal  most  earnestly  to  all 
who  are  willing  to  aid  in  the  interesting  and  important  explorations 
which  he  proposes  in  the  cause  of  science. 

Robert  C.  Winthrop, 
Asa  Gray, 
Henry  Wheatland, 
Theodore  Lyman, 
Samuel  H.  Scudder, 
George  F.  Hoar, 
Francis  C.  Lowell, 

Trustees, 


EEPOKT  OF  THE  CUEATOE. 


To  the  Trustees  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology 
and  Ethnology : 

Gentlemen  :  The  only  words  with  which  I  can  begin  this  re- 
port are  those  of  grateful  acknowledgment  for  your  many  expres- 
sions of  appreciation  of  my  efforts  in  aiding  you  to  carry  out  the 
objects  of  the  trust  you  administer,  and  to  thank  you  for  the  cor- 
dial support  you  have  given  to  my  plans  by  nominating  me  for  the 
professorship  of  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology  in  the  Uni- 
versity. 

In  accepting  this  chair  I  do  not  forget  that  had  it  not  been  for 
the  fact  that  you  considered  the  work  I  have  performed,  as  cura- 
tor of  the  Museum,  worthy  of  your  support,  the  honor  would  not 
have  been  conferred  upon  nre.  This  appreciation  on  your  part  is 
my  great  reward  for  labors  which  I  know  I  have  conscientiously 
performed,  and  I  am  deeply  grateful  to  j^ou,  gentlemen,  for  this 
acknowledgment.  It  gives  me  renewed  strength  and  courage  for 
the  performance  of  future  duties. 

The  position  of  Peabody  Professor  of  American  Archaeology 
and  Ethnology,  while  imposing  no  duties  which,  as  curator  of  the 
Museum,  I  have  not  already  performed,  brings  the  Museum  more 
closely  into  the  general  system  of  the  University  and  probably 
will  make  necessary  some  definition  of  the  relationship  existing 
between  them. 

Under  the  founder's  Instrument  of  Trust,  the  Peabody  Professor 
is  made  the  Curator  of  the  Museum,  and  he  is  to  give  "  one  or  more 
courses  of  lectures  annually  under  the  direction  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  University."  These  are  his  specified  duties,  and  with 
a  large  museum  to  look  after,  with  very  insufficient  funds  for  its  sup- 
port, they  are  all  that  could  in  justice  be  expected  of  any  man. 
Still  the  Museum  ought  to  be  used  to  its  full  extent  for  the  pur- 
poses of  instruction,  though  such  instruction  should  be  limited  to 
advanced  students,  or  to  those  who  wish  to  prepare  themselves  for 

(535) 


536 


research  in  some  of  the  many  departments  embraced  under  the 
terms  of  archaeology  and  ethnology.  For  all  such  students  pro- 
vision should  be  made.  They  are  wanted,  and  there  is  plenty  of 
work  for  them  to  perform ;  and  it  will  be  my  pleasure  to  give  to 
such  students  any  facilities  that  can  be  properly  offered  at  the 
Museum. 

That  trained  assistants  in  the  various  departments  of  the  Mu- 
seum are  needed  is,  of  course,  evident  to  all  from  the  magnitude 
of  our  collections.  If  several  scholarships  could  be  secured  for 
special  students  by  which  they  could  be  made  student-assistants, 
and  thus  enabled  to  aid  in  the  work  of  the  Museum  while  carrying 
on  their  special  studies,  a  number  of  properly  trained  assistants 
might  be  gradually  obtained.  Whenever  further  means  allowed, 
such  future  officers  as  might  prove  desirable  as  a  permanent  Mu- 
seum corps,  might  well  be  selected  from  among  them  and  thus  we 
should  be  providing  against  the  contingencies  that  sooner  or  later 
will  arise.  There  would  thus  be  at  hand  a  body  of  trained  assist- 
ants who  would  be  able  to  take  up  the  work  of  the  Museum  and 
carry  it  on  without  interruption.  In  this  connection  I  may  be  par- 
doned for  adding  that  the  future  of  the  Museum  has  been  much 
upon  my  mind,  and  that  no  one  can  more  fully  realize  the  impor- 
tance of  carefully  providing  for  contingencies  which  might  arise 
and  undo  in  a  day  the  labors  of  years,  than  he  who  has  by  close 
association  with  every  object  in  the  Museum  made  it  a  part  of  his 
very  existence.  To  do  this,  however,  and  to  provide  for  the  care 
of  the  collections,  a  larger  income  in  some  form  is  essential,  and 
the  establishment  of  student-assistantships  in  the  Museum  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  feasible  way  of  securing  a  portion  of  the  funds 
needed  for  the  purpose. 

The  oTowth  of  the  Museum  has  now  reached  the  point  when  it 
becomes  necessary  to  provide  further  accommodations  for  the  col- 
lections. Ten  years  ago  this  summer  the  collections  were  removed 
to  the  present  building,  and  as  cases  have  since  been  made  in  a 
room  or  gallery  they  have  been  filled  with  objects  for  exhibition, 
until  every  foot  of  available  space  is  occupied  and  all  the  exhibi- 
tion rooms  and  galleries  are  opened  to  the  public.  Notwitlistand- 
ing  the  crowding  of  specimens  in  the  cases,  it  is  within  bounds  to 
say  that  nearly  as  many  more  specimens,  which  should  be  exhibited, 
are  now  packed  away  to  keep  them  safe  from  insects,  or  are  stored 


537 


in  cupboards  or  drawers.  Among  them  are  those  obtained  from 
our  explorations  in  Ohio,  which  are  not  only  of  primary  importance 
for  a  comparative  study  of  the  peoples  of  that  region ,  but  are 
also  of  general  interest  from  the  character  of  the  objects  them- 
selves. These  alone  will  require  for  their  proper  exhibition  as 
much  shelf-room  as  is  contained  on  the  floor  and  gallery  of  one  of 
the  present  exhibition  rooms  ;  and  the  objects  relating  to  existing 
Indian  tribes  will  require  an  equal  amount  of  space.  The  collec- 
tion from  the  shellheaps  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  now  contained  in 
several  hundred  drawers,  are  also  ready  to  be  exhibited  and  will  re- 
quire a  space  equal  to  that  contained  in  the  cases  on  the  floor  of  one 
of  the  present  exhibition  rooms.  More  than  twice  the  space  now 
given  to  the  collections  from  South  America  is  required  for  the  ex- 
hibition of  the  objects  now  on  hand,  particularly  those  illustrating 
the  remarkable  development  of  the  arts  of  the  ancient  Peruvians. 
Such  also  is  the  condition  of  the  Mexican  and  Central  American 
collections,  while  those  from  the  Pueblos  of  New  Mexico  and  the 
adjoining  region  have  so  increased  that  not  one-half  can  be  ex- 
hibited in  the  hall  allotted  to  them.  The  cases  on  the  gallery 
devoted  to  collections  from  the  Pacific  Islands  are  overcrowded. 
Of  course  this  crowding  of  the  cases  renders  it  impossible  to  carry 
to  the  full  extent  desirable  such  an  arrangement  of  the  collections 
as  is  necessary  for  making  the  Museum  a  place  for  instruction, 
and  many  things  are  almost  daily  stored  away  in  drawers  which 
would  add  much  of  importance  and  interest  to  the  exhibition 
rooms  could  they  be  placed  in  the  cases  so  as  not  to  break  in  upon 
the  principles  of  the  arrangement  adopted  for  the  whole. 

These  facts  are  sufficient  to  show  the  great  need  of  an  addition 
to  the  building,  and  1  may  be  permitted  to  call  your  attention  to 
the  following  statement  relative  to  the  cost  of  the  present  building 
and  its  equipment  with  cases  and  other  essentials. 

The  cost  of  the  building  with  heating  apparatus, 

plumbing  and  elevator  was      ....       $54,494  00 

Since  then  there  has  been  paid  for  furniture,  re- 
pairs and  incidentals,  ....  2,861  77 

And  for  cases,  including  those  used  in  Boylston 

Hall  and  removed  to  new  building,  ,       .         19,256  76 

Making  a  total  of  $76,612  53 


638 


As  Mr.  Peabody,  in  his  Instrument  of  Trust,  implies  that 
$100,000  shall  be  expended  for  a  building,  it  seems  that  before  the 
Trustees  have  completed  their  duty  in  this  respect,  about  $24,000 
more  must  be  expended.  At  the  present  time  the  amount  remain- 
ing of  the  original  gift  of  $60,000  and  its  accumulations  is  nearly 
$62,000  ;  or,  in  other  words,  over  $76,000  have  been  expended  and 
$2,000  still  remain  of  the  accumulated  income  of  the  $60,000  origi- 
nally set  apart  as  a  building  fund.  It  is  thought  that  the  next  sec- 
tion of  the  building  can  be  erected  for  about  $50,000,  exclusive  of 
cases  and  other  necessary  furniture.  Should  this  sum  be  expended, 
it  would  still  leave  about  $12,000  which  it  may  seem  desirable 
to  hold  as  a  fund  for  incidental  expenses  for  which  there  is  no  pro- 
vision. This  method  would  secure  a  building  at  a  total  cost  of 
about  $126,000  which  would  be  the  property  of  the  University 
in  accordance  with  Mr.  Peabody's  instrument  of  gift.  It  is  not 
at  all  likely  that  the  friends  of  the  University  would  permit  the 
valuable  collections,  obtained  with  so  much  care  and  at  so  great 
an  expense,  and  offered  as  a  gift  to  the  University,  to  suffer  for  the 
lack  of  proper  cases  for  their  arrangement  and  exhibition.  At  all 
events,  the  trustees  of  the  Peabody  fund  would  have  performed  their 
duty,  and  they  could  well  trust  to  the  generosity  of  other  patrons 
of  education  to  see  to  it  that  the  great  work  accomplished  by  Mr. 
Peabody's  gift  was  not  allowed  to  fail  by  reason  of  the  immediate 
want  of  about  $30,000  for  cases  and  other  essentials,  for  the  pro- 
tection and  exhibition  of  the  materials  already  obtained  and  which 
cannot  be  duplicated  at  any  price.  These  thoughts  have  occurred 
to  me  while  pondering  over  the  immediate  necessities  of  the  Mu- 
seum and  I  trust  I  have  not  gone  beyond  my  position  as  its  custo- 
dian in  offering  them  for  your  consideration. 

During  the  past  year  several  large  collections  of  special  interest 
have  been  added  to  the  Museum.  The  most  important  is  the  Buck- 
lin  collection  from  ancient  graves  in  Peru,  principally  at  Ancon. 
This  collection,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  received  at  the  Museum 
in  1879  subject  to  purchase,  but  the  price  asked  was  beyond  our 
means  and  after  keeping  it  on  exhibition  for  two  years  it  was  stored, 
subject  to  the  order  of  the  father  of  the  young  man  who  made  it, 
and  who  died  in  Peru.  Three  years  ago  an  arrangement  was  made 
by  which  the  collection  should  become  the  property  of  the  Museum 


539 


at  a  fair  price.  The  last  payment  has  now  been  made  and  the  col- 
lection is  ours,  but  it  has  not  yet  been  catalogued.  It  will  add 
much  to  the  value  of  our  already  large  Peruvian  collection,  partic- 
ularly in  textiles,  and  in  ornaments  and  implements  made  of  sil- 
ver and  bronze,  while  among  the  objects  in  pottery  there  are  many 
new  forms  and  styles  of  ornamentation. 

Another  collection  of  over  three  hundred  specimens  of  pottery 
obtained  from  the  Province  of  Piura,  Peru,  has  also  been  purchased, 
as  we  had  but  few  things  from  that  locality,  and  nearly  every  ves- 
sel added  some  important  feature  to  our  already  instructive  Peru- 
vian collection.  Of  course  it  will  be  impossible  to  place  all  these 
things  on  exhibition  until  we  have  an  addition  to  the  building. 

A  third  collection  consists  of  three  hundred  and  thirty-seven 
pottery  vessels,  a  number  of  whistles  and  other  objects  made  of 
pottery,  two  hundred  and  forty-five  stone  implements,  and  several 
large  carved  stones,  some  circular  and  others  resembling  animals, 
supposed  by  some  archseologists  to  be  seats  and  by  others  to  be 
metates.  This  collection  has  been  catalogued  and  placed  in  the 
exhibition  cases  with  the  other  objects  from  the  ancient  graves  in 
Chiriqui.  It  was  obtained  from  the  well  known  collector  of  anti- 
quities in  Chiriqui,  Mr.  J.  A.  McNiel,  who  has  resided  in  the  state 
of  Panama  for  many  years.  It  is  unfortunate  that  Mr.  McNiel 
has  not  been  able  to  keep  together  the  contents  of  each  grave,  for 
although  each  vessel  is  marked  in  such  a  way  that  all  found  near 
together  can  be  determined  ;  yet,  inasmuch  as  he  has  been  depend- 
ent on  the  sale  of  the  specimens  for  the  means  to  carry  on  his 
work,  the  objects  he  obtained  are  now  widely  scattered,  and  we 
have  no  means  of  tracing  the  development  of  the  arts  of  the 
people,  which  could  have  been  done  had  his  collection  been  kept 
together  and  the  associations  of  every  object  been  carefully  noted. 
His  work  has  brought  much  to  light  that  is  of  great  interest  and 
importance  in  the  study  of  the  art  of  the  people  as  a  whole,  but  it 
is  a  pity  that  his  collections  were  scattered  before  a  comparative 
study  of  all  he  had  obtained  was  made.  Under  the  circumstances, 
however,  we  are  fortunate  in  being  able  to  add  this  lot  to  the  Ap- 
pleton  collection,  which  was  also  obtained  from  Mr.  McNiel,  and 
of  which  an  account  was  given  in  the  Seventeenth  Report  (1884), 
as  we  now  have  a  fair  exhibition  of  the  ancient  art  of  Chiriqui,  in 
clay,  stone  and  gold. 


540 


In  connection  with  this  addition,  the  following  abstracts  from 
papers  read  by  Mr.  J.  A.  McNiel  at  the  meeting  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in  August  last  will 
be  of  interest : — 

"  There  are  a  few  facts  iu  relation  to  the  antiquity  of  the  ancient  people 
of  Chiriqui  which  have  come  under  my  notice  that  I  have  not  seen  mentioned 
by  any  other  explorer. 

After  exploring  the  country  between  8°  and  9°  N.  and  82°  and  83°  W. 
(G.)  for  about  two  years,  I  began  to  discover  there  were  but  few  very  an- 
cient graves  along  the  coast  line  of  the  Pacific  ocean  at  a  lower  elevation 
than  about  500  feet.  Such  as  were  examined  bore  evidence  of  being  com- 
paratively modern,  though  they  contained  stone  implements,  and  more  of 
them  contained  human  bones  than  those  found  at  a  greater  elevation. 

Considering  these  facts  in  connection  with  the  marine  origin  of  the 
gradually  ascending  plains,  as  they  recede  from  the  sea,  and  bearing  in 
mind  that  a  gradual  uprising  of  the  region  is  still  going  on,  it  is  evident 
that  the  elevation  may  throw  some  light  on  the  relative  age  of  the  graves 
along  the  low  land  of  the  coast  and  the  more  elevated  interior. 

After  eight  years'  work,  opening  many  hundreds  of  graves,  I  cannot  call 
to  mind  an  instance  where  human  bones  were  found  above  2,000  feet  ele- 
vation, though  the  conditions  there  seemed  more  favorable  for  their  pres- 
ervation. The  guacals  (cemeteries)  seem  to  be  more  numerous  about 
that  elevation,  and  they  are,  also,  larger  and  the  graves  closer  together. 
The  large  burial  urns  are  only  found  on  the  higher  land,  2,000  to  G,000 
feet  above  the  sea.  These  are,  however,  very  generally  found  in'  frag- 
ments. As  they  are  sometimes  of  a  capacity  of  forty  or  more  gallons  they 
were  probably  too  large  to  withstand  the  frequent  earthquakes. 

The  total  absence  of  any  trace  of  buildings,  foundations,  or  mounds,  iu 
this  region  shows  a  marked  difference  from  that  which  is  found  to  the 
north  in  Central  America.  But  this  is  not  of  necessity  a  proof  of  great 
antiquity,  as  the  structures  of  to-day  if  deserted  would  be  obliterated  in 
less  than  a  centmy. 

In  an  expedition  I  undertook,  a  few  years  ago,  to  reach  a  basin  to  the 
N.  W.  of  W.  Chiriqui  and  about  8°  50'  N.  and  82°  45'  W.  (G.),  it  was  neces- 
sary to  go  on  horse-back  for  three  days,  then  on  foot.  We  hud  proceeded 
on  foot  for  two  days,  halting  about  4  p.  m.  at  a  convenient  place  for  camp- 
ing. While  ray  men  were  arranging  the  camp,  my  assistant  took  his  gun 
and  lool^ed  for  game.  While  examining  the  ground  at  the  base  of  the 
cliff,  at  a  short  distance  from  our  camp,  I  discovered  unmistakable  evidence 
of  gaucas  (graves)  and  many  of  them.  When  my  man  came  in  I  told  him 
what  I  had  discovered.  He  then  reported  that  he  had  seen  similar  indica- 
tions on  the  bluff  immediately  above  what  I  had  found.  The  next  morning 
we  both  made  an  examination  and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  some  great 
convulsion  had  broken  down  a  part  of  the  hill,  which  was  250  to  300  feet 
above  that  portion  in  the  valley  and  plain.  The  general  a[,pearance  iudi- 
cated  that  this  had  occurred  many  centuries  ago. 


541 


I  may  mention  the  fact  that  there  is  not  left  among  the  Indians  a  trace 
of  a  tradition  to  account  for  the  race  who  manufactured  the  implements 
and  ornaments  of  copper,  gold  and  stone,  and  vessels  of  pottery,  which 
are  taken  from  the  ground  beneath  their  feet.  The  Indian  will  not  work 
in  the  graves.  He  believes  that  the  implements  descended  from  the  thun- 
der clouds.  The  stone  hatchets  are  called  "  piedre  di  raya,"  or  thunder 
stones.  The  pottery  they  will  not  use ;  and  even  the  gold  trinkets  have 
no  personal  attractions  for  them. 

In  conclusion,  though  it  may  have  no  relation  to  the  antiquity  of  the 
graves,  I  may  mention  the  fact  that  of  about  two  thousand  specimens  of 
ancient  pottery,  stone,  gold,  copper  and  bronze  which  I  have  seen,  I  have 
failed  to  find  a  figure  which  seemed  intended  to  represent  a  leaf,  flower,  or 
fruit,  although  the  representations  of  animate  objects  are  common." 

We  have  also  received,  by  the  payment  of  expenses  to  the  col- 
lector, a  singular  and  important  collection  of  objects,  found  by  the 
Rev.  Stephen  Bowers  in  a  small  dry  cave  in  the  San  Martin  Moun- 
tains, Los  Angeles  Co,,  California,  in  1885.  The  following  abstract 
of  Rev.  Mr.  Bowers'  accoimt  of  the  objects  and  their  discovery  will 
give  an  idea  of  these  interesting  articles  which,  very  likely,  had  been 
hidden  in  the  cave  by  Indians  many  years  ago.  They  may  have 
been  the  property  of  some  leading  man  of  the  tribe,  but  the  num- 
ber of  each  kind  is  remarkable. 

"  The  cave  was  about  twelve  feet  by  sixteen.  In  it  were  nine  baskets 
from  six  to  twenty  inches  in  diameter,  made  from  tule,  one  of  which  con- 
tained fourteen  pieces  of  red-wood  about  a  foot  long,  notched,  and  painted 
with  red  and  blue  in  streaks.  Some  of  these  sticks  had  as  many  as  one 
hundred  notches,  and  each  stick  was  perforated  at  one  end.  Another  bas- 
ket contained  thirty-three  headdresses,  from  four  to  five  feet  in  length, 
made  of  feathers ;  another,  forty-five  whistles  made  from  the  tibiaa  of 
*  deer,  the  "stop"  being  formed  by  inserting  a  mass  of  asphaltum,  and  the 
larger  end  of  the  bone  covered  with  asphaltum  in  which  is  embedded  a 
piece  of  haliotis  shell.  The  most  important  objects  found  were  four  per- 
forated stones  mounted  on  handles  of  the  hard  wood  of  the  bearbcrry, 
held  fast  in  the  holes  by  asphaltum.  The  cave  gave  no  evidence  of  having 
been  used  for  any  other  purpose  than  as  a  place  of  deposit  for  these  arti- 
cles. Considerable  basket  work  was  discovered  in  the  debris,  as  also  a 
haliotis  shell-cup,  a  shell  ornament,  an  implement  made  of  deer's  antler, 
and  a  smoothing  implement  made  of  serpentine.  No  determination  could 
be  arrived  at  as  to  the  length  of  time  the  articles  had  been  in  the  cave ; 
but,  as  it  was  perfectly  dry,  they  may  have  been  there  for  centuries." 

Of  particular  interest  in  this  lot  are  the  four  perforated  stones, 
of  the  same  character  as  hundreds  which  have  been  found  in  the 


542 


Indian  graves  in  southern  California  and  also  in  various  other  parts 
of  the  world.  That  such  circular  stones  of  different  sizes,  with 
central  perforations,  were  used  for  many  purposes  I  have  pointed 
out  in  an  account  of  "perforated  stones"  published  several  years 
ago,i  and  I  then  suggested  that  some  of  the  California  stones  were 
probably  mounted  upon  handles  for  use  as  clubs.  The  four  speci- 
mens from  the  cave  show,  at  least,  one  method  of  mounting  such 
stones  on  short  handles  by  means  of  a  fastening  of  asphaltum. 
However,  only  one  of  the  four  handles  is  of  a  convenient  size  for 
holding  in  the  hand,  the  other  three  being  so  slender  that  unless 
the  wood,  when  fresh,  was  of  extreme  toughness,  the  handle  would 
have  snapped  if  a  hard  blow  had  been  given  with  the  club.  The 
handles  are  also  perfectly  straight,  without  knobs  or  a  rough  por- 
tion at  the  end,  but  an  African  club  in  the  Museum  has  a  straight, 
smooth  handle,  and  the  terminal  knob  of  most  club-handles  must 
be  regarded  as  a  developed  feature  of  the  weapon.  If,  however, 
such  short-handled  clubs,  as  those  from  the  cave,  were  used  for 
throwing,  as  were  the  African  knob-kerries,  the  smooth  handle 
would  be  desirable  and  its  size  would  not  be  of  much  account  if 
of  sufficient  strength  to  sustain  the  stone  when  thrown. 

Then,  as  is  the  case,  probably,  with  nearly  all  primitive  weapons, 
such  clubs  might  pass  insensibly  into  ceremonial  objects,  or  staves, 
or  insignia  of  office.  A  Peruvian  club  with  a  copper  head  having 
five  plain  points,  and  mounted  on  a  smooth,  short  handle  of  wood 
is  in  the  Museum,  and  with  this  is  another  star-shaped  head  of 
copper  which  has  each  point  carved  to  represent  a  human  head 
and  face.  The  former  may  well  be  called  a  club  and  the  latter 
may  have  been  the  head  of  an  official  staff. 

There  is  also  from  Peru  a  star-shaped  stone,  with  five  long 
points,  fastened  to  a  plain  staff,  now  broken,  but  which  must  have 
been  four  or  five  feet  long,  which,  it  seems  tome,  must  be  regarded 
as  a  weapon.  In  contrast  with  this  is  a  similar  stone,  but  with  the 
rays  reduced  to  slight  rounded  projections,  which  is  mounted  on 
an  elaborately  carved  and  decorated  staff  about  three  feet  long. 
This  can  hardly  be  a  weapon  and  is  probably  a  ceremonial  staff. 

From  the  same  region  in  Peru  from  which  these  pointed  club- 

^Vol.  VII,  pp.  135-189,  with  illustrations,  United  States  Geographical  Surveys  west 
of  the  100th  Meridian,  under  Lt.  G.  M.  Wheeler,  United  States  Engineers,  Washington, 
1879. 


543 


heads  came,  we  have  three  human  skulls  with  circular  indentures 
and  holes,  just  such  as  would  be  made  by  blows  given  by  pointed  ' 
club-heads  like  these  of  which  we  are  speaking :  hence  it  is  pre- 
sumable that  such  were  used  as  clubs,  although  similar  objects  were 
also  mounted  on  staves,  probably  for  ceremonial  purposes. 

Many  other  specimens  have  been  added  to  the  Museum  during 
the  past  year,  some  of  particular  interest  in  one  way  and  some  in 
another,  while  all  are  of  importance  in  aiding  us  to  understand  the 
conditions  of  life,  the  surroundings  and  the  relations  of  peoples  of 
the  past,  or  of  the  uncivilized  races  of  to-day.  All  these  are  re- 
corded briefly  in  the  list  of  additions  for  the  year,  which  has  been 
prepared  by  Mr.  Carr  from  the  manuscript  catalogue  of  the  Mu- 
seum, and  cover  nineteen  hundred  and  twenty-one  entries  and 
over  eight  thousand  specimens. 

I  must,  however,  mention,  as  of  particular  interest  relating  to 
the  early  period  of  contact  between  the  Indians  and  Europeans  on 
this  continent,  the  presentation,  by  Dr.  Samuel  Kneeland,  of  two  of 
the  brass  tubes  found  with  the  skeleton  of  an  Indian  near  Fall 
River,  about  which  so  much  has  been  written,  including  the  well- 
known  verses  by  Longfellow,  entitled  "The  Skeleton  in  Armor." 
That  two  of  the  "links  of  the  armor"  should  find  their  final  rest- 
ing place  in  this  Museum  is  interesting  in  itself  and  calls  up  in 
imagination  the  history  of  the  bits  of  metal  of  which  they  are  made. 
Probably  some  early  emigrant  brought  from  Europe  a  brass  kettle, 
which  by  barter,  or  through  the  vicissitudes  of  those  early  days, 
came  into  the  possession  of  an  Indian  of  one  of  our  New  England 
tribes  and  was  by  him  cut  up  for  ornaments,  arrow  points  and 
knives.  One  kind  of  ornament  he  made  by  rolling  little  strips  of 
the  brass  into  the  form  of  long,  slender  cylinders,  in  imitation  of 
those  he  had,  probably,  before  made  of  copper.  These  were  fast- 
ened side  by  side  so  as  to  form  an  ornamental  belt,  in  which  he 
was  buried.  Long  afterwards,  his  skeleton  was  discovered  and 
the  brass  beads  were  taken  to  be  portions  of  the  armor  of  a  Norse- 
man. They  were  sent,  with  other  things  found  with  them,  to  Co- 
penhagen and  the  learned  men  of  the  old  and  new  world  wrote  and 
sang  their  supposed  history.  Chemists  made  analyses  and  the  truth 
came  out,—  they  were  brass,  not  bronze  nor  iron.  After  nearly 
half  a  century  had  elapsed  these  two  little  tubes  were  separated 
from  their  fellows,  and  again  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  rest  by  the  side 


544 


of  similar  tubes  of  brass  and  of  copper,  which  have  been  found 
with  other  Indian  braves  ;  and  their  story  shows  how  much  can  be 
made  out  of  a  little  thing  when  fancy  has  full  play,  and  imagina- 
tion is  not  controlled  by  scientific  reasoning,  and  conclusions  are 
drawn  without  comparative  study. 

The  following  is  an  abstract  of  a  paper  by  Dr.  Samuel  Knee- 
land,  which  accompanied  these  interesting  specimens. 

"  As  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  obtain,  in  Copenhagen,  —  where  the 
metalhc  contents  of  the  grave  were  sent  by  Dr.  Jerome  V.  C.  Smith  (after- 
ward Mayor  of  Boston)  as  marked  in  tlie  written  private  catalogue  of  the 
Ethnographiske  Museum, —  a  portion  of  this  armor,  I  may  bo  permitted  to 
give  a  brief  extract  from  the  description  of  what  was  found,  taken  from 
the  "  Memoires  de  la  Societe  dcs  Antiquaires  du  Nord,"  Copenhagen, 
1840-44,  from  the  letter  sent  by  Dr.  Thomas  H.  Webb,  Secretary  of  the 
Eliode  Island  Historical  Society,  in  1841. 

The  skeleton  was  found  at  Eall  River,  Mass.,  in  1831,  in  a  sand  bank, — 
near  the  line  between  Fall  River  and  Tiverton, —  fifteen  feet  high,  in  a  di- 
luvial deposit  of  alternate  strata  of  sand  and  gravel,  dipping  to  the  east 
iit  an  angle  of  15°  to  20°,  covered  with  an  excellent  loamy  soil;  the 
lower  stratum  was  like  fine  house  sand,  the  diggings  for  which  had  under- 
mined the  bank,  exposing  the  skeleton,  aided  also  by  the  washing  of  a 
heavy  rain. 

The  skeleton  was  buried  in  a  sitting  posture,  with  legs  flexed  on  the  thighs, 
and  the  last  bent  toward  the  abdomen,  as  in  the  usual  Indian  position;  the 
hands  were  raised  to  the  upper  part  of  the  chest.  It  was  carefully  wrapped 
in  several  coverings  of  braided  or  woven  bark-cloth  of  different  textures, 
the  finest  innermost;  outside  was  a  casing  of  cedar  bark.  On  the  chest 
was  a  plate  of  brass,  about  14  inches  long,  5^  wide  at  one  end  and  6  at  the 
other,  evidently  incomplete  at  both  ends.  Over  its  lower  end,  encircling 
the  body,  was  a  belt  of  30-40  metallic  tubes,  close  together  lengthwise, 
4-^-  inches  long  and  about  ^  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  These  tubes  were 
formed  around  pieces  of  hollow  reed,  the  edges  being  brought  so  nicely 
together  that  they  look  like  unbroken  cylinders;  through  the  reeds,  sinews 
or  narrow  strips  of  hide  were  passed,  and  the  ends  braided  together,  so 
that  another  similar  string  might  rim  transversely  at  top  and  bottom. 

This  specimen  is  in  case  No.  41,  in  the  Ethnographiske  Museum  in  Co- 
penhagen, where  I  saw  it  repeatedly  in  1884-5,  and  was  allowed  to  exam- 
ine the  tubes  by  the  Director;  this,  with  some  other  specimens,  is  marked 
as  having  been  found  in  an  Indian  grave,  and  presented  as  before  stated. 

The  three  tubes  I  have  are  a  small  part  of  this  belt.  In  the  same  case, 
marked  as  having  been  found  in  various  graves  near  Fall  River  and  Mid- 
dleborough,  Mass.,  arc  copper,  silver,  bone,  and  bronze  (so  called),  spec- 
imens of  spoons,  pieces  of  vases  and  bits  of  the  above-named  breastplate. 
As  the  last  and  the  tubes  are  called  bronze,  while  they  are  reahy  brass, 
it  IS  not  probable  that  any  of  the  specimens  are  of  bronze,  which  would 


5*45 


not  be  likely  to  get  into  Indian  hand^s,  while  brass,  we  know,  often  did 
in  their  intercourse  with  the  whites  in  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  With  brass  (though  called  bronze)  arrowheads,  were  stone  ar- 
rowheads. Some  half  a  dozen  arrowheads,  of  the  same  material  as  the 
plate  and  the  tubes,  were  found  with  the  same  skeleton,  nicely  packed 
in  bark  cloth  and  moss;  the  form  of  the  heads  was  regularly  triangular, 
more  so  than  most  such  specimens,  yet  not  varying  from  many  copper 
and  brass  arrowheads  found  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  of  which 
there  are  several  specimens  at  Cambridge. 

The  skeleton,  said  to  have  been  destroyed  by  fire  at  Troy,  an  old  name 
of  Fall  River,  about  1843,  was  pronounced  that  of  a  male,  though  not  of  a 
powerful  one,  perhaps  of  a  half  breed;  no  Indian  burial  ground  is  known 
to  have  existed  in  this  locality,  though  there  are  two  about  half  a  mile 
distant;  only  one  other  skeleton  had  been  found  in  the  vicinity,  and  that 
so  decayed  as  to  furnish  no  evidence ;  the  region  was  occupied  by  whites 
as  early  as  16G1,  about  forty  years  after  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims.  No 
article  of  unquestioned  European  manufacture,  the  brass  excepted,  was 
found,  and  nothing  that  appeared  like  the  work  of  civilized  man;  in  the 
Indian  burial  grounds  referred  to,  everything  found  was  of  the  ordinary 
Indian  manufacture,  and  nothing  resembling  the  plate  and  tubes  above  al- 
luded to.  From  negative  characters  the  skull  was  said  to  be  not  charac- 
teristically Indian;  another  fact,  if  it  be  a  fact,  in  favor  of  this  being  an 
effeminate,  trading,  perhaps  distinguished  half-breed,  buried  alone  at  a 
distance  from  his  tribe.  The  breastplate  was  analyzed  by  the  celebrated 
chemist  Berzelius,  and  found  to  consist  of  about  70.25  of  copper  and  28  of 
zinc,  with  less  than  one  per  cent  of  tin.  I  had  the  tubes  analyzed  by  Prof. 
Richards,  of  the  Institute  of  Technology,  who  said  that  they  contained 
considerable  zinc  and  no  tin  ;  so  that  they  are  of  brass,  and  not  of  bronze, 
nor  of  copper  as  stated  by  Schoolcraft  aiid  those  who  have  copied  him  to 
the  present  time.  This  alloy  no  Indian  tribe  could  have  made,  and  it  must 
have  been  obtained  from  the  whites,  most  likely  in  the  form  of  a  brass 
kettle. 

As  to  this  skeleton,  the  conclusion  seems  undeniable  that  it  was  that  of 
an  American  Indian,  pure  or  half-breed,  and  not  antedating  one  hundred 
and  eighty  years  the  time  it  was  found,  1831,  or  about  1G50.  I  think  the 
posture  in  the  grave,  the  wrappings,  the  cedar  bark  casing  and  the  ab- 
sence of  any  articles  (other  than  the  brass)  of  undoubted  European  man- 
ufacture, sufficiently  indicate  this;  yet,  the  isolated  position  of  the  grave, 
the  unusual  character  of  the  material  and  form  of  the  weapons  and  orna- 
ments, dismissing  the  idea  that  the  belt  was  defensive  armor,  would  seem 
to  suggest  either  an  individual  of  mixed  blood,  or  one  who  had,  in  a  com- 
paratively high  position,  lived  in  unusually  intimate  contact  with  the  whites. 
Moreover,  it  is  my  belief  that  the  pattern  of  the  belt  is  not  a  native  one, 
but  borrowed  from  northern  Europe,  perhaps  via  Greenland  and  the  Skr£el- 
lings  or  Eskimo,  who  evidently,  in  the  eleventh  century,  lived  much  far- 
ther to  the  south  than  they  do  at  present.  Finally  that,  though  the  skeleton 
and  the  belt  were  probably  less  than  two  hundred  years  old,  the  idea  or 

REPOllT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III.  33 


546 


pattern  of  said  ornamental  covering  is  thrice,  at  least,  as  ancient,  and  that 
possibly  the  similar  tubes  of  copper,  found  extensively  in  graves  in  va- 
rious parts  of  this  country,  may  have  had  a  non- American  origin ;  the  last 
opinion  I  lay  no  stress  upon,  as  it  is  simply  an  hypothesis,  to  establish 
which  many  old  records,  in  the  old  and  the  new  world,  are  yet  to  be  thor- 
oughly investigated." 

In  regard  to  the  explorations  conducted  by  the  Museum,  I  have 
great  pleasure  in  stating  that  they  have  been  continued,  thanks  to 
the  aid  given  by  a  few  friends,  and  much  valuable  material  as  well 
as  important  results  have  been  obtained.  Still  we  have  not  been 
able  to  do  all  that  we  ought  to  do  in  this  respect,  and  while  there 
are  yet  many  places  which  should  be  explored,  as  I  have  stated  in 
former  reports,  every  year  that  passes  makes  it  more  difficult  to  get 
access  to  them,  even  if  their  archaeological  value  is  not  destroyed 
by  the  march  of  improvements  and  the  cultivation  of  the  land. 

During  the  past  summer  an  appeal  was  made  for  aid,  by  whicli 
the  Museum  could  continue  in  this  work,  and  although  this  appeal 
(which  is  repeated  in  connection  with  this  report)  came  to  the  at- 
tention of  but  few  persons,  the  results  were  ver}'  gratifying,  in- 
asmuch as  they  showed  that  there  is  an  interest  taken  in  American 
explorations.  Owing  to  the  assistance  then  received,  we  have 
been  able  to  carry  on  our  field  work  in  Ohio,  and  have  also  been 
able  to  secure  all  that  was  found  during  the  partial  destruction 
of  the  great  shellheap  on  the  Damariscotta  river,  in  Maine. 

This,  the  largest  of  the  shellheaps  on  the  New  England  coast, 
was  purchased  by  a  company  and  is  now  being  ground  up  for  fer- 
tilizing material.  During  the  year,  the  mill  has  been  at  work, 
but  we  have  been  able,  by  an  arrangement  made  with  the  owner 
of  the  heap  and  the  fertilizing  company,  to  keep  Mr.  A.  T.  Gamage 
on  the  spot  to  look  after  everything  connected  with  the  structure 
of  the  heap,  and  to  secure  all  objects  found  during  the  carting 
away  of  the  shells.  In  this  work,  Mr.  Gamage  has  proved  a  most 
efficient  person  and  has  secured  many  things  of  interest,  although 
the  heap  in  proportion  to  its  size  is  not  nearly  so  rich  in  objects, 
made  and  lost  by  the  people  who  formed  it,  as  are  many  of  the 
smaller  heaps  whicli  we  have  explored  on  the  coast  of  Maine. 
This,  in  itself,  is  an  important  point  in  its  history,  and  when  the 
material  thus  obtained  is  arranged  and  compared  with  that  from 
the  other  heaps,  we  may  be  able  to  ascertain  the  relations  of  its 
builders  to  those  who  left  the  other  refuse  piles  on  the  coast. 


547 


With  this  material  are  portions  of  several  human  skeletons,  and 
although  the  collection  has  not  yet  been  unpacked,  the  fall  notes 
taken  by  Mr.  Gamage  show  that  it  contains  much  of  interest. 
Mr.  Gamage  has  also  made  numerous  sketches  and  measurements, 
and  has  had  several  photographs  taken  by  which  to  illustrate  the 
structure  of  this  great  pile  of  shells  and  other  refuse  materials. 
This  will  add  very  much  of  interest  to  our  already  rich  collection 
illustrating  the  shellheaps  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  it  now  becomes 
still  more  important  for  us  to  continue  our  explorations  in  this 
direction.  To-day,  owing  to  the  purchase  of  many  of  the  sites  of 
the  heaps  along  the  coast  of  Maine  for  summer  residences,  places 
where  we  could  have  explored  to  any  extent  two  years  ago  are 
now  levelled  or  built  upon  ;  and  so  rapid  is  this  increase  of  dwell- 
ings along  the  coast  that  it  is  truly  "  now  or  never  "  if  we  wish  . to 
find  out  more  about  the  old  builders  of  the  heaps  and  the  condition 
of  tilings  at  the  time  they  were  in  process  of  formation.  Six  hun- 
dred dollars  are  much  needed  for  the  prosecution  of  this  work 
during  the  present  season.    Will  not  some  one  furnish  this  sum? 

Dr.  Abbott  has  kept  watch  during  the  past  year  on  the  ex- 
cavations made  in  the  deposit  of  gravel  at  Trenton,  and  has  been 
rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  several  more  of  the  rude  stone  imple- 
ments lost  by  the  early  men  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  also  by 
finding  several  pieces  of  argillite  which  have  an  important  bearing 
upon  the  study  of  the  palaeolithic  implements.  He  has  also  ob- 
tained numerous  specimens  of  chipped  implements  and  other  ob- 
jects from  the  surface  of  the  fields  of  his  farm,  which  has  now 
become  so  well  known  to  archaeologists  and  naturalists,  while  his 
three  charming  little  books^  of  local  sketches  of  animal  life  and 
scenery  have  given  a  wider  interest  to  all  relating  to  his  remark- 
able surroundings. 

His  gatherings  of  archaeological  material  have  been  sent  to  the 
Museum  from  time  to  time  to  be  added  to  the  instructive  collec- 
tion known  by  his  name.  It  is  greatly  to  be  desired  that  his  re- 
searches may  be  extended  to  other  portions  of  New  Jersey  for 
comparative  purposes,  and  I  hope  the  Museum  will  be  able  to  fur- 
nish the  small  sum  required  to  enable  him  during  the  present  sea- 
son to  explore  one  region  in  particular,  as  it  will  probably  prove 
to  be  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  settlement,  and  very  likely  will  add 

1"  A  Naturalist's  Rambles  about  Home,"  "  Upland  and  Meadow,"  and  "Waste-land 
Wanderings." 


548 


much  of  importance  to  the  knowledge  of  the  successive  occupants 

of  the  Delaware  valley. 

To  the  imflagging  interest  of  Dr.  Flint  in  the  Museum,  and  in 
the  antiquities  of  Nicaragua,  we  are  indebted  for  several  interest- 
ing specimens  during  the  past  year,  particularly  for  some  fossil 
leaves  found  over  the  layer  of  tufa  containing  the  human  footprints, 
for  a  sample  of  the  sand  upon  which  the  tufa  rests,  and  for  infor- 
mation relating  to  the  surrounding  geology  of  the  lava  deposits. 
He  has  also  sent  us  several  vessels  and  a  number  of  stone  beads 
found  in  Nicaragua.  I  have  so  often  called  attention  to  the  im- 
portance of  Dr.  Flint's  researches  that  it  is  not  necessary  here  to 
insist  upon  the  desirability  of  helping  him  to  continue  his  labors. 
Still  I  should  be  remiss  in  my  duty  did  I  not  inform  you  of  his 
readiness  to  explore  a  few  burial  mounds  which  are  still  intact,  if 
the  means  can  be  furnished.  This  is  an  important  region  in  rela- 
tion to  the  connection  of  the  ancient  peoples  of  North  and  South 
America.  The  occurrence  in  Nicaragua  of  implements  and  orna- 
ments made  of  a  variety  of  jade,  not  yet  known  in  place  on  this 
continent,  also  indicates  the  importance  of  explorations  there,  in 
order  to  secure  all  the  evidence  possible,  both  pro  and  con,  relating 
to  a  migration  from  Asia  to  America  which,  in  the  absence  of  any 
other  known  locality  than  Asia  for  this  particular  variety  of  jade, 
seems  to  be  indicated  by  the  articles  made  of  that  stone. 

In  this  connection  I  may  add  that  we  have  obtained  several  of 
the  so-called  jade  implements  from  Alaska,  and  as  they  are  made 
from  minerals  unlike  the  Nicaraguan  specimens,  they  do  not  con- 
flict with  the  suggestion  that  the  latter  were  derived  from  Asia. 
Of  course,  this  is  negative  evidence  and  does  not  prove  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  proposition  ;  but  until  farther  discoveries  are  made 
the  reasons  given  for  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Nicaraguan  jades 
seem  to  be  worthy  of  consideration. 

A  thousand  dollars  expended  now  in  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica 
would  give  material  which  a  few  years  hence  cannot  be  secured  at 
any  price  and  would  prove  of  the  utmost  interest.  So  it  is  with 
all  our  field  work.  Now  is  the  time  to  collect  facts  by  syste- 
matic exploration.  Haphazard  gatherings  are  no  longer  of  value 
in  solving  the  great  problems  relating  to  the  past,  and  yet  such  col- 
lections are  constantly  being  made  and  auction  sales  of  "  relics  " 
continue,  to  the  great  detriment  of  archaeological  research. 


549 


Thanks  to  a  few  friends,  the  special  work  of  the  Museum  has 
been  continued  during  the  past  year  in  the  valley  of  the  Little 
Miami  river,  Ohio,  and  important  discoveries  have  again  crowned 
our  efforts.  Instead  of  writing  of  this  anew,  I  may  be  permitted 
to  incorporate  in  this  report  the  two  letters  which  I  wrote  while 
the  work  was  going  on,  although  they  have  been  published  in  the 
Boston  Herald  and  copied  into  other  newspapers  in  various  parts  of 
the  country,  as  they  briefly  give  the  facts  which  will  be  detailed  in 
full  in  the  Memoir,  now  in  preparation,  which  you  have  requested 
for  publication. 

Peabody  Museum  Camp,  \ 
Brown  County,  0.,  Sept.  20,  1886.  j 

My  dear  Friend  :  The  promise  made  to  send  you  an  account  of  the  ar- 
chfEological  explorations  which  you  have  done  so  much  to  promote,  is  not 
forgotten,  and  I  take  this  opportunity  to  fulfil  it. 

On  Sept.  4,  by  permission  of  Mr.  Robinson  of  New  Boston,  we  pitched 
our  tents  on  the  top  of  a  hill  overlooking  Stone  Lick,  a  tributary  of  the 
Little  Miami  River.    This  point  was  selected,  as  Dr.  Metz  had  discovered 
on  the  hill  a  few  flat  water-worn  stones  which,  evidently,  had  been  placed 
there  by  human  hands.    Our  party  was  as  follows :  My  associate  in  the 
Ohio  work.  Dr.  C.  L,  Metz  of  Madisonville;  Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball  of 
Boston,  a  volunteer  assistant  in  the  Peabody  Museum  and  the  photogra- 
pher of  the  party;  Mr.  C.  F.  Low  of  Madisonville,  an  occasional  and  wel- 
come visitor;  Matthias  Britten  and  Timothy  Ryan,  two  trusty  men  who 
have  worked  for  the  museum  in  the  Ohio  explorations  for  the  past  live 
years,  and  the  cook.    Our  camp  consisted  of  two  large  square  tents  with 
flies,  and  three  A  tents  for  the  men.    Wherever  we  pitched  our  tents  we 
were  the  wonder  of  the  residents  and  passers-by,  many  of  whom  believed 
we  were  hunting  for  buried  gold  and  not  for  the  remains  of  a  past  people ; 
but  when  they  visited  us  and  found  us  photographing  skeletons,  which  w^e 
had  carefully  uncovered,  and  making  notes  and  drawings  of  the  graves 
and  their  contents,  they  believed  in  us,  and  with  few  exceptions  were 
ready  to  give  their  aid  in  various  ways,  and  ofi"er  us  chances  to  dig  on  their 
lands.   Occasionally  we  met  with  mercenary  individuals  who  were  resolved 
to  get  all  they  could  out  of  us,  but  the  few  mean  spirits  of  this  kind  were 
lost  in  the  generous  hospitality  with  which  we  were  received  in  our  wan- 
derings in  the  beautiful  valley  that  we  have  been  exploring  so  long,  and 
where  there  is  yet  so  much  to  be  done  before  we  can  understand  fully  the 
history  of  the  peoples  who  were  living  there  for  unknown  centuries  before 
Columbus,  and  of  those  who  contested  the  claims  of  the  first  white  set- 
tlers to  their  homes. 

Calling  to  our  aid  several  more  men  to  handle  the  pick  and  shovel,  we 
discovered,  on  removing  the  sod  and  accumulated  soil  on  the  highest 
point  of  the  hill,  a  large  number  of  stones  which  had  b-een  brought  from 


550 


the  bed  of  the  creek  fiir  below  and  placed  here  and  there  over  the  surface, 
covering  a  space  about  forty  by  fifty  feet.  We  started  the  exploration  of 
this  place  by  making  a  trench  along  the  edge  down  to  the  hard-pan.  The 
earth  was  then  removed  along  the  front  line  of  tlie  trench,  always  going 
down  to  hard-pan,  and  thrown  behind.  In  this  way,  a  vertical  wall  was 
always  in  front  of  the  diggers,  and  the  bottom  of  the  trench  was  kept  clear 
of  loose  dirt  for  the  space  of  two  or  three  feet,  so  that  any  former  dis- 
turbance of  either  the  soil  in  front  or  of  the  hard-pan  below  could  be  de- 
tected at  once.  In  course  of  time,  five  large  flat  stones  set  on  edge,  in  a 
row.  were  discovered,  and  by  the  side  of  these,  about  a  foot  down  in  the 
hard-pan,  lay  a  human  skeleton  extended  at  full  length  on  its  back,  with 
the  skuU,  which  was  at  the  north  end  of  the  grave,  turned  to  the  left  side. 
Close  to  the  face  lay  the  upper  and  under  jaws  of  a  beaver,  both  of  which 
had  been  cut.  A  few  inches  from  the  top  of  the  skull  were  the  jaws  of  a 
wolf,  which  had  been  cut  lengthwise,  so  as  to  remove  about  half  of  the 
roots  of  the  teeth  and  form  a  smooth,  level  base  to  each  piece.  Is  ear  these 
were  a  flint  arrowpoint  and  four  flint  flakes.  A  few  inches  north  of  the 
arrowpoiut  was  a  shell  of  the  box  turtle  and  two  large  points  made  of 
leg  bones  of  the  deer.  On  the  left  side  of  this  skeleton,  between  the 
shoulder  and  the  hip,  was  a  pile  of  bones  belonging  to  a  second  skeleton, 
more  or  less  burnt.  The  fragments  of  the  skull  were  burnt  more  than  any 
of  the  other  bones,  while  the  vertebrae  and  the  arm  and  leg  bones  were 
only  partially  burnt.  The  relative  position  of  the  bones  in  the  grave  in- 
dicated that  thc  remains  had  been  gathered  before  the  flesh  had  been  en- 
tirely removed  from  the  bones,  as  they  were  mostly  in  a  natural  position. 
That  these  burnt  remains  had  been  buried  at  the  same  time  with  the  body 
of  the  other  individual  was  evident. 

Five  feet  northwest  of  this  grave,  at  about  the  same  depth,  we  found 
that  of  a  child.  A  few  fragments  of  the  skull,  two  teeth  and  a  piece  of  a 
rib  were  all  that  remained  of  the  skeleton.  In  the  grave,  near  where  the 
head  had  rested,  was  a  piece  of  a  shell,  probably  a  Unio,  the  edges  of  which 
had  been  cut  and  notched,  and  near  the  piece  of  a  rib  were  eight  perforated 
seashells  (Olivella),  a  pendant  made  from  the  tooth  of  a  bear,  and  a  large 
natural  pearl  with  a  hole  drilled  through  it.  About  the  middle  of  the 
grave  lay  a  fine  "gorget"  made  of  blue  slate.  This  stone  had  been  broken 
across  the  central  hole,  and  a  new  hole  had  been  drilled  on  one  side,  while 
two  other  holes  had  been  drilled  opposite  to  each  other  on  both  pieces  of 
the  stone,  evidently  for  the  purpose  of  tying  the  pieces  together,  and  that 
it  was  so  tied  at  the  time  it  was  placed  in  the  grave  was  shown  by  the 
broken  edges  of  the  two  pieces  being  in  perfect  contact. 

These  two  graves  were  the  only  ones  under  the  stones,  which,  evidently, 
had  been  placed  over  and  about  them  to  mark  the  spot.  Tliere  are  simi- 
lar places  on  other  hills  in  the  vicinity  which  we  shall  explore  at  another 
time.  After  a  week  at  this  camp,  during  which  time  we  examined  a  large 
earth  circle  on  the  creek  bottom,  near  the  centre  of  the  little  village  of 
Stone  Lick,  we  moved  up  the  east  fork  of  the  Little  xAIiami  to  Brown  county 
to  examine  several  mounds  on  he  uplands.    On  this  journey  we  passed 


551 


through  the  villages  of  Boston  and  Cynthiana  to  Yera  Cruz,  in  the  limits 
of  which  we  made  our  next  encampments,  first  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Matthias 
Schmitz  and  afterward  on  that  of  Mr.  Robert  McCafferty,  by  both  of 
whom  we  were  most  cordially  welcomed  and  assisted. 

At  this  place  we  explored  thoroughly  two  mounds  and  examined  what 
remained  of  another.  The  two  to  which  I  shall  refer  were  more  than  a 
mile  apart,  and  situated  on  high  land,  near  springs,  and  not  far  from  the 
river.  While  little  that  could  be  brought  away,  was  found  during  the 
progress  of  the  work,  the  mounds  themselves  proved  of  great  interest, 
as  they  were  of  a  character  varying  considerably  from  those  we  had  ex- 
plored, in  past  years,  farther  down  the  river. 

The  Schmitz  mound  was  36  feet  in  diameter,  and  was  once  probably  about 
5  feet  high,  but  had  been  reduced  to  3  feet  by  ploughing.  Employing  eight 
men,  the  work  of  exploration  was  begun  by  digging  a  straight  trench  down 
to  the  clay  hard-pan  across  one  edge  of  the  mound  and  another  on  the  oppo- 
site side.  The  mound  was  then  cut  down  in  slices,  throwing  the  earth 
behind  and  always  keeping  a  vertical  wall  in  front.  At  three  feet  from  the 
north  edge  and  close  to  the  hard-pan,  we  found  a  long  point  chipped  from 
a  piece  of  dark  flint  and  a  smaller  one  of  gray  flint.  On  the  opposite  side, 
at  about  the  same  depth,  were  a  few  fragments  of  coarse  pottery.  This 
outer  portion  of  the  mound  consisted  entirely  of  clay  with  a  light  surface 
soil.  As  we  approached  the  central  portion,  a  change  took  place  in  the 
character  of  the  mound,  and  the  clay  below  showed  that  it  had  been  burned. 
We  then  cut  trenches  at  right  angles  with  the  first,  along  the  edge  of  the 
mound,  and  continued  excavating  until,  reaching  similar  signs  on  these 
sides,  we  found  that  there  remained  in  the  central  portion  of  the  mound  a 
burnt  space,  11  feet  east  and  west  by  7  feet  north  and  south.  Over  the 
burnt  hard-pan  of  this  portion  was  a  compact  bed  of  ashes,  mixed  with 
charcoal,  from  2  to  3  inches  in  thickness,  and  over  this  a  layer  of  clay, 
burnt  to  a  red  color,  6  to  8  inches  thick.  Above  this  was  another  layer 
of  clay,  about  a  foot  thick,  which  had  been  burnt  slightly,  and  covering 
this  was  from  one  to  two  feet  of  clay  with  the  light  soil  above.  The  lay- 
ers, with  the  exception  of  the  outer  one,  were  horizontal,  and  had  been 
carefully  superimposed  over  this  central  bed  of  ashes.  The  fire  by  which 
this  mass  of  ashes  had  been  formed  must  have  been  long  continued,  as  the 
quantity  .was  too  great  to  have  been  the  result  of  any  ordinary  burning, 
such  as  the  destruction  by  fire  of  a  dwelling  of  the  size  of  a  mound.  That 
there  had  been  some  kind  of  a  structure  on  the  spot,  however,  was  shown 
by  the  twelve  post  holes  around  the  ash-bed  and  the  three  below  it.  These 
post  holes  are  round  soft  places  in  the  hard  clay,  from  1  to  2  feet  in  depth 
and  from  8  to  14  inches  in  diameter.  The  soft  material  filling  tlie  holes  is 
made  up  of  particles  of  decomposed  wood,  earth  which  has  sifted  in,  and, 
generally,  more  or  less  of  a  deposit  of  iron.  In  some  of  the  mounds  we  have 
found  holes  coated  with  iron,  in  which  was  the  cast  of  the  bark  covering 
of  the  post ;  and  in  others  we  have  found  fragments  of  the  wood  itself  pre- 
served by  the  infiltration  of  the  iron.  Often  these  holes  contain  a  little 
charcoal,  the  remains  of  a  burnt  post.    We  have  also  found  potsherds, 


652 


stones,  animal  bones,  broken  stone  implements  and  other  things  in  the 
holes,  as  if  they  had  been  put  there  to  aid  iu  setting  the  post;  and  along 
experience  has  led  us  to  consider  these  holes  as  post  holes,  but  they  must 
not  be  confounded  with  another  class  of  holes,  or  "  soft  spots,"  which  we 
have  called  pockets;  or  pits,  according  to  their  size  and  shape.  These 
"  soft  spots,"  of  whatever  character,  are  carefully  cleaned  out,  measured, 
and  located  on  the  ground  plan  of  the  mound,  as  they  are  discovered.  In 
the  present  instance  the  three  holes  under  the  ash-bed  indicated  that  these 
posts  had  stood  a  few  feet  apart  near  the  centre  of  the  mound,  and  that 
the  others  were  irregularly,  but  about  equally,  distributed  iu  the  four  por- 
tions of  the  space  covered  by  the  mound,  which  we  designate  by  drawing 
aline  north  and  south  and  another  east  and  west  through  tlie  centre. 

Giving  our  attention  now  to  the  central  portion  of  the  mound,  we  sliced 
away  all  the  material  above  the  ash-bed  without  finding  anything  of  inter- 
est except  the  layers  as  I  have  described  tliera.    We  now  had  the  whole 
bed  of  ashes  laid  bare,  and  this  was  examined,  removing  it  inch  by  inch 
with  small  flat  trowels.    In  a  few  places  the  fire  had  been  greater  than  iu 
others,  and  the  clay  below  was  more  burnt,  as  shown  by  its  red  color.  In 
some  places  there  were  large  pieces  of  charcoal,  showing  a  smothered  fire ; 
in  others  the  ash  was  light-colored  and  pure,  showing  a  free  burning  of  the 
wood.    In  two  places  near  the  outer  portion  we  found  several  potsherds. 
We  discovered,  also,  a  few  burnt  hickory  nuts,  suggesting  that  the  burning 
had  taken  place  in  the  autumn.    A  few  fiint  chips  and  one  arrowhead  of 
flint  were  found  partly  in  and  partly  under  the  ashes.    At  the  north- 
Avestern  corner  of  the  ash-bed,  clay  had  been  placed,  making  a  pile  nearly 
a  foot  thick  and  two  feet  across.    On  this  there  had  been  a  hot  fire,  and 
the  clay  was  burnt  red  throughout.    In  the  black  ashes  about  and  over  this 
place  were  found  about  a  dozen  small  fragments  of  human  bones  more  or 
less  burnt  and  much  decayed.    These  consisted  of  a  piece  of  one  of  the  arm 
bones,  about  five  inches  in  length,  and  minute  fragments  of  dififerent  parts 
of  the  skeleton.    There  w^as  no  grave  under  this  central  bed  of  ashes,  and 
the  few  fragments  of  partly  burned  bones  found  in  the  ashes  give  the 
only  clew  to  the  origin  of  the  mound.    From  the  description  I  have  given, 
it  will  be  seen  that  a  large  amount  of  wood  must  have  been  burnt,  and 
that  at  one  place  a  fierce  fire  had  been  kept  up  for  some  time  ;  that  during 
this  time  the  body  of  at  least  one  person  had  been  consumed;  that  after 
this  had  taken  place,  clay  had  been  put  over  the  fire,  by  the  heat  of  which 
it  had  been  partly  baked  from  below,  and  that  another  fire  had  been  made 
upon  it  so  as  to  burn  it  red.    The  ashes  from  this  fire  had  been  swept 
away,  and  another  layer  of  clay  placed  over  the  one  that  had  been  burnt. 
This  in  turn  was  either  slightly  burnt,  or  else  the  heat  from  the  previous 
layer  was  saflicient  to  color  it.    Over  this  the  outer  covering  of  clay  soil 
extending  around  the  burnt  mass  and  forming  the  outer  portion  of  the 
mound,  was  heaped  up,  and  the  structure  was  completed,—  a  monument 
to  commemorate  the  ceremony  which  had  taken  place. 

While  we  may  thus  conclude  that  the  mound  was  erected  over  the  spot 
where  mortuary  rites,  had  been  performed,  it  is  only  by  inference  that  we 


553 


can  consider  the  next  mound  explored  as  having  been  built  for  the  same 
purpose. 

This  second  mound  was  about  a  mile  from  the  first,  and  on  the  land  of 
Mr  Robert  McCafFerty.  It  was  about  60  feet  in  diameter  and  5  feet  high, 
but  the  older  people  in  the  vicinity  remember  before  it  was  first  ploughed 
over,  when  it  was  four  or  five  feet  higher.  It  was  situated  on  high  ground, 
with  a  deep  gully,  in  which  is  a  never-failing  spring,  on  the  north  and 
east.  About  140  feet  north  was  a  much  smaller  mound,  now  nearly  lev- 
elled by  the  plough,  and  there  are  no  others  in  the  vicinity  nearer  than 
about  half  a  mile.  We  commenced  work  with  eight  men  in  the  same 
manner  as  with  the  previous  mound.  The  outer  portion  of  the  mound 
consisted  of  clay  underlying  the  light  surface  soil.  On  the  southern 
slope,  about  18  inches  from  the  surface,  we  found  portions  of  a  human 
skeleton  which  was  evidently  an  intrusive  burial  in  the  side  of  the  mound. 
Such  graves  are  common  in  the  mounds  and  they  have  caused  considerable 
confusion.  As  they  are  necessarily  later  in  time  than  the  mounds,  they 
may  contain  the  remains  of  recent  Indians,  or  even  whites,  it  being  a 
common  custom  for  the  early  settlers  to  select  such  burial  places.  A 
mound  many  centuries  old  therefore  may  be  carelessly  classed  as  one  of 
late  date  from  the  finding  of  glass  beads,  brass  buttons  or  iron  nails  with 
such  intrusive  remains.  Soon  we  found  the  structure  of  the  mound 
changing,  showing  burnt  earth  with  a  little  ashes.  This  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  the  discovery  of  a  large  bed  of  ashes  under  the  central  portion, 
the  same  as  in  the  Schmitz  mound.  On  the  southern  edge  of  this  bed, 
at  its  base,  wo  found  a  beautiful  stone  celt  highly  polished,  and  several 
feet  from  it,  at  the  same  level,  four  large  points  or  knives,  chipped  from 
flint.  A  few  feet  from  the  last,  but  in  the  mass  of  charcoal  and  ashes, 
were  pieces  of  a  large  dish  of  coarse  pottery.  We  cleared  ofl'  this  ash- 
bed  and  found  that  it  extended  41  feet  north  and  south  and  3U  feet  east 
and  west,  and  that  it  was  from  8  to  10  inches  in  thickness.  A  section  of 
the  mound  near  the  centre  showed  first,  the  hard  clay,  colored  by  the  fire 
upon  it;  then  10  inches  of  ashes  mixed  with  charcoal  and  a  few  fragments 
of  animal  bones;  then  18  inches  of  clay  mixed  with  ashes;  then  2  feet  10 
inches  of  clay.  Every  inch  of  this  great  bed  of  ashes  was  dug  over  with 
care  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  places  where  clay  had  been  put  and 
burned  to  the  color  of  a  brick,  and  one  place  where  the  ashes  had  been 
gathered  into  a  pile  G  feet  in  diameter  and  2  feet  high,  near  the  centre  of 
the  mound,  we  found  but  little  that  could  give  a  clew  to  the  uses  which 
the  place  had  served.  A  few  animal  bones,  a  few  flint  chips,  and  on  the 
cast  side  a  large  rubbing  stone,  were  all  that  were  discovered,  except  the 
ashes  and  charcoal  of  a  long  continued  fire.  In  two  places,  masses  of 
charcoal  showing  loijs  of  considerable  size,  were  found,  and  in  the  hard 
clay  under  the  ash-bed  were  imprints  of  short  pieces  of  logs  which  had 
left  nothing  but  their  dust  in  the  cavities.  Under  this  ash-bed  were  about 
sixty  post  holes,  some  of  which  were  close  together  as  if  small  supporting 
braces  had  been  placed  against  large  posts,  and  they  were  so  arranged 
that  none  were  nearer  to  the  centre  of  the  mound  than  6  to  8  feet.  Their 


554 


arracgement  suggested  a  series  of  posts  supporting  a  structure  of  some 
kind  which  was  destroyed  when  the  fire  was  first  started.  Most  of  the 
holes  contained  considerable  charcoal,  showing  that  the  posts  had  been 
burnt.  Thus,  apparently,  there  was  originally  here  :  A  wooden  structure 
which  was  burnt,  and  this  was  followed  by  a  long-continued  fire  until  the 
immense  bed  of  compact  ashes  had  been  formed.  On  this,  in  some  places, 
clay  had  been  placed  and  burnt  hard.  Over  this  bed  of  ashes,  clay  mixed 
with  ashes,  either  from  the  edges  of  the  bed,  or  from  some  other  fire,  had 
been  placed  and  over  all  the  thick  layer  of  clay,  making  a  mound  of  60  feet 
in  diameter  by  at  least  8  in  height.  What  was  it  for?  Did  these  two  mounds 
commemorate  ceremonies  connected  with  the  dead?  Were  the  bodies 
burnt  here  and  the  ashes  elsewhere  buried?  As  our  explorations  progress 
we  may  discover  the  meaning  of  mounds  of  this  character,  as  we  have 
solved  other  mysteries. 

To-morrow  we  shall  move  our  camp  down  stream  twenty-four  miles  to 
the  mouth  of  the  East  Fork,  where  we  have  planned  to  continue  the  ex- 
plorations of  the  interesting  locality,  embracing  the  Turner  group  of 
earthworks,  to  which,  for  five  years,  we  have  given  almost  constant  atten- 
tion and  I  will  write  you  of  what  we  find  there. 

Very  truly  yours, 

r.  W.  Putnam. 


Peabody  Museum  Camp,  > 
Hamilton  County,  O.,  Oct.  2,  1886.  > 

My  dear  Friend  :  Since  I  wrote  to  you  two  weeks  ago  from  our  camp 
in  Brown  county,  we  have  been  here  and  have  had  such  wonderful  suc- 
cess that  I  can  truly  say  a  new  chapter  has  been  added  to  our  archaeo- 
logical work  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Miami.  First,  you  must  know 
that  our  camp  is  pitched  by  the  side  of  the  great  pile  of  earth  we  turned 
over  in  our  explorations  of  the  group  of  altar  mounds  on  the  land  of 
Mr.  Michael  Turner.  You  will  remember  that  we  have  been  working, 
with  occasional  necessary  intermissions,  on  this  and  the  adjoining  farm 
of  Mr.  Benjamin  Marriott  for  the  past  five  years,  and  that  this  is  the  place 
where  we  have  discovered  so  much  of  interest  within  the  great  earthwork 
of  which  the  follovping  is  a  sketch : 

A  hill  through  which  two  ditches,  30  feet  deep,  had  been  cut,  separating 
the  hill  into  three  parts.  Around  the  central  portion  a  wall  of  earth  had 
been  raised,  making  a  perfect  circle  550  feet  in  diameter.  In  this  inclos- 
ure  was  a  large  mound,  and  near  it  a  small  one.  These  mounds,  you  will 
remember,  proved  of  great  interest,  particularly  the  large  one,  with  its 
stone  wall  four  feet  high,  surrounding  an  altar  of  burnt  clay.  You  will 
remember  also  that  we  found  several  human  skeletons  in  the  clay  outside 
of  the  stone  wall  and  two  others  on  the  wall,  with  various  objects  made 
of  copper,  shell  and  stone.  The  earth  taken  from  the  ditches  was  used  to 
make  the  graded  way  from  the  top  of  the  hill  to  the  level  land  below. 
This  graded  way  connects  with  an  embankment  of  earth,  somewhat  oval  in 


555 


shape  and  1,500  feet  in  its  greatest  diameter,  in  which  are  two  openings. 
Opposite  the  northern  opening  is  an  earth  circle  300  feet  in  diameter, 
and  in  this  is  a  small  mound  which  we  have  not  yet  explored.  Opposite 
the  eastern  opening  is  a  mound  9  feet  high.  It  was  on  this  mound 
that  we  begun  our  work  at  this  place  five  years  ago.  At  the  foot  of 
the  graded  way  is  a  small  circle  inclosing  a  burial  mound.  North  of 
this  circle  were  two  other  burial  mounds  and  south  of  it  was  the  great 
group  of  altar  mounds,  around  each  of  which  was  a  wall  ofstonos,  4  feet 
high,  built  below  the  surrounding  level  of  the  field.  These  mounds  con- 
tained from  one  to  seven  altars,  formed  of  clay,  on  which  fierce  fires  had 
been  made.  It  was  in  two  of  the  basins  of  the  altars  in  the  mounds,  tliat 
we  found  the  immense  number  of  ornaments  of  various  kinds,  particularly 
of  copper,  the  60,000  pearls,  hundreds  of  shell  beads  and  other  objects,  also 
the  wonderful  little  figures  in  terra-cotta  representing  men  and  women. 
All  these  objects  had  been  thrown  into  the  fires  upon  the  altars,  evidently 
as  sacrifices  or  burnt  ofl'erings  during  an  important  ceremony.  The  thirty- 
seven  pits  with  the  singular  tubes  or  "flues"  connected  with  them;  the 
concrete  layer  of  ferruginous  gravel  over  them;  the  singular  structure  of 
the  great  mound,  100  feet  in  diameter  and  20  feet  high ;  the  great  pit  con- 
taining the  many  skulls,  some  of  which  had  holes  drilled  in  them,  arranged 
around  two  skeletons  placed  in  ashes,  all  serve  to  show  that  connected 
with  this  group  of  mounds  were  extensive  ceremonies  of  the  deepest  im- 
port to  the  people. 

These  extensive  earthworks,  made  on  such  an  elaborate  scale,  and  con- 
taining evidence  of  the  wealth  of  the  builders,  as  well  as  of  the  ceremonial 
character  of  the  works  themselves,  necessarily  lead  to  the  conclusion  that 
there  must  have  been  a  large  number  of  people  connected  with  their  con- 
struction. The  beautiful  location  of  this  group  of  earthworks  on  the  level 
second  terrace,  which  extends  for  miles  in  the  fertile  valley  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  hills  from  which  flow  never  failing  springs,  indicate  that  in 
this  region  there  must  have  been  a  large  population :  yet  the  few  human 
remains  which  we  found  in  the  mounds  within  and  without  the  encircling 
earth  wall  are  not  sufiicient  to  meet  the  requirements.  Such  remains  were 
probably  those  of  distinguished  persons,  buried  with  special  honors ;  but 
where  were  the  other  dead?  Then  the  many  altars,  or  basins  of  burned 
clay,  which,  evidently,  had  been  used  over  and  over  again,  and  were,  with 
two  exceptions,  empty  when  the  mounds  were  erected  over  them,  are  in- 
dications of  cremation,  and  yet  where  were  the  burnt  human  remains? 
Cremation  in  open  fires  will,  necessarily,  leave  many  fragments  of  cal- 
cined bones  with  the  ashes,  unless  such  remains  are  burnt  over  and  over 
again,  and  special  pains  taken  to  reduce  all  to  ashes,  and  yet  we  had  found 
in  a  niche  of  the  stone  wall  about  the  large  altar  mound,  the  burnt  bones 
and  ashes  of  but  one  individual.  If  these  altars  were  the  places  where 
cremation  took  place,  what  then  had  become  of  the  remains?  These  were 
the  questions  which  Dr.  Metz  and  myself  often  asked  of  each  other,  and 
we  felt  confident  that  somewhere  near  by  there  must  be  a  general  burial 
place  for  the  common  dead,  and  many  a  hunt  was  made  for  surface  indi- 


556 


cations.  On  the  north  and  south  sides  of  Mr.  Turner's  barn  and  west  of 
the  large  circle,  are  two  scarcely  perceptible  ridges  similar  to  other  slight 
irregularities  here  and  there  over  the  field.  Owing  to  the  cultivating  of 
this  place  for  many  years  and  to  the  tramping  of  cattle  in  the  barnyard, 
these  ridges  have  been  more  or  less  worn  down,  and  a  few  water-worn 
stones  have  been  exposed  on  the  surface.  These  were  first  noticed  by 
Dr.  Metz  about  a  year  ago.  As  soon  as  our  camp  was  pitched  we  took  a 
look  at  the-3e  water-worn  stones.  They  were  fragments  of  limestone, 
filled  with  fossils  of  the  silurlau  age,  lying  on  a  deposit  of  gravel,  over 
which,  long  ago,  had  flowed  the  waters  of  the  Little  Miami.  \Yliat  more 
could  these  stones  have  said,  had  they  been  endowed  with  speech,  than 
that  which  was  evident  to  our  eyes :  "  We  were  long  ago  brought  here  by 
men."  Here,  then,  was  something  more  to  be  revealed  in  connection  with 
the  history  of  these  great  earthworks  of  an  ancient  race,  and  here  we 
would  dig  a  trench  on  the  morrow.  We  started  our  trench  sixty  feet  west 
from  the  wall  of  the  circle,  and  well  outside  of  the  slightly  elevated  por- 
tion, which,  we  were  afterward  told  by  Mr.  Snyder,  who  remembers  the 
place  fifty  years  ago,  was  formerly  much  more  marked,  and  had  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  long,  low  mound.  Digging  down  to  the  hard-pan,  we  car- 
ried our  trench  westward  for  about  ten  feet,  when  we  came  to  three  large 
water-worn  stones  regularly  arranged,  side  by  side,  in  the  gravel  hard-pan. 

It  is  necessary  for  you  to  fully  understand  the  character  of  the  earth  in 
which  we  were  working  in  order  to  appreciate  the  labors  of  the  ancient 
people  at  this  place,  and  I  may  well  add  our  own  in  making  these  researches. 
First,  the  surface  consists  of  a  few  inches  of  dark  soil  overlying  from  8 
to  10  inches  of  clay.  Under  this  clay  is  a  layer  of  coarse  gravel,  contain- 
ing many  pebbles,  some  of  considerable  size,  but  all  colored  and  firmly  ce- 
mented by  an  amount  of  iron,  which,  from  some  natural  cause,  is  far  in 
excess  of  that  in  the  gravel  all  about.  This  iron-cemented  gravel  forms 
an  irregular  layer  of  from  1  to  4  feet  in  depth,  and  under  it  is  a  loose 
uncolored  gravel,  mixed  with  sand,  which,  judging  from  a  gravel  pit  near 
by,  is  certainly  30  feet  in  depth,  and  probably  much  more.  It  may  be 
that  this  is  part  of  the  great  terminal  glacial  moraine  which  Prof.  Wright 
has  been  tracing  across  the  state  of  Ohio.  In  this  ferruginous  gravel,  the 
stones  we  found  were  embedded.  On  cleaning  ofi"  these  stones,  we  found 
that  there  were  others  at  right  angles  to  them,  and  soon  we  made  out  that 
we  had  at  last  discovered  a  grave.  Would  it  prove  to  have  any  connec- 
tion with  the  people  who  built  the  earthworks  and  the  altar  mounds?  Our 
hopes  were  great  and  they  were  soon  to  be  realized  so  far  as  one  -rave 
could  tell  the  story. 

On  carefully  removing  the  earth  from  the  eastern  end  of  the  grave,  close 
to  the  stones,  we  discovered  the  toe  bones  of  a  human  skeleton',  and, 
after  several  hours  of  the  hardest  kind  of  trowel  digging,  we  had  the  satis- 
faction of  exposing  the  skeleton  lying  at  full  length  on  its  back.  Its 
skull,  slightly  turned  to  the  right,  rested  on  a  flat  stone  at  the  western  end 
of  the  grave.  On  the  left  side  of  the  skull  was  a  large  sea  shell  of  the 
genus  Busycon,  from  which  the  central  portion  had  been  removed,  a  com- 


557 


mon  method  of  making  vessels  among  the  various  peoples  of  America, 
and  often  found  in  burial  mounds  and  graves  from  the  gulf  states  to  Mich- 
igan. With  the  bones  of  the  neck  were  several  shell  beads,  also  of  a  com- 
mon form,  and  as  widely  distributed  over  the  country  as  the  Busycon  shells. 
The  arms  were  extended  at  full  length  along  each  side,  and  inclosed  by 
the  bones  of  each  hand,  resting  on  the  hips,  was  a  spool-shaped  ornament 
(which  our  explorations  have  proved  to  be  ear-ornaments)  made  of  cop- 
per, like  those  found  with  several  of  the  skeletons  in  the  mounds  of  this 
group,  and  like  the  large  number  found  on  the  altar  in  the  great  mound 
of  the  group. 

We  have  at  the  museum  ear-ornaments  of  this  character  from  burial 
mounds  in  various  parts  of  Ohio  and  west  to  the  Mississippi  in  Illinois, 
and  from  central  Tennessee ;  but  I  have  never  found  them  in  any  of  the 
several  thousand  stone-graves  of  the  Cumberland  valley,  which  I  have  ex- 
plored, nor  have  we  found  a  trace  of  them  among  the  hundreds  of  graves 
associated  with  the  singular  ash-pits  in  the  cemeteries  which  we  have 
explored  in  the  Little  Miami  valley,  nor  with  the  skeletons  buried  in  the 
stone  mounds,  nor  in  many  of  the  simple  burial  mounds  of  Ohio.  They 
seem  to  be  particularly  associated  with  a  people  with  whom  cremation  of 
the  dead,  while  a  rite,  was  not  general,  and  who  built  the  great  earth- 
works of  the  Ohio  valley.  That  it  is  an  ancient  form  of  ornament,  made 
fl-om  native  copper,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  although  they  may  have  been 
made  also  by  the  descendants,  or  conquerors,  of  this  people  in  later 
times ;  and  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  the  form  of  the  ornament  may 
have  survived  to  the  time  of  contact  of  the  "red  race  "  with  the  white. 
I  can  only  say  that,  in  all  the  recent  Indian  graves  I  have  opened  or  know 
about,  this  peculiar  kind  of  ornament  has  not  been  found;  and  if  they 
were  ever  made  by  the  whites  and  furnished  to  the  Indians,  I  have  never 
happened  to  find  any  that  showed  evidence  of  the  fact.  We  have  certainly 
found  them  under  such  conditions  in  Ohio  that  they  must  have  been  buried 
with  their  owners  long  before  the  time  of  Columbus.  Then,  again,  all  we 
have  found  have  been  made  by  hammering  pieces  of  native  copper,  and 
not  by  casting  the  metal. 

By  the  side  of  the  right  tibia  of  the  skeleton  in  the  grave  were  a  copper 
pin,  a  wooden  bead  covered  with  thin  copper,  a  few  long,  slender  flakes 
of  flint,  and  a  fragment  of  some  kind  of  an  ornament  made  of  shell.  These 
long  flint  knives  are  of  the  same  shape  and  character  as  the  well-known 
obsidian  flakes  from  Mexico,  and  we  have  found  them,  as  a  rule,  associated 
with  copper  ear-ornaments  like  those  in  this  grave.  They  are  sharp-edged 
and  are  as  good  knives  as  the  Mexican  flakes.  While  speaking  of  them 
in  general  terms  as  flint,  they  are  in  reality  flakes  struck  from  several  va- 
rieties of  stone,  many  of  them  being  of  a  bright  red  jasper  and  others  of 
chalcedony.  The  wooden  bead  covered  with  copper  is  of  the  same  char- 
acter as  others  we  have  taken  from  the  burial  mounds  in  which  we  have 
found  the  copper  ear-ornaments.  Close  to  the  right  hand  and  hip,  but  two 
inches  above  them  and  covering  a  space  a  foot  in  diameter,  was  a  mass 
of  fragments  of  burnt  human  bones,  with  bits  of  charcoal  mixed  with 


558 


ashes.  These  remains  of  a  cremated  body  had  been  gathered  from  the  place 
where  it  had  been  burnt,  brought  to  this  grave  and  placed  by  the  side  of 
the  body  at  the  time  it  was  laid  in  the  grave.  The  close  contact  of  the  re- 
mains to  the  finger  bones  of  the  skeleton,  which  were  not  disturbed,  was 
suflacient  evidence  of  this.  Here,  then,  in  one  grave,  we  had  fouud  the  evi- 
dence associating  it  with  the  altar  mounds  and  the  rest  of  the  earthworks 
about,  independently  of  the  fact  that  the  grave  itself  was  within  the  earth 
wall  surrounding  all  the  other  works.  We  had  found,  evidently,  the  burial 
place  of  the  people,  and  this  was  abundantly  confirmed  as  our  work  pro- 
gressed. 

We  have  now  for  two  weeks  been  engaged  in  exploring  this  burial  place, 
and  during  this  time  we  have  discovered  eighteen  graves,  four  large,  deep 
pits,  and  several  holes  dug  in  the  gravel,  as  well  as  places  where  there  had 
been  fires,  and  numerous  other  interesting  facts,  many  of  which,  by  them- 
selves, would  be  trivial,  but  which,  when  they  are  all  put  together,  will 
give  a  far  better  idea  of  the  customs  and  works  of  the  people  who  made 
the  great  earthworks  in  Ohio  than  it  has  been  possible  heretofore  to  ob- 
tain. All  other  explorations  in  the  state  have  been  fragmentary.  No  other 
systematic  work  has  been  attempted,  and  hence  we  have  had  plenty  of 
theories  built  upon  partial  facts.  We  have  much  to  do  before  the  explo- 
ration of  this  single  group  is  completed.  The  question  is,  simply,  will 
friends  help  us  to  pay  the  cost?  With  money  for  this  purpose,  we  shall 
be  able  to  continue  these  important  researches.  So  far,  generous  friends 
have  supplied  it,  and  all  we  can  do  is  to  work  on  as  long  as  possible  and 
hope  for  further  aid. 

To  give  you  a  detailed  account  of  all  we  have  found  during  these  two 
weeks  would,  I  fear,  draw  too  much  on  your  patience,  notwithstanding 
your  great  interest  in  the  work,  and  I  shall  only  call  your  attention  now 
to  a  few  of  the  more  interesting  points.  Of  several  of  the  graves,  Mr. 
Kimball  has  taken  photographs,  and  when  they  are  printed  you  will  obtain 
a  better  idea  of  the  graves  than  from  any  description  I  can  give.  Individ- 
uality had  its  exemplification  in  this  old  cemetery,  the  same  as  it  has  in 
our  modern  ones,  and  the  modifications  are  so  great  that  no  two  of  the 
graves  thus  far  discovered  are  alike.  In  one  instance  there  were  no  stones 
about  the  skeleton ;  in  another  a  carefully  built  wall  had  been  made  of  long, 
narrow,  flat  stones,  and  a  regular  wall,  four  layers  high,  had  been  made  in 
the  same  way  that  a  mason  lays  bricks,  but  without  mortar.  In  some  graves 
flat  stones  were  placed  at  the  bottom ;  in  others  the  skeleton  was  firmly 
embedded  in  the  gravel,  while  in  one  the  body  had  been  placed  in  a  thin 
layer  of  clay  placed  over  the  gravel.  In  one  grave  there  were  two  skele- 
tons, one  extended  at  full  length  on  its  back  and  the  other  crowded  into 
the  grave  by  the  side  of  the  legs  of  the  first.  A  child  was  placed  in  a 
small  circular  grave,  the  body  having  been  so  arranged  that  the  head 
and  the  feet  were  not  far  apart.  Most  of  the  graves  were  comparatively 
shallow,  extending  from  six  inches  to  a  foot  into  the  layer  of  gravel.  The 
deeper  the  grave  the  better  the  condition  of  the  skeleton.  One  grave  was 
dug  to  the  depth  of  nearly  four  feet  in  the  gravel,  and  was  seven  feet  long 


559 


by  four  in  width.  At  the  bottom  was  a  pavement  of  flat  stones,  forty-nine 
in  number.  On  these  stones  the  body  had  been  extended,  and  the  -rave 
had  been  filled  up  with  over  300  stones,  all  of  which  had  been  brouo-ht'from 
the  river  bed,  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant.  Over  these  stones  six 
mches  of  gravel  had  been  placed,  around  and  over  which  other  stones  had 
been  regularly  arranged.  The  free  percolation  of  water  through  the  stones 
which  filled  the  grave  had  caused  the  skeleton  to  decay;  only  a  few  frag- 
ments being  left.  These  graves  were  not  covered  with  large  stones  as  is 
the  case  with  the  stone-graves  of  Tennessee,  and  there  is  but  little  in 
common  between  the  two.  Another  class  of  graves  were  basin-shaped, 
small  in  size,  and  carefully  made  of  flat  stones.  In  them  we  found  burnt 
human  bones  and  ashes.  In  one  was  a  pipe  carved  from  stone  which  had 
been  burnt  with  the  body;  and,  in  another,  were  fragments  of  a  burnt 
copper  ornament. 

I  must  give  you  an  account  of  the  graves  which  were  of  particular  in- 

Grave  No.  5,  in  our  notebook,  was  6  feet  6  inches  long,  2  feet  9  inches 
wide,  and  1  foot  8  inches  deep,  measured  from  the  top  of  the  wall  of  stones 
It  was  made  with  care,  and  the  stones  were  carefully  placed  so  as  to  form  a 
substantial  wall.  The  bottom  was  completely  covered  by  four  large  flat 
stones,  on  which  the  skeleton  lay  on  its  back.  The  skull  was  at  the  'east 
end  of  the  grave.  -  When  the  body  was  put  in  the  grave  the  knees  were 
drawn  up,  the  left  hand  rested  on  the  body,  and  the  right  was  laid  straight 
along  the  side.  The  result  was  that  the  bones  of  the  left  hand  were 
found  in  close  contact  with  the  upper  ends  of  the  tibiae,  which  had  fallen 
down  between  the  femora.  In  the  bones  of  each  hand  was  a  copper  ear- 
ornament  like  those  I  have  mentioned.  In  the  corner  of  the  grave  near 
the  bones  of  the  left  foot,  was  a  large  sea  shell,  from  which  the  central 
portion  had  been  cut  away.  Near  this  was  a  little  cup  carved  out  of  stone 
two  canine  teeth  of  a  bear,  each  with  lateral  perforations,  and  in  each 
tooth  was  the  chalky  remnant  of  a  large  pearl.  Close  to  them  was  a  large 
crystal  of  galena,  and  a  knife  made  of  a  long  flake  of  flint.  On  the  same 
side  of  the  grave,  nearly  opposite  to  the  shoulder  and  partly  under  the 
side  stones,  were  eight  of  the  copper  ear-ornaments  in  a  bunch  and  under 
them  a  long  bone  point.  We  did  not  discover  them  until  we  had  taken 
out  the  skeleton  and  began  to  remove  the  stones,  for  it  is  our  rule  alwavs 
to  remove  everything  placed  by  human  hands,  and  to  turn  over  every  inch 
of  dirt  previously  disturbed.  On  taking  up  the  flat  stones,  which  were 
lirmly  embedded  in  the  gravel,  and  had  their  edges  covered  by  the  side 
stones,  we  found  the  following  articles,  which  must  have  been  placed 
where  we  found  them  before  the  stones  had  been  put  down.  Under  the 
second  stone  (there  was  nothing  under  the  flrst)  near  the  centre  were  a 
copper  bead  and  small  thin  pieces  of  iron,  perhaps  meteoric,  but  it  has 
not  yet  been  analyzed,  and  it  may  prove  to  be  bog  iron  which  has  formed  in 
that  place.    As  we  have  found  several  ornaments  made  of  meteoric  iron 

^This  iron  has  since  been  analyzed  by  Dr.  L.  P.  Kinnicutt,  who  has  determined  it  to 

u:d:rthe:'t:ne ' ^^'^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^ 


560 


on  tlie  altars  of  the  raounds  in  this  group,  as  well  as  two  good-sized  p,ieces 
of  iron  meteorites,  this  iron  maybe  tlie  same.  [It  proves  to  be  bog-iron.] 
Under  the  third  stone  were  two  discs,  or  halves,  of  a  copper  ear-orna- 
ment. These  were  several  inches  apart,  and  must  have  been  so  placed 
when  the  stone  was  put  down.  Near  these  was  a  wooden  bead,  with  a 
thin  covering  of  copper.  Under  the  next,  or  fourth  stone,  were  several 
of  the  long  flint  flakes  or  knives,  and  eight  inches  from  the  edge  of  the 
stone  was  a  small  copper  celt.  These  deposits,  under  the  stones  on  which 
the  body  was  to  be  placed,  certainly  suggest  the  offerings  of  friends  at  the 
time  the  grave  was  prepared,  and  the  various  other  objects  placed  in  the 
grave  with  the  body  can,  with  equal  reason,  be  looked  upon  as  the  prop- 
erty of  the  deceased,  or  as  friendly  offerings.  At  all  events,  they  are  im- 
portant  as  proof  that  the  individual  buried  here  belonged  to  the  people 
who  built  the  mounds,  as  these  several  objects  are  of  the  same  character 
as  the  many  we  have  found  on  the  altars,  and  with  the  few  skeletons  in 
the  burial  mounds  of  the  group. 

Grave  15,  of  our  notes,  was  remarkable  for  the  care  with  which  the  walls, 
sixteen  inches  high  at  the  head  and  foot,  were  made  of  four  layers  of  flat 
stones,  while  alou-  the  sides,  in  the  clay  above  the  gravel  layer,  was  sim- 
ply a  row  of  stones.  The  skeleton  was  lying  firmly  embedded  in  the  gravel, 
extended  at  full  length,  on  its  back,  with  the  skull  at  the  west  end  of  the 
grave,  while  the  toe  bones  were  against  the  opposite  stones.  The  skele- 
ton thus  extended  the  full  length  of  the  grave,  which  was  six  feet  three 
inches.  As  with  nearly  all  the  adult  skeletons,  there  was  a  copper  ear  orna- 
ment in  the  bones  of  each,  hand.  On  the  breastbone  was  a  copper  baud.  At 
the  neck  were  two  shell  beads,  and  near  the  left  shoulder  was  a  flake  knife. 
A  few  inches  from  the  left  foot  were  about  twenty  of  the  long  flake  knives, 
carefully  laid  together,  as  if  they  had  been  wrapped  in  a  piece  of  skin  or 
cloth  when  placed  in  the  grave. 

With  two  other  skeletons  we  found  celts  made  of  soft  coal.  These  were 
perfectly  made,  with  fine  smooth  edges  and  polished  surfaces,  in  exact 
imitation  of  the  ordinary  stone  celt  or  hatchet;  but  as  they  would  have 
been  worthless  for  the  uses  to  which  stone  celts  were  put,  it  is  likely 
that  they  were  ornamental  or  ceremonial  objects. 

I  will  allude  only  to  one  more  grave.  No.  18,  of  our  notes.  This  was 
marked  by  a  mass  of  gravel  a  little  over  seven  feet  long  and  nearly  tlirce 
feet  in  width,  around  the  edges  of  which  were  small  stones,  eight  to 
twelve  inches  long.  This  mass  stood  up  eight  inches  from  the  gravel 
layer  under  the  clay.  Removing  these  stones  and  gravel,  we  found  loose 
gravel  filling  a  pit  just  seven  feet  long  and  three  feet  four  inches  wide. 
At  the  depth  of  two  feet  we  came  to  hard  undisturbed  gravel,  and  on  this 
was  a  human  skeleton  extended  at  full  length  on  its  back,  with  the  skull 
at  the  southeast  end  of  the  grave.  The  bones  were  firmly  embedded  in 
the  gravel,  and  so  dry  that  great  care  was  necessary  in  removing  the 
matrix.  However,  after  nine  hours  of  unremitted  labor  with  small  trowel 
and  brush,  they,  and  the  several  objects  associated  with  them,  were  all  un- 
covered and  left  in  place,  even  to  the  finger  and  toe  bones,  until  a  photo- 
graph was  taken  showing  everything  in  place. 


561 


In  each  hand  was  one  of  the  copper  ear-ornaments  of  the  kind  I  have 
referred  to  so  often.  The  finger  bones  were  so  arranged  as  to  show  that 
these  ornaments  had  been  clasped  in  the  hands  at  the  time  of  the  burial 
of  the  body.  A  portion  of  another  of  these  ornaments  was  on  the  neck 
bones  in  contact  with  the  under  jaw.  On  each  side  of  this  copper  orna- 
ment was  a  canine  tooth  of  a  bear,  with  the  lateral  perforations.  Partly- 
over  the  bear's  tooth,  on  the  left  side,  was  a  piece  of  native  copper,  which 
had  been  hammered  roughly  into  a  flat,  thick,  irregular  sheet.  This  is 
without  holes  and  is  probably  an  unfinished  ornament.  Above  this,  and 
close  to  the  skull,  was  a  suiall  co[)por  cone,  like*  many  found  on  the  altar  of 
the  great  mound.  Near  the  right  shoulder  was  a  large  sea  shell,  like  the 
others  I  have  mentioned.  This  skeleton,  as  It  lay  in  the  grave,  measured 
live  feet  ten  inches  from  the  top  of  skull  to  the  tip  of  the  great  toe,  and 
the  individual  was  not  far  from  five  feet  four  inches  in  height  when  living. 
With  the  exception  of  a  portion  of  the  sacrum,  which  had  entirely  dis- 
appeared, this  skeleton  was  taken  out  in  a  perfect  condition.  The  decay 
of  the  sacrum  was  owing,  probably,  to  the  fact  that  a  small  round  stone 
had  fallen  in  such  a  way  as  to  allow  water  to  percolate  around  it. 

This  skeleton  is  a  good  illustration  of  the  absurdity  of  the  common  no- 
tion that  as  soon  as  skeletons  which  have  long  been  buried  are  exposed 
to  the  air  they  fall  to  dust.  I  always  have  a  quiet  laugh  when  I  read  no- 
tices of  that  kind,  and  you  may  put  all  such  accounts  down  to  inex- 
perience and  clumsy  work  of  the  person  removing  the  skoloton.  The 
fact  is  that  it  requires  great  care  to  remove  the  earth  from  about  the  bones,, 
and  very  few  persons  will  take  the  time  to  do  it  properly.  As  soon  as  a  bone 
is- uncovered  most  persons  attempt  to  remove  it  at  once,  and  of  course  it 
goes  to  pieces.  Now  if  a  skeleton  is  in  dry  earth  or  gravel,  and  is  very 
dry  and  crumbling,  the  proper  mode  of  procedure  is  to  uncover  the  bones 
with  great  care,  loosening  the  earth  with  the  point  of  a  small  flat  trowel 
and  removing  it  from  the  bones  by  means  of  a  small  broom,  or  clothes 
brush,  then  let  the  moist  air  come  in  contact  with  the  bones ;  or,  if  the  air 
is  very  dry  and  hot,  sprinkle  the  bones  with  water  and  let  them  absorb  all 
they  will.  In  this  way  the  particles  of  bone  swell  and  interlock,  and, after 
a  while  the  bone  can  be  safely  taken  up  by  avoiding  force  in  removing  it 
from  the  earth.  In  case  the  bones  are  in  a  wet  clay  or  earth  the  matrix 
must  be  removed  with  great  care.  In  such  cases  the  bones  are  soft  and 
spongy  and  they  must  be  allowed  to  remain  in  place  until  they  have  dried 
off";  but  they  must  not  be  exposed  to  the  full  heat  of  the  sun,  otherwise 
they  will  crack  and  splinter  as  they  dry.  Of  course  instances  often  occur 
where  we  find  only  minute  fragments  of  a  skeleton  in  a  grave,  all  the  rest 
having  passed  through  a  chemical  change  and  been  reduced  to  earthy 
particles  ;  but  that  every  bone  found  in  a  grave  can  be  preserved  by  using 
proper  care  I  know  from  long  experience  to  be  the  case.  I  may  also  call 
your  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  state  of  perfection  of  the  skeleton,  out- 
side of  certain  limits,  is  not  evidence,  by  itself,  of  the  antiquity  of  the 
bones,  as  the  conditions  of  burial,  as  well  as  the  character  of  the  bones 
and  of  the  earth  in  which  they  are  found  must  be  taken  into  account. 

KEPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III  36 


562 


In  our  exploration  of  this  burial  place  we  found  three  large  pits,  which 
were  covered  with  gravel  and  stones,  like  the  grave  I  have  just  described. 
These  pits  had  been  dug  througli  the  compact,  iron-cemented  gravel  below 
the  clay,  even  to  the  depth  of  five  feet,  and  all  the  material  taken  from 
them  had  been  carried  away.  The  pits  were  then  filled  with  ashes  and 
burned  earth,  and  covered  with  several  inches  of  gravel  and  stones,  like 
a  grave.  The  sides  of  the  pit  were  not  burned,  so  it  is  evident  that  the 
ashes  were  not  from  fires  on  the  spot.  There  were  several  places  uncov- 
ered by  our  excavations  near  these  pits  and  graves  where  fires  had  been 
made  on  the  clay  or  gravel,  but  the  ashes  had  been  removed,  and  hence  it 
is  probable  that  they  had  been  put  in  these  carefully  marked  pits.  But 
what  had  become  of  the  gravel  taken  from  them? 

You  will  remember  that  in  the  great  mound  of  the  group  of  altar  mounds, 
there  was  a  layer  of  gravel  two  or  three  inches  thick  which  we  have  called 
the  concrete  layer.  This  gravel  was  cemented  by  a  large  amount  of  iron, 
and  it  has  been  a  puzzle  where  the  iron  canr..e  from.  It  was  far  too  great 
in  amount  to  have  been  derived  from  the  clay  in  the  mound  above,  and, 
besides,  the  gravel  of  the  ^me  layer  about  the  edges  was  loose  and  light 
without  any  mixture  of  iron.  Now,  this  iron-gravel  from  the  burial  place 
is  of  the  same  character  as  that  forming  the  concrete  layer  in  the  mound, 
and  it,  therefore,  seems  probable  that  these  pits  must  have  been  dug  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  it.  As  this  gravel  had  been  used  during  the  ex- 
tensive ceremonies  which  must  have  taken  place  at  the  time  the  mound 
was  constructed,  the  very  place  from  which  it  was  taken  seems  to  have 
been  held  sacred,  and  the  pits  therefore  filled  with  burnt  material,  covered 
over  and  marked  in  the  same  manner  as  some  of  the  graves.  This,  again, 
is  further  evidence  of  the  connection  of  the  burial  place  and  the  ceremo- 
nies which  took  place  there  with  the  altar  mounds.  The  more  we  examine 
into  the  details  of  this  wonderful  group  of  ancient  works,  the  more  inter- 
esting and  instructive  they  become.  We  have  already  spread  before  us 
the  outlines  of  a  grand  picture  of  the  singular  ceremonies  connected  with 
the  religious  and  mortuary  customs  of  a  strange  people.  There  are  still 
some  touches  to  be  given  before  the  picture  is  complete,  but  it  is  more 
perfect  than  any  other  that  has  been  drawn,  and  as  our  work  progresses 
we  may  yet  be  able  to  fill  it  out,  and  finally  present  it  as  a  perfect  whole. 
Unfortunately,  other  duties  call  me  home  at  once,  and  for  some  months  I 
shall  not  be  able  to  give  personal  supervision  to  the  work,  but  it  will  be 
continued  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Metz  so  long  as  the  money  in  hand 
holds  out.  Will  more  be  forthcoming  to  enable  us  to  keep  on  to  the  end? 
Friends  to  the  cause  of  American  Archaeology  must  answer  this.  On  my 
way  home  I  shall  visit  the  "serpent  mound"  again,  and  will  try  and  write 
to  you  from  that  wonderful  monument  of  an  ancient  race. 

Yours  very  truly, 

F.  W.  Putnam. 


563 


The  work  was  continued  at  this  ancient  burial  place  for  two 
months  after  I  left,  under  the  immediate  charge  of  Dr.  Metz,  the 
men  remaining  in  camp  until  the  cold  became  too  severe  for  out- 
door life.  During  this  time,  a  large  area  within  the  great  enclos- 
ure was  dug  over  and  so  many  graves,  pits  and  hearths,  similar 
to  those  described,  were  discovered  as  to  leave  no  doubt  that  a 
large  number  of  persons  were  buried  within  the  earth  wall  sur- 
rounding this  area,  and  that  the  graves  in  the  gravel,  containing 
both  skeletons  and  burnt  remains  were  those  of  the  people  who 
had  made  these  mounds  and  earthworks.  Dr.  Metz  also  carried 
on  the  exploration  of  the  small  and  nearly  obliterated  mound, 
within  the  circle  at  the  northern  portion  of  the  great  enclosure, 
and  found  that  a  burial  like  those  in  the  gravel  had  taken  place 
there  and  that  the  mound  had  been  erected  over  the  grave.  This 
gives  us  another  interesting  fact  in  connection  with  this  group  of 
works.  Sections  were  made  through  the  walls  of  this  circle  and  it 
was  found  that  it  was  constructed  of  two  or  three  layers  of  stones, 
over  which  earth  had  been  placed.  This  is  another  indication  of 
the  amount  of  labor  yet  to  be  done  before  we  shall  know  all  that 
this  interesting  place  will  tell  of  the  singular  ceremonies  and  works 
of  this  ancient  people.  We  must  yet  work  here  for  many  months, 
and  thanks  to  the  enlightened  interest  which  Mr.  Turner  and  his 
sons  have  taken  in  the  investigation,  we  can  trust  to  their  cordial 
cooperation. 

The  other  discoveries  turned  our  thoughts  anew  to  the  isolated 
mound  opposite  the  eastern  opening  in  the  great  enclosure,  the  one 
at  which  we  first  worked  in  May,  1882,  when  our  time  and  means 
were  too  limited  for  extended  investigation  and  before  we  had  dis- 
covered the  necessity  for  the  thorough  exploration  we  have  since 
been  making  of  this  group  of  earthworks.  This  mound  we  had 
explored  to  the  level  of  the  surrounding  cla}^  but  had  not  gone 
down  to  the  gravel  below  the  clay.  The  recent  discoveries  con- 
vinced us  that  the  gravel  under  the  mound  should  be  examined,  and 
on  doing  so  Dr.  Metz  was  rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  a  large 
grave,  made  of  stones,  under  what  was  the  centre  of  the  mound, 
and  at  one  side  another,  but  smaller  grave,  of  the  same  character. 
Both  these  graves  contained  skeletons  extended  at  full  length.  With 
the  large  one  were  a  number  of  most  interesting  objects,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  ornaments  cut  out  of  shell  and  contain- 
ing large  pearls  set  in  the  shell.   There  was  also  with  this  skeleton 


564 


a  pipe  carved  out  of  stone,  with  a  flat  base  through  which  is  a  small 
perforation  that  connects  with  two  bowls  which  stand  upon  the 
slightly  curved  upper  part  of  the  base.  This  is  the  first  time,  to 
my  knowledge,  that  a  double-bowled  pipe  has  been  found  in  the  Ohio 
mounds,  and  is  only  the  third  pipe  we  have  discovered  during  our 
exploration  of  this  group.  (One  was  in  a  grave  with  burnt  human 
remains,  and  the  other  was  on  the  altar  of  the  Marriott  mound 
no.  2.)  It  is  well  to  recall  the  fact  that  in  the  centre  of  this 
mound,  on  a  level  with  the  surrounding  clay,  we  had  formerly 
found  a  large  bed  of  ashes  in  which  were  three  vessels  of  pottery, 
thus  showing  that  a  fire  had  been  made  over  the  grave  of  the  per- 
son in  whose  honor  the  mound  was  probably  erected  ;  also  that  at 
one  side  of  the  central  ash-bed  burnt  human  remains  were  found. 
Thus  cremation  and  inhumation  are  everywhere  found  to  be  closely 
connected  with  the  mortuary  rites  of  this  people,  which  opens  a 
line  of  comparative  study  that  will  prove  of  interest  as  we  work  out 
the  details  of  this  instructive  group  of  works 

In  connection  with  our  researches  in  Ohio,  Mr.  Kimball  and 
myself  made  another  visit  to  the  Serpent  mound  in  Adams  county, 
and  we  were  surprised  to  find  that  this  interesting  monument  had 
suffered  much  from  vandalism  since  our  former  visit.  It  is  evident 
that  it  will  be  soon  a  thing  of  the  past  unless  it  is  at  once  pro- 
tected. To  this  end  we  made  an  offer  to  Mr.  Lovett,  the  owner  of 
the  land  upon  which  this  effigy  is  situated,  for  about  fifty  acres  of 
his  farm  including  the  Serpent,  but  he  was  unwilling  to  sell  the 
part  desired  unless  he  could  dispose  of  the  rest  of  his  farm.  The 
price  he  asked,  while  unquestionably  a  fair  one  for  the  farm,  was 
a  larger  sum  than  we  could  hope  to  raise.  Before  our  visit  I  had 
been  assured  of  the  liberal  assistance  of  several  ladies  if  the  mound 
could  be  bought  at  a  fair  rate.  Their  object  was  to  purchase  the 
place  and  give  it  in  charge  of  the  Museum  in  accordance  with  a 
plan  which  I  had  proposed.  The  latest  proposition  from  the  owner 
is  that  we  should  take  a  strip  running  from  the  north  to  the  south 
border  of  his  farm  including  the  Serpent  mound,  but  this  would, 
at  the  price  asked,  still  bring  the  cost  to  a  larger  sum  than  I  am  au- 
thorized to  offer.  It  will  be  a  source  of  never-failing  regret  if  this 
interesting  monument  of  antiquity  cannot  be  placed  in  the  perpet- 
ual charge  of  the  Trustees  of  this  Museum,  or  of  some  permanent 
body  in  the  state  of  Ohio.    Thore  are  other  ancient  monuments  of 


565 


equal  interest  in  other  ways,  which  are  fast  being  destroyed,  and 
could  we  but  secure  this  Serpent  mound  the  general  interest  would 
be  so  aroused  by  the  fact  that,  in  all  probability,  many  other  an- 
cient works  would  be  spared  which  otherwise  may  be  destroyed  for 
the  sake  of  preparing  the  ground  for  cultivation.  The  stir  we  have 
made  in  this  connection  has  had  one  good  effect  already,  and  the 
state  of  Ohio  may  yet  do  something  before  it  is  too  late,  although 
the  proverbial  inability  of  realizing  the  importance  of  things  at 
your  door  is  one  which  may  interfere  with  any  speedy  legislation 
on  the  subject.  We  can  only  hope  that  the  owners  of  the  land 
upon  which  these  old  monuments  stand  will  not  allow  them  to  be 
destroyed  until  they  can  be  thoroughly  explored  by  parties  who  will 
do  the  work  in  a  proper  manner,  and  secure  the  results  to  some 
permanent  institution  for  the  advancement  of  American  archae- 
ology. 

Miss  Fletcher  has  given  such  time  as  she  could  to  the  prepara- 
tion of  her  papers  relating  to  the  Omahas,  to  which  I  have  referred 
in  former  reports.  The  value  of  the  material  she  has  been  able  to 
obtain  through  her  intimate  association  with  that  people  and  the 
well-deserved  confidence  which  has  been  given  her  by  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  tribe,  has  led  to  an  enlargement  of  the  plan  of  her 
work,  so  that  it  will  form  a  history  of  the  Omahas  with  a  descrip- 
tion of  their  social  and  religious  customs.  The  great  importance 
of  the  work  will  be  due  to  the  fact  that  she  has  learned  to  view  things 
from  the  Indian  standpoint  and  is  thus  able  to  present  the  under- 
lying, principles  which  govern  all  acts  and  customs  of  the  Indian  ; 
without  a  knowledge  of  which,  rites  and  customs  of  the  deepest  im- 
port to  the  Indian  appear  trivial  to  the  thoughtless  observer. 

These  papers  would  have  been  completed  ere  this,  had  not  Miss 
Fletcher  been  appointed  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education 
to  prepare  an  extended  report  on  Indian  civilization  and  education, 
called  for  by  an  act  of  the  Senate.  This  report  is  already  partly 
in  type  and  will  prove  a  valuable  document.  In  this  connection 
she  was,  during  the  past  year,  invited  by  the  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Education  to  visit  the  schools  in  Alaska  and  note  the 
educational  needs  and  opportunities  of  the  inhabitants.  From  this 
trip  she  has  recently  returned,  having  visited  southern  and  south- 
eastern Alaska  and  the  Aleutian  Islands.  While  in  this  interesting 
region  Miss  Fletcher  had  several  opportunities  to  secure  various 


566 


objects  for  the  Maseum,  and  to  interest  residents  in  its  behalf.  As 
a  result  of  this  we  have  already  received  several  implements  from 
Alaska  made  of  the  jade-like  stones  of  that  region,  and  a  piece  of 
the  so-called  jade  of  the  Yukon,  obtained  by  Lieut.  Stoney,  which 
is  probably  serpentine.  All  these  specimens  will  soon  be  reported 
upon  by  a  competent  mineralogist.  Miss  Fletcher  was  also  fortu- 
nate in  discovering  a  few  fragments  of  pottery  at  an  old  village 
site  on  the  southwestern  end  of  Kadiak  island.  This  is  the  first 
native  pottery  I  have  seen,  from  southern  Alaska,  and  it  is  re- 
markable for  its  extreme  coarseness  of  structure.  The  fragments 
are  portions  of  a  large  shallow  vessel,  the  bottom  of  which  is  one 
and  one-half  inches  and  the  sides  one-half  an  inch  in  thickness. 
The  clay  contains  so  much  coarse  sand  that  it  seems  as  if  there 
was  hardly  enough  to  hold  the  small  rounded  pebbles  together,  and 
in  fact  the  pieces  crumble  on  being  handled.  The  inside  of  the 
vessel,  however,  is  smooth,  and  the  thick  coating  of  soot  over  the 
outside  of  many  of  the  pieces  shows  that  it  was  used  for  some  time 
over  a  fire.  The  vessel  was  apparently  formed  by  first  making  the 
round,  thick  bottom  from  a  mass  of  clay,  then  pressing  out  a  thick 
sheet  of  clay  and  folding  it  about  the  bottom  piece.  The  lip  of 
the  vessel  is  smooth  and  flat. 

It  is  with  pleasure  that  I  am  able  to  state  that  Mrs.  Zelia  Nuttall 
has  become  one  of  the  collaborators  of  the  Museum,  with  special 
reference  to  Mexican  archj^eology,  a  field  in  whieli,  by  family  asso- 
ciations and  long  residence  in  the  country,  she  is  able  to  perform 
thorough  and  important  work.  Familiar  with  the  Nahuatl  lan- 
guage, having  intimate  and  influential  friends  among  the  Mexicans, 
and  with  an  exceptional  talent  for  linguistics  and  archiEology,  as 
well  as  being  thoroughly  informed  in  all  the  early  native  and  Span- 
ish writings  relating  to  Mexico  and  its  people,  Mrs.  Nuttall  enters 
the  study  with  a  preparation  as  remarkable  as  it  is  exceptional. 
The  two  papers  which  Mrs.  Nuttall  has  published,  one,  with  many 
illustrations,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archaeology  for  June  and 
September  last,  entitled  "The  Terra-cotta  Heads  of  Teotihuacan,'^ 
and  the  other  in  the  recent  volume  of  The  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  entitled 
"Preliminary  note  of  an  analysis  of  the  Mexican  codices  and  gra- 
ven inscriptions,"  are  sufficient  evidence  of  her  powers  of  research 
and  description.    The  first  explains  the  origin  and  occurrence  of 


567 


the  thousands  of  little  figures  of  human  heads  found  near  the  two 
great  pyramids  of  Teotiliuacan.  The  other  paper  opens  a  new  line 
of  research  in  relation  to  ancient  Mexican  inscriptions  and  pictog- 
raphy, or,  to  use  her  own  language,  she  has  found  by  a  translation 
into  the  Nahuatl  language  of  the  phonetic  symbols  contained  in  the 
Vienna  Codex  and  the  Selden  and  Bodleian  Manuscripts  "that  these 
entire  codices  are  composed  of  signs  representing  parts  of  speech 
forming,  in  combination,  words  and  sentences.  "Moreover,"  she 
adds,  "I  have  discovered  certain  determinative  signs  that  render  a 
misinterpretation  of  these  picture  writings  impossible.  The  Vienna 
Codex  and  the  Bodleian  and  Selden  Manuscript  are  records  of  lands, 
tributes,  tithes  and  taxes.  A  partial  decipherment  of  portions  of 
the  Borgian,  Vatican  and  Fejeroary  Codices  convinces  me  that  these 
do  not  relate,  as  has  been  supposed  and  maintained,  to  astrologi- 
cal and  exclusively  religious  matters,  but  deal  with  the  details  of 
a  communal  form  of  government,  the  existence  of  which  has  been 
suggested  by  some  recent  writers  but  not  sufficiently  proved  to  be 
generally  accepted." 

Mrs.  Nuttall  is  now  in  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  continuing  her 
researches  on  the  originals  of  the  several  Mexican  Codices,  and 
will  in  time  give  to  the  Museum  the  results  of  her  labors. 

Mr,  Carr,  v^hile  principally  engaged  upon  historical  studies,  has 
from  time  to  time  given  important  voluntary  assistance  in  the  Mu- 
seum work,  and  has  prepared  the  abstract  from  the  catalogue  show- 
ing the  additions  to  the  Museum  during  the  past  year,  as  printed 
in  this  report. 

To  the  indefatigable  labors  of  Miss  Smith,  I  am  indebted  for 
assistance  in  administrative  duties,  which  her  long  experience  ren- 
ders her  so  well  qualified  to  perform.  Besides  keeping  the  books 
of  the  Museum,  she  has  done  much,  to  aid  me  in  a  constantly  in- 
creasing and  burdensome  correspondence,  as  well  as  in  taking 
charge  of  the  library,  and  making  the  entries  in  the  Museum  cat- 
alogue from  my  dictation.  She  has  also  assorted  and  prepared 
for  cataloguing  the  Wyman  collection  from  the  shellheaps  of  Maine 
and  Massachusetts,  which  is  the  last  lot  of  the  unarranged  mate- 
rial in  the  Museum  at  the  time  I  was  placed  in  charge. 

The  only  specimens  now  uncatalogued  are  those  belonging  to 
the  recently  acquired  Bucklin  collection  from  Peru,  the  specimens 
from  the  Damariscotta  shellheap,  and  the  large  amount  of  mate- 


568 


rial  obtained  during  the  past  two  j-ears  from  our  special  explora- 
tions  in  Ohio. 

Miss  A.  E.  Putnam  has  been  employed  a  portion  of  the  j-ear  in 
painting  numbers  upon  the  specimens  as  they  are  catalogued,  and 
in  aiding  in  various  clerical  duties. 

To  Mr.  Chick,  who  has  continued  to  hold  the  responsible  posi- 
tion as  an  assistant  in  charge  of  the  building,  I  have  been  under 
constant  obligation,  not  only  for  his  careful  and  economical  man- 
agement, but  for  assistance  and  advice  in  man}^  ways.  In  fact, 
were  it  not  for  his  readiness  and  mechanical  ingenuity  displayed 
on  many  occasions,  we  should  have  had  many  calls  on  our  limited 
income  for  outside  service,  and  his  thorough  and  unflagging  in- 
terest in  the  Museum  is  such  that  I  am  sure  the  charge  of  the 
building  could  not  be  intrusted  to  more  faithful  hands. 

While  thus  recording  with  pleasure  the  works  of  those  who 
unitedly  and  in  their  various  positions  make  it  possible  for  the 
objects  of  the  Museum  to  be  advanced,  it  is  with  regret  that  I  am 
called  upon  to  state  that  two  of  our  former  collaborators  have 
been  obliged  for  pecuniary  causes  to  seek  other  fields  of  labor, 
and  the  loss  of  their  assistance  is  one  of  the  reasons  that  has  led 
me  to  suggest  the  possibility  of  the  foundation  of  a  form  of  schol- 
arships, by  which  means  might  be  at  hand  for  the  support  of  de- 
serving students  or  assistants,  and  at  the  same  time  for  securing 
skilled  labor  for  the  Museum. 

The  first  called  from  us  is  Mr.  Nickerson,  a  3'oung  man,  who, 
during  the  time  he  was  associated  with  us  in  our  work  of  special 
explorations  in  the  field,  evinced  an  aptitude  for  archaeological  re- 
search which  I  greatty  regret  could  not  have  been  further  encour- 
aged by  providing  a  small  salary  for  his  support. 

The  second  to  leave  us  is  Miss  Studlej^,  who  had  been  with  us, 
first  as  a  student  and  afterwards  as  assistant  in  special  charge  of 
the  osteological  collection  of  the  Museum,  for  nearl}^  five  years. 
During  this  time  Miss  Studle}^  was  engaged  in  a  study  of  the  hu- 
man skeletons  contained  in  the  Museum,  and  by  application  to 
that  special  research  had  become  a  proficient  craniologist,  and  as 
she  had  already  been  a  medical  student,  during  which  time  she 
had  secured  a  knowledge  of  human  anatomy,  she  was  well  pre- 


569 


pared  by  her  studies  and  general  education  to  be  a  valuable 
worker  in  a  department  wliich  requires  minute  and  careful  re- 
searcli.  Unfortunately,  just  at  a  time  when  cases  were  ready  for 
completing  the  detailed  arrangement  of  the  large  collection  of 
crania  and  skeletons,  which  she  had  so  well  begun,  she  felt  the 
necessity  of  obtaining  an  addition  to  her  income,  beyond  our 
means  to  provide,  and  therefore  accepted  another  position  where 
she  could  still  continue  in  scientific  work.  The  paper  by  Miss 
Studley  on  the  human  remains  from  the  caves  in  Coahuila,  pub- 
lished in  the  Sixteenth  Report  of  the  Museum,  is  evidence  of  her 
ability  in  anthropological  research,  and  it  is  much  to  be  regretted 
that  the  Museum  no  longer  has  the  benefit  of  her  services.  ° 

As  this  report  will  close  the  third  volume  of  the  Museum  publi- 
cations,  and  as  the  Museum  is  now  to  be  more  intimately  connected 
with  the  University,  it  is  a  proper  time  to  consider  a  scheme  of 
future  publication,  and  the  change  of  the  Museum  year  so  as  to 
make  it  harmonize  with  that  of  the  college.    I  therefore  respect- 
fully suggest  that,  in  the  future,  a  brief  annual  report  should  be 
presented  to  the  President  and  Fellows  of  the  University  at  the 
same  time  that  they  are  presented  from  the  other  departments 
Such  a  report  would  consist  of  the  Treasurer's  statement  and  an 
abstract  of  the  doings  for  the  year  by  the  Curator,  which,  as  here- 
tofore, would  be  made  to  the  Board  of  Trustees.    This  report 
would  then  be  considered  by  the  Trustees,  and  with  such  chan-es 
and  additions  as  they  might  think  desirable  would  be  transmitted 
to  the  President  and  Fellows  as  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Trus- 
tees,  in  accordance  with  one  of  the  provisions  of  Mr.  Peabody's 
Instrument  of  Trust. 

Such  a  brief  report,  however,  would  not  be  all  that  the  work  of 
the  Museum  calls  for  and  it  would,  therefore,  be  necessary  to  issue 
regular  publications,  which  should  contain  such  special  papers  as 
may  be  prepared  by  the  officers  and  others  in  connection  with  the 
researches  made  under  its  auspices,  or  upon  material  contained  in 
Its  collections.  Such  publications,  probably,  would  be  best  in  two 
forms.  One  might  be  called  the  Bulletin  of  the  Museum,  and 
would  contain  such  special  papers  as  have  heretofore  been  printed 
m  the  annual  reports  and  could  be  of  uniform  size  with  the  re- 
ports.    A  bulletin  could  be  issued  whenever  a  special  paper  was 


670 


prepared  and  means  would  permit  of  its  publication.  Of  course, 
the  plan  would  be  to  page  the  bulletins  consecutively  until  a  vol- 
ume was  completed.  The  other  form  might  be  a  quarto  publication, 
which  could  be  called  the  Memoirs  of  the  Museum,  each  number  to 
contain  a  special  paper,  the  character  of  which  required  larger 
illustrations  than  the  page  of  the  bulletin  would  allow.  Of  course, 
these  memoirs  could  be  seldom  published  in  the  present  condition 
of  the  Museum  funds,  but  it  would  be  of  great  value  to  the  Mu- 
seum if  they  could  be  occasionally  issued. 

In  order  to  permit  the  publication  of  both  bulletins  and  me- 
moirs it  would  be  necessary  to  limit  the  distribution  of  copies  to 
exchanges  for  important  journals  and  transactions,  and  to  those 
persons"  who  wished  to  purchase  them.  Heretofore,  our  reports 
have  been  largely  distributed  free  of  charge,  and  while  such  a  dis- 
tribution has  unquestionably  been  the  means  of  adding  many  speci- 
mens to  the  Museum  and  in  making  its  objects  widely  known,  the 
time  has  come  when  the  only  exceptions  in  the  distribution  of  the 
special  publications,  as  proposed,  should  be  to  those  patrons  of  the 
Museum  whom  we  may  hope  will  take  a  generous  interest  in  its 
welfare.  That  the  sale  of  the  bulletins  and  memoirs  would  be  con- 
siderable we  have  every  reason  to  believe  from  the  wide  and  rapidly- 
increasing  interest  in  arch^ological  and  ethnological  studies,  but 
that  the  income  from  that  source  would  be  sufficient  to  pay  the  cost 
of  publication,  it  would  be  unwise  to  expect. 

Believing  that  you  will  receive  the  several  suggestions  I  have 
taken  the  liberty  to  make  in  this  report  as  an  evidence  of  my  desire 
to  do  all  in  my  power  to  advance  the  Museum,  and  that  they  will 
receive  that  consideration  from  you  which  they  may  seem  to  demand 
at  a  time  when  a  new  period  has  begun  in  the  history  of  the  Mu- 
seum, this  report  is 

Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  W.  Pdtnam, 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  Curator  of  the  Museum. 

March  22,  1887. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM  AND  LIBRARY 
EOR  THE  YEAR  1886. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM. 

38849—38850.  Stone  arrowheads  from  the  ruins  in  Montezuma  Valley 
and  cord  made  of  the  fibre  of  Yucca,  from  cliff-houses  in  Walnut  Cailoi,' 
Arizona.-Collected  and  presented  by  Rev.  W.  D.  Westervelt,  Denver' 
Col.  ' 

38851-38860.  Fragment  of  cotton  cloth,  with  a  specimen  of  native 
cotton  and  seeds,  from  cliff-houses  near  Snlt  River,  Arizona;  clay  vessels 
and  a  rude  animal  figure  in  the  same  material  from  Medicine  cave  on  the 
summit  of  Sierra  Ancha;  Apache  water-jar  and  horse-shoe  from  Arizona 
Territory.— Collected  and  presented  by  Captain  John  G.  Bouhke,  U.  S.  A. 

38861-38862.    Sandals  made  of  bayonet  fibre  from  a  cliff-dwelling  in 
Ara-way-pa  Caiion,  Arizona.-Collected  and  presented  by  Captain  F  E 
Peirce,  U.  S.  A.  .  . 

38863—38875.  Quartz  point,  from  the  bank  of  Esopus  Creek,  near  Sau- 
gerties,  N.  Y.,  and  a  small  collection  of  stone  arrowpoints  from  the  Dalles, 
Columbia  river,  Oregon.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Frank  h' 
Sellers,  Chicago,  111. 

38876.  Native  woman's  skirt  from  Abyssinia.— Presented  by  Dr.  Alex- 
ander Agasstz,  Cambridge. 

38877-38885.  Fragment  of  leather  with  copper  beads,  from  a  mound 
on  Macoupin  Creek,  Green  Co.,  111. ;  pottery  vessels,  Unio  shells  cut  and 
perforated,  and  a  pendant  made  from  shell,  from  a  mound  on  the  bluffs  in 
St.  Clair  Co.,  111.— Collected  by  Hon.  William  McAdams,  Alton,  111.,  and 
received  in  exchange. 

38886—38929.  A  stone  gorget  from  Mendham,  Morris  Co.  N  J  •  a 
jasper  knife  from  Belvidere,  Warren  Co.,  N.  J. ;  an  obsidian  chip,' a 
grooved  stone  axe  and  celt,  with  a  number  of  knives,  scrapers  and  arrow- 
points  of  stone,  from  Dr.  Abbott's  farm  near  Trenton,  N.  J. ;  paleeolith 
from  the  talus  of  the  bluff  of  the  Delaware  river;  a  quartz  implement,  five 
feet  from  the  surface,  and  a  portion  of  a  human  temporal  bone,  el'even 
feet  from  the  surface,  in  the  Trenton  gravel.-Collected  and  presented  bv 
Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

38930.  Fragment  of  antler  and  deer's  bone  from  Watson's  Hill,  Ply. 
mouth,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Kimball. 

38931—38932.    Native  Mexican  basket  and  braided  mat  from  Puebla, 
Mexico. — Presented  by  Mrs  Zelia  Nuttall. 

38933—38936.  Recent  (fraudulent)  soapstone  pot  from  the  quarry  at 
MUlbury,  Mass. ;  fragment  of  steatite  pipe,  with  a  clay  pipe  from  Georgia, 

(571) 


672 


and  a  clay  tube  from  Gwinnett  County,  Georgia.    Presented  by  Richard 
OTlynn,  Worcester. 

38937.    Skeleton  of  an  Indian  from  Brighton,  Mass.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  D.  D.  Slade,  Cambridge. 

38938—389-13.  Native  mats  from  the  Marquesas  and  Hawaiian  Islands ; 
guitar  and  woman's  hat  from  Canton,  China,  and  clay  images,  male  and 
female,  made  by  Pueblo  Indians. —Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  William 
T.  Brigham,  Boston. 

38944—38945.    Rain  coat  from  Hong  Kong,  China,  and  mask  from  Ha- 
waii.—Presented  by  Miss  A.  E.  Newell,  South  Boston. 

35^946— 38948.  Cranium  of  Flat-head  Indian  from  Oregon,  and  two  crania 
from  mounds  in  Florida,  the  latter  collected  by  R.  S.  Waruen,  M.  D.— 
Presented  by  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 

38949.  Mat  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands.— Collected  and  presented  by 
Dr.  Alexander  Agassiz,  Cambridge. 

33950—38951.  Small  human  figures  in  clay  from  Mexico.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Mrs  Zkllv.  Nuttall. 

38952—38955.  Shell  beads  from  Union  Springs,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Adams,  Mapleton,  N.  Y. 

38956.  Terra-cotta  figure  from  Teotihuacan,  Mexico.— Collected  and 
presented  by  Mrs  Zelia  Nuttall. 

33957—38960.  Specimens  of  felsite  and  varieties  of  flint  from  different 
localities.— Collected  and  presented  by  Prof.  H.  W.  Haynes,  Boston. 

38961.  Stone  gouge  from  Newton  Centre,  Mass.— Collected  and  present- 
ed by  Mr.  William  D.  Philbrick,  Newton  Centre. 

33962—38972.  Crania  and  human  bones,  hammerstone,  stone  celt,  with 
fragments  of  pestle  and  notched  sinkers  of  stone,  and  fragments  of  pot- 
tery, from  different  places  in  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.— Collected  and  present- 
ed by  Mr.  W.  W.  Adams,  Mapleton,  N.  Y. 

38973—38974.  Coppc*i-  axe  and  stone  gorget  from  the  valley  of  the  Del- 
aware in  Bucks  Co.,  Penn.— Collected  by  Mr.  Keim  and  presented  by  Dr. 
C.  C.  Abbott. 

38975.  Chipped  stone  scraper  from  Byfield,  Mass.— Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  E.  H.  Blood. 

33976_38989.  Two  discoidal  stones,  with  stone  celt  and  ornament  and 
drills,  scrapers,  and  points  also  of  stone,  from  Bales'  Mills,  Lee  Co.,  Va. 
 Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Bales,  Bales'  Mills,  Va. 

38990—38995.  Fragment  of  pottery,  with  shells  and  bones  of  fish  and 
deer,  from  a  small  shellheap  on  banks  of  Santuit  river,  Cotuit,  Mass.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Francis  C.  Lowell,  Esq.,  Boston. 

38996—39239.  A  stone  axe,  gouge  and  pestle,  stone  hoes,  hammer 
stones  grooved  and  notched,  a  number  of  chipped  points  of  stone,  and 
fragments  of  pottery,  from  near  Wellfleet,  Cape  Cod ;  a  soapstone  pot  and 
two  stone  pipes  from  northern  Georgia;  chungkee  stone,  fragment  of  gor- 
get and  stone  axes  and  celts  from  Transylvania  Co.,  N.  C. ;  stone  axes 
and  celts,  with  fragments  of  steatite  pots,  and  stone  ornaments ;  hammer 
and  rubbing  stones,  pitted  and  plain,  chipped  pieces  of  quartz,  and  cores 


573 


of  the  same,  with  a  large  collection  of  drills,  scrapers,  arrow  and  spear- 
points  of  stone,  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  Greenville  Co.,  South 
Carolina.— Collected  by  E.  H.  Blood.    By  Purchase. 

39240-39277.  Several  baskets  and  basket  dishes, 'thirty-three  feather 
head-dresses,  forty-five  bone  whistles,  implements  of  antler,  fragments  of 
stone  implements,  shells  and  shell  ornaments,  braided  grass,  and  six  per- 
forated club  stones  mounted  on  wooden  handles,  from  a  cave  in  the  San 
Martin  mountains,  Los  Angeles  county,  Cal.-Collected  by  and  received 
from  Mr.  Stephen  Bowers. 

39278-39298.  Copper  celt ;  stone  plummet,  celts,  scrapers  and  points  • 
rubbing  stones  of  natural  form,  and  pitted  stones,  from  North  America  - 
Presented  by  Dr.  Alexander  Agassiz. 

39299.  Ashes  of  the  pottery  tree,  from  Guiana.-Collected  and  pre- 
sented  by  the  late  Prof.  J.  Wyman. 

.39300.  Cranium  of  North  American  Indian—Presented  by  the  Worces- 
ter  Society  of  Natural  History. 

39301-39310.  Cranium  and  other  human  bones,  with  earrings  of  cop- 
per wire,  a  silver  breast-ornament,  fragments  of  pottery  and  ashes,  from 
a  mound  on  Lake  Butte  des  Morts,  Wis. ;  copper  bracelets  from  Ohio  and 
a  whistling  jar  from  Peru.-Presented  by  Mr.  William  S.  Appleton 
Boston.  ' 

39311-39313.  Stone  points  from  the  farm  of  Gen.  Wm.  Sutton  Ips- 
wich, Mass.-Collected  by  Gen.  Sutton,  and  presented  by  Mr  11  W 
Putnam,  Salem.  •     .  . 

39314.  Confection  made  of  cactus  from  Mexico.-Presented  bv  Mrs 
Zelia  Nuttall.  ^ 

39315.  Small  brass  tubes  from  an  Indian  grave  between  Fall  River  and 
Taunton.    (This  is  a  portion  of  the  so-called  armor  of  the  "skeleton  in 
armor").-Collected  by  the  late  Dr.  J.  V,  C.  Smith,  and  presented  bv  Dr 
S.  Kneeland,  Boston. 

39316-39770.    Two  hundred  and  thirty-three  stone  celts;  one  round 
one  plain  and  three  animal-shaped  stone-metates ;  flakes  and  points  of  ar' 
gillite ;  jasper  drills  ;  and  three  hundred  and  twenty-five  pottery  vessels  of 
many  different  shapes,  some  plain  and  others  ornamented  with  colored 
and  incised  patterns,  also  whistles,  rattles  and  other  small  objects  of  pot 
tery  from  ancient  graves  in  Chiriqui,  Panama. -Collected  by  Mr  J  A 
McNiel.   By  Purchase.  •    •  . 

39771.  Natural  stones  resembling  chipped  and  rubbed  implements,  from 
the  Island  of  Tuckanuck,  Mass.-Collected  and  presented  bv  Dr  R  m 
Hodges,  Boston.  *  * 

39772.  Large  pottery  vessel  from  a  mound  in  Arkansas.-Collected  by 
Capt.  Hall  and  presented  by  Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences. 

39773.  Burnt  clay  with  impression  of  canes  from  near  Nashville  Tenn 
-Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  W.  D.  Bulhanam,  Nashville  Tenn 

39774-39780.    Worked  piece  of  coal  from  a  stone-grave  near  Nashville 
Tenn. ;  drills  of  flint  and  jasper  and  stone  points  from  near  Nashville 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Geo.  T.  Halley,  Nashville  Tenn 


574 


39781—40096.  A  copper  ornament,  three  small  liuman  images,  in  clay, 
and  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  pottery  vases,  bottles,  jars,  of  different 
shapes,  sizes  and  styles  of  ornamentation.  Some  are  painted,  others  are 
ornamented  with  human  and  animal  figures  in  relief,  while  still  others  are 
in  the  form  of  men,  animals  and  vegetables.  Thirteen  are  whistling  jars. 
AH  from  the  Province  of  Piura,  120  miles  north  northwest  of  Lambayeque, 
Peru.— By  Purchase. 

40097—40107.  Small  bowl  and  a  tripod  of  pottery  from  Ometepe; 
stone  axe  with  a  slight  groove,  from  a  hill  west  of  Diriamba;  bead  from 
a  hill  southwest  of  Lake  Nicaragua;  stone  beads  found  on  stone  mounds 
near  the  same  lake;  jasper  pebbles  from  Nacaserbo  beach,  Costa  Ilica; 
fossil  leaves  from  the  Managua  quarry  and  from  the  tufa  beds  at  Jeno- 
tepe.  Yellow  sand  from  under  the  lower  bed  of  tufa  at  the  Managua 
quarry,  and  fossil  shells  from  beach  of  Lake  Jilva,  Nicaragua.— Collected 
and  presented  by  Dr.  Earl  Flint,  Rivas,  Nicaragua. 

40108—40109.  Sioux  war  jacket,  and  an  Omaha  scraper  made  of  bone.— 
Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Francis  La  Flesche,  Washington,  D.  C. 

40110—40192.  Shells  of  different  kinds  and  bones  of  animals  from  shell- 
heaps  on  Buttermilk  Bay,  and  at  Wareham,  and  Cotuit  Port;  fragments 
of  pottery  and  pieces  of  charcoal  from  shellheaps  at  Buttermilk  Bay,  East 
Wareham,  and  Cotuit  Port;  chipped  stones  from  shellheap  at  old  Pan, 
Wareham;  bone  point  and  cut  pieces  of  bone  from  shellheap  at  East 
Wareham  and  Cotuit  Port;  human  bones  from  shellheap  at  Cotuit  Port, 
Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries  Wyman. 

40193—40204.  Animal  bones  and  potsherds  from  shellheap  at  Cotuit 
Port,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Geo.  G.  Lowell  and  Dr. 
Samuel  A.  Green,  Boston. 

40205—40236.  Fragments  of  pottery,  stone  chips  and  a  chipped  stone 
implement,  from  a  shellheap  in  Salisbury,  Mass. ;  shells  of  different  kinds, 
stone  flakes,  chips  and  points;  bone  points,  and  worked  pieces  of  bone 
and  bones  of  birds,  fishes,  and  mammals,  from  shellheaps  at  Concord  and 
Plum  Island,  Mass.— Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries 

Wyman.  . 

40237—40241.  Fragment  of  pipestem  made  of  pottery;  pomt  ot  an 
antler  used  as  an  implement;  cut  pieces  of  bone,  and  pieces  of  cord- 
marked  pottery  from  shellheap  at  Plum  Island,  Essex  county,  Mass.- 
Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries  Wyman,  and  Messrs. 
Lewis  Cabot,  jr.,  and  Elliot  Cabot  of  Brookline. 

40242.  Bone  point  from  a  shellheap  on  Plum  Island,  Mass.— Collected 
and  presented  by  the  late  Rev.  J.  A.  Swan. 

40243.  Bone  point  from  a  shellheap  on  Plum  Island,  Mass.-Collected 
and  presented  by  Mr.  Lewis  Cabot,  Brookline. 

40244— 402G2.  Sand,  shells  of  different  kinds,  charcoal,  fish,  bird  and 
mammal  bones,  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  a  shellheap  at  Eagle  Hill, 
Ipswich,  Mass.-Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries  Wy- 
man and  Mr.  J.  Elliot  Cabot,  Brookline. 

402G3— 40280.    Oyster  and  other  shells,  bones  of  deer,  beaver,  birds  and 


575 


fishes,  fragments  of  pottery  and  a  bone  point,  from  the  great  shellheap  at 
Daraariscotta,  Maine.— Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries 
Wyman  and  the  late  Pj-of.  E.  A.  Ciiadbourn. 

40281-40341.  Shells  of  different  kinds;  bones  of  fishes,  birds,  bear 
and  deer,  some  of  them  burnt;  bone  points  and  implements  of  antler; 
pieces  of  charcoal  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  a  shellheap  at  Crouch's 
Cove,  Goose  Island,  Maine.— Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof. 
Jeffries  Wyman. 

40342— 403G9.  Shells  ;  bone  points,  and  bones  of  birds,  fishes  and  mam- 
mals, fragments  of  pottery  and  a  stone  pestle,  from  a  shellheap  at  Crouch's 
Cove,  Goose  Island,  Maine.— Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  liev. 
J.  A.  Swan. 

40370-40405.  Shells  of  different  kinds,  bones  of  fishes,  birds  and 
mammals ;  implements  made  of  antler ;  cut  bones  and  bone  points  ;  chipped 
stones,  stone  implements  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  shellheaps  at 
Mount  Desert,  Maine.-Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries 
Wyman  and  Prof.  A.  P.  Eockwell. 

4040G-40417.    Shells;  bones  of  fishes,  birds,  and  mammals;  chipped 
points  of  stone  and  a  bead  of  bone,  from  the  shellheap  on  Hog  Island 
Mount  Desert,  Maine.-Collected  and  presented  bv  Dr.  R.  H.  Fitz,  Boston' 

40418-40420.  Bones  of  fishes,  birds  and  mammals,  from  a  shellheap  on 
George's  River,  Maine.-Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Cleveland  Abb£ 

40421-40431.  Bones  of  fishes,  birds  and  mammals,  from  a  shellheap  at 
Hull's  Cove,  Maunt  Desert,  Maine.-Collected  and  presented  by  the  late 
Prof.  Jeffries  Wyman  and  Dr.  Samuel  A.  Green,  Boston 

40432-40437,  Shells  of  Mya  and  Buccinum,  and  animal  bones,  from  a 
shellheap  on  Doane's  Island,  Frenchman's  Bay,  Me. ;  shells  of  Mactra  and 
bones  of  birds,  from  a  shellheap  on  Plum  Island,  Ipswich,  Mass.-Collected 
and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries  Wyman. 

40438-40442.    Chipped  stone  and  stone  implements  from  Bar  Island 
Mount  Desert,  Maine;  stone  flakes  and  chipped  stone  implements  from 
banks  of  Nashua  river,  Groton,  Mass.-Collected  and  presented  bv  Dr 
Samuel  A.  Green,  Boston. 

40443.  Piece  of  human  under  jaw,  from  Essex,  Mass.-Collected  and 
presented  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Russell. 

40444.  Fish  bones  from  Hyannis,  Mass.-Collected  and  presented  by 
Col.  Theodore  Lyman,  Brookline. 

40445-40446.  Portions  of  a  human  skeleton  and  pieces  of  a  brass  ket- 
tie  found  with  the  bones,  from  Barnstable,  Mass.-Collected  and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  J.  Elliot  Cabot,  Brookline. 

40447-40448.  Human  sternum  and  fragments  of  pottery,  from  Nan- 
tasket,  Mass.-Collected  and  presented  by  the  late  Prof.  Jeffries  Wy- 

MAN. 

40449-40502.  Stone  points,  scrapers,  flakes  and  drills;  chipped  flint 
JnllTlf'Z  catalogue  from  No.  40110  to  40148,  cover  the  several  collections 

elude  the  material  used  by  Prof.  Wyman  in  his  papers  upon  New  England  She  Iheaps. 


57G 


implements;  perfornted  tablet  of  slate;  stone  celts  and  a  sroovod  stone 
implement;  piece  of  stone  SO''S^t;  antler  point,  and  fragments  of  pot- 
tery, from  different  places  in  the  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio,  collected  by 
Dr.  Metz  and  Judge  Skinner;  chipped  flint  implements  from  Kentucky; 
a  grooved  stone  axe  and  chipped  stone  implements,  from  the  surface  at 
Glady  Run,  Brown  Co.,  Ohio,  collected  by  Dr.  Metz.— Presented  by  Dr. 
C.  L.  Mktz,  Madisonville,  Ohio. 

40503—40505.  Chipped  stone  implements  from  Glady  Kun,  Brown  Co., 
Qljjo.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Nicholas  Berger,  Vera  Cruz,  O. 

40506—40509.  Stone  celt,  two  mullers  and  a  grooved  stone  axe  from 
Newtown,  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr. 
William  Durham,  Newtown,  Ohio. 

40510—40513.  Grooved  stone  axe,  a  celt,  and  chipped  stone-points,  from 
Vera  Cruz,  Brown  Co.,  Ohio.— Explorations  of  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam  and 
Dr.  C.  L.  Metz,  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

40514:— 40530.    Stone  points,  drills  and  implements,  from  Brown  Co., 
Ohio.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Bernard  Quinn,  Vera  Cruz,  O.^ 

40531— 40580.  Grooved  stone  axes  ;  a  mnller  and  nine  stone  celts,  dis- 
coidal  stone,  and  chipped  scrapers,  drills,  and  points  from  Clermont  Co., 
Ohio;  a  water-worn  bone,  fragments  of  pottery,  a  discoidal  stone,  and 
stone  points  and  other  implements  from  a  ploughed  field  about  the  Ser- 
pent Mound,  Adams  Co.,  Ohio.— Explorations  of  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam, 
Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  and  Mr.  John  Cone  Kimball,  conducted  for  the  Museum. 

40537—40685.  Piece  of  mica,  small  perforated  stone,  and  fragments 
of  stone  gorgets,  a  grooved  stone  axe,  notched  stone  sinkers,  and  a  num- 
ber of  knives,  scrapers,  drills  and  points  in  argillite,  quartz  and  jasper, 
from  Trenton,  New  Jersey.— Collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  Richard  M. 
Abbott,  Trenton. 

40686—40770.  Fragment  of  argillite  natural  fracture,  and  a  chipped 
mass  of  the  same;  two  palaeolithic  implements,  and  points,  drills,  flakes, 
scrapers  of  argillite,  quartz,  jasper  and  flint;  a  perforated  piece  of  slate; 
hammerstone,  and  a  cut  piece  of  soapstone,  and  three  grooved  stone  axes, 
from  Trenton,  New  Jersey.— Explorations  of  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott,  conducted 
for  the  Museum. 

additions  to  the  library.*^ 

Dr,  a  C.  Abbott,  Trenton,  N.  J.    Two  pamphlets. 
Dr.  A.  Agassiz,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Report  of  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology. 

Mr.  D.  B.  Alwnrd,  Auburn,  N.  Y.    Two  volumes,  five  pamphlets. 
Dr.  Pdchard  Andree,  Leipzig,  Germany.    One  volume,  two  pamphlets. 
Anvers,  Belgium.  Academic  d'Arch6ologic  de  Belgique.  Three  volumes 
Annales,  seven  numbers  Bulletin. 

2Tho  fulltitles  of  the  volumes,  and  pamphlets  of  special  importance,  are  published 
in  the  Quarterly  Bulletin  of  Harvard  College  Library,  the  Museum  Library  being  a 
branch  of  the  General  Library. 


577 


Auburn,  ISf.  Y.  Cayuga  County  Historical  Society.  Two  volumes  Col- 
lections. 

3fr.  J.  31.  Batchelder,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Two  pamphlets. 
Jf.  le  Baron  de  Baye,  Baye,  Marne,  France.    Three  pamphlets. 
Bohert  Bell,  M.D.,  Montreal,  Canada.  Pamphlet. 
Mr.  A.  F.  Berlin,  Allentown,  Pa.  Pamphlet. 

Berlin,  Germany.  Konigliche  Museum.  Four  numbers  Aratliche  Be- 
richte,  one  pamphlet. 

C.  J.  Blake,  31. D.,  Boston,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

3f.  le  Prince  Boland  Bonaparte,  Paris,  France.  Pamphlet. 

Boston,  3Iass.    Museum  of  Fine  Arts.  Report. 

J).  G.  Brinton,  3d.D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.    One  volume,  four  pamphlets. 
BrooJcville,  Ind.    Brookville  Society  of  Natural  History.    One  number 
Bulletin. 

Buffalo,  N.  T.  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences.  Two  numbers 
Bulletin. 

Cambridge,  England.  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  Report,  one 
number  Octavo  Publications. 

Cambridge,  3fass.  Harvard  College  Library.  Three  numbers  Bulletin, 
one  pamphlet. 

3f.  Emile  Cartailhac,  Toulouse,  France.  Twelve  numbers  Materiaux 
pour  I'histoire  primitive  et  naturelle  de  I'homme. 

3f.  le  Comte  H.  Charencey,  St.  Maurice-les-Charencey,  France.  Pam- 
phlet. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.    Cincinnati  Museum  Association.  Report. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.    Cincinnati  Society  Natural  History.    Four  numbers 
Journal. 

3fr.  G.  S.  Conover,  Geneva,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 
Mr.  C.  W.  Darling,  Utica,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 

Davenport,  Iowa.    Davenport  Academy  Natural  Sciences.    One  volume 
Proceedings,  one  pamphlet. 
3Ir.  A.  M.  Davis,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 
Prof.  Q.  M.  Dawson,  Montreal,  Canada.  Pamphlet. 
Denver,  Colorado,  Colorado  Scientific  Society.  Pamphlet. 
Bev.  J.  Owen  Dorsey,  Washington,  D.  C.  Pamphlet. 
Bev.  M.  Eells,  Skokomish,  Washington  Territory.  Pamphlet. 
Sig.  31,  Ferraris,  Rome,  Italy.    One  volume. 
Dr.  Otto  Finsch,  Berlin,  Germany.  Pamphlet. 

Florence,  Italy.  Societa  Italiana  de  Antropologia,  Etnologia  e  Psicolos 
gia  Comparata.    Three  numbers  Archivio,  one  volume. 

J.  G.  Garson,  M.D.,  London,  England.    Two  pamphlets. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Guild,  East  Somerville,  Mass.    One  volume. 

Dr.  Horatio  Hale,  Clinton,  Ontario,  Canada.    Two  pamphlets. 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Natural  Sciences.  One? 
part  Proceedings.  ^ 

Prof.  H.  W.  Haynes,  Boston,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Holder,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 


REPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III 


37 


578 


Dr.  P.  B.  Boy,  Racine,  AVis.  Pamphlet. 

JacJcsonville,  Florida.  Southern  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  Pamphlet. 

3Ir.  S.  B.  Koehler,  Eoxbury,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  J.  Kollmann,  Basel,  Switzerland.  Pamphlet. 

KOnigsherg,  Prussia.    Alterthumsgesellschaft  Prussia.  Report. 

3Ir.  G.F.  Eunz,  New  York,  N.  Y.  Pamphlet. 

Jules  Leclercq,  Brussels,  Belgium.  Pamphlet. 
Leipzig,  Germany.  Museum  fUr  Volkerkunde.  Report. 
Mr.  T.  H.  Lewis,  St.  Paul,  Minn.    Two  pamphlets. 
London,  England.    Anthropological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land.   Four  numbers  Jonrnal. 

Lijons,  France.    Societe  d'  Anthropologic  de  Lyon.  Bulletin. 
Prof.  0.  T.  Mason,  Washington,  D.  C.    Thirteen  pamphlets. 
Prof.  E.  8.  Morse,  Salem,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

3Iunich,  Germany.  Gesellschaft  fiir  Anthropologic,  Ethnologic  und 
Urgeschichte.    Two  numbers  Contributions. 

3L  le  Marquis  de  Nadaillac,  Paris,  France.    Five  pamphlets. 

Nashville,  Tenn.  Tennessee  Historical  Society.  One  number  Proceed- 
ings. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  England,  Society  of  Antiquaries.  Two  numbers 
Archaeologia  Aeliana. 

New  YorJc,  N.  Y.  Academy  of  Sciences.  Four  numbers  Transactions, 
two  numbers  Annals. 

New  York,  N.  Y.  American  Geographical  Society.  Five  numbers 
Bulletin. 

New  York,  N.  Y.    American  Museum  of  Natural  History.    Two  num- 
bers Bulletin.  Report. 
New  York,  N.  Y.    Astor  Library.  Report. 
Nev)  York,  N.  Y.    Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.  Report. 
3Irs  Zelia  Nuttall,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Paris,  France.  Societe  d'  Anthropologic  de  Paris.  Four  numbers 
Bulletin. 

Paris,  France.  SociSte  de  Geographic.  Three  numbers  Bulletin,  twelve 
pamphlets. 

Prof.  D.  P.  Penhallow,  Montreal,  Canada.  Pamphlet. 
Prof.  G.  H.  Perkins,  Burlington,  Vt.  Pamphlet. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.    Library  Co.  of  Philadelphia.    One  number  Bulletin. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.    Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  Society.  Report. 

Mr.  8.  V.  Proudfit,  Washington,  D.  C.  Pamphlet. 

Providence,  B.  L    Public  Library.  Report. 

Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Twelve  pamphlets. 

Biqa,  Bussia.  Gesellschaft  fur  Geschichte  und  Alterthumskunde  der 
Ostseeprovinzen  Russlands.    Keport,  one  pamphlet. 

Bio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil.  Museu  NacionaL  One  volume  Archivos,  one 
pam  phlet. 

8t.  John,  New  Brunswick.  Natural  History  Society.  One  number  Bul- 
letin. 

St.  Paul,  Minn.  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey.  Two  volumes. 


St.  Paul,  3Iinn.    Minnesota  Historical  Society.  Report. 
Salem,  Mass.    Essex  Institute,    Fifteen  numbers  Bulletin. 
Salem,  JIass.    Peabody  Academy  of  Science.    Keport,  one  volume  Me- 
moirs. 

Mr.  Stephen  Salisbury,  Worcester,  Mass.    Two  volumes. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.    California  Academy  of  Sciences.    Two  numbers 
Proceedings. 

3Ir.  S.  H.  Scudder,  Cambridge,  Mass.    Two  volumes. 
Frof.  G.  Serrii,  Home,  Italy.    Pour  pamphlets. 

Stade,  Hanover.  Yerein  fiir  Geschichte  und  Altertliuraer  der  herzogthii- 
mer  Bremen  und  Verden  und  des  landes  Iladeln.    One  number  Arcluv. 

Stettin,  Germamj.  Gesellschaft  fiir  Pommersclie  Geschichte  und  Alter- 
thumskunde.    One  volume  Baltisclie  Studien. 

Frof.  J.  B.  Thaijer,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Mr.  E.  F.  Im  Thurn,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana.  Pamphlet. 

Tokio,  Japan.    Imperial  University  of  Japan.  Pamphlet. 

Dr.  Faul  Topinard,  Paris,  France.  Pamphlet. 

Toronto,  Canada.    The  Canadian  Institute.    Three  parts  Proceedings. 
Trenton,  N.J.    Trenton  Natural  History  Society.  Pamphlet. 
Vienna,  Austria.    K.  K.  Naturhistorisches  Hofmuseum.    One  volura 
Annalen. 

Mr  C.  Staniland  Wake,  Welton,  England.    Two  Pamphlets. 
W.  F.  Warren,  LL.D.,  Boston,  Mass.    One  volume. 
Washington,  D.  C.    Bureau  of  Education.  Pamphlet. 
Washington,  D.  O.    Philosophical  Society.    Two  volumes.  Bulletin. 
Washington,  D.  G.    Smithsonian  Institution.  Report. 
Washington,  D.  C.    U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Report.    Eighteen  num- 
bers Bulletin. 

Wilkes-Barre,  Fa.    Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society.  Two 
volumes  Proceedings. 
Mr.  Justin  Winsor,  Cambridge,  Mass.  Pamphlet. 

Hon.  Bohert  C.  Winthrop,  Boston,  Mass.  Two  volumes,  seven  pam- 
phlets. 

Worcester,  Mass.  American  Antiquarian  Society.  One  number  Pro- 
ceedings. 

Worcester,  Mass.  Worcester  Society  of  Antiquity.  One  volume  Pro- 
ceedings. 

BY  PURCHASE. 

American  Antiquarian  for  1886. 

American  Journal  of  Archaeology  for  1886. 

Revue  d'Anthropologie  for  1886. 

Science  for  1886. 

Six  parts  of  Physical  Atlas. 

PHOTOGRAPHS. 

Mr.  Wm.  W.  Adams,  Mapleton,  N.  Y.    Six  photographs. 
Br.  Stephen  Bowers,  San  Buenaventura,  Cal.  Photograph. 
,  3Ir.  E.  D.  Hicks,  Nashville,  Tenn.  Photograph. 
Mr.  J.  W.  Smith,  Alkali,  Oregon.  Photograph. 


THE  WAY  BONE  FISH-HOOKS  WERE  MADE  IN  THE 
LITTLE  MIAMI  VALLEY. 


BY  F.  W.  PUTNAM. 


Fig.  1. 


When  engaged  in  arranging  the  archaeological  collection  brought 
together  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz  befoi-e  he  became  associated  with  the 
Peabody  Museum,  which  was  made  over  to  the  Museum  in  1884, 
my  attention  was  arrested  by  three  pieces 
of  bone  found  during  the  early  explora- 
tions of  the  singular  ash-pits  in  the  an- 
cient cemeteryi  near  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
with  which  work  the  name  of  Dr.  Metz  is 
so  intimately  associated.  They  were  sim- 
ply rough  splinters  from  the  leg-bones  of 
deer,  in  each  of  which  two  grooves  had 
been  cut,  meeting  at  an  angle  where  a 
hole  had  been  bored  through  the  bone. 
The  relation  of  these  two  grooves  to 
each  other  was  immediately  suggestive 
of  a  roughly  blocked  out  fish-hook,  and 
upon  placing  a  hook  upon  the  bone  this 
was  made  evident,  as  shown  in  the 
sketch.  Fig.  1,  which  represents  one  of 
the  pieces  of  bone  upon  which  a  finished 
hook  is  shown  in  outline. 

In  making  one  of  these  hooks,  a  splin- 
ter from  a  leg  bone  of  a  deer,  of  proper 
size,  was  selected,  and  a  hole  was  bored 
near  one  end.  The  portion  indicated  by 
the  vertical  lines  in  the  figure  was  then 
removed  by  making  a  cut  from  the  upper 
end  to  the  hole,  and  another  from  the  hole  obliquely  to  the  side, 

'This  place  has  now  become  so  well-known  to  all  interested  m  American  archa^olo-y 
that  It  IS  not  necessary  to  do  more  than  refer  to  the  Journal  of  the  Cincinnati  Society 
of  Natural  History,  Vol.  HI,  1880,  pp.  40-68,  128-139;  203-220;  and  the  Reports  of  the 
Feahody  Museum  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  63-67,  165-167,  for  accounts  of  the  exploration  of  the 
place. 

(581) 


Sketch  showing  method  of  mak- 
ing a  fish-hook  of  bone. 


582 


as  shown  b}^  the  deeply  shaded  portions  in  the  figure.  The  inside 
of  the  hook  was  thus  roughly  formed.  The  portion  of  the  bone, 
represented  by  the  horizontal  lines  in  the  figure  was  next  removed 
by  cutting  and  rubbing  on  a  stone  ;  then  the  hook  was  smoothed  by 
rubbing  it  in  a  grooved  stone^,  and  finally  it  was  polished  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  maker. 

Figures  2,  3,  and  4  represent  the  three  pieces  of  bone  (Cat.  No. 
35,823)  found  in  the  ashpits  by  Dr.  Metz. 


Fig.  2.  Fig.  3.  Fig.  4. 


Fish-hooks  in  process  of  manufacture. 


Fig.  2.  In  this  piece  of  bone  the  hole  was  carefully  bored  from 
both  sides  of  the  bone,  with  a  flint  drill  as  shown  b}^  the  strijB.  The 
two  slight  grooves  extending  from  the  hole  to  the  top  and  side  of 
the  piece  show  that  the  work  of  removing  the  piece  of  bone  from 

^Pieces  of  sandstone  with  grooves  of  various  sizes,  such  as  could  well  be  used  for 
this  purpose,  liave  been  found  in  numbei  s  in  tlie  pits,  and  in  fact  all  the  implements 
required  for  making  a  fisli-hook  in  the  manner  described  are  at  hand  in  the  collection 
from  the  ashpits. 


583 


the  inner  portion  was  but  just  begun.  The  scratches  aloncr  these 
grooves  and  upon  the  surface  of  the  bone  indicate  that  the  cuttino- 
was  done  by  a  saw-like  movement  of  the  flint  knife.  The  natural 
contour  of  the  bone  throws  the  point  of  the  hook  out  of  a  verti- 
cal line  with  the  shaft,  as  is  noticeably  the  case  with  several  of  the 
finished  hooks. 

Fig.  3.  In  this  piece-  the  inner  portion  was  nearly  cut  out  by 
widening  and  deepening  the  two  grooves  on  the  outer  surface  of  the 
bone,  and  a  slight  cut  was  made  on  the  opposite  side.  A  few 
strokes  more  and  the  piece  would  have  been  detached,  but  the  work 
was  left  unfinished. 

Fig.  4.  The  hook  here  designed  was  to  have  been  smaller  than 
the  others.  The  workman,  however,  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
so  skilled  ;  or,  at  all  events,  in  boring  and  cutting  this  specimen  there 
was  not  the  same  care  given  to  the  work  as  with  the  others  In 
this,  the  hole  is  roughly  made,  first  by  boring  with  a  small  drill 
from  the  under  side  and  then  by  enlarging  it  laterally  from  both 
sides.  The  removal  of  the  inner  portion  was  nearly  completed  by 
cutting  entirely  from  the  outer  surface  of  the  bone,  which  has  been 
cut  through  in  the  central  part  of  each  groove.  As  in  the  preced- 
ing, a  few  more  strokes  of  the  flint  knife  would  have  finished  this 
part  of  the  work. 

Dr.  Ran,  in  his  excellent  monograph  on  Prehistoric  Fishing,  pub- 
lished by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1884,  has  given  figures  of 
three  fishhooks-^  made  of  bone  which  were  found  in  the  ashpits  of 
the  ancient  cemetery,  and  four  others,  also  from  the  ashpits,  are 
here  represented  from  the  Metz  collection. 

Of  the  latter,  three  (32520)  are  well  finished,  and  one,  Fio-  5 
is  a  finely  made  and  highly  polished  specimen,  in  which  the  lower 
half  of  the  hole,  bored  when  the  hook  was  designed,  is  distinctly 
defined.  Fig.  6  is  a  smaller  but  equally  well  finished  hook,  and 
the  outline  of  a  portion  of  the  preliminary  boring  in  the  bone  has 
not  been  obliterated.  Fig.  7  is  a  hook  very  similar  to  the  last  but 
is  rough  from  decay  of  the  bone.  Fig.  8  differs  from  the  others 
m  having  the  point,  when  compared  with  the  shank,  relatively 
shorter,  and  in  having  the  inner  surface  of  the  shank  and  point 
flat,  and  the  outer  portion  of  the  shank  two-sided,  thus  givino-  a 
triangular  section  to  the  shank,  as  would  be  the  case  if  the  hook 

eri<f ofthe's'^ank.''''  "^"^       "  remarkable  in  having  a  small  hole  drilled  through  the 


584 


were  left  without  rubbing  down  after  having  been  roughly  shaped. 
The  point,  however,  has  been  rounded  and  well  sharpened. 

In  several  of  the  bone  fish-hooks  found  in  other  places  in  this 
country,  and  also  in  the  Swiss  Lakes,  the  outline  of  a  portion  of 
the  hole  bored  at  the  first  stage  of  manufacture  is  apparent  in  the 
bend  of  the  hook.  This  is  markedly  the  case  in  Rau's  fig.  188 
from  Cunningham's  Island,  Lake  Erie,  as  in  my  fig.  5,  and  also  in 
his  figs.  47  and  48  from  the  site  of  the  Lake  Dwelling  at  Wangen. 
This  Is  also  the  case  in  the  hook  made  of  a  boar's  tusk  from  the 
Lake  Dwelling  at  Moosseedorf,  copied  byRau  as  fig.  46  from  Kel- 
ler's volume.  Of  the  latter,  Dr.  Keller  writes^  that  "  it  was  man- 
ufactured by  boring  two  holes  through  the  tusk,  and  cleaning  away 


Fig.  5 


Bone  fish-hooks  from  the  ashpits. 


the  space  between  them,  and  the  whole  was  finished  by  scraping 

tools."  . 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  late  Mr.  Paul  Schumacher^  de- 
scribes the  manufacture  of  the  fish-hooks  of  shell  by  the  California 
Indians,  as  made  by  boring  a  hole  through  the  circular  piece  of 
shell  and  then  cutting  away  the  portion  between  the  point  and  the 
shank.  The  singular  fish-hooks  of  bone^,  some  with  the^barbs  on 
the  outside,  from  the  same  Indian  graves  in  Southern  California, 
were  evidently  made  in  the  same  manner,  as  shown  by  the  perfect 
curve  of  the  inner  portions  of  the  hook. 

From  an  ancient  burial  place  on  a  sandy  ridge  near  the  Little 

4The  Lake  Dwellings  by  Keller,  Lee's  translation,  PI.  XXII,  fig.  5. 
6See  U.  S.  Geographical  Surveys  west  of  the  100th  meridian,  under  Lt.  Wheeler, 
Vol  VII  Archaeology,  p.  223,  PI.  XII,  figs. 24-27.  Also  Ran,  Prehistoric  Fishing,  p.  134. 
^Wheeler,  Report,  p.  222,  PI.  XI,  figs.  1-3,  and  Rau,  pp.  129,  130,  figs.  194-199. 


585 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


Miami  Eiver,  Dr.  Metz  obtained  two  perfect  fish-hooks  of  bone 
and  another  in  process  of  manufacture,  which  differ  from  those 
found  in  the  ashpits.  At  this  burial  place  there  is  an  extensive 
refuse  pile,  and  while  many  skeletons  have  been  found  during  our 
recent  explorations  we  have  not  discovered  a  single  ashpit.  So 
that,  as  far  as  burial  customs  are  determinative,  it  is  likely  tliat  dis- 
tinct tribes  lived  at  the  two  places,  perhaps  at  different  times. 
From  this  last  mentioned  burial  place  there  is  a  portion  of  a  large 
fish-hook,  which  is  probably  made  from  a  piece  of  a  deer's  bone  in 
the  same  manner  as  those  from  the  ashpits,  and  from  still  another 
burial  place  in  the  valley,  on  Mr.  Turpin's  land,  we  have  a  frag- 
ment of  a  bone  hook,  very  thick  and  broad  below  the  bend,  which 
was  probably  made  by  first  boring  the  bone. 

In  making  the  three  hooks  from  the  burial  place  on  the  ridge 
not  only  were  much  smaller  and  thinner  bones  used  than  was  the 
case  with  those  from  the  ashpits,  but  the  drill  was  dispensed  with. 

Fig.  9  is  a  representation  of  the  one  (33,064)  in  process  of  man- 
ufacture. The  bone  is  unques- 
tionably a  piece  split  from  the 
rib  of  a  deer  and  it  still  has  the 
cellular  portion  attached  to  the 
under  portion.  The  lower  part 
has  been  rubbed  so  as  to  form 
the  outline  of  the  curved  part, 
and  the  point  was  in  process  of 
being  shaped  by  cutting  and 
scraping  away  the  portion  be- 
tween it  and  the  shank.  The 
scratches  in  the  notch  show  this      Bone  fish-hooks  from  burial-place,  liittle 

to  have  been  the  method  of  pro- 

cedure.  To  finish  the  hook,  the  notch  would  have  to  be  cut  a  little 
deeper,  and  the  remaining  cellular  portion  would  have  to  be  scraped 
away,  and  the  whole  rubbed  smooth  with  a  piece  of  stone.  As  a 
result  there  would  be  produced  a  hook  like  the  finished  specimens 
from  the  same  place  (33062-3),  shown  in  Figs.  10  and  11,  which 
were  probably  made  in  this  way. 

It  will  of  course  be  noticed  that  none  of  the  bone  fish-hooks  here 
described  have  barbs,  and  it  is  questionable  if  the  barb  on  the  in- 
side of  the  point  was  known  in  America  until  introduced  by  Euro- 
peans.   Two  or  three  bone  hooks  found  in  the  state  of  New  York 


586 


have  barbs,'  but  Mr.  Beaucharap,  who  has  given  much  attention 
to  the  village  sites  of  tlie  Iroquois,  thinks  that  these  barbed  hooks 
were  late  imitations  of  European  fish-hooks.  The  barbed  Eskimo 
hook  made  of  antler  and  figured  by  Dr.  Rau,  p.  131,  was  very 
likely  copied  from  a  steel  hook.  It  is  interesting  to  recall,  in  this 
connection,  the  singular  hooks  made  of  bone  witli  the  barb  on  the 
outside,  from  the  graves  in  California.  Many  of  the  bronze  fish- 
hooks found  in  the  Swiss  lakes  are  smooth-pointed  while  others  are 
furnished  with  barbs  like  our  ordinary  steel  hooks,  and  they  are, 
probably,  the  earliest  barbed  hooks  known,  although  Dr.  Rau  calls 
attention  (Fig.  91,  p.  71)  to  a  bone  fish-hook  with  a  barb  found  in 
a  peat-bog  in  Scania  and  described  by  Nilsson,  which  may  possibly 
be  of  Neolithic  age. 

'One  of  these  is  represented  in  Dr.  Rau's  fig.  193. 


INDEX. 


Abarca,  Mr.,  375. 
Abbe,  C,  575. 

Abbott,  C.  C,  assistant  in  the  field. 
57,  G9,  78,  123,  124,  159,  176,  177,  194  19.5 
198, 199,  201,  203,  205,  351, 3,54,  372,  388  408 
419,  420,  424,  491,  494,  504,  50.5,  547, '.571 
572,  .57(i.  ' 

Abbott,  J.  H.,  202. 

Abbott,  K.  M.,  78,  198,  351, 368,  372,  419, 576. 
Abren,  J.  C.  de,  420.  >      ,  < 

Abyssinia,  woman's  dress,  .571. 
Acoi-ns,  acorn  meal,  Indians  of  Cal.,  424  • 

charred,  mound  in  Arkansas,  19 
Adams,  C.  F.,  trustee,  46,  152,  388  392- 

resigns,  6.  '       >  > 

^^il"^!..f^«u"ty'  Ohio,  stone  implements, 
3/0,576.  ' 

Adams,  J.  C,  376. 

Adams,  J.  G.,  412,  421,  422  496 

Adams  W.  H.,  86. 

Adams,  W.  W.,  572,579. 

Adobe  mortar,  pueblo  ot  Pecos,  35:  Wal- 
nut Canon,  Arizona,  503. 

Adze  of  turtle  bone,  Mortlock  Islands,  74 

Africa,  articles  from,  368;  Assegais,  428: 
bows  and  iron  pointed  arrows  428- 
weapons,  78,  428;  southern,  articles 
from,  359. 

Agarte,  Mr.,  75. 

Agassiz,  A.,  58,  75,  78.  80,  132,  134,  141  143 
146,  182, 193, 194,  195,  200,  20.3,  205,  360  369' 
376  420,  429,  503,  508,  571,  572,  573.  576 
collection  from  Mexico,  15;  Peru  10 

Agassiz,  L.,  75,  144. 

Agave,  Mexico,  32;  purse  and  hair  brush. 
Mexico,  503. 

Agawam,  Mass.,  articles  from,  504;  Indian 
burial-place,  423. 

Aino  collection,  account -of,  given  by  D 
P.  Penhallow,  70;  Japan,  75;  list  of  arti- 
cles received,  55. 

Alabama,  shellheap,  186;  shellheap,  arti- 
cles  from,  195;  stone  spearpoint.  79. 

Alaska,  jade,  etc.,  implements,  548. 

Allman,  G.  R.,  370. 

Allen,  J,  M.,  429. 

AUentown,  Pa.,  stone  points,  423. 

Altar  mounds,  Ohio,  170,  202. 

Alward,  D.  R.,  .576. 

Amazon  Indians,  articles  from,  359,368. 
Amerkian  Antiquarian,  80,  127,  205,  379, 

American  Journal  of  Archeology,  579 
^?J|thyst  ornament,  pueblo  of  Chapillo, 

Amherst  Museum,  33. 

^^J^|terdam,  N.  Y.,  flint  points  and  chips. 

Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisonville,  0.,165- 
animal  bones,  196;  antler  implements, 
196;  articles  from,  76,  166;  ash  pits  (see 
under);  bone  implements,  196;  coal  cut 
and  worked,  196;  copper  objects,  196- 
human  skeletons,  196 ;  pottery,  196 ;  stone 
ihiplements,  196. 


REPORTS  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III. 


Ancient  monuments,  preservation  of,  523, 

Andree,  P.,  429,  508,  576. 

Andrews,  E.  B.,  92,  93,  95,  105,  106,  108; 
notice  of  death,  13. 

Animal  bones,  Adams  Co.,  Ohio,  370;  an- 
cient  cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  76 
199,37.5,427;  ash  bed,  moundi 
Ohio,  l/o;  ashpits,  Madisonville,  O.,  76, 
/7,  16-6,  427;  burnt.  Liberty  Mound,  Ross 
Co.,  Ohio,  405,  426;  caves,  England,  59, 
/{>;  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua,  375;  cut 
and  split,  Durham  Mound,  Ohio,  426; 
Earth  Circle,  Ohio,  196;  Edwards 
Mound,  Ohio,  345,  426;  Evanston,  Ills., 
^al'  Dwelling.  Laibaciier  Moor, 

19.^;  log  structure,  Brentwood,  Tenn.. 
197;  mound,  Arkansas,   19;  mounds, 
i)evil  river,  Michigan,  202;  mounds, 
Florida  32;  mounds,  Fox  River,  Ills 
50o;  mounds.  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio 
3/4;  mound,  Mandan,  504;  mounds,  Ni- 
caragua, 31 ;  mounds.  Pike  Co.,  Ills.,  421 
507;  mound,   Tampico,    Mexico,  200- 
mounds  Trempealeau,  Wis.,  423;  pits! 
Elgin,  111.,  505;  pueblo  of  Pecos,  ,35 
shellheap,  Cambridge,  Alass.,  504,  505- 
shellheap,  Cotuit,  Mass.,  .572;  shellheap 
Jriodgdon's  Island,  Maine,  20] ;  shell- 
heap    Mt.  Desert  Island,  Maine,  197; 
shellheap.  Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  423,  shell- 
heaps,  Damariscotta  river,  Maine,  201  • 
shellheaps,  Maine,  160,  197,  201,  373  422' 

-n.  ^n^i  ^li'  shellheaps,  Massachusetts! 
^^^'505  574.  gpiit  j^j^^  I 

wards  Mound,  Ohio,  426;  stone  grkves, 
nw"*^no'"\?^"'^-'197;Turner  Mounds 
01  .0,  202,  4^5;  worked,  shellheap.  Dam! 
ariscotta,  Maine,  372;  Watson's  Hill 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  571. 
Animal  figures  carved  in  stone,  Yucatan, 

Animal  teeth  Lidian  burial  place,  Ohio, 
3/6;  mound,  Madison  Co..  N  C  370- 
ornaments,  mound,  Ohio,  171 ;  shellheap! 
Damariscotta,  Me.,  372 ;  bear  and  beaver 
perlorated,  Edwards  Mound,  Ohio,  374 

Antler,  agiicultural  and  other  imple- 
ments, ashpits.  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
427;  carved  In  shape  of  beetle,  mound. 
Grand    Rapids,   508;   carved  pieces, 

?^7^""k-  f  ^"^'"^^  Ohio,  340 

Sip,  chisel,  mound  in  Arkansas,  19;  cut 
pieces,  cave,  Holston  River,  Tenn  ,  .3.51  ■ 
cave,  Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn.,  .370;  shell! 
heap,  Damariscotta,  Maine,  ,370;  cvlin- 
ders  and  points,  Indian  graves  and  vil- 
age  sites,  Ohio,  427;  cylinders,  Indian 
bimal  place,  0.,376;  Madisonville,  O. 
f^lJ^'^gl^^^iii-om  gravel, Trenton,  n! 
^4^1^'      tson's  Hill,  Plymouth,  Mass., 
nh/^  Q?.^^^^  ^i^h  copper  awls,  mounds 
Ohio,  3/4;  handles,  Turner  Mounds,  O. 
42o;   implements.  Ancient  Cemetery, 


(587) 


588 


INDEX. 


Madisonville,  O.,  196,  199,  375;  ashpits, 
Madisonville,  Ohio,  77;  cave.  Los  An- 
o-eles  Co.,  Cal.,  573;  mound,  Arl^ansas, 
l'9-  shellheaps,  Damariscotta.  Me.,  201; 
shellheaps,  Maine.  575;  ornaments, 
mounds,  Arkansas,  30;  piece  of.  mound, 
Brentwood,  Tenn.,  197;  piece  ot, 
worked,  Edwards  Mound,  Ohio,  3^4, 
pieces,  Madisonville,  O,  30;  mound, 
Pike  Co..  111..  421;  shellheaps.  Damaris- 
cotta, Me.,  372;  shellheaps,  Maine.  422; 
point,  shelllieap,  Plum  Island.  Mass., 
574;  i)oints,  refuse  heai),  Pike  Co.,  111., 
507;  tips,  worked,  earth  circle,  Ohio, 
167;  worked,  ashpits,  Madisonville,  O., 
77;  worked  pieces,  liidiau  burial  Phices, 
Ohio,  376;  mounds,  Little  Miami  Valley, 
O.,  374;  Ohio,  29;  shellheaps,  Me.,  428, 

Antrim  County,  Ireland,  arrowhead,  198. 
Anvers,  Belsyium,  Academie  d'archeolo- 

gie  deBelgique.  80,  576. 
Apache  horseshoe,  571;  water  jar.  5<1. 
Ai)person,  R.,  97, 101. 
Appleton,  N.,  360,  369,  374,  .503,  506,  ol2. 
Appleton.T.  G.,  360,  374. 
Appleton,  W.  S.,  573. 
Arabian  shield  of  rhinoceros  hide.  428. 
Araucanians,silverrings  and  ornaments. 

Ara-way-pa  Caiion,  Clifi"  house,  sandals, 
571 

Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  24, 
183,200,374.  ,  ^  „ 

Arch£eological  Research,  appeal  for  aid 
in  behalf  of,  529;  circular  letter,  4b,  .52, 
subscribers  to  54,  154.  158,  400,  528 

Architectural  ornamentsin  scone, Uxmal, 
195 

Argillite,  natural  fractures,  Trenton, ^576. 
Arizona,  cli£f  dwellings  in  Walnut  Canon, 
503;  cliff  houses  near  Salt  River,  57i, 
cut  shell  and  fragments  of  pottery  Irom 
Walnut  Caiion,  428;  earthen  bowl  from 
a  ruined  pueblo,  368;  Medicine  cave, 
objects  from,  571;  objects  irom  Monte- 
zuma valley  and  Walnut  Canon,  5/1; 
stone  implements,  36,  75. 
Arkansas,  carved  stone,  representing  a 
child  (fraudulent),  184;  grooved  stone 
axe,  33;  human  bones  from  mounds,  18, 
human  crania  from  mounds,  10,  18, 
mounds,  30;  mounds,  articles  from,  42/ , 
mounds,  pottery,  .573. 
Arlington,  Mass.,  articles  from,  424;  stone 

implements,  .506.  , 
Armlet,  gilt,  European  make,  Africa.  368. 
Arm,  tattooed,  Peru,  36. 
Army  Medical  Museum,  Washington,  446, 

447,448.  ,  . 

Arrowhead,  brass,  Pennsylvania,  ..5, 
chalcedony,  Yucatan,  360;  iron,  nrodern 
Indian,  29;  obsidian,  cave,  flolston 
River,  Tenn.,  3.51;  obsidian,  pueblo  San 
Domingo,  35.  (See  stone  implements.) 
Arrows,  bone  pointed,  Indians  ot  the  Am- 
azon, 368;  iron  pointed,  and  bows  Af- 
rica, 428;  iron  pointed,  modern  Indian, 
198;  poisoned.  Aino,  .Japan,  31,  5o  75; 
poisoned,  Surinam,  78;  poisoned  bone 
points,  northwest,  coast  of  America,  194; 
wooden  pointed,  Indians  of  tlie  Amazon, 
368;  Uruguay  Indians,  506. 
Ash  bed,  mound,  Ohio,  175 
Ashes,  Durham  Mound,  Ohio,  426;  Earth 
Circle,  Ohio,  167;  Edwards  Mound, 
Oliio,  .374;  Liberty  Mounds  Ohio,  426; 


mound,  Anderson  Township,  Ohio,  342; 
mound,  Tennessee,  163;  mound,  Wis- 
consin, 573;  mounds.  Little  Miami  Val- 
ley, O.,  374;  mounds,  Ohio,  203,  408; 
pottery  tree,  Guiana,  .573.  _ 
Ash-pits,  among  the  Omahas,  356;  in  An- 
cient Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  64, 
65,  66,  76,  77,  166.  167,  196,  357,  375,  427j 
a^'-e  of,  65;  articles  from,  65,  66,  7(5,  77, 
166,  167,  196;  charred  corn,  166;  de- 
scribed, 64,  166;  number  of,  64;  under 
mounds  in  Ohio,  174. 

Aspinwall,  cup  of  cocoanut  fibre,  (b. 

Assegais,  Africa,  78,  428;  Madagascar,  428 

\ssouam,  Egypt,  knife  and  sheath,  369. 

Astragalus  of  deer,  Turner  Mounds,  202; 
object  made  of,  mound,  Ark.,  419. 

Athens,  Greece,  Societe  Archeologique, 
376,429. 

Athens,  Pa.,  372. 

Atwater,  172. 

Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Cayuga  Co.,  Hist.  Soc, 
203,577. 

Auditor,  T.  Lyman,  appointed,  154. 
Ava  dishes,  Oahu,  503. 
Awl,  bone,  Durham  Mound,  Ohio,  42b. 
Awls,  copper,  in  bone  handles,  Edwards 

Mound,  Ohio,  345,  374. 
Axe,  copper.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  572;  iron, 

shellheap,  Damariscotta,  Me.,  201. 
Axes,  copper,  Oaxaca,  Mex.,  79. 
Axes  (see  stone  implements). 
Ayme,  L.  H.,  132,  138. 

Babbitt.  F.  E.,  353,  3.54.  373,  424,  508. 
Babcock,  S.  E.,  199. 
Baches,  Sr.,  129. 

Bachofen,  J.  J.,  508.  . 
Bainbridge,  Ohio,  carved  stone  pipe  from 

mound,  370. 
Baird,  S.  F.,190. 
Bales,  J.  H.,  369,  572. 
Bales  Mills,  Va.,  stone  implements,  369, 

572. 

Ball,  v.,  .508.  .  . 

Bamboo,  baskets,  Island  of  Dominica,  200; 

Manilla,  200;  seat,  Caroline  Islands,  200; 

vase,  195. 
Bancroft,  H.,  136. 

Bandelier,  A.  F.,  ,58,  129, 183,  200, 374. 
Bangle,  gilt,  European  make,  Africa,  368. 
Baraboo,  Wis.,  efigy  mound  described, 

347;    stone    implements   from  ettigy 

mounds,  371. 
Barbadoes,  pottery  fragments,  74. 
Barber,  E.  A.,  75,  80,  202,  203,  376. 
Bard,  G.  F.,  420.  .      ,         ^  _ 

Bar  Island,  Me.,  stone  implements,  5(5. 
Bark,  woven  into  cloth,  cave.  Hart  Co., 

Ky.,200.  ,  . 

Barnstable,  Mass.,  human  bones  and  piece 

of  brass  kettle,  575;  stone  implements, 

506. 

Barrett,  W.  C,  364,  376,  429;  an  examina- 
tion of  the  teeth  of  certain  prehistoric 
American  races,  364. 

Barroeta,  G.,  82,  508. 

Barton,  172.  .„ 

Basket,  Africa,  .368 ;  bamboo,  Manilla,  200 , 
Bolivia,  75;  Oahu,  503:  Puebla,  Mex. 
571 ;  southern  Africa,  359. 

Baskets,  Carib,  Island  of  Dominica,  182 
200;  cave,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.,  o4i 
,573;  caves,  Coahuila,  Mex.,  32;  Huala 
pai  Indians,  Arizona,  422;  New  Mexico 
504. 


INDEX. 


589 


Batavia,  weapons,  195. 

Batchelder,  J.  M.,  203,  577. 

BatcheMer,  S.,  68. 

Bates,  F.  A.,  573. 

Batidor,  chocolate,  Yucatan,  369. 

Battle  mound,  Fairfield  Co.,  O.,  34,  35. 

Baxter.  S.,  376. 

liaye,  Baron  de,  376,  429,  509,  577. 

Beads,  of  bone.  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madi- 
sonville,  Ohio,  196,  199,  427;  mounds, 
Arkansas,  19;  mounds,  Kansas,  77; 
mounds,  Ohio,  425,  426;  shellheap,  Me., 
575;  of  brass,  Indian  grave.  Fall  Eiver, 
543,  573;  Trenton,  N.  J.,  198;  of  clay, 
stone  graves,  Tenn.,  197;  copper,  cov- 
ered. Liberty  Mounds,  405;  of  copper, 
84;  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisouville,  O., 
196,427;  mound,  Arkansas,  18;  of  corn- 
stalk, Salt  Cave,  Kentucky,  186;  of 
glass,  Mexico,  503;  of  jadeite,  Nicara- 
gua, 31;  of  pearl,  stone  graves,  Tenn., 
197;  of  pearl,  bone,  copper,  shell  and 
clay,  Turner  Mounds,  Ohio,  425;  of  shell, 
bone  and  pearl.  Liberty  Mounds,  Ohio, 
426;  of  shell,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  572;  of 
shell.  Sandy  Ridge.  Ohio,  196;  of  silver 
plated  on  copper,  Liberty  Mounds,  405; 
of  stone,  Chiriqui,  201 ;  Nicaragua,  548, 
.574;  Tampico,  Mexico,  504;  of  stone, 
shell  and  turquoise,  cave,  Colorado,  504; 
of  Venetian  glass,  Deadman's  Island, 
Nicaragua,  355. 

Beans,  carbonized,  Edwards  Mound,  O., 
374. 

Beans,  Peruvian  graves,  36. 
Beardstown,  Ills.,  stone  disks,  373. 
Bear's  teeth,  Madisouville.  Ohio,  30;  as 

ornaments,  mound,  Ohio,  171;  Turner 

Mounds,  Ohio,  425. 
Beetle  carved  out  of  antler,  mound,  Grand 

Rapids.  Mich.,  508. 
Bell,  R.,  577. 

Belmont,  Mass.,  stone  implements,  424. 
Belvidere,  N.  J.,  jasper  knife,  571. 
Benares,  India,  model  of  bull  and  lin- 
gam,  420. 

Bennett,  H.  R.,  56,  79,  352,  373,  413,  423; 

collection  from  Delaware,  352. 
Bergen  Co.,  N.  J.,  quartz  point  from  muck 

deposit,  507 ;  stone  point,  507. 
Berger,  N.,  57*-'. 
Berlin,  A.  F.,  77,  423. 

Berlin,  Germany,  Koniglichen  Museum, 

204,  376,  429,  509,  577. 
Betel,  Philippine  Islands,  200. 
Beverly  Cove,  Mass.,  423. 
Bienne  Lake,  bronze  fish  hooks,  194. 
Big  Elk,  death  and  burial  of,  179. 
Bigelow,  W,  S.,  141,  146,  368;  collection 

from  Peru,  10, 14. 
Billings,.!.  S.,  82,  512. 
Birch  bark  panier,  Lake  Superior,  33. 
Black  Bird,  180. 

Black  Horn  Mountain,  New  Mexico,  stone 

point,  507. 
Blake,  C.  J.,  247,  417,  577. 
Blake,  W.  W.,  509. 
Blankets,  Navajo,  428. 
Blennerhassett's   Island,   articles  from 

shellheap,  369. 
Blomme,  M.  A.,  429. 
Blood,  E.  H.,  572,  573. 
Blow  gun  and  arrows,  Indians  of  the 

Amazon,  368. 
Boardman,  Mrs.  W.  D.,  76,  372. 
Boat^  model,  Surinam,  78,  428. 
Bog  iron,  mounds,  Florida,  32. 


Bolivia,  basket,  75. 

Bonaparte,  Prince  Roland,  429,  609,  577. 

Bone  awl,  Durham  Mound,  Ohio,  426; 

Bone  beads,  shellheap.  Hog  Island,  Maine, 
575;  Ancient  Cemetei-y,  Madison ville, 
Ohio,  196,  199;  Liberty  Mounds,  Ohio, 
426;  mound.  Arkansas,  19;  mounds. 
Kansas,  77;  Turner  Mounds,  Ohio,  425. 

Bone,  carved,  Edwards  Mound,  Ohio,  345. 

Bone  fish  hooks,  Indian  graves  and  village 
sites,  Ohio,  427;  ashpits,  Madisouville, 
Ohio,  427 ;  Indian  burial  place,  Ohio,  376 ; 
North-west  Coast,  194. 

Bone  liandles  with  copper  awls,  Edwards 
Mound,  Ohio,  345. 

Bone  harpoon  point,  shellheaps,  Maine. 
161. 

Bone  implements,  Ancient  Cemetery,  Mad- 
isouville, Ohio,  64,  196,  199,  375;  ashpits, 
Madisouville,  Ohio,  76,  77,  427;  burial 
l)lace,  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio,  345; 
cave  Wisconsin,  348;  Cholula,  Mexico, 
76;  Edwards  Mound,  Oliio,  344,374,426; 
Harness  Mound.  Ohio,  407;  Indian  bur- 
ial place,  Ohio,  376,  Liberty  Mounds, 
Ohio,  426,  Madisouville,  Ohio,  30; 
Mound,  Arkan-^as,  419;  mound,  Fair- 
field County,  Oliio,  34;  mound,  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  508;  mound, Lendsborg, 
Kansas,  505;  mound,  Mandan,  504; 
mounds,  Arkansas,  19,  30;  Nicaragua, 
17;  Sand  Ridge,  Ohio,  168,  shellheaps, 
Maine,  193,  201,  370,422,428,  508;  stone 
graves,  Tenn.,  164,  197,  374,  425;  Turner 
Mounds,  Ohio,  425;  Walnut  Canon,  Ari- 
zona, 503. 

Bone  ornament,  human  bone,  carved, 
found  in  a  well  at  Scarboro',  Maine,  31. 

Bone  ornaments, burial  place, Little  Miami 
Valley,  Ohio,  345;  Edwards  Mound,  O., 
344,  374;  mounds  in  Arkansas,  30;  stone 
graves,  Tennessee,  164. 

Bone  points,  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madi- 
souville, Ohio,  196;  mound,  Ohio,  426; 
Sar.d  Ridge,  Ohio,  196;  shellheap,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 574;  shellheaps,  Maine,  161, 
372,  409,  428,  575. 

Bone  scrapers.  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madi- 
souville, Ohio,  166,  196;  Omaha,  574. 

Bone  whistles,  ashpits,  Madisouville,  O., 
77,  427;  cave,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.,  541, 
573. 

Bones  worked,  mound,  Ohio,  203;  Ohio, 
77;  Sand  Ridge,  Ohio,  196;  shellheap, 
Duxbury,  Mass.,  199. 

Bone  worked  and  burnt,  Progresso,  Yu- 
catan, 195; 

Bones  (see  animal). 

Bones  (see  human). 

Boomerang,  Gippsland,  Victoria,  194. 

Boone,  Daniel,  cast  of  skull,  195. 

Boston. Mass.,  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  69;  Archaeological  Insti- 
tute of  America,  58,  76,  80,  183,  200,  203. 
376,  429,  509;  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History,  69, 179,  195,  .572;  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  194;  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  429 ;  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts,  204,  376,  429,  509,  577. 

Bourke,  J.  G.,  504,  571. 

Bouve,  T.  T.,  46, 152,  388. 

Bow  and  arrows,  Aino,  Japan,  55;  Africa, 
78;  Surinam,  78;  Uruguay  Indians,  506. 

Bow-drill,  Japan,  31;  modern  Indian,  198. 

Bowers,  S.,541,  573. 

Bows,  Indians  of  the  Amazon,  368 ;  Africa, 
428. 


I 


590  INDEX. 


Boxes  ornamented,  Africa,  368;  Surinam, 
36. 

Bracelet,  copper  covered  with  silver,  Tur- 
ner Mound,  Ohio,  171;  shell,  Nevr  Bri- 
tain. 200;  White  Nile,  195. 

Bracelets,  copper,  97;  elephant  tusks, 
Africa,  368. 

Brass,  arrowhead.  Buttermilk  bay,  Mass., 
195;  Pennsylvania,  35;  bead.  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  198;  bracelet.  Fort  Stevenson, 
Dakota,  419;  bullet,  Longmeadow, 
Mass.,  375;  button,  burial  place,  Aga- 
warn,  Mass.,  423;  kettle,  Barnstable, 

•  Mass.,  575;  ornaments,  mounds  in  Flor- 
ida, 32;  spoon,  burial  place,  Kingston, 
Mass.,  79;  tubes  (beads)  Indian  grave. 
Fall  River,  543,  573. 

Brazil,  calabash,  75;  pottery,  75;  shell- 
heap,  Laguna,  420;  wooden  seats,  32. 

Bread,  cassava,  Surinam,  36;  maize.  Pue- 
blo San  Ildefonso,  504. 

Bremen,  Maine,  shellheaps,  508. 

Brentwood,  Tenn.,  articles  from  mound, 
197;  from  stone  graves,  197,  374;  log 
structure,  articles  from,  197;  mound, 
162. 

Brewer,  Mrs.  G.,  54, 158,  400. 
Brezina,  A.,  509. 

Bridge-Hampton ,  N.Y.,  hammerstoue,  423. 

Bridgeport  Scientific  Societv,  203. 

Bridle,  Navajo,  428. 

Brigham,  W.  T.,  572. 

Brighton,  Mass.,  Indian  skeleton,  572. 

Brinton,  D.  G.,  80,  203,  376,  429,  509,  577. 

British  Guiana,  articles,  74;  pottery,  74. 

Britten,  M.,  77,  91,  196,  199,  427. 

Broadwell  Mound,  Newtown,  Ohio,  ham- 
merstoue and  burnt  earth,  427. 

Broca,  P..  237,  240,  245. 

Bronze,  celts,  Great  Britain,  29;  face, 
Lima,  506;  fish  hooks.  Lakes  Bienne 
and  Neuchatel,  194;  knife,  Peru,  182,  506. 

Brookfield,  Mass.,  stone  implements,  369; 
stone  point  and  drill,  506. 

Brooks,  Miss  M.  W.,  50S. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Library,  509. 

Brookville,  Ind.,  stone  knife,  30;  Society 
of  Natural  History,  509,  577. 

Broom,  grass,  Hawaii,  503. 

Brown  Co.,  Ohio,  cast  of  stone  ornament 
from  mound,  425 ;  stone  implements,  579. 

Brown,  E.,  348. 

Brown,  J.  M.,  195. 
Brown,  J.  T.,  75. 
Brunner,  D.  B.,  509. 

Brush  made  of  fibres,  Oaxaca,  Mex.,  200. 
Brussels,  Belgium,  Societe  d'Anthropolo- 
gie,  509. 

Buck's  Co.,  Pa.,  copper  axe  and  stone 

gorget,  572. 
Buckskin  ornamented  with  beads  and 

porcupine  quills,  198. 
Buffalo  liorn,  ornament.  Turner  Mounds, 

Ohio,  202;  pipes,  Calcutta,  36. 
Buffalo  skull,  painted,  used  in  sun  dance 

of  the  Sioux,  178. 
Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Science,  386, 

429.  577. 

Building,  addition  to  the  Museum,  re- 
ferred to  a  committee,  469;  impoi-tance 
of,  5-.i3;  report  of  committee  and  plans 
ordered  to  be  prepared, 523. 

Building  material,  pueblo  of  Pecos,  35. 

Building  Fund,  469. 

Bulhanam,  W.  D.,  .573. 

Bull,  sacred,  model,  Benares,  India,  420. 

Burial  places,  Little  Miami  Valley,  15, 376 ; 


articles  from,  345;  explored  and  de- 
scribed, 563. 

Burnham,  J.  H.,  376. 

Burns,  H.  H.,  .504. 

Burnt  human  bones,  cremation,  mound. 
Ohio,  175  (see  humaii  bones,  burnt). 

Burnt  earth,  mound,  Ohio,  203. 

Burnt  logs,  age  of  stone  graves,  Tennes- 
see, 198. 

Burton,  A.  R.,  .512. 

Butler  Co.,  Ohio,  stone  ornaments  from 

mounds,  198. 
Butler,  A.  W.,  509. 

Buttermilk  Bay,  Mass.,  objects  from  shell- 
heaps,  574. 

Buttons, lead  and  mould  for,  grave,  Kings- 
ton, Mass.,  79. 

Byfield,  Mass.,  stone  scraper,  572. 


Cabot,  E..  574. 

Cabot,  L.,  75,  353,  373,  376,  420,  574. 
Cabot,  L.  Jr.,  574. 
Cabot,  J.  E.,  574,  575. 

Cactus,  confection,  Mex. ,.573;  dried,  used 

as  food,  California,  424. 
Calabash,  Brazil,  75;  holders,  of  cord, 

Oahu,  503. 
Calabashes,  Surinam,  36. 
Calcutta,  36. 

Calendar  stone,  Mexico,  model  of,  193. 

Calhoun  Co.,  111.,  articles  from  village 
site,  507;  stone  implements,  507. 

(California,  articles  from  South  Pasadena, 
424;  caves,  articles  from,  541,  573;  flint 
points,  35;  notice  of  report  on  archae- 
ology of,  69;  obsidian  arrowhead,  193; 
stone  sinkers,  76;  stone  tablet,  Santa 
Catalina  Island,  77. 

Callender,  W.  H.,  197. 

Cally,  G.  W..  201. 

Cambridge,  Eng..  Antiquarian  Society.  80, 
429,  509.  577. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  American  Philologi- 
cal Association,  203;  Harvard  College 
Library,  81,  429,  509,  577;  long  oyster 
shells  from  Charles  River.  199;  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology,  32,  33,  76,  369, 
371;  shellheap  in  cemetery,  413,  504,  505; 
stone  celt,  found  digging  cellar  in  Bow 
street,  420;  stone  pouits  from  the  Long- 
fellow estate,  199. 

Canada,  articles  from  Indian  village  of 
Hochelaga,  site  of  Montreal,  183. 

Canary  Island,  human  bones,  gum  used 
in  embalming,  506. 

Caughnawaga,  Canada,  child's  mocca- 
sons,  198. 

Canton,  China,  guitar  and  woman's  hat. 
572. 

Cap,  Chinese,  422;  cocoanut  fibre,  Aspin- 

wall,  76 ;  Africa,  34. 
Card,  New  Year's,  Chinese,  369. 
Carib,  hair  of  girl,  St.  Vincent,  200;  table, 

Salibria,  Island  of  Dominica,  34. 
Carman,  C.  H.,  78. 

Caroline  Islands,  articles  from,  200;  shell 

axe,  74. 
Carrington,  H.  B.,  82. 

Carr,  L.,  assistant  Curator,  46,  80,  82,  84, 
1.52. 190,  203,  376,  388,  423,  429, 492,  506, 512, 
.567;  historical  researches,  346,  366;  no- 
tice of  publication  of  report  on  Crania 
of  California  Indians,  69;  notice  of  pub- 
lication of  Report  on  Crania  of  New 
England  Indians,  70;  on  the  Social  and 


INDEX. 


591 


Political  Position  of  Woman  among  the 
Huron  Iroquois  tribes,  191,  207;  services 
in  Museum,  71,  417,  494,  567. 

Carr,  Mrs.  L.,  79. 

Carr,  P.,  74. 

Carrying  strap,  Omalia,  428. 

Cartailhac,  E.,  80,  203,  376,  429,  509,  577. 

Cartwright,  J.  A.,  193. 

Carved  stone,  human  face,  Gholula,  Mex- 
ico, 193;  representing  child,  Arkansas, 
(fraudulent),  184. 

Carving,  fraudulent,  Arkansas,  184;  North 
Carolina,  505. 

Carvings  in  wood,  Japan,  31;  wood  and 
ivory,  Africa,  368. 

Carvings  (see  antler,  bone,  shell,  and 
stone). 

Case,  T.  S.,  80,  203,  368,  376,  509. 

Cassava  bread,  Surinam,  36. 

Cast,  bone  ornament  from  Marquesas  Isl- 
ands, 31;  Gass  tablet,  33;  Mexican 
calendar  stone,  193;  skull  of  Daniel 
Boone,  195;  stone  image,  New  Mexico, 
77;  ornament,  Conestoga,  Penn.,  35; 
ornament,  mound,  Brown  Co.,  Ohio, 
425;  tablet,  Ohio,  75. 

Casts,  human  crania,  34;  pipes,  Hoche- 
laga,  Canada,  183,  195;  pottery,  shell- 
heaps,  Omori,  Japan,  31;  steatite  dishes 
in  Amherst  Museum,  33;  stone  pipes,  29. 

Catamaran  model  Maranham,  506. 

Catlinite,  carved,  Taylor's  Falls,  Minn., 
371;  ceremonial  implements.  Redwood, 
Minn.,  201;  pipe.  Pike  Co.,  111.,  421; 
pipes  used  in  sun  dance,  Ogallala  Sioux, 
198;  pipes,  Rocky  Mountains,  36. 

Caves,  Coahuila,  Mexico.  10,  21,  69;  Colo- 
rado Ter.,  504;  England,  31, 59,  75;  Glas- 
gow Junction,  Ky.,  423;  Hart  Co.,  Ky., 
200;  Holston  River,  Tenn.,  351;  Ken- 
tucky, 76;  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  541,  573; 
Mexico,  32;  Nicaragua,  31;  Nicaragua, 
inscriptions,  354;  Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn., 
370,  371;  summit  of  Sierra  Ancha,  Ar- 
izona, 571;  Utah,  428;  West  Salem,  Wis., 
figures  of  men  and  animals  cut  on 
walls,  348;  West  Salem,  Wis.,  pottery, 
371. 

Cave-dwelling,  Pajarito,  New  Mexico,  504. 

Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  objects  from,  572. 

Cedar  Bank  Works,  Ohio,  stone  imple- 
ments, 350. 

Cedar  flute,  modern  Indian,  198. 

Celt  of  copper,  Liberty  Mounds,  Ohio,  426; 
of  hematite,  Cholula,  Mexico,  193;  Ohio, 
506;  Illinois,  413;  Missouri,  74;  mound, 
Ohio,  29;  of  limonite,  Ironton,  Ohio,  34; 
of  meteoric  iron,  mound,  Ohio,  407,  426; 
of  nephrite.  New  Zealand,  505. 

Celts  of  bronze.  Great  Britain,  29;  of  cop- 
per, Mexico,  193;  of  hematite,  Ohio  val- 
ley, 199. 

Celts  of  stone  (see  stone  implements). 
Chadbourn,  E.  A..  575. 
Chadwick,  J.  R.,  199,  376. 
Chain,  copper,  mound,  Mandan,  Dakota, 
.504. 

Chalcedony,  arrowheads.  Chichen  Itza, 
Yucatan,  370 ;  Dakota,  505 ;  Yucatan,  360 ; 
chips,  New  Mexico,  374;  flakes,  35;  im- 
plements, pueblos  of  New  Mexico,  200. 

Chapillo,  pueblo  of,  amethyst  ornament, 
503. 

Chapman,  R.  C,  162,  202,  211. 
Chapman,  S.  L.,  161,  201. 
Chai'coal,  earth  circles,  Ohio,  196;  Indian 
burial  place,  Ohio,  376;  mound,  Brent- 


wood, Tenn.,  197;  mound,  Mandan,  504; 
mounds,  Trempealeau,  Wis.,  423; 
mounds.  Ohio,  203, 374,  408, 425, 426 ;  Ohio, 
Missouri  and  Arkansas,  427;  pits,  El- 
gin, 111.,  506;  shellheaps,  Maine,  206,  .508, 
.575;  shellheaps,  Massachusetts,  574; 
stone  graves,  Tenn.,  197. 

Charencey,  M.  le  (;omte  de,  429,  .577. 

Charles  River,  Mass.,  long  oyster  shells, 
199 

Charievoix,  218,  220. 
Charms,  Yokohama,  Japan,  421. 
Charred  corn,  ash  pits,  Madison ville,  O., 
166. 

Chase,  H.  E.,  195. 
Chavero,  A.,80. 

Chazon-treegum  used  for  embalming,  .506. 

CherawFort,  Butler  Co.,  Ohio,  slate  orna- 
ments, 370. 

Chester,  South  Carolina,  stone  Imple- 
ments, 199,  ' 

Cheyenne  Indian,  bones,  76. 

Cheyenne  River,  stone  maul.  195. 

Chichen  Itza,  Yucatan,  chalcedony  ar- 
rowheads, 370;  wooden  lintel,  195. 

Chick,  E.  E.,  69,  71,  152,  190,  366,  388,  417; 
assistant  in  charge  of  Building,  .568; 
perfects  a  stand  for  crania  366;  services 
in  the  museum,  71,  366,  417,  494. 

Childs,  C.  S.,  369,  413,  504,  505,  568. 

Chillicothe,  Ohio,  stone  muller,  428. 

China,  articles  from,  422;  bamboo  vase, 
195;  charms,  Yokohoma,  421;  counting 
machine,  422;  gambling  sticks,  422;  iron 
implement,  505;  medicine,  75;  New 
Year's  card.  369;  objects  from  Canton 
and  Hong  Kong,  572;  painted  feather 
fan, 193. 

Chincoteague  Island,  Va.,  shellheaps,  373. 

Chippewa  Indian,  colored  sash,  368; 
snowslioes,  74. 

Chiriqui,  articles  from,  369;  [collection 
from  539;  earthen  vessels,  different 
shapes,  573;  gold  bell  from  grave,  360; 
notice  of  graves  and  cemeteries,  540; 
objects  from  graves,  573;  pottery,  374; 
;  pottery  from  the  graves  described  and 
1  grouped,  360;  stone  beads,  201;  stone 
celts,  374;  stone  celts  and  animal  shaped 
metates,  .573;  stone  implements  from 
graves,  360. 

Chisel  of  antler,  mound  in  Arkansas,  19. 

Cholula,  Mexico,  76. 
j  Christiana  River,  Del.,  stone  implements 
I      from  peat,  420. 

Christ  Church,  New  Zealand,  34. 

Chungkee  stone,  mound,  Ky.,  29;  Tran- 
sylvania Co.,N.  C,  572. 

Cigar-case,  Manilla,  200. 

Cincinnati,  O.,  Museum  Association.  205, 
377,  429,  509,  577;  Society  of  Natural 
History,  80,  429,  432,  509,  577;  Public 
Library,  205,  429. 

Cinders,  New  Mexican  pueblos,  504. 

Cist  in  southern  India,  pottery  from,  16. 

Clark,  E.  W.,  80;  377. 

Clark,  J.  E.,  423. 

Clark,  J.  S.,512. 

Clark,  T.  W.B.,  199. 

Clarke,  Miss  E.  O..  75. 

Clarke,  R.,  76,  377,  512. 

(;lay,  burnt,  ashpits,  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
427;  Liberty  Mounds,  Ohio,  426;  log 
structure,    Brentwood,    Tenn.,  197, 
1     mound,  Brentwood,  Tenn.,  197;  stone 
I     graves,  Tenn.,  197;  with  impression  of 
canes,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  573. 


592 


INDEX. 


Clay  pipes,  Damaiiscotta  Island,  Maine, 
372;  European  make,  shellheap,  Dania- 
riscotta,  Me.,  Kingston,  Mass.,  79; 
mound,  Arkansas,  30;  St.  Lucia,  W.  I., 
33;  Somerspoint,N.  J.,  372. 

Cleneay,  T.,  67,  74,  77. 

Clermont  Co.,  Ohio,  stone  implements, 
576. 

Cleveland,   O.,   Western   Reserve  and 

Northern  Ohio  Historical  Society,  82, 

205,  377,  429,  509. 
Cliff-dwellings,  Walnut  Canon,  Arizona, 

articles  from,  503. 
Cliff-houses,  Ara- way-pa  Canon,  Arizona, 

571;  Salt  river,  Arizona,  571. 
Clogston,  W.,  95, 119. 

Cloth.  33;  caves,  Coahuila,  Mexico,  32; 
fragments,  burial  place,  Kingston. 
Mass.,  79;  cave.  Hart  Co.,  Ky.,200;  Isl- 
and of  Panay,  200;  Japan,  75;  Liberty 
Mounds,  Ohio,  406,  420,  426;  Peru,  35; 
Salt  Cave,  Ky.,  186. 

Club,  Fiji  islands,  78;  Tonga  islands,  419. 

Club  heads,  of  copper,  Peru,  14,  36;  of 
stone,  perforated  and  mounted,  cave, 
Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.,  573;  Peru,  H6. 

Coahuila,  Mexico,  32,  caves  in,  10,  21. 

Coal,  axe-shaped  implement,  mound,  Ar 
kansas,  18;  cut,  Durham  Mound,  Ohio, 
426;  cut  and  polished  pieces,  stone 
graves,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  424,  573;  cut 
and  worked.  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madi- 
son ville,  O.,  196;  cut  in  various  shapes. 
Turner  Mounds,  Ohio  425;  cut  pieces. 
Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
199,  426;  Indian  graves  and  village  sites, 
O.,  427;  mound,  Arkansas,  30;  water 
worn.  Turner  Mounds,  202;  Avorked, 
Fort  Ancient.  Ohio,  196;  Sand  Ridge, 
Ohio,  196;  Indian  burial  place,  Ohio,  376; 
mounds.  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio,  374, 

Coat  of  cocoanut  fibre,  Manilla,  200. 

Cobb,  J.  M.,  504. 

Cochiti,  pueblo  of,  35. 

Cocoanut  fibre  cap,  Aspinwall,  76, 

Cocoanut,  vessels  and  tobacco  holders, 
Oahu,  503. 

Coe.  H.  W.,  495,  504. 

Coffinberry,  W.  L.,  495,  508. 

Coins,  copper  and  silver.  South  America, 
.506. 

Collection,  Abbott,  56;  Bandelier,  58; 
Bennett,  56;  Dodge,  57  ;  Japan,  75;  Pen- 
hallow,  Aino,  55. 

Collett  and  Kendall,  75. 

CpUett,  J.,  80,  204,  429,  509. 

Colorado,  cave,  articles  from,  504. 

Columbia  river,  stone  arrowheads,  571. 

Comanche  Indian,  cranium,  Durango, 
Mexico,  373. 

Committee  on  relation  of  Museum  to 
Harvard  College,  392,  393. 

Concord,  N.  H.,  stone  implement,  42S. 

Conestoga,  Penn.,  35. 

Conkling,  E.  A.,  67,  77,  167. 

Connecticut,  articles  from  Banks  of,  .504; 
Greenwich,  articles  from,  424;  stone  im- 
plements, 78, 199;  ornaments,  199;  spear- 
))oint,  29. 

Connett,  G„  108. 

Connett,  W.,  105. 

Conover,  G.  S.,  377,  509,  577. 

Constantine,  Algeria,  Societc  Arclieolog- 
ique,  81,  205,  .377,  509, 

Contents  of  volume,  v. 

Cook,  G.  H.,  204,  377,  429,  .509. 

Cooke,  J.  P.,  204,  414. 


Cooley,  W.,  506. 

Copenhagen,  Denmai-k,   Congres  Inter- 
national des  Americanistes,  429. 
Copper,  awl,  in  bone  handle,  Edwards 
Mound,  Ohio,  .345,  374;  in  handle  of  ant- 
ler, mound,  Ohio,  374;  axe,  Bucks  Co., 
Pa.,  572;  axes,  Oaxaca,  Mex.,  79,  182; 
beads,  84;  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madison- 
ville, Ohio,  196;  ashpits,  Madisonville, 
Ohio, 427;  mound,  Arkansas,  18;  mound. 
Green  Co.,  111.,  571;  Turner  Mounds. 
Ohio,  425;  bracelet,  beads,  etc.,  mounds, 
Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio,  374;  bracelet 
covered  with  silver.  Turner  Mound. 
Oliio,  171;  bracelets,  97;  Ohio,  573;  celt. 
Liberty  Mounds,  Ohio,  426;  mounds, 
Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio,  374;  North 
America,  .573;  Turner  Mounds,  Ohio, 
175,  405,  425;  with  cast  of   papillae  of 
fingers  preserved,  175;  celts,  Tlacolula, 
Mex.,  193;  chain,  mound,  Mandan.  .504; 
club  heads,  Peru,  14,  36;  coins.  South 
America,  .506;  ear  ornaments,  mound. 
Indiana.  29;  Turner  Mounds,  202.  340. 
375,  405. 421 ;  ear  ornaments  covered  with 
meteoric  iron,  171;  ear  rings,  mound. 
Wis.,  573;  ear  wheels,  mound,  Ohio,  171; 
finger  rings,  96 ;  Ancient  Cemetery,  Mad- 
isonville, Ohio,  166,  196;  finger  rings, 
implement,  semi-lunar  blade.  Mexico, 
200;  implements,  118;  burial  place,  Lit- 
tle Miami  valley,  345;  Madisonville  cem- 
etery, 64;  Mexico,  58,  127.  182;  mounds, 
i     Ark.,  .30;  Peru,  140;  Turner  Mounds,  O., 
I     202;  mass,  mound,  O.,  174;  masses,  127; 
I      nugget,  mound,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich., 
'     508;  objects,  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madi- 
sonville. Ohio.  196;  Harness  mound. 
Ohio,  407;  mounds. Florida,  32;  objects, 
notes  on,  by  F.  W.  Putnam,  83;  orna- 
ment. Peru,  574;  ornaments,  100,  111; 
burial  place  Ohio,  345;  Liberty  Mound, 
Ohio,  426;  Madisonville,  O.,  166,  427; 
mounds,  Arkansas,  18,  30;  mounds, 
Florida.  31;  mounds,  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  508;  mounds,  Little  Miami  val- 
ley, 374;  mounds,  Ohio.  171,  173, 174, 407; 
Peru,  36,  140;  Turner  Mounds.  Ohio; 
pendant  covered  with  gold,  171;  pen- 
dants, 98;  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madison- 
ville, Ohio,  196;  perforated  hammer, 
(recent),  Ferris  Woods,  Madisonville, 
Ohio,  427;  piece  of,  ashpits,  Madison- 
ville, Ohio,  77;  pieces,  hammered,  ash- 
pits,   Madisonville,  Ohio,  427;  plate. 
Harness  Mound,  Ohio,  406,  420;  plates, 
Turner  Mounds,  Ohio,  405,  425;  spear- 
heads, Trenton,  N.  J.,  177;  spearpoint, 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  194,  195;  spool-shaped 
ear  rings,  109;  vessels,  Mexico.  .503. 
Coral,  fossil,  Durham  Mound,  Ohio,  426; 
Cord  made  of  Yucca,  Walnut  canon,  Ari- 
zona, 571. 

Cords,  cai-ib  from  Dominica,  182;  caves, 

Coahuila,  Mexico,  35. 
Corn,  charred,  ashpits,  Madisonville.  O., 

196,  427;  Indian  burial  place,  Ohio,  376; 

Liberty  Mounds.  Ohio,  426. 
Corncobs,  burnt,  ashpits,  Madisonville, 

Ohio,  77;  mound,  Mandan,  504;  charred, 

mound,  Arkansas,  19;  ruined  Pueblo, 

Utah,  202;  Walnut  Canon,  Arizona,  503. 
Corn-husker,  Mexico,  32. 
Corn,  New  Mexican  Pueblos,  504;  Peru, 

36. 

Corn  idanter,  211,  217,  218. 
Cortez,  128,  135. 


INDEX. 


593 


Costa  Rica,  mound,  articles,  375;  mound, 
jadeite  pendant,  419>  mound,  Liberia, 
jade  celt,  420;  mounds,  articles  from, 
:>75;  mounds,  pottery.  420;  pebbles  from 
Nacaserbo  beach,  574;  shellbeads,  75; 
shellheaps,  375. 

Cotton,  cliff-houses.  Salt  River,  Arizona, 
571;  cloth,  cliff-houses.  Salt  river,  Ari- 
zona, 571;  Peru,  35;  towel,  Ilocos,  200, 

Cotuit,  Mass..  shellheap,  572 ;  objects  from 
shellheaps,  574. 

Couden,  J.  T.,  168, 196. 

Counting  machine,  China,  422. 

Cowles,  S.  W.,  78. 

Cox,  J.,  348. 

Crania,  California  Indians,  notice  of  re- 
port on,  69;  New  England  Indians,  no- 
tice of  report  on,  70.  (See  human  crania.) 

Ci-emation,  evidence  of,  mound,  Ohio, 
175.   (See  human  bones,  burnt.) 

Crescent  beach,  Revere,  Mass  ,  articles 
from,  370;  stone  implements,  373. 

Crinolct,  Sellings  Grove,  Penn.,  423. 

Crook,  G.,  509. 

Crosby,  W.  D.,  374. 

Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey,  34. 

Culebra  Bay,  Nicaragua,  shellheap,  375. 

Cullowhee,  North  Carolina,  articles  from, 
194. 

Cups,  Egypt,  32. 

Cup-stone,  mound,  Kentucky,  29. 

Cup-stones,  Peru,  36. 

Curator,  cash  accounts,  40,50, 156,  336, 398, 
474,  526;  reports,  7,  55,  159,  339,  401,  477, 
535 

Curtis,  E.,  84,  86,  99, 103,  104,  106.  110, 112, 
114, 115,  116,  117,  121,  163,  195, 198;  notice 
of  death,  12. 

Cushing,  F.  H.,  181,  422. 

Cushing,  Maine,  articles  from  shellheap, 
508;  shellheaps,  422;  shellheaps,  stone 
points,  428;  stone  spear-points  from 
muck  swamp,  28. 

Cutliff,  W.  D.,  76,  185,  186. 

Cuttle  fish  eyes,  graves,  Peru,  .506. 


Dabney,  Miss  J.  P.,  .506. 

Dagger,  Japan,  75;  poisoned,  Caroline 

Islands,  200. 
Dahlgren,  J.  A.,  504. 

Dakota  Territory,  33;  ai-ticles  from  Fort 
Stevenson,  419;  articles  from  mound  at 
Mandan,  504;  implements  in  stone  and 
chalcedony,  505;  mound  at  Mandan 
explored,  495;  stone  implements,  36, 
193,  196,  423. 

Dale,  H.  W.,  423. 

Dall,  W.  H.,  80. 

Damariscotta  Bay,  Maine,  stone  point, 
508. 

Damariscotta,  Maine,  articles  from  shell- 
heaps,  201,  370,  375;  shellheaps,  372,  622. 

Damariscotta  River,  shellheaps,  428; 
shellheaps  and  village  sites,  409. 

Damariscove  Island,  Maine,  372;  ancient 
settlement,  423. 

Daniell,  J.,  509. 

Danvers,  Mass.,  Peabody  Institute,  509. 
Darling,  C.  M.,  577. 

Darrtown,  Ohio,  stone  implements,  369. 
Davenport,  Iowa,  Academy  of  Natural 

Sciences,  80,  379,  .509,  573,  .577. 
Davis,  A.  M..  377,  .577. 
Davis,  E.  H.,  204. 
Davis,  J.  W.,  158,  400. 
Dawkins,  W.  B.,  59,  75,  377. 


Dawson,  G.  M.,  429,  .577. 

Dawson,  H.  B.,  204. 

Dawson,  J.  W.,  183,  195. 

Deadman's  Island,  Nicaragua,  glass- 
beads,  gold  ornaments,  and  human 
bones,  3.55. 

De  Cou,F.,  123,195. 

Delaware,  articles  from  shellheaps,  79; 
iron  tomahawk, 79;  ornaments,  79;  stone 
implements,  34,  .56,  79,373,  413,  423;  stone 
implements  in  peat,  420. 

Dennen,  P.  A.,  504. 

Denver,  Col.,  Colorado  Scientific  Society, 

509,  577. 
Depue,  D.,507,  .512. 
Derby,0.  A.,  377,  432. 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Academy  of  Science, 

509. 

Devil  River,  Michigan,  mounds,  202. 
Diaz,  B.,  128. 
Dickinson,  T.  A.,  429,  512. 
Dighton  rock  inscription,  15. 
Diriamba,  Nicaragua,  stone  age,  574. 
Discoidal  stones,  stone  graves,  Tennes- 
see, 165. 

Dishes,  painted  gourds,  Indians  of  the 

Amazon,  368. 
Disk,  stone,  Hardin,  111.,  507. 
Disks,  stone,  Bales  Mills,  Lee  Co.,  Va., 

.572;  stone  and  pottery,  Indian  graves- 

and  village  sites,  Ohio,  427;  wood  and 

shell,  Kingsmill  Islands,  503. 
Divola,  Chiriqui,  articles  from  graves, 

369. 

Doane's  Island,  Me.,  objects  from  shell 

heaps,  .575. 
Dodge,  D.,  57,  78,  79. 
Dolls,  modern  Indian,  29, 198. 
Dominica,  Island  of,  34;  articles  from, 

182,200. 
Dorsey,  J.  O.,.509,  557. 
Douglass,  A.  E.,350,  400,  509,  512. 
Dover,  Delaware,  34. 
Draper,  L.,  369. 

Dress,  woman's,  Abyssinia,  .571. 

Drift,  Little  Falls,  Minn.,  palaeolithic  im- 
plements, 373. 

Driver,  S.  W.,  369,  413,  504,  .505, 

Dumfries,  Scotland,  Antiquarian  Society, 
509. 

Dunbar,  377. 

Dunning,  E.  O.,  123. 

Du  Paix,  132, 135,  136, 137,  138,  145. 

Durango,  Mex.,  cranium  of  Comanche 
Indian,  373. 

Durham  farm,  Ohio,  stone  implements, 
427;  Durham  Mound,  426. 

Durham,  W.,  425,  427,  .576. 

Dustin,  C.  B.,  412. 

Dustin,  W.  A.,  422. 


Eagle  feather,  Indian,  199. 

Eagle  hill,  Ipswich,  Mass.,  objects  from 
shellheap,  574. 

Ear  ornaments  of  copper,  mounds,  Ohio, 
109,  171,  202,340,  375,405,  421;  Indiana, 
29 ;  Mound ,  Wiscon  sin ,  ,573 ;  of  turquoise , 
pueblo,  Santa  Domingo,  35. 

Earth,  burnt,  Broadwell  Mound,  New- 
town, Ohio,  427. 

Earth-circle  around  mound,  Ohio,  203. 

Earth-circles,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  arti- 
cles from,  196;  Ohio,  167;  sites  of  habi- 
tation, 167. 

Earthworks,  Paint  creek,  Ohio,  stone  im 
I     plements,  370;  appeal  for  their  preser 


594 


INDEX. 


vation,  350;  Ohio,  necessity  of  thorough 
exploration,  402;  Sciota  valley  visited, 
348;  Turner  group,  Ohio,  170,  171. 

Eastman,  Capt.,  190,  199. 

East  Warehara.  Mass.,  stone  implements, 
423. 

Eaton.  J.  R.,  505. 

Edwards  Mound,  Ohio.  426;  articles  from, 

374;  stone  mound,  345. 
Edwards,  S.,  342,  343,  344,  374. 
Edwards,  \Vm.,  169,  342,  344. 
Eells,  M.,  577. 

Effigy,  H.,  mounds,  Baraboo.  Wisconsin, 
described,  347;  Baraboo,  Wis.,  stone  im- 
plements, 371;  Lower  Dells,  Wis.,  de- 
scribed, 347 ;  Wisconsin,  human  remains 
found  in  them,  347;  Wisconsin,  visited, 
346. 

Egypt,  32,  33;  impressions  on  paper  of  in- 
scriptions from  tombs  of  the  kings,  15; 
inscribed  stone.  75;  knife  and  sheath 
from  Assouam,  369;  stone  implements, 
78. 

Elephant's  tooth,  fossil,  Durham  Mound, 
Ohio,  426. 

Elgin,  111.,  articles  from  pits,  .506. 

Eliot,  C,  President  Harvard  College,  let- 
ter to  Trustees,  392. 

Elliott,  J.  D.,  75. 

Elliott,  S.  L.,  377,  429. 

Ellsworth,  E.  W.,  512. 

Elton,  Mrs.  R.,  371. 

Emmert,  J.  W.,  357,  37U,  371. 

Endicott  Rock,  62. 

Engelmann,  G.  J.,  78,  424, 

England,  caves,  31,  59,  75;  flint  imple- 
ments, 75;  grooved  stone  hammer,  31; 
stone  implements,  56. 

Ephesus  temple,  marble  from  floor  of,  368. 

Erisex,  Mass..  human  jaw,  575. 

Evans,  .J.,  190. 

Evanston,  111.,  animal  bones  and  pot- 
sherds, 507;  stone  implements,  .507. 

Exostosis  in  ear,  195. 

Exploration,  mounds.  Little  Miami  val- 
ley, account  of,  549;  plan  proposed,  48. 

Explorations,  appeal  for  aid  in,  529,  546; 
Brentwood,  Tenn..  162;  Ohio,  and  shell- 
heap,  Damariscotta,  Me.,  546:  work  re- 
sumed, 159. 

Fall  River,  Mass.,  Indian  grave,  ''skeleton 

in  armor,"  573. 
Fan,  painted  feathers,  China,  193;  palm 

leaf,  Guayaquil,  506;  Rio  Janeiro.  506. 
Faxon,  W.,  78,  200. 

feather,  garments,  Amazon  Indians,  359; 
headdresses,  cave,  Los  Angeles  Co., 
Cal.,  573;  ornaments,  caves,  Coahuila, 
Max.,  32;  Indians  of  the  Amazon,  368; 
Peru,  36;  rone,  fragment,  cave,  Utah. 
428. 

Fedderson,  A.,  509. 

Felsite,  difl'erent  localities,  572. 

Ferraris.  M.,  577. 

Ferris  Woods,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427. 

Feuardent,  G.  L.,  204. 

Fibre  made  of  maquey,  193. 

Figurines,  clay,  Mexico,  503,  572;  pottery, 
Rivas,  Nicaragua,  505;  Tampico,  504; 
terracotta,  mound,  Ohio,  173. 

Fiji  Islands,  club,  78;  stone  adze,  200. 

Finger  rings,  copper,  96;  ancient  ceme- 
tery, Madisonville,  Ohio,  196;  Madison- 
ville, Ohio,  166;  iron,  Mexico,  .50:'., 

Finsch,  O,,  577. 


Fire-fan,  model  of,  Puebla,  Mex.,  200. 
Fire-place,  earth-circle,  Ohio.  167. 
Fire-sticks,  Aino,  Japan,  55,  75. 
Fischer,  H.,  429. 
Fischer,  M.,  75. 

Fish-bones,  Hyannis,  Mass.,  575;  shell- 
heaps,  Maine,  161. 
Fisher,  G.  J.,  432. 

Fish-hooks,  bone,  ashpits,  Madisonville, 
1     Ohio,  427 ;  bone,  Indian  graves  and  vil- 
i     lage  sites,  Ohio,  427;  method  of  making, 
581;  bronze,  Swiss  lakes.  194;  with  iron 
barb,  northwest  coast,  194;  with  whale- 
bone line,  northwest  coast,  194. 
Fish-lines,  Hawaii,  503. 
Fitz,  R.  H.,  575. 
Flake-knife,  Thebes,  78. 
Flanigan,L.  C,  193. 
Flat-head  Indian,  cranium,  572. 
i  Fletcher,  Miss  A.  C  assistant  in  the  field. 
I      99,  177, 178,  191,  198,  306,  33S.  357,  358,  377, 
379,  412,  428,  503,  .509,  512,  565;  Elk  Mys- 
i      tery  or  Festival  of  the  Ogallala  Sioux, 
'     276';  letter  in  regard  to  Ashpits  among 
^     the  Omahas,  356 ;  letter  in  regard  to  War 
Tent  of  the  Omahas,  411;  notice  of  lec- 
!     ture  on  Home  life  among  the  Indians, 
I     179;  Religious  Ceremony  of  the  Four 
I     Winds  as  observed  by  the  Santee  Sioux, 
289 ;  Shadow  or  Gnost  lodge,  a  ceremony 
of  the  Ogallala  Sioux,  296;  Studies  on 
the  Omahas,  494;  visits  Alaska,  564; 
Wawan  or  Pipe  Dance  of  the  Omahas, 
308;  White  Buffalo  Festival  of  the  Unc- 
papas,  260;  work  among  the  Omahas, 
410. 

Fletcher,  R..  377. 

Flint  core.  Thebes,  Egypt,  78. 

Flint  cores,  mound,  Tennessee,  21;  difl'er- 
ent localities,  572. 

Flint,  E.,  assistant  in  the  field,  75, 159,  354, 
355,  376.  388,  413,  414,  415,  419,  420,  491, 
505,  548,  574. 

Flint  flakes,  caves,  England.  59;  Church 
hole  cave.  England,  31. 

Flint  points.  (See  stone  implements.) 

Float,  fishing,  Luzon,  200. 

Florence,  Italy,  Societa  Italiana  di  An- 
tropologia  e  di  Etnoiegia,  81,  205,  377, 
430,  509,  577 . 

Florida,  articles  from  Lake  Monroe. 
373 ;  fragment  old  gate,  St.  Augustine. 
74:  human  bones.  34,76:  human  crania 
from  mounds,  572;  iron  hoe  from 
mound,  Halifax  river,  368;  mounds,  32, 
76;  pottery,  34,  76;  shellheap,  pottery. 
423;  shellheaps.  7ei;  stone  aiTOwhead, 
shellheap,  Fort  Gates,  369;  stone  celt. 
420;  stone  implements,  Lake  Monroe, 
;3.52.  373,  Mosquito  inlet,  368. 

Flower,  AY.  H.,  509. 

Flowers,  artificial,  crown  of,  Mexico,  32. 
Flute,  made  of  cedar,  modern  Indian, 
198. 

Foot  ball,  Manilla,  200. 

Footprints,  human,  found  in  lava.  Lake 

Managua,  Nicaragua,  .356,  414,  419,  505. 
Fort  Ancient,  Ohio,  articles  from.  196;  de- 

scriljed,  168;  stone  implements.  196. 
Fort  Defiance,  Arizona,  Navajo  Indian 

skull  and  bones,  422. 
Fort  Gates,  Fla.,  shellheap,  369. 
Fort  George  Island,  Fla.,  34. 
Fort  Hill,  Highland  Co..  Ohio,  visited  and 

described.  349. 
Fort  Island,  Me.,  human  cranium  from 

shellheap,  202. 


INDEX. 


595 


Fort  Sisseton,  human  scalp,  75;  stone  im- 
plements, 75. 

Fort  Stevenson,  Dakota,  419;  skeletons, 
Sioux  Indians,  373. 

Fort  Tejon,  Cal.,  stone  pipe,  505. 

Fossil,  coral,  Durham  Mound,  Ohio,  426; 
elephant's  tooth, Durham  Mound,  Ohio, 
426;  leaves,  over  footprints,  Nicaragua, 
548,  574;  tooth.  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madi- 
sonville,  Ohio,  426. 

Fossils,  Turner  mounds,  Ohio,  202. 

Foster,  J.,  422. 

Fox  river.  111.,  articles  from  mounds,  505. 
France,  human  crania,  10,  34;, rude  stoue 

implements,  31, 
Francis,  J.  B.,  62, 

Franklin  Co.,  O.,  stone  implements,  423. 
Franks,  A.  W.,  377. 

Fraudulent  specimens,  184,  505,  506,  571. 

Frazar.  G.  B.,  352,  373,  374,  413,  419,  422, 
424,  505,  506, 

Freetown,  Mass.,  stone  implement,  prob- 
ably from  Pacific  Islands,  423. 

Friend,  Buffalo,  400, 

Friend,  Cambridge,  528, 

Friendship,  Me.,  articles  from  shellheap, 
508. 

Fuller,  A.  S,,  507, 

Funds,  investment  of,  48, 154. 


Gabes,  Tunis,  Africa,  stone  implements, 

420. 
Gale,  G.,  415. 

Galena,    Liberty    Mounds,  Ohio,  426; 

mound,  Ohio,  173. 
Gambling  sticks,  China,  422. 
Gammage,  A.  T.,  161, 162,  193,  201,  202,  353, 

372.  546. 
Gammage,  M.  H.,  201. 
Gardner,  F.,  422,  428, 

Garman,  S,  W.,  76,  141, 143,  178,  193,  196, 

200,  370,  423. 
Garson,  J.  G.,  4.30,  509,  577. 
Garter,  bead,  modern  Indian,  198. 
Gass  tablet,  cast  of,  33. 
Gatschet,  A.  S.,  80,  201,  377, 509. 
Geeks,  A.,  75, 

Geneva,  Switzerland,  Society  d'histoire  et 
d'archeologie,81,  377, 

George's  River,  Me.,  objects  from  shell- 
heaps,  575, 

Georgia,  clay  pipe  and  fragment  of  steatite 
pipe,  571;  steatite  pot  and  stone  pipes, 
.572. 

Gillman,  H.,  87,  88, 126,  182,  202. 

Gilt  armlet  and  bangle,  European  make, 
Africa,  368, 

Gippsland,  Victoria,  boomerang,  194, 

Glacial  deposit,  Little  Falls,  Minn,,  stone 
implements,  353,    (See  gravel,) 

Glady  Run.  Ohio,  stone  implements,  576. 

Glasgow  Junction,  Ky.,  human  bones 
from  cave,  423. 

Glass  beads,  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua, 
375;  Deadman's  Island,  Nicaragua,  355 ; 
Fort  Stevenson,  Dakota  Ter,,  419;  Mex- 
ico, 503;  mounds,  Florida,  32;  fragment 
of  bottle,  shellheaps,  Maine,  508, 

Glass,  made  into  a  saw.  King  George's 
Sound,  West  Australia,  31 ;  perforated, 
New  Berlin,  Ohio,  .505, 

Glass,  F,  S..  100,  110, 121. 

Gold,  bell,  Chiriqui,369;  ornament, mound, 
Ohio,  171,  202;  ornaments,  Costa  Rica 
and  Nicaragua,  355,  375, 

Gomer,  Ohio,  boat-shaped  stone,  425. 


Goodale,  A.  C,  jr.,  76. 
Goodale,  J.  H.,  505. 

Goose  Island,  Me,,  objects  from  shellheap, 
575, 

Gordon,  H,  L.,  377, 

Gorget,  stone,  Bucks  Co,,  Pa.,  572;  Ohio, 
196. 

Gould,  B.  A„  204. 

Gould  Mound,  175,  343. 

Gourd,  bottles,  Peru,  36;  bottles  and  ves- 
sels, Oahu,  503;  cups  and  tubes,  Monte- 
video, 506;  cups,  Yucatan,  ,369;  dishes, 
Amazon  Indians,  359,  3^8;  Peru,  36;  or- 
namented, Africa,  368;  painted,  Oaxaca, 
Mex,,  200;  piece  of,  Costa  Rica  and  Nic- 
aragua, 375;  scraper,  British  Guiana, 
74;  silver  mounted,  Lima,  506;  vessels, 
cave.  Hart  Co,,  Ky.,  200. 

Gourds,  Salt  cave,  Ky.,  186. 

Grabael,  F.,  422,  507. 

Grafton  Co.,  N.  C,  stone  implements,  376. 

Graham,  J.,  421,  422, 

Grand-Canary,  Guanche  remains,  506. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich,,  articles  from 
mound,  495,  508. 

Granville  Co.,  N.  C,  articles  from,  373, 420. 

Graphite,  Long  Island,  193. 

Grass,  braided,  cave,  Hart  Co.,  Ky,,  200; 
cave,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cy  1.,  573 ;  Liberty 
Mounds,  Ohio,  426;  cloth,  articles  made 
from,  Africa,  368;  probably  Africa,  34; 
southern  Africa,  359;  matting,  mound, 
Ohio,  405. 

Gravel,  Saratoga,  stone  implement,  35. 

Gravel.  Trenton,  N,  J,,  age  of,  22,  56; 
antler  cut,  372;  human  bones,  408,420, 
471;  tooth,  177,  198;  pebbles.  420;  stone 
implements,  198,  ;i54,  419,  547,  571,  576; 
talus,  stone  implements,  420, 

Gray,  A.,  trustee,  46,  47,  48,  54,  80,  103,  104, 
1.52,  153,  154,  334,  388,  389,  391,  392,  393, 
400,  419,  469,  472.  510;  remarks  upon  ex- 
plorations, .391,  472. 

Gray,  Mrs.  A.,  impressions  of  inscrip- 
tions, Egypt,  15. 

Great  Britain,  bronze  celts,  29, 

Greece,  stone  celts,  31. 

Green  Co..  Ills,,  objects  from  mound.  571. 

Green  mountain,  Mt.  Desert,  Maine,  197. 

Green,  S.  A.,  205,  369,  377,  510.  574,  575. 

Greenville  Co.,  S.  C,  objects  from,  573. 

Greenwich,  Conn.,  articles  from,  424. 

Greg,  R.  P.,  430,  510. 

Grinding  stones,  pueblo  of  Pecos,  85; 

Santo  Domingo,  35. 
Groton,  Aiass.,  stone  implements,  575. 
Guadaloupe,  hair  of  Creole  girl,  200. 
Guanche  skeleton,  506. 
Guatemala,  obsidian  knives,  420. 
Guayaquil,  palm  leaf  fan,  506. 
Guiana,  ashes  of  pottery  tree,  573;  British, 

Carib  pottery,  59;  Dutch,  articles  from, 

202. 

Guild,  C.  H.,204,  577. 
Guitar,  China,  572, 

Gum  used  in  embalming,  Grand  Canary 
Island,  506. 


Hair  brush,  agave,  Mexico,  503. 
Haldeman,  S.  S.,  notice  of  death,  11. 
Haldeman,  Mi  s.  S.  S.,  80. 
Hale,  E.  E..  80. 
Hale,  H.,  377,  510,  577. 
Haliburton,  R.  G.,377. 
Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  Historical  Society, 
377;  Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Natural 


REPORTS  OF  PEAJJODY  MUSEUM,  VOL.  lU. 


39 


596 


INDEX. 


Sciences  of  Halifax,  81,  577;  River, 
Floi-ida,  iron  hoe  from  mound,  368. 

Hall,  Capt.,  573. 

Hall,  P.,  869. 

Hall,  W.  P.,  419. 

Halley,  G.  T.,  573. 

Hamilton  Co.,  Ohio,  mounds,  203;  stone 
implements,  425. 

Hammerstoue,  Broadwell  Mound,  New- 
town, Ohio,  427 ;  refuse  pile.  Sand  Rid^e, 
Ohio,  426. 

Hammei  stones,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  cem- 
etery, 64. 

Hammond,  Charles,  estate  of,  377. 

Hammond,  G.  W.,  528. 

Hammond,  Mrs.  G.  W„  377. 

Hamy,  E.  T.,  377,  430,  510. 

Handelmann,  H.,  204. 

Hardin,  Ills.,  flmt  points,  507;  stone  disk, 
and  axe,  507. 

Harkneas.  H.  W.,  204. 

Harness,  D.,  407. 

Harness,  E.,404,  405,  420. 

Harness,  J.  V.,  420,  427. 

Harness,  R.,  420. 

Harness  Mound,  Ohio,  described,  465; 

mounds,  Ross  Co.,  Ohio,  42(). 
Harpoon  points,  bone,  shellheaps,  Maine, 

161. 

Hart,  C.H.,  81,377. 

Hart  Co.,  Ky.,  articles  from  cave,  200. 

Harvard  College,  75;  Library,  199,  204; 

Mineralogical  Museum,  505;  painting  of 

a  Sioux  hunter,  190;  relation  of  Museum 

to,  392,  393,  470.  519,  520. 
Harvard  Natural  History  Society,  69. 
Hasbrook,  J.  A.,  170. 
Hassler  expedition,  32,  34. 
Hfit,  buffalo  horn,  Manilla,  200;  Mexico, 

32;  palm  leaf,  Manilla,  200;  woman's, 

China,  572. 
Hathorn,  F.  C,  428. 

Haven,  S.  F.,  71,  72;  notice  of  death,  71. 
Hawaii,  31,  34  ;  aiticles  from,  503;  human 
crania,  10,  34;  mask,  572;  mat,  200,  572, 
Hawkins,  J.,  375. 
Hayes,  J.  L.,  204. 

Haynes,  H.  W.,  81,  204,  430,572,  577. 

Hayti,  human  bones,  34. 

Head  dresses,  feather,  cave,  Los  Angeles 
Co.,  Cal.,  541,  573. 

Heighvvay,  A.  E.,  369,  373. 

H<  niatite,  celt,  Cholula,  Mex.,  193,  Illinois, 
413,  Missouri,  74;  celts,  Ohio  valley, 
199,  506,  Pike  Co.,  111.,  422;  implement, 
mounds,  111.,  421 ;  implements,  Ohio,  29; 
worked  piece,  Calhoun  Co.,  111.,  507; 
Long  Island,  193. 

Hemenway,  Mrs.  A.,  54,  158,  400. 

Hemispheres,  stone  and  pottery  covered 
with  silver,  copper  and  meteoric  iron, 
Libei  ty  Mounds,  Ohio,  426. 

Hemp  fibre.  Island  of  Paiiay,  200. 

Heunequin,  sack  and  string,  Merida,  Yu- 
catan, 194. 

Henshaw,  H.  W.,  510. 

Herbert,  G.,  422. 

Herrman,  Mrs.  E.,  400. 

Hervey  Islands,  carved  wooden  paddle, 
368. 

Hicks,  E.  D.,579. 

Higginson,  T.  W.,  81,  430. 

Hightstown,  N.  J.,  stone  implements,  372. 

llilder,  F.  F.,  204,  423. 

Hill,  Miss  II.  A.,  197. 

Hill,  J.  F.,  J97. 

Hinckley,  W.  B„  507. 


Hoar,  G.  F.,  trustee,  388,  3S9,  392,  516,  517. 
Hochelaga  (now  Montreal),  Can.,  183, 195. 
Hodgdon's    Island,  Me.,  articles  from 

shellheaps,  201. 
Hodges,  R.  M.,  54,  158,  400,  528,  573. 
Hog  Island,  Me.,  iron  point,  373;  objects 

from  shellheaps,  575. 
Hohenleuben,  Germany,  Alterthunesfor- 

schenden  Verein  zu  Hohenleuben,  80. 
Holden,  E.  S.,  348. 
Holder,  J.  B.,  577. 
Holland,  F.  W.,  422. 
Holland,  wooden  shoes,  36. 
Hollingsworth,  A..  189;  heirs  of,  189,  199. 
Holmes,  W.  H.,  190. 

Holston  River,  Tenn.,  caves  on,  351,  371. 

Homer,  H.  A.,  400. 

Homes.  H.  A.,  400,  510,  528. 

Hong  Kong,  China,  rain  coat,  572. 

Hooper,  E.  W.,  communication  as  Secre- 
tary of  Corporation  of  Harvard  College, 
470;  elected  trustee  and  treasurer,  393; 
l  eerets  that  he  cannot  accept  election, 
469, 

Hooper,  F.  H.,  377. 

Hopetown  earthworks,  Ohio,  stone  im- 
plements, 3,50,  371. 
Horseshoe,  Apache,  571. 
Horsford,  E.  N.,  400. 

House,  model  of,  Japan,  16;  model  of 

Oahu,  503. 
Hovey,  Miss  M.,400. 
Howell,  R.,  372. 
Hoy,  P.  R.,  81,  195,  578. 
Hualapais  Indians,  baskets,  422. 
Hubbard,  B.,  505. 

Hull's  Cove,  Me.,  objects  from  shellheaps, 
575. 

Hum;in  bones,  Agawam,  Mass.,  504; 
Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
63,  76,  196,  199,  341;  ashpits,  Madison- 
ville, Ohio,  76,  196;  Barnstable,  Mass., 
575;  Brighton,  Mass.,  572;  burnt,  Lib- 
eity  Mounds,  Ross  Co.,  Ohio,  424; 
mound,  Kansas,  77,  Turner  group, 
Ohio,  375;  cast  of,  shellheaps,  Omori, 
31;  cave,  Glasgow  Junction,  Ky  ,  423; 
cave,  Hart  Co.,  Ky.,  200,  Sullivan  Co., 
Tenn.,  370;  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  572; 
Cheyenne  Indian,  76;  Christ  Chuich, 
New  Zealand,  34;  Costa  Rica  and  Nicar- 
agua, 375;  Deadman's  Island,  Nic,  355; 
Edwards  Mound,  O.,  344,  374;  Fort 
George  Island,  Fla.,  34;  Grand  Canary- 
Island,  506;  gravel,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  408, 
420,  471,  571;  Harness  Mound,  Ohio,  406; 
Hawaii,  10;  Hayti,  10,  34;  Kingston, 
Mass.,  79;  Lake  Nicaragua,  31;  Liberty 
Mounds,  Ohio,  406,426;  Long  Meadow, 
Mass.,  375,  504;  Marion,  Mass.,  413,  421; 
McGregor,  Iowa,  34;  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
described,  166;  mound,  Fairfield  Co..  O., 
34;  mound,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  508; 
mound.  La  Crosse,  Wis,,  347;  mound, 
Mandan,  Dakota,  504;  St.  Charles  Co., 
Mo.,  34;  mounds,  Anderson  Township, 
0.,21,  22,  342  ,  343;  mounds,  Davis  Co., 
Kan.,  77;  mounds.  Devil  River,  Mich., 
182,  202;  mounds,  eastern  Arkansas, 
18;  mounds,  Florida,  32,  76;  mounds, 
Illinois.  412;  mounds.  La  Crosse,  Wis., 
371;  mounds.  Little  Miami  valley,  Ohio, 
374;  mounds,  Pike  Co.,  111.,  421,  507; 
muunds,  Trempealeau,  Wisconsin,  415; 
mounds.  Wis.,  423,  573;  Mexico,  32,  233; 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  575;  Nicaragua,  31; 
Osvycgo,  N.  Y.,  33;  Peru  34;  Progresso, 


INDEX. 


597 


Yucatan,  195 ;  pueblo,  Pecos,  35 ;  Revere, 
Mass.,  78;  Richland  Co.,  S.  C,  375;  St. 
John's  River,  Fla.,  34;  shellheap,  Cam- 
bridge, Md.,  505;  shellheap,  Laguna, 
Brazil,  420;  shellheap,  Massachusetts, 
574;  shellheaps,  Me.,  162,  201,  422,  428, 
508;  stone  graves,  Tennessee,  164,  195, 
197,  374,  422;  stone  mounds,  Hamiltou 
Co.,  Ohio,  197;  Turner  Mounds,  Ohio, 
202;  Watson's  Hill,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  504. 

Human  crania,  Arkansas,  10,  18;  Ancient 
Cemetery,  Madison ville,  Ohio,  63,  196; 
ashpits,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  77,196;  Bat- 
tle mound,  Fairfield  Co.,  Ohio,  35;  bur- 
ial place,  Kingston,  Mass.,  79;  casts  of, 
34;  caves,  Coahuila,  Mex.,  32,  233;  Com- 
anche Indians.  Durango,  Mex.,  373;  flat- 
head  Indian,  Oregon,  572;  Fort  Wayne, 
Indiana,  194;  France,  10,  34;  Glen  wood, 
low^a,  10;  Hawaii,  10,  ;^4, 50S ;  Hochelaga, 
Can.,  183;  India,  10,  34;  Indian  child, 
Kansas,  371 ;  Lamoine,  Me.,  423;  Marion, 
Mass., 421  ;Madisonville,Ohio.  166;  Mon- 
treal C Hochelaga),  195;  Monterey,  369; 
mound,  Chillicothe,0.,  77;  mound,  Ohio, 
10 ;  mounds,  Florida,  10, 32,  572 ;  mounds, 
Illinois,  10,  34;  mounds.  Little  Miami 
Valley,  Ohio,  374;  Navajo  Indian,  Fort 
Defiance,  Arizona,  422;  North  American 
Indians,  10, 33, 573;  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  10, 33; 
Peru,  10,  34;  perforated  mound,  River 
Rouge,  Mich.,  505;  Revere,  Mass.,  78; 
Rivas,  Nicaragua,  419;  Salem,  Mass., 
76;  shellheap,  Me.,  162;  shellheap,  Dam- 
ariscotta  River,  Me.,  193;  shellheap, 
Fort  Island,  Damariscotta.  Me.,  202; 
shellheap,  Laguna,  Brazil,  420;  sliell- 
heap,  Newcastle,  Me,  201;  shellheap, 

■  Silver  Creek.  Iowa,  33;  stone  graves, 
Tennessee,  195,  197,  374,  425;  Straits  of 
Magellan,  10;  Terra  del  Fuego,  34;  Tur- 
ner mounds,  Ohio,  425;  with  ari-owhead 
embedded  in  occiput,  427. 

Human  face  carved  in  stone,  Wellfleet, 
Mass.,  32. 

Human  figures  carved  in  stone,  Yucatan, 
193. 

Human  foot,  mummied,  Memphis,  Egypt, 
.32. 

Human  footprints  in  tufa,  Nicaragua,  356, 
415,  419,  505. 

Human  hair,  grave,  Watson's  Hill,  Ply- 
mouth, Mass.,  504;  Marquesas  Islands, 
31;  North  American  Indian,  33;  Peru, 
34;  Caribgirl,  Island  St.  Vincent,  2U0; 
French  Creole  girl,  Guadaloupe,  200. 

Human  head,  carving  in  stone,  Ozualama, 
Mex.,  419, 

Human  heads,  mummied,  Peru,  35; 
Egypt,  32,  33. 

Human  jaw,  Essex,  Mass.,  575;  fragment, 
gravel,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  408,  420. 

Human  scalp,  75;  scalps,  Omaha,  428. 

Human  skeletons, Ancient  Cemetery,Mad- 
isonville,  Ohio,  166;  caves,  Mexico,  10; 
in  depression  of  stone  wall,  in  mound, 
Ohio,  174;  Indian  burial  Dlace,  Ohio, 
376;  mound,  Ohio,  174,  175;  Sioux  In- 
dians, Fort  Stevenson,  Dakota  Ter., 373; 
Turner  mound,  Ohio,  563.  (See  human 
bones.) 

Human  teeth,  cave,  Tennessee,  371 ;  gravel 

New  Jersey,  177,  198. 
Humphrevs  Co.,  Tenu.,  articles  from,  198. 
Hunt.  J.  6.,  162. 
Hunt,  T.  S.,  377. 
Huntado,  D.,  375. 


Hussey,  H.  T.,  162, 193. 
Hyannis,  Mass.,  fishbones,  575. 
Hyatt,  A.,  430. 
Hyatt,  J.  D.,  205. 


Idol,  Upper  Surinam,  Dutch  Guiana,  202. 
Idols,  stone  (basalt),  human  and  animal 

forms,  Nicaragua,  31,  355,  376. 
Illinois,  grooved  stone  implements,  499; 
mounds,  34;   mounds,  explored,  412; 
mounds.  Fox  River,  505;  mounds,  Pike 
Co.,  articles  from,  421;  mounds,  visited 
and  described,  495;  stone  disks.  Beards- 
town,  373;  stone  implements,  78. 
Ilocos,  cotton  towel,  200. 
Iloilo,  Island  of  Panay,  articles  from,  200. 
Image,  clay,  woman,  San  Ramon,  Nica- 
ragua, 375. 
Images,  pottery,  male  and  female.  Pueblo 

Indians.  572. 
Implements.   (See   under   antler,  bone, 

copper,  stone,  wood.) 
India,  cinerary  urn,  503;  crania,  10,  34; 
models  of  bull  and  lingam,  420;  south- 
ern, pottery  from,  16;  stone  celt,  34. 
Indian,  cedar  flute,  198;  eagle  feather  dec- 
orated, 199;   burial  place,  Agawam, 
Mass.,  423,  Kingston,  Mass.,  articles 
from,  79,  Ohio,  376;  grave.  Fall  River, 
Mass  ,  573;  Hill,  Kentucky,  earth  circle 
and  stone  graves,  62;  modern,  articles 
used  by,  198,  of,  199;  stone  pipes,  198; 
Ponca  leggings  of  buckskin  fringed  with 
scalps,  74;  saddle.Kansas,  379;  wearing 
apparel,  198. 
Indiana,  74,  78;  articles  from,  427;  copper 
earring   from  a  mound,  29;  cranium, 
194;  flint  points,  35;  stone  implements, 
30,  36,  199;  ornaments,  199;  pipe  from 
mound,  29. 
Indians.  Amazon,  articles  from,  359;  made 
by,  368;  modern,  iron  implements,  178; 
stone  implements,  178;  South  Pasadena, 
Cal.,  articles  made  by,  424. 
IngersoU,  E  ,  377,  430. 
Instruments  for  making  Kappa  cloth,  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  34. 
Iowa,  flint  points,  35;  human  bones,  34; 
human  crunia,  10,  33;  pottery,  33;  stone 
arrowhead  from  mound,  McGregor,  370; 
stone  implements,  370,  374;  pipes,  29. 
Ipswich,  Mass.,  objects  from  shellheap, 

.574;  stone  points,  573. 
Ireland,  stone  arrowheads,  198. 
Iron,  arrowhead,  29;  axe,  shellheap,  Dam- 
ariscotta River,  Me.,  201;  axe,  Ferris 
Woods,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427 ;  finger 
ring.  Mexico,  503;  hoe,  mound,  Halifax 
River,  Fla.,  368;  implement,  China,  505; 
implements,  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua, 
375;  implements,  shellheap,  Maine,  161; 
implements,  used  by  Indians,  178; 
knives,  burial  place,  Kingston,  Mass., 
79;  meteoric,  celt.  Liberty  Mound,  Ohio, 
426;  meteoric.  Turner  Mounds.  202,  425, 
plating  on  copper,  T^iberty  Mounds,  426; 
mounds,  Florida,  32,  pipe,  Nebraska,  36; 
piece,  ancient  settlement,  Damariscove 
Island,  423;  point.  Hog  Island,  Me.,  373; 
shellheaps,  Maine,  161 ;  pointed  arrows, 
modern  Indian,  198;  scraper,  Dakota, 
196;  snearpoint,  surface,  Fort  Island, 
Me.,  372;  sword  hilt,  leaf  mould,  Ancient 
Cemetery,  Aladisonville,  Ohio,  196;  tom- 
ahawk. Cape  Henlopen,  Del.,  79,  Craw- 
ford, Miss.,  32,  Greenwich,  Conn.,  424. 


I 


1 


598 


INDEX. 


Ironton,  Ohio,  limonite  celt,  34. 
Isle  of  Wight  Co.,  Va.,  stone  pipe,  372. 
Italy,  soapstone  pots,  59,  74. 
Ivory,  carvings,  Africa,  868;  southern  Af- 
rica, 359;  stiletto,  Servia,  506. 


Jacket,  Sioux  wanior,  574. 

Jacksonville,  Fla.,  Southern  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers.  578. 

Jade,  Alaskan,  565;  celts,  cut  pieces  of, 
Liberia,  Costa  Rica,  375;  ornament, 
mound,  Lamota,  Costa  Rica,  375. 

Jadeite  beads,  Lake  ]Sicaragua,  31;  im- 
plements, Alaska,  548;  ornaments,  Costa 
Rica  and  Nicaragua,  375;  Lake  Nicara- 
gua, 31;  Nicaragua,  origin,  414;  pen- 
dant, mound,  Costa  Rica,  419. 

James,  W.,  377. 

Japan,  articles  from,  200;  casts  of  pot- 
tery, human  bones,  etc.,  froni  shell- 
heaps,  at  Omori,  31 ;  collection,  75;  list 
of  articles  received  from,  55;  models  of 
house,  parlor,  kitchen  and  junk,  16; 
porcelain,  30;  pottery,  30,  from  shell- 
heaps.  360,  368;  stone  ornaments  or  am- 
ulets, 31. 

Jarman,  W.  H.,  162,  163, 165,  197,  351,  374. 

Jarman,  Mrs.  W.  H.,  162. 

Jar,  olive,  Spanish,  Mexico,  32. 

Java,  weapons,  183. 

Jeffries,  B.  J.,  205. 

John's  Island,  Fla.,  stone  celt,  420. 

Johnson,  C.  B.,  115. 

Johnson,  J.,  231. 

Johnson,  W,,  231. 

Jones,  C.  C,  430. 

Jones,  J.,  99. 

Jones,  M.,  349,  371. 

Jones  River,  Delaware,  373. 

Joy  Co.,  N.  C,  mound,  articles  from,  851. 

Junk,  Japanese,  model  of,  16,  31. 


Kansas,  articles  from  mound  near  Linds- 
borg,  505;  cranium  of  Indian  child,  371; 
Indian  saddle,  370;  mound,  Lindsborg, 
grooved  stone,  373;  mounds,  77;  silver 
ornament  from  Indian  (Crow)  grave, 
421;  stone  implements,  423. 

Kappa  cloth,  Hawaii,  31,  33,  503;  South 
Sea  Islands,  194. 

Kato,  H.,  430. 

Keane,  A.  H.,  480. 

Keene,  VVm.,  160. 

Keim,  M.,  572. 

Keith,  L.  H.,  79. 

Kellogg,  D.  T.,  19^,  379. 

Kellogg,  R.  D.,  194.  421. 

Kent  Co.,  Delaware,  373. 

Kentucky,  cave,  76,  185,  articles  from, 
200,  Glasgow  Junction,  423;  chungke 
stone  from  a  monnd,  29;  cup  stone 
from  a  mound,  29;  earth  circle  at  Indian 
hill,  62;  flint  points,  .35;  ornamental  axe 
of  stone,  198;  perforated  tooth  from  a 
mound,  29;  stone  gorget;  76,  stone 
giaves,  62;  stone  implement  from  a 
mound,  29,  stone  implements,  29,  36,  56, 
74,  76,  78,  198.  369,  576. 

Kiel,  Denmark,  Schleswig-Holsteinescher 
Museum,  377. 

Kimball,  Mrs.  C.  B.,  158,  400,  528. 

KimbHli,  J.  C,  student  assistant,  346,  .348, 
.3.52,  369,  388,  403,412,  413.  421,  424,  425,  494, 
504,  .507.  508,  .564,  571,  570. 

King,  C.  li.,  189. 


Kingston.  Mass.,  articles  from  an  Indian 
burial  place,  79;  brass  spoon  from  bur- 
ial place,  79;  clay  pipes,  79;  High 
School,  364 ;  iron  knives  and  lead  buttons 
and  mould  from  burial  place,  7»;  shell- 
heaps,  504. 

Kinnicutt,  L.  P.,  172, 173. 191 ;  report  on  the 
meteoric  iron  from  the  Altar  mounds  in 
the  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio,  381. 

Klett,  F.,  76. 

Knapp,  F.  N.,  504. 

Kneeland,  S.,  76, 188,  200,  204,  205,  377,  421, 

430,  432,  544,  573. 
Knife,  Island  of  Panay,  200;  Morocco,  36. 
Knife,  and  sheath,  Assouam,  Egypt,  369; 

wooden  sheath,  Luzon,  200. 
Knives,  Aino,  Japan,  55. 
Knowles,  J.  S.,  79. 
Knowlton,  F.  S.,  162,  201,  872,  422. 
Knowlton,  J.  E.,  162,  201,  353,  372,  409,  423, 

508. 

Knowlton,  W.  J.,  423. 
Ko,  Mrs.,  422. 
Koehler,  S.  R.,  578. 
Kollmann,  J.,  81,  377,  430,  578. 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Alterthumsgesell- 

schaft,  Prussia,  80,  37T>430,  510,  578. 
Kunz,  G.  F.,  420,  578. 


La  Croase,  Wis.,  mounds,  articles  from, 
371;  pottery  and  stone  implements,  371. 

Ladd,  H.  P.,  504. 

Ladle,  M  ood,  Mexico,  503. 

LaFlesche,  F.,  179, 181,  411,  428,  574;  ac- 
count of  death  and  burial  of  Big  Elk," 
179. 

Laguna,  Brazil,  shellheap,  420. 

Laguno,  manilla,  articles  from,  200. 

Lake  Butte  des  Morts.  mound  on,  573. 

Lake  dwelling,  Laibocher  Moor,  195. 

Lake  Hopatcong,  N.  J.,  34. 

Lake  Managua,  Nicaragua,  fossil  leaves 
from  tufa  beds,  54»,  574;  human  foot- 
prints found  in  lava,  356,  419,  505. 

Lake  Monroe,  Fla.,  373;  stone  imple- 
ments, 352. 

Lake  Superior,  33. 

Lamborn,  R.  H.,  77,  129, 158,  206,  400,  528. 

La  Moiue,  Me.,  human  cranium,  423. 

Lamota,  Costa  Rica,  mound,  articles,  375. 

Lamp,  earthen,  Egypt,  32. 

Lane,  P.  P.,  67,  77. 

Lanesville.  Mass.,  stone  sinker,  423. 

Langdon,  F.  W.,  81. 

Laugdon  mound,  Ohio,  articles  from,  203. 

Larkin,  F.,  81. 

Lattimer,  Professor,  381. 

Lead,  uuttons  and  mould,  Indian  grave, 
Kingston,  Mass.,  79;  pieces,  ancient  set- 
tlement, Damariscove  Island,  423. 

Leaves,  fossil,  tufa,  Lake  Managua,  505. 

Leather  pouches,  one  ornamented  with 
silver,  Navajo  Indian,  428. 

Leather,  with  copper  beads,  mound. 
Green  Co.,  111.,  571. 

Leclercq,  J.,  578. 

Lectures  complimentary  to  subscribers  to 

exi)loration  fund,  159. 
Lee  Co.,  Va.,  stone  implements  from 

Bales'  Mills,  572. 
Legaspe,  Island  of  Luzon,  fishingfloat,200. 
Leggings,  buckskin,  Ponca  Indians,  74. 
Leiiigh  Island,  Pa.,  stone  points,  423. 
Lehigh  Unversity,  204. 
Leipzig,  Germ  an  v.  Museum  fiir  Volken- 

kuude,  81,  204,  378,  430,  510,  578. 


INDEX. 


599 


Lewis,  H.  C,  378. 

Lewis,  S.  S.,  204,  430. 

Lewis,  T.  H.,  505,  510,  578. 

Liberia,  Costa  Rica,  mound,  jade  celt, 

420,  pottery,  420. 
Liberty,  Ohio,  group  of  mounds,  426. 
Library,  additions  to,  68,  190,  203,  376,  429, 

508,  576;  catalogue,  69;  donors  to,  86;  80; 

of  Harvard  College,  15;  Museum,  25. 
Liege,  Belgium,  Exposition  de  I'art  an- 

cien, 204. 
Lima,  Peru,  articles  from,  506. 
Lincoln,  D.  F.,  506. 
Lindley,  C.  D.,  371. 

Lindsborg,  Kansas,  articles  from  mound, 

505;  mound,  373. 
Lingam,  model  of,  Benares,  India,  420. 
Linton,  Miss.,  191. 

Little  Creek,  Kent  Co.,  Delaware,  34. 

Little  Falls,  Minnesota,  paleolithic  imple- 
ments from  modified  drift,  424. 

Liverpool,  Eng.,  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Liverpool,  81,  430, 
510. 

Loando,  Africa,  articles  from,  368. 
Loans,  Museum  specimens,  190. 
Lobdell,  G.  (i.,  420. 

Log  structure,  Brentwood,  Tenn.,  articles 
from,  197. 

London,  England,  Anthropological  Insti- 
tute of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  68,  80, 
203,  378,  430,  510,  578;  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  436,  437,  448. 

Longfellow,  E.,  199. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  articles  from,  194 ;  shell 
heaps,  articles  from,  194;  stone  imple- 
ments, 424. 

Longmeadow,  Mass.,  articles  from,  604; 
Indian  burial  place,  375. 

Loom  with  cloth,  Aino,  Japan,  56;  75. 

Loomis,  A.,  510. 

Lord,  B.  W.,  423. 

Lord,  D.  W.,  195. 

Lord,  W.  B.,  375,  504. 

Losey,  Mr.,  347. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  notice  of  cave,  541,  573. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  Polytechnic  Society  of 

Kentucky,  378. 
Love,  Mr.,  117. 
Lovett,  J.  D.,  371. 
Lovett,  J.  H.,  370. 
Lovett,  J.  J.,  348. 

Lovett's  Farm  (Serpent  Mound),  Adams 

Co.,  Ohio,  articles  from,  370. 
Low,  C.  F.,  66,  67,  77,  167,  168,  348,  425. 
Lowell,  F.  C,  trustee,  388,  389,  393,  473, 

506,  572;  elected  trustee  and  treasurer, 

469. 

Lower  Dells,  Wis.,  effigy  mounds  de- 
scribed, 347. 
Lubbock,  J.,  78. 
Lunbeck,  D.  M.,  420. 
Luzon,  Island,  articles  from,  200. 
Lyman,  J.  H.,  379. 

Lyman,  T.,  trustee,  47,  48,  49,  51,  54,  152, 
1.53, 154,  155,157,158,  .334,  388,  389,391,  .392, 
393,  400,  504,  528,  .575;  explorations  by 
museum,  48;  elected  treasurer,  6,  469; 
resigns  as  treasurer,  48. 

Lyons,  France,  Societe  d' Anthropologic 
de  Lvon,  205,  378,  510,  578. 


Mabery,  C.  F.,  142, 144, 146. 
Mace,  J.  D.,  428. 
Machete,  Yucatan,  369. 
MacLean,  J.  P.,  369,  378,  430,  510, 


Madagascar,  spears,  428. 

Madisonville,  O.,  Ancient  Cemetery,  62, 
165,  166,  375,  age  of,  53,  articles  from,  77, 
196,  199,  426,  ashpits,  64,  166,  articles 
from  196,  437,  bear's  teeth,  30,  bone  im- 
plements, 30,  64,  copper  implements,  64, 
extent  of,  63,  human  remains,  63,  per- 
forated shells,  .30,  pieces  of  antler,  30, 
pottery,  30,  shell  implements,  64,  stone 
implements,  30,  64;  articles  from  leaf 
mould,  Ferris  Woods, 427;  earth  circles, 
articles  from,  196;  Literary  and  Scien- 
tific Society,  67,  77. 

Madison,  Wis.,  State  Historical  Society, 
205  ,  378  ,  510. 

Madura  District,  Southern  India,  33. 

Maguey,  articles  made  from,  Yucatan, 
3H9;  plant,  fibre  made  from,  193. 

Maine,  carved  ornament  of  human  bone, 
31;  flint  flakes,  76;  Historical  Society, 
162;  human  bones  from  great  oyster 
heap,  201;  human  cranium,  Fort  Island, 
202;  Lamoine,  423;  iron  point.  Hog  Isl- 
and, 373;  Natural  History  Society,  162; 
shellheaps  160,  161,  193,  197,  370,  373,  428, 
508,  575;  age  of,  353;  method  of  explora- 
tion, 409;  objects  from,  36,  75,  162,  201, 
372,  373,  422,  428,  575. 

Maize,  bread,  pueblo  of  San  Ildefonso, 
504. 

Maliano,  D.,  375. 

Mammoth  Cave,  Ky.,  76. 

Man,  antiquity  of,  in  America,  501. 

Managua  Lake,  Nicaragua,  human  foot- 
prints in  tufa,  419. 

Mandan,  Dakota,  articles  from  mound, 
504;  mound  explored,  495. 

Manilla,  articles  from,  200. 

Mann,  Mrs.  B.  P.,  183,  195. 

Mantegazza,  P.,  81. 

Maranliam,  model  of  catamaran,  506. 

Marble,  fragments,  Pompeii,  371 ;  temple 
of  Ephesus,  368. 

Marcou,  J.,  79,  368,  378,  505. 

Marion,  F.  L.,  607. 

Marion,  Mass..  articles  from  Indian 
graves,  421 ;  shellheap,  421. 

Marquesas  Islands,  cast  of  bone  orna- 
ment, 31 ;  mat,  572. 

Marietta,  Ohio,  stone  implements,  426. 

Marriott,  B.,  449. 

Marshfleld,  Mass.,  stone  implements,  373. 
Martin,  P.,  95. 

Maryland,  shellheap  at  Cambridge,  505; 

stone  axes,  79;  stone  implements,  78; 

stone  ornament,  bird  shape,  79. 
Mashpee,  Mass.,  stone  implements,  506. 
Mask,  Hawaii,  572. 
Masks,  Japan,  31. 

Mason,  O.  T.,  81,  204,  378,  430,  510,  578. 

Massachu.^etts,  32 ;  Agawam,  Indian  burial 
place,  423;  4)-lington,  articles  from,  424; 
arrowhead  in  gravel  brought  to  wharf, 
423;  articles  from  a  burial  place,  Kings- 
ton, 79;  Belmont,  424;  brass  arrowhead, 
195;  carved  stone,  76;  East  Wareham, 
stone  implements,  423;  fragment,  stea- 
tite pot,  193 ;  grooved  stone  axe,  30 ;  His- 
torical Society,  194;  human  cranium,  76, 
human  cranium  and  bone,  78;  Indian 
burial  place*  Longmeadow,  375;  Long- 
meadow  and  Agawam,  articles  from, 
504;  rubbing  stone,  Milton,  370;  i-ude 
stone  implements,  352,  from  Wakefield, 
24;  semihinar  stone  knife,  194;  shell- 
heap,  articles  from,  199,  Cotuit,  Mass., 
572;  shellheaps  at  Salisbury,  Concord, 


600 


INDEX. 


Plum  Island  and  Ipswich,  574;  steatite 
pot,  fragments,  Enfield,  375;  stone  ar- 
rowhead. 195,  368;  stone  flake,  74;  stone 
implement,  from  a  peat  bog  at  Wake- 
field, 24;  stone  implements,  36,  57,  79, 
194,  195, 199.  352,  369,  370.  373,  413, 419,  424, 
504,  from  Kingston,  Watertown,  Wal- 
tham,  Arlington  and  Medt'ord,  505; 
stone  ornaments,  194.  199;  stone  pestle, 
193;  stone  sinker  from  Lanesville,  423; 
\yatertown,  articles  from,  424;  Wayland, 
pottery,  424. 

Mastodon  tooth,  Ferris  Woods,  Madison- 
ville,  Ohio,  427. 

Mat,  Hawaii.  200,  572;  Japan,  75;  pueblo, 
Mexico,  571;  made  of  palm,  Pliilipi)ine 
Islands,  200;  Oahu,  503;  Pacific  Islands, 
572;  probably  west  African,  33. 

Mathews,  C  L.  S.,  127. 

Mathews,  VV.,  419,  430. 

Matting,  burnt.  Liberty  mounds,  Ohio, 
426;  caves,  Coaliuila,  Mex.,  32;  grass, 
ashpits,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427;  mound, 
Ohio,  405. 

Mayas,  Yucatan,  articles  made  by,  369. 

]\[ayo,  T.,  194. 

Mayr,  C,  204. 

McAdams,  W.,  204,  571. 

McBee,  T.,  358. 

McGill  College,  Montreal,  195. 

McGillicuddv,  V.T.,  178.  198. 

McGregor,   la.,  stone  arrowhead  from 

mound,  370. 
McGuier,  H.,  432. 
McKibbon,  C,  368. 
McNab,  J.,  507. 

McNeil,  J.  A.,  360,  .369,  374,  539,  .573. 

Medicine,  bag,  Yankton  Sioux,  198;  cave, 
Sierra  Ancha,  Arizona,  571;  in  wax 
ball,  China,  75. 

Memphis,  Egypt,  32. 

Mendham,  N,  J.,  stone  gorget,  571. 

Merida,  Yucatan,  hennequin  sack  and 
string,  194. 

Merriam,  A.  C,  878,  510. 

Merriman,  tl.  B.,  369. 

Metate,  Mexico,  .503;  pueblo  of  Pecos,  35; 
round,  plain  and  animal-shaped,  Chiri- 
qui.  573. 

Metcalf,  C,  162.  201,  428. 

Meteoric  iron.  Harness  mound,  Ohio,  407; 
mass  of.  mound.  Ohio,  174,  mound,  Ohio, 
171,  Turner  mounds,  Ohio,  202,  425. 

Metz,  C.  L.,  15,  63,  65,  66,  67,  77.  81,  1.59, 
165,  167,  168,  169,  170,  174,  175,  176,  196, 
199,  204,  206,  339,  341,  342,  344,  348,  350, 
371,  374,  375,  376,  388,  391,  403,  404,  407, 
408,  425,  426,  427,  428,  449,  456,  494,  507, 
549,  563,  575,  576. 

Metz,  C.  L.,  and  F.  W.  Putnam,  explora- 
tions in  Ohio,  the  Marriott  mound  No.  1 
and  its  contents,  449. 

IMeyer,  Dr.,  .510. 

Mexico,  32;  articles  fi-om,  193,  194,  200, 
.503;  basket  and  mat  from  Puebla,  571; 
bone  implement^!,  76  ;  caves,  32;  collec- 
tion, 76;  confection  made  of  cactus,  573; 
coi)|)er  axes,  79,  182;  copper  celts,  193; 
coM|)er  implements,  semi  lunar  blade, 
200;  copper  implements, 58,  127,  182;  im- 
itation of  antique  idol  in  pottery,  423; 
mound,  near  Tam^ico,  articles  from, 
200;  obsidian  implements,  182,  194;  pot- 
tery, 182,  193,  195;  pueblos,  articles 
from,  503;  seeds  of  the  Sophora,  74; 
shell  ornaments,  76;  stone  carving,  tur- 
tle, 193;  stone  carvings,  182;  stone  idols. 


.58;  stone  implements,  58;  stone  orna- 
ments, 182;  Tampico,  articles  from,  200, 
,504;  terra  cotta  heads,  423. 

Mica,  burial  pit,  mound,  Turner  group, 
Ohio,  375;  cave,  Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn., 
371;  mounds,  J^ittle  Miami  Valley,  Ohio, 
374;  mounds,  Ohio,  29,  171;  ornaments. 
Liberty  mounds,  Ohio,  426,  mound, 
Ohio,  171,  Turner  Mounds,  202;  piece  of, 
mound,  Ohio,  203,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  419, 
576;  sheets  of,|mound,  Ohio,  29;  Turner 
mounds,  Ohio,  405,425. 

Michigan,  articles  from  mounds  on  Devil 
River,  202;  articles  fi-om  mound  at 
Grand  Kapids,  508;  mound,  temporal 
bone,  195;  perforated  crania,  mound  on 
river  Rouge,  505. 

Middleboro,  Mass.,  stone  implements,  504. 

Middletown,  Conn.,  Museum  of  Wesleyan 
University,  378,  430. 

Miesse,  Dr.,  350. 

Milford  Works,  Ohio,  visited,  350. 

Millbury,  Mass.,  fraudulent  steatite  pot, 
571;  soapstone  dishes,  fraudulent,  506; 
blone  implements  and  fragments,  soap- 
stone  pots,  506. 

Mills,  D  E.,  76. 

3Iilton,  Mass.,  rubbing  stone,  370,  373. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Public  Museum,  .510. 

Mineral,  mound,  Nicaragua,  75. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  Geological  and  Nat- 
ural History  Survey,  430,  510. 

Minnesota,  carved  stone  (catlinite),  371; 
ceremonial  implement  of  catlinite,  201 ; 
palsBolithics,  drift.  Little  Falls,  373,  424; 
stone  knile,  371. 

Minot,  C.  S.,  430. 

Mississippi  county,  Mo.,  mounds,  articles 
from,  427;  pandean  pipe,  77;  tomahawk, 
iron, 32. 

Missouri,  articles  from,  427;  casts  of  pot- 
tery, 75;  hematite  celt,  74;  mounds,  34, 
articles  from,  427;  pottery,  58,  78,  195; 
stone  implements,  74. 

Mitla,  Mexico,  articles  from,  194, 

Moccasins,  Caughnawaga,  Canada,  198. 

Model,  of  fire  fan,  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  200; 
in  pith,  of  steamboat,  byaNubian  child, 
33;  of  tent,  Omaha  Indians,  198. 

Mohawk,  wampum  belt,  369. 

Monroe,  C.  E.,  422. 

Monterey,  cranium  of  Indian,  369. 

Montevideo,  gourd  cup  and  gourd  and  sil- 
ver tube  for  drinking  mate,  506. 

Montezuma  Valley,  Arizona,  stone  arrow- 
heads, ."71. 

Moosehead  Lake,  Maine,  rude  stone  im- 
plements, 504. 

Morgan,  L.  H.,  72,  73,  208,  212,  215,  218,  220, 
226,  228,  350;  notice  of  death,  72. 

Morgan's  branch,  Delaware,  373. 

Morocco,  knife,  36. 

Morse,  Miss  E.  B..  .508. 

Morse,  E.  S.,  360,  578. 

Morse,  W.,  422. 

ftlortar,  wood,  Surinam,  428. 

Mortillet,  G.  de,  204,  430. 

Mortlock  Islands,  adze  made  of  turtle 
bone,  74. 

Mosquito  Inlet,  Florida,  stone  implements 
bui'ied  in  sand  six  feet  deep,  368. 

Mo'^s  agate  implements,  pueblos.  New 
Mexico,  200. 

Mounds,  Anderson  township,  Ohio,  342; 
Arkansas,  10,  18,  19,  20,  30,  342,  346,  427, 
.573;  Bainbridge,  Oiiio,  370;  Brentwood, 
Tenn.,  162,  163,  197;  Brown  Co.,  Ohio, 


INDEX. 


601 


425;  Calhoun  Co.,  111.,  499;  Costa  Rica, 
375,  419;  Dakota,  15;  Devil  River,  Mich- 
igan, '20-2;  Durham,  Ohio,  426;  Edwards, 
Ohio,  347,  374;  effigy,  371 ;  Florida,  10,  16, 
17,  76,  368,  .^72;  Fox  River,  111.,  505; 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  495,  50S;  Green 
and  St.  Clair  Counties,  111.,  571;  Illi- 
nois, 10,  29.  34,  412,  499;  Indiana.  29; 
Joy  Creek,  N.  C,  351;  Kansas,  77;  Ken- 
tucky, 29;  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin,  347; 
Lake  Butte  des  Morts,  Wis.,  573;  La- 
mota,  Costa  Rica,  375;  Liberia,  Costa 
Rica,  420;  Liberty  group,  Ohio,  405; 
Lindsborg,  Kansas,  505;  Little  Miami 
Valley,Ohio,  374,  426, 500,  .549;  M.-Gregor, 
Iowa,  370;  Madison  Co.,  N.  C.,370;  Mad- 
isonville,  Oliio,  341;  Mandan,  Dakota, 
495,  504:  Micliigan,  182,  J95 ;  Missouri, 34, 
427;  Newtown,  Ohio,  427;  Nicaragua, 
75.  375,  574;  Ohio,  10,  29,  35,  75,  77,^171, 
173,  174,  175,  198.  203,  427;  Omaha  Inditin, 
179;  Pilie  Co.,  111.,  340,  342,  343,  421,  495, 
507;  Reading,  Ohio,  175,  203;  Ross  Co., 
Ohio,  176,  342,  343,  426;  StMrk  Co.,  Ohio, 
199;  Tola,  Nicaragua.  31 ;  Turner  group, 
Ohio,  179,  202,  340,  375,  404.  405,  425,  426, 
•  563;  Tampico,  Mexico,  arti(;le8  from, 
200;  Tennessee,  163 ;  Trempealeau,  Wis., 
423;  Virginia,  29;  Wisconsin,  371,  415. 

JMoiuit  Desert,  Maine,  objects  from  siiell- 
heaps,  575;  shellheaps,  197;  stone  flakes, 
natural  forms,  .506;  stone  implements, 
Bar  Island,  575,  Mt.  Kineo  House,  Maine, 
504;  stone,  natural  form,  top  of  Green 
Mountains,  197. 

Moustache  sticks,  Aino,  Japan,  81,  55,  75. 

Mulvee,  M.,  369. 

Mummies,  caves  in  Coahuila,  Mexico,  22, 
32;  feet,  Memphis,  Egypt,  32;  heads, 
Egypt,  10,  32;  heads,  Peru,  10,  14,  35; 
Thebf s,  Fgypt,  33. 

Munich,  Germany,  Deutsche  Gesellschaft 
fiir  Anthropologie,  Ethnologic  und  Ur- 
geschichte,  378,  430,  .510,  578;  Munchener 
Gesellschaft  fiir  Anthropologie,  Ethuol- 
ogie  und  (Jrgeschiclite,  80,  204,  378,  430, 
510,  578. 

Munroe,  C.  E.,  195. 

Museum,  additions  to,  29,  74,  193,  368,  418, 
419,503,571;  arrangement  oi,  7,  58,  192, 
366,  487;  cases.  68;  building,  c<;stof,  537; 
furniture  ol',  68;  growth  of,  536;  library, 
25;  need  ot  increased  means,  28;  needs 
of,  192;  its  object,  history  and  growth, 
477;  officers  of,  4,  46,  152,  388,  516;  pub- 
lications, 569;  remarks  upon  by  the 
the  trustees,  391 ;  specimens  loaned,  190 ; 
use  of,  70,  417;  visitors,  70,  364;  Wyman 
collection  catalogued,  567. 

Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  32,  33, 
76,369,371. 

Musical  instruments,  Oahu,  503. 


Nacaserbo  Beach,  Costa  Rica,  pebbles, 
574. 

Nadaillac,  Marquis  de,  204,  378,  420,  430, 
510,578.  '       '      »       .  J 

Nadaillac,  Vicomte  de,  420. 

Namba,  Pueblo,  New  Mexico,  articles 
from,  200. 

Nantucket,  Mass.,  human  bones  and  frag- 
ments of  pottery,  575;  stone  implements, 
506.  ' 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  burnt  clay,  earth  im- 
pression of  leaves,  573;  coal,  worked 


piece  from  stone  grave,  573;  stone 
graves,  farm  of  Oscar  Noel,  425;  stone 
implements,  573;  Tennessee  Historical 
Society,  430,  578. 

Native  woods,  Japan,  31. 

Natural  Bridge,  Va.,  stone  implements, 
425. 

Niivajo  Indian,  blankets,  bridle,  silver 
tweezers,  etc.,  428;  cranium.  Fort  Defi- 
ance, Arizona,  422;  Mountains,  New 
Mexico,  stone  mortars,  and  pestles - 
503. 

Nebraska,  36. 

Necklace,  bead,  modern  Indian,  198;  seeds 
and  charms,  Lima,  .506;  seeds,  Surinam, 
428;  snake's  vertebr£e,  Coahuila,  32. 

Needles,  Peru,  35. 

Neff,  Peter,  420,  432. 

Nelson,  W.,  201. 

Nephrite  celt,  New  Zealand,  505. 
Nets,  caves,  Coahuila,  32;  Peru,  36. 
Netting,  Oahu,  503. 
Netto,  L.,  510. 

Neuchatel,  Lake,  bronze  flsh  hooks,  194. 
Neumann,  F.,  428. 

New  Berlin,  Ohio,  perforated  glass  found 
fifteen  feet  below  surface,  505. 

New  Braintree,  Mass.,  stone  implements. 
369,  419. 

New  Britain,  articles  from,  200. 

New  Brunswick,  shell  beads,  78. 

Newcastle,  Maine,  articles  from  shell- 
heaps,  508;  human  crania  and  bones 
from  great  oyster  heap,  201. 

Newcastle  upon-Tyne,  Eng.,  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  430,  510,  578. 

Newell,  A.  E.,  572. 

New  Guinea,  stone  adze  with  handle,  194. 

New  Hampshire,  pottery,  194;  stone  im- 
plements, 29.  420. 

New  Jersey,  .56,  78;  articles  from  surface, 
198;  copper  spearpoints,  177,  194,  195; 
human  tooth  from  gravel,  177;  mica, 
576;  palaeolithic  implementiroin  tertiary 
sand,  424;  palaeolithics,  31,  78,  from 
gravel.  198;  pottery,  34,  419;  stone  carv- 
ing, 35;  stone  hnplements,  34,  36,  .56,  78. 
79,  198,  199,  368,  372,  419,  424,  .547,  571,  576. 

New  Mexico,  33;  articles  irom,  200,  pue- 
blos; 501,  ruined  pueblos,  200,  374;  cast 
of  stone  image,  77;  cave  dwelling  at 
Pajarito,  50-1;  collection  made  by 
Bandelier,  58;  fragment  of  soapstone 
pot,  368;  modern  pueolo  pottery,  77,  78; 
pottery,  58,  75;  prayer  sticks,  75;  stone 
mortars  and  pestles,  graves  in  Navajo 
Mountains,  503;  stone  point,  Black 
Horn  Mountain,  5u7. 

Newspapers,  Chinese,  422. 

Newton  Centre,  Mass.,  stone  gouge,  572. 

Newton,  Ohio,  articles  from  surface,  427, 
stone  implements,  576. 

New  York,  N.  Y.,  33 ;  Academy  of  Sciences, 
510,  578;  American  Geographical  So- 
ciety, 510, 578;  American  Museum  Nat- 
ural History,  80,  203,  378,430,  578;  Astor 
Library.  80,  203,430,  578;  Editor  Scien- 
tific Ameiican,  430;  Metropolitan  Mus- 
eum, ol  Arts,  81,  204,  578;  objects  from, 
427;  Oswego,  human  cranium  ana  bones, 
10,  pottery,  35,  Owego,  human  bones,  33; 
Piattsburgh,  16;  sheliheap,  Sag  Harbor, 
193,  423;  stone  implements,  33,35,  36,  76, 
78,191,421,424.  '     '    »     >  > 

New  Zealand,  celt  of  nephrite,  505;  hu- 
man bones,  34. 

Nicaragua,  burial  mounds,  articles  from, 


602 


INDEX. 


354;  cave,  31,  inscriptions,  354;  clay 
image,  75;  collection,  75;  Deadman's 
Island,  articles  from,  3o5;  explorations 
by  E.  Flint,  17,  354;  fossil  leaves,  548, 
from  tufa,  574;  human  footprints,  in 
tufa,  414,  419;  implements  of  bone, 
shell  and  stone,  17;  jadeite  ornaments, 
414;  lake,  31,  articles  from  islands,  419; 
Lake  Managua,  human  footprints  in 
lava,  356,  414,  419,  505;  mounds,  31,  75, 
375,  stone  beads,  419 ;  objects,  from  stone 
mound,  574,  various  places,  574;  pottery, 
75,  from  Rivas,  505,  and  stone  beads, 
548;  rock  inscriptions,  17;  ehellheap, 
Culebra  Bay,  375;  articles  from  ,  shell- 
heaps,  375;  stone  idols,  375,  human 
form,  355;  stone  implements,  375;  tufa 
with  imprint  of  human  foot,  and  fossil 
leaves,  505. 
Nickerson,  W.  B..  388,  506;  services,  568; 

voluntary  assistant  in  field  work,  494. 
Niini  Novgorod,  Russia,  Wire  cloth,  31. 
Noble.  G.  W,  C,  81. 
Noel,  O.,  425.  ,       ^   .  • 

North  America,  copper  celt  and  stone  im- 
plements, .573.  .        -    .,  4. 
North  Carver,  Mass.,  stone  pipe,  similar  to 

those  from  Northwest  Coast,  32. 
North  Carolina,  articles  from  Granville 
Co.,  373,  420;  articles  from  mound,  Mad- 
ison Co.,  37u,  burial  mound,  Joy  Creek, 
explored  and  articles  found,  351;  frag- 
ments of  steatite  pots,  33;  framiulent 
carving  in  Pynophyllite,  505 ;  stone  im- 
plements, 33,  75,  194,  376;  stonepipe,  194. 
Northwest  Coast,  articles  from,  194;  fish 

hooks,  194.  ^  ^. 

Nuts,  burnt,  ashpits,  Madison ville,  Ohio, 
77  166,  427 ;  mound,  Ohio,  405 ;  charred. 
Liberty  Mounds,  Ohio,  426;  mound, 
Arkansas,  19;  Peru,  36. 
Nuttall,  Mrs.  Zelia,  special  assistant,  571, 
572  57:5,578;  notice  of  papers  on  "Terra- 
cotta Heads  of  Teotihuacan"  and  ''Pre- 
liminary Note  of  an  analysis  of  the 
Mexican  codices  and  graven  inscrip- 
tions," 566,567;  terra-cotta  heads  from, 
Mexico,  505. 


Oahu,  articles  from,  503. 
Oakley,  L.  E.,  421. 

Oaxaca.  Mexico,  articles  from,  200;  copper 
axes,  79. 

OhZ]  F."  A."' 58^79,  131,  136, 138,  194,  201. 

O' Brian,  Mr.,  76.  ,^  ,  .  „. 

01)si(lian,arrowhead,  cave. Holston  River, 
Tenn  ,  351;  Suisun,  California,  193;  ar- 
rowheads, Mexico,  503;  chips,  mound, 
Tampico,  Mexico,  200;  flakes.  35;  im- 
plements, Cholula,  Mexico,  193;  New 
Mexico,  374.  Pueblos,  New  Mexico,  35, 
200,  Tentihuacjin,  Mexico,  194;  knives, 
Guatemala,  420,  Mexico,  182;  mass,  Ke- 
glia,  200;  ornaments,  Cholula,  Mexico, 
193;  points,  cave,  Tennessee.  371, 
mounds,  Ohio,  171;  Yellowstone  Park, 

Ociire,  red,  ash  pits,  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
77-  mound.  Pike  Co.,  111.,  421;  mounds, 
Arkansas,  19,  Devil  River,  Miclng;iii, 
202;  in  shell,  ashpits,  Madisonville,  O., 
427,  Turner  Mounds,  425. 

Officers  of  Museum,  4,  46,  152,  388,  516. 

O'Flvnn,  K.,  571. 

Ogailala  bioux,  sun  dance,  178. 


Ohio,  34;  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madisonville, 
426;  bear's  teeth.  30;  bone  implements, 
30;  carved  stone  pipe,  Bainbridge,  370; 
cast  of  stone  tablet,  75;  copper  brace- 
lets, 573;  earth  circles,  167 ;  earth-works, 
Paint  Creek,  stone   implements,  370; 
Edwards  Mound,  described,  and  arti- 
cles from,  344, 374 ;  Fort  Ancient,  articles 
from,  196;  Gomer,  boat-shaped  stone, 
425;   Harness    Mound,  articles,  406; 
hematite  celt  from  mound,  29;  human 
bones,  (see);  Indian  burial  place,  arti- 
cles, 376;Langdon  Mound,  articles  from, 
203;  Madisonville  Cemetery,  62;  mica, 
mound,  29;  mound.  Brown  Co.,  cast  of 
stone  ornament,  425;  mound,  Durham, 
426,  near  Madisonville,  articles  from, 
341,  Newton,  hammerstone  and  burnt 
earth,  427,  near  Reading,  203,  Stark  Co., 
articles  from,  199,  stone  covered,  arti- 
cles irom,  203,  near  Turner  group,  bone 
point,  426;  mounds,  34,  35,  77,  Anderson 
township,  articles  from,  and  construc- 
tion described,  342,  stone  chips,  342; 
Little  Miami  Valley,  articles,  374,  427, 
stone  ornaments,  198,  Turner  group,  340 ; 
perforated  shells,  30;  pottery  from  Mad- 
isonville Cemetery,  30;  Sand  Ridge,  ar- 
ticlesjfrom,  196;  Serpent  Mound.^articles 
from  near,  370;  shell  bead,  370,  slate 
ornaments,  370;  stone  gorget,  196,  stone 
implements,  29.  30,  35,  36,  56,  66,  67,  74, 
77,  78,  194,  196,  197,  199,  369,  370,  371,  506, 
576,  Adams  and  Clermont  Counties,  576, 
Franklin  Co.,  423,  Hamilton  Co.,  4'5, 
Hopetown  Works,  371,  Marietta,  425, 
mounds,  29;  stone  implements  and  or- 
naments from  Little  Miami  Valley,  427, 
576,  Sand  Ridge,  426,  surface,  Ross  Co., 
420;  stone  mound,  169,  Edwards  group, 
426;   stone  ornaments,  29,  199;  pipe, 
mounds,  29,  370;  stone  pipes,  29,  35; 
stratified  mounds,  176,  342,  343;  Turner 
Mounds,  articles  from,  202,  405,425,  563; 
Ohio  valley,  hematite  celts,  199,  stone 
implements,  16,  ornaments,  16. 
Oho  Kape,  Sioux  hunter,  portrait  of,  199. 
Olive  jar,  Spanish,  371. 
Omaha  Indians,  177,  bone  scraper,  574; 
contents  of  war  tent,  410,  428;  gum 
stick  and  rings  and  poles  for  playing  a 
game,  503;  lands  in  severalty,  410;  mi- 
grations, 180;  papers  relating  to,  565; 
stone  disks  for  pounding  corn,  198; 
tent,  model  of,  198. 
Onotepe,  Nicaragua,  pottery,  574. 
Onalaska,  Wis.,  pottery,  371. 
Oregon,  cranium  of  Flat-head  Indian,  572; 

stone  arrowheads,  Columbia  river,  571. 
Ornament,  amethyst,  pueblo  of  Chapillo, 
503;  copper,  Piura,  Peru,  574;  silver,  pin 
shape,  Peru,  369;  silver,  representing  a 
horse,  Mexico,  503. 
Ornaments,  animal  teeth,  ashpits,  Madi- 
sonville, Ohio,  427;  architectural.  Yuca- 
tan, 193;  bear's  teeth,  Edwards  Mound, 
Ohio,  344;  for  breast,  copper,  100;  Chi- 
nese. 422;  copper,  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
16(),  Peru,  36,  140,  copper  sheathed.  Ill; 
copper  and  silver,  Liberty  mounds, 
Ohio,  426,  mound.  Wis.,  573;  copper, 
spool-shaped  earrings,  109,  Turner 
mounds,  Ohio,  425;  for  dress,  copper, 
103;  feather,  Indians  of  the  Amazon, 
368,  Pei-u,  36;  jadeite,  Costa  Rica  and 
Nicaragua,  375,  Lake  Nicaragua,  31, 
Nicaragua,  origin,  414;  raeteoiic  iron. 


INDEX. 


603 


mound,  Ohio,  171;  meteoric  iron,  Tur- 
ner mounds,  202 ;  mica,  Liberty  mounds, 
426,  Turner  mounds,  202;  moimd,  Ohio, 
171,  174;  S  md  ridge,  Ohio,  168;  seeds, 
feathers,  shells,  ivory  and  humau  hair, 
503;  shell,  cave,  California,  573;  shell 
and  copper,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427;  sil- 
ver and  copper,  mound,  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  508;  silver,  mounds,  Florida,  32; 
stone,  and  implements,  surface.  Little 
Miami  Valley,  Ohio,  427;  stone,  Liberty 
mounds,  426;  stone  and  shell,  Indian 
graves  and  village  sites,  Ohio,  427 ;  tur- 
quoise and  shell,  Mexico,  503. 

Osgood,  A.,  368. 

Osirido,  Egypt,  32. 

Oswego,  New  York,  35. 

Otis,  G.  A.,  251;  notice  of  death,  U. 

Ottawa,  Canada,  Geological  and  Natural 
History  Survey,  378,  430,  510. 

Owego,  New  York,  372. 

Oyster  shells,  long,  Cambridge,  Mass., 
199. 

Ozualama,  Mexico,  stone  carving,  human 
head,  419. 


Paddle,  carved  wood,  Hervey  Islands, 
368;  wood.  Walnut  canon,  Arizona,  503. 

Paddles,  Upper  Surinam,  Dutch  Guiana, 
202. 

Paddy's  Kun,  Ohio,  stone  implements,  369. 

Pads  for  the  head,  caves,  Coahuila,  32. 

Paint  CreeK,  Ohio,  earth  works  visited, 
348,  349;  stone  implements  from  earth- 
works, 370. 

Painting  on  cloth,  Japan,  200. 

Paints  and  painting  implements,  modern 
Indian,  198. 

Pajarito,  New  Mexico,  smoothing  stone 
from  cave  dwelling,  .504. 

Palaeolithic  implements,  drift.  Little 
Falls,  Minn.,  373,  424;  gravel.  New  Jer- 
sey, 34,  78,  198  ,  419,  424,  547,  571,  576; 
Massachusetts,  24. 

Palfrey,  Miss.,  199. 

Palm,  basket,  Yucatan,  369. 

Palmer,  E.,  69,  74,  75,  88,  129,  191,  233,  2.34. 

Panama,  objects,  graves  in  Chiriqui,  573. 

Panay,  Island  of,  articles  from,  200. 

Pancoast,  H.  S.,  430. 

Pandean  pipe,  Mississippi.  77. 

Panier,  birch  bark.  Lake  Superior,  33. 

Paris,  France,  Sociele  Americaiiie,  205, 
378,  431,  d' Anthropologic,  2U5,  378,  510, 
578.  d'Ethnographie,  81,  378,  431;  de 
Geographie,  205,  378,  431,  578. 

Park,  J.  D.,  369. 

Parlor,  Japanese,  model  of,  16,  31. 
Passavant,  Carl,  431. 
Patagonia,  stone  arrowheads,  368. 
Peabody  Academy  of  Science,  194. 
Peabody,  F.,  .56,  152,388,  400. 
Peabody,  G.,  52,  53. 

Peabody  Museum,  addition  to  building, 
523. 

Peabody  Professor  of  American  Archae- 
ology and  Ethnology,  469,  470,  471,  519, 
520,  535. 

Pearce,  J.,  .378. 

Pearl,  bead,  stone  grave,  Tenn.,  197; 
beads,  Liberty  mounds,  Ohio,  426,  Tur- 
ner mounds,  Ohio,  425;  set  in  bear's 
teeth.  Turner  mounds.  Ohio,  425. 

Pearls,  mounds,  Ohio,  171,  174;  set  in 
shell,  mound,  Ohio, 563 ;  Turner  mounds, 
202. 


Pease,  A.  P.  S.,  78, 199. 

Peat  bog,  Wakefield,  Mass.,  stone  imple- 
ment, 24,  stone  totein,  36. 

Peat,  Wilmington,  Del.,  stone  implements, 
420. 

Pecos,  pueblo  of,  35. 

Pebbles,  gravel  bed,N.  J.,  420;  Nacaserbo 

beach,  Costa  Rica,  574. 
Pebetera  cover,  Potosi,  375. 
Peet,  S.  D.,  346. 
Peirce,  F.  E.,  571. 
Peirce,  G.  A.,  423. 

Pendant,  buffalo  horn.  Turner  mounds, 
202;  jadeite,  mound,  Costa  Rica,  419; 
turquoise,  cave,  Colorado,  .504. 

Pendants,  copper,  98,  Ancient  Cemetery, 
Madisonville,  Ohio,  196,  Turner  mounds, 
Ohio,  202;  mica,  mound,  Ohio,  171. 

Penhallow,  D.  P.,  55,  70,  75,  578. 

Pennsylvania,  brass  arrowhead,  35; 
carved  stone  turtle,  201;  cast  of  stone 
ornament,  35;  crinokd  points,  Selling's 
Grove,  423;  fragment  steatite  jar,  373; 
rock  inscriptions,  358;  stone  imple- 
ments, 33,  35,  36. 

Penobscot  Bay  shellheaps,  428. 

Perkins,  G.  H.,  81,  116,  510,  578. 

Perry,  J.  B.,  88. 

Peru,  Agassiz  collection,  10;  articles  from 
ancient  graves,  506;  bronze  knives,  182; 
Bucklin  collection,  14,  538;  collection 
from,  35,  Piura,539;  copper, implements, 
140,  ornaments,  140;  human  bones,  34; 
human  crania,  10, 14,  .34;  human  hair,  .34; 
mummy  and  mummied  heads,  14;  pot- 
tery 424,  574;  sepulchral  tablets,  74; 
silver  ornament,  360,  pin  shape,  369; 
whistling  jar,  573;  W.  Sturgis  Bigelow's 
collection,  10,  14,  35. 

Petty,  Miss  I.,  507. 

Phelps.  A.  I.,  161, 162,201, 352,  353,  370,  373, 
408,  409,  428,  508. 

Philailelpliia,  Pa.,  American  Philosophi- 
cal Society,  510;  Library  Co.,  201,  378, 
431;  510,  578;  Numismatic  and  Antiqua- 
rian Society,  81,  205,  378,  431,  511,  578. 

Philbrick,  W.  D.,  572, 

Philippine  Islands,  articles  from,  200, 

Phillips,  G.  A.,  193. 

Phillips,  H.,jr.,  81,  378,431. 

Phillips,  J.  C,  trustee,  46,  47,  48,  54,  152, 
153,  154,  1.58,  334,  335  ,  388,  391,  392  .  393, 
395,397,400;  elected  trustee,  6;  elected 
treasurer,  48;  funds  for  explorations 
required,  49;  notice  of  death,  392,  395. 

Photographs,  -205,  379,  432,  512,  579;  of 
carved  stones,  iMexico,  182;  of  pictured 
rocks,  Pennsylvania,  183. 

Pigment,  red.  New  Mexican  pueblos,  504. 

Pigorini,  L.,  431,  511. 

Pike  Co.,  III.,  articles,  from  mounds,  507, 
refuse  heap,  .507;  mounds,  421;  stone  im- 
plements, 507. 

Pilling,  C.  E.,  74. 

Pillow,  Oahu,  503. 

Pinai  t,  A.  L.,  205. 

Pine  Lake,  Wis.,  stone,  natural  form,  507. 

Pipe,  carved  stone,  animal  head,  Bain- 
bridge,  Ohio,  370,  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
77,  Tennessee,  199;  catlinite.  Pike  Co,, 
111.,  421;  used  in  sun  dance,  198;  clay, 
Beverly  Cove,  Mass.,  424;  St.  Lucia,  W. 
I.,  33,  stone  grave,  Tennessee,  165; 
Egypt.  32;  European,  ancient  settle- 
ment, Damariscove  Island,  423,  Marion, 
Mass.,  413,  421,  shellheap,  Damailscotta, 
Maine,  201;  iron  tomahawk,  Nebraska 


REPORTS  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III. 


40 


604 


INDEX. 


36;  pottery,  fragments,  Trenton,  N.  J., 
504,  Georgia,  571,  mound,  Madison  Co., 
N.  C,  370;  sacred,  used  in  sun  dance, 
178;  serpentine,  mound,  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  508;  steatite,  FortTejon,  Cal.,  505, 
cave,Holston  River,  Tenn.,  851,  Sullivan 
Co.,  Tenn.,  370,  mound,  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  5U8,  Granville  Co.,  N.  C,  420; 
stems,  Indians  of  the  Amazon,  368; 
shellheaps,  Cape  Henlopen,  Del.,  79, 
Maine,  508,  New  Jersey,  198;  Somer's 
Point,  N.  J.,  372,  St.  Lucia,  200;  stone, 
Cullowhee,  N.  C,  194,  with  human  face 
cut  on  it,  35,  Isle  of  Wight  Co.,  Va.,  372, 
Liberty  mounds,  Ohio,  42K,  mound,  In- 
diana, 29,  two  bowls.  Turner  mounds, 
O.,  564,  unlinished,  P^arth  Circle,  Ohio, 
196;  wooden,  Oahu,  503. 

Pipes,  buffalo  horn.  Calcutta,  36;  casts  of, 
29,  Hocheloga,  Canada,  183,  195;  catli- 
nite.  Rocky  Mountains,  36 ;  clay,  Dam- 
ariscove  Island,  Maine.  372,  European, 
shellheap,  Damariscotta,  Maine,  370, 
E-ingston,  Mass.,  79;  Madisonville, Ohio, 
427;  mounds,  Arkansas,  IS,  30;  New 
Jersey,  424;  Omaha,  428;  stone.  Ancient 
Cemetery,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  64,  196, 
ashpits,  Madisonville.  Ohio,  427,  Geor- 
gia, 572,  graves,  Tenn. .165,  Indian  graves 
and  village  sites,  Ohio,  427,  Iowa,  29, 
Madisonville,  Ohio,  427,  mounds,  Ohio, 
29,  Ohio,  29. 

Pitcairn's  Island,  stone  celt,  79. 

Pith  of  palm,  used  for  cleaning  teeth, 
Philippine  Islands,  200. 

Pits,  artificial,  Elgin.  Ills.,  506. 

Piura,  Peru,  objects  from,  424,  574. 

Plans  for  addition  to  building,  523. 

Plantains,  Island  of  Dominica,  200;  Sur- 
inam, 36. 

Plattsburgh,  N.  Y.,  articles  from,  194. 
Plumbago,  shellheap,  Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y., 
423. 

Plum  Island,  Mass.,  objects  from  shell - 

heaps,  574,  575. 
Plymouth,  Mass.,   animal  bones  from 

Watson's  Hill,  571;  graves  on  Watson's 

Hill,  504. 

Pockets  under  mounds,  Ohio,  340,  342, 
343. 

Polishing  stones,  36,  British  Guiana,  74. 

Pomeroy,  Ohio,  35. 

Pompeii,  fragments  tile,  marble,  371. 

Porcelain  vessels,  Japan,  30. 

Portraits  of  Indians.  189,  199. 

Pots,  soapstone,  Italv,  59. 

Pottery,  Adams  Co.,  O.,  370, 576,  Africa,  33, 
Amazon  Indians,  368,  Ancient  Ceme- 
tery, Madisonville.  O.,  30,  63,  64,  76,  77, 
166,  196,  199,  371,  375.  427,  Apache  water 
bottle,  571,  Barbadoes,  74,  Brazil,  75, 
Brentwood,  Tenn.,  197,  374,  British  Gui- 
ana, 59,  74,  Calhoun  Co.,  111.,  499,  .507, 
Carib,  59;  caves,  Arizona,  .571,  Tennes- 
see, 351,  371,  WiscouNin,  348,  371 ;  Cayu- 
ga Co.,  N.  Y.,  572.  Chiriqui,  Panama, 
360,  369,  374,  573,  Cholula.  76,  193,  Con- 
necticut River,  Mass.,  .504,  Co.-ta  Rica, 
375,420,  Cullowhee,  N.  C,  194,  Damaris- 
cove  Island,  Me.,  European,  423;  Ed- 
wards mound.  O.,  374  ,  545,  Effigy 
mound,  Wis.,  347.  Elgin,  111.,  50.5,  Ev- 
anston.  111.,  507,  Florida,  373,  Fort  An- 
cient, O.,  I9(i.  197,  Fort  George  Island, 
Fla.,  34,  Georgia,  571,  Granville  Co.,  N. 
C,  373,  Greenville  Co.,  S.  C,  573,  Hoch- 
elaga,  Canada,  183,  Humphrey's  Co., 
Tenn.,  198,  liliuois,  497,  Illinois,  refuse 


heap,  507,  Indian  graves,  O.,  376,  427, 
Japan,  16,  30,  Kadiak  Island,  565.  Ken- 
tucky, 29,  Lake  Munroe,  Fla.,  373,  Long 
Island,  193,  Longmeadow,  Mass.,  375, 
Longview,  Texas.  32.  Luzon,  200,  Madi- 
sonville. O.,  425,  Madura.  India,  16.  33, 
Maine.  372,  Manchester,  N.  H.,  194.  Ma- 
nilla. 200,  Merida,  Yucatan,  195.  Mexi- 
co, .32,  58.  76,  182,  193,  195,  200,  423,  503, 
504,572,  Mills  Co.,  la.,  33,  Missouri,  75, 
78,  Mitla,  Mexico,  194,  Montreal,  lii5; 
mounds,  Arkansas,  18,  30,  427,  573,  Cos- 
ta Rica,  375.  Dakota,  15,  Devil  River, 
Mich  ,  202.  Florida,  32,  Illinois,  412,  421, 
507,  571,  Kansas,  77,  Madison  Co.,  N. 
C,  370,  Mandan,  Dak.,  504,  Missouri, 
58,  427,  Nicaragua,  31,  North  Carolina, 
351,  Ohio,  203,  343,  .374.  405,  427.  Tennes- 
see,  197,  Wisconsin,  371,423,573;  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  575,  New  Jersey,  34,  198, 
New  Mexico,  75, 77, 78, 374, 504,  Nicaragua, 
31,  .3.55.  375,  419,  505,  518,  574,  Ohio,  29, 
175.  345,  425,  576,  Ohio,  earth  circles,  167, 
196;  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  35,  Pennsylvania, 
372,  Peru,  36,  424,573,574.  Piura,  Peru, 
574,  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  16,  33,  194;  Pueblo 
of  Chapillo,  503,  Cochiti,  35,  San  llde- 
fonso,  422,  Santa  Domingo,  35;  Pueblo 
Indians,  572,  ruins,  Arizona,  368,  Pueb- 
los. New  Mexico,  58,  183,  200,  Pueblos  of 
New  Mexico  compared,  184,  pyramid, 
Izmal,  Mexico,  193,  San  Domingo,  424, 
Sand  Ridge,  O.,  196,  426,  Sand  Ridye, 
Revere,  Mass.,  370,  San  Juan  Teotihua- 
can,  Mexico,  193,  194,  572;  shellheaps, 
Alai-'ama,  186.  195,  Blennerhassett's  Isl- 
and, 369,  Cambridue,  Md.,  505,  Cape 
Henlopen,  34,  Carter  Co.,  Tenn.,  371, 
Chincoteague  Island,  Va.,  373,  Cotuit, 
Mass..  572,  Damariscotta,  Me.,  193,  201, 
370,  372,  Florida,  76,  423,  Japan,  360,  3(;8, 
Kingston,  Mass.,  504,  Long  Island,  194, 
Maine,  201,  373,  409,  422.  428,  508,  575, 
Massachusetts,  574,  Nicaragua.  375, 
Omori,  Japan,  31,  Plum  Island,  Mass., 
pipe,  stem,  574,  Sag  Harbor,  N.  T.,  423, 
Spear's  Landing,  Fla..  373,  Summer's 
Point,  N.  J.,  372,  St.  John's  River,  Fla., 
34;  Surinam,  428,  Tampioo,  Mexico,  200, 
Tatman's  Island,  Me.,  201,  Tennessee, 
163,  197,  Tennessee  stone  graves,  164, 
197,  374,424;  Texas,  32,  Trenton,  N.  J., 
419,  424,  Trenton.  N.  J.,  pipes,  504,  Tur- 
ner mounds,  O.,  173,  202,  425,  Turpin-'s 
Hill,  O  ,  77,  Uraguay,  406,  village  sites, 
O.,  427,  Walnut  Canon,  Ari.,  428,  503, 
Watauga  River,  Tenn.,  351,  Watertown, 
Mass.,  424,  Wayland,  Mass.,  424,  Wells 
Co.,  la.,  16,  Wisconsin,  371,  Yucatan, 
195.  Zulu,  33,  Zuni  water  bottle.  78. 
Pottery-beads,  covered  with  t-ilver,  cop- 
per and  meteoric  iron,  Liberty  mounds, 
O.,  426;  Mexico,  503;  Turner  mounds, 
O.,  425. 

Pottery,  humanffigures,  Turner  mounds, 
Ohio,  173. 

Pottery-pipes.  Beverly  Cove,  Mass.,  424; 

Georgia,  571;  Marion,  Mass.,  413,  421; 

North  Carolina,  mound,  370;  Ohio,  427  ; 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  424. 
Pottery-rattles,  Chiriqui,  573. 
Pottery- spill  die  whorls,  Mexico,  193,  200, 

503. 

Potterv-stamps,  San  Juan  Teotihuacaa. 

]Mexico,  503,  505. 
Pottery-ti  ee,  Guiana,  .573. 
Pottery  vessels  (See  Pottery). 
Pottery-whistles,    Chiric^ui,    575;  Costa 


INDEX. 


605 


Rica,  575;  Nicaragua,  575;  Peru,  573; 
Tampico,  Mexico,  504^  Uruguay,  50b. 
Potts,  W.  J.,  378. 

Pounder  used  in  making  Kappa  clotH, 
Hawaii,  503.  ^. 

Pourtales,  L.  F.,  notice  of  death,  11. 

Powell,  J.  W.,81.  ^ 

Prayer  sticks,  Aino,  Japan,  55;  New  Mex- 
ico, 75. 

Preble,  G.  H.,  379. 

Prefatory  Note,  lu.  ^  -,  , 

Pi  esident  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege, communication  from,  in  relation  to 
the  Professorship  of  American  Arch83- 
ology  and  Ethnology,  392,  470;  commu- 
nication from,  in  relation  to  the  Trust, 
39-2, 472 ;  communication  to,  in  relation  to 
the  Trust,  334;  transmission  of  reports 
to,  5,  47, 153,  389,517. 
Prime,  H.,  424.  ^  .r.^ 

Primitive  Industry,  by  C.  C.  Abbott,  no- 
tice of,  23,  57,  69. 
Prince,  T.,  194.  .        ,    ^  . 

Professorship  of  American  Archaeology 
and  Ethnology,  392,  469;  action  of  over- 
seers, 471,  President  and  Fellows,  470; 
F.  W.  Putnam  nominated,  469, 520;  F.W. 
Pui.nam  elected.  470;  statements  of  Rob- 
ert C.  Winthrop  in  regard  to,  470,  519, 
.520. 

Proudfit,  S.  v..  81,  82.  578. 

Providence,  ft.  I.,  Public  Library,  205, 
378,431,  511,578.  ^    ,  . 

Puebla,  Mexico,  articles  from,  200;  basket 
and  mat,  .571.  ,      ■  i 

Pueblo  Arizona,  earthen  bowl  pamted, 
368;  Indian,  33;  Indians,  clay  images, 
572;  Mexico,  articles  from,  503;  Nainba, 
New  Mexico,  articles  from,  200;  pottery, 
58;  ruined  New  Mexico,  articles  from, 
200,  374,  504,  of  Chapillo,  amethyst  orna^ 
ment,  503,  Utnh,  corn  cobs  from,  202. 

Pullen,  T.  J.,  372. 

Pullium,  W.  W.,  507. 

Pumice  stone,  pueblo  of  Chapillo,  503. 

Purse,  agave,  Mexico,  503. 

Putnam,  Miss  A.  E.,  assistant  m  Museum, 
494,  568. 

Putnam,  E.,  78,  201,  368,  508,  568. 

Putnam  F.  W.,  Curator,  46  48  50  f  73, 
76  77,  81,83,  90,  91,  92,  152,  154,  156,  192, 
196,  205,  206,  334,  335,  3  56,  348,  357,  358, 
367  370,  371,  374,  375,  376,  378.  388,  391, 
398  411  418,  420,  425,  426,  427,  428,  431, 
449  456,'507,  508,  511,  576,  .578;  explora- 
tions in  Ohio,  the  Marriott  mound,  No. 
1  and  its  contents,  449;  nominated  as 
I'eabody  professor  of  American  Archaj- 
ology  and  Ethnology,  469,  520;  elected 
Peabody  professor  of  American  Archse- 
ologv  and  Ethnology,  470;  notes  on  the 
copper  objects  from  North  and  bouth 
America,  contained  in  the  collections 
of  the  Peabody  Museum,  83;  notice  of 
lectures,  69,  70,  71,  191 ;  notice  of  publi- 
cation of  report  on  archaeology  of  Cali- 
fornia, Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  made 
to  Lieut.  Geo.  M.  Wheeler,  U.S.  A.,  69; 
remarks  on  explorations,  391 ;  the  way 
bone  fishhooks  were  made  in  the  Little 
Miami  valley,  581. 

Putnam.  Mrs.  F.  W.,  369. 

Putnam,  H.  W.,  573.  . 

Pynophyllite,  fraudulent  carving,  North 
Carolina,  505. 

Queue  of  Chinaman,  202. 
Quinn,  B.,  576. 


Rain  coat.  Hong  Eong,  China,  572. 

RatUeZgouV'cl  and  cocoanut,  Oahu,  503; 

pottery.  Chiriqui,  Panama,  573. 
Rau,  C,  81,  110,  190,  205,  359,  463. 
Records  of  the  Trustees,  abstracts  from,  b, 

48,154,334,391,469,519. 
Red  Bank,  Ohio,  stone  celt,  427. 
Red  Lake,  Minn.,  stone  implement,  373. 
Redwood,  Minnesota,  implement  ot  car- 

Refuse'heap,  Cambridge  Ma88.,413;  Car- 

ter  Co.,  Tenn.,  371;  Pike  Co.,  III.,  507. 
Regalia,  E.,  81. 
Regnault,  F.,  378. 
Remington,  C.  C.  371. 
Remington, Mrs.,  371. 
Renfrou,  W.  C,  82. 

Research  Fund,  subscribers  to,  195,  19b, 

197,202,203,370,371,376,  419. 
Resolutions  on  the  death  of  J .  C.  Phillips, 

393,  395;  on  the  death  of  S.  Salisbury, 

Re?er?Beach,  Mass.,  stone  implements, 

Revere!  Mass.,  Crescent  beach,  articles, 

370,  373.  stone  implements,  373. 
Revue  d'Anthropologie,  205,  379,  432,  579. 
Rhode  Island,  stone  implements,  78. 
Richardson,  G.  F.,  206. 
Richmond,  A.  G.,428. 

Rig!u  Russm',  Gesellschaft  fur  Geschichte 
und  Alterthunskunde  der  Ostsee-provi- 
zen  Russlands,  204,  378,  431,  511,  578. 

RigLde,  D.,  196. 

Rindge,  F.,  420. 

Rio  Janeiro,  palm  leaf  fan,  506,  578. 

Rio  Tesuque,  New  Mexico,  200. 

Rivas,  Nicaragua,  fragments  of  POttery 

and  figurines,  505;  human  crania,  419. 
River  Rouge,  Mich.,  perforated  cranium 

from  mound,  505. 
Roads,  J.  H.,  427. 
Robinson,  Mr,,  298.  ^ 
Rock   inscriptions,   Endicott  Rock,  59, 

Pennsylvania,  letter  of  J.  Sutton  Wall, 

358. 

RocKwell,  A.  P.,  575. 

Rocky  Mountains,  36. 

Rope  braided,  Salt  Cave,  Kentucky,  76, 
charred,  ash  pits,  Madisonville,  Ohio, 
427;  feather,  cave,  Utah,  428;  Oahu,  503; 
sinew,  Omaha,  428. 

Rosnv,  Leon  de,  431. 

Ross  Co.,  Ohio,  articles  from  420;  mound, 

420;  mounds  in  Liberty  township,  42b. 
Rothrock,  J.  T.,  505. 

Ru.ie  stone  implements  from  Wakefield, 

Mass.  24. 
Rush,  o'at-tail,  shoes  made  of,  200. 
Russell,  G.  P.,  46,  L52,  158,  388,  400,  575. 
Russia,  wire  cloth,  31. 
Rust,  H.  N.,  424. 

Sabre,  Japan,  75.  ^  ^ 

Sack,  hennequin,  Merida,  Yucatan,  194. 
Saddle,  Indian,  Kansas,  370. 
Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  stone  implements,  423. 
St.  Augustine,  fragment  of  old  gate,  74. 
St.  Clair  Co.,  Ills.,  objects  from  mound, 
571. 

St.  John,  N.  B.,  Natural  History  Society, 

204,  378,  431,  511,  578. 
St.  John's  river,  Florida,  34. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Academy  of  Science,  203, 

431;  Missouri  Historical  Society,  204, 

378,  511. 


606 


INDEX. 


St.  Lncia,  W.  I.,  33;  pipe  made  by  ne- 
groes, 200. 

St.  Vincent  Island,  hair  of  Carib  girl,  200. 

St,  Paul,  Minn.,  Geological  and  Natural 
History  Survey,  578;  Minnesota  Histor- 
ical Society,  81,  37&,  431,  511,  579. 

Sakkara.  Egypt,  75. 

Salamander  on  pottery,  64. 

Salem,  Mass.,  Essex  Institute,  69,  80,  204, 
379,  431,  579;  Peabody  i\cademy  of 
Science,  81,  194,  511,  579. 

Salibia,  Island  of  Dominica,  articles  from, 
200. 

Salisbury,  Mass.,  objects  from  shelllieaps, 
574. 

Salisbury,  S..  trustee,  5,  6,  47,  48,  54,  127, 
182,  134,  135,  138,  152,  153,  154,  158,  182, 
195,  202,  234,  360,  379,  388,  391,  392.  395, 
400,  528,  579;  letters  from,  334;  notice  of 
death,  392;  remarks  upon  museum,  391; 
report  as  treasurer,  39;  resigns  as  treas- 
urer, 6;  resolution  on  death  of,  392,  395; 
thanks  voted  to.  6. 

Salisbury,  S.,  Jr.,  370,  511. 

Salt  Cave,  Ky.,  articles  from,  186;  sandals 
made  from'Typha,  185. 

Samoa,  stone  adze,  wooden  handle,  200. 

Sampson,  Dr.,  422. 

Sandals,  braided,  cave,  Coahuila,  Mexico, 
32;  cliff  house,  Arizona,  571;  leather, 
Mexico,  32;  Salt  Cave,  Ky.,  185,  200; 
Yucatan,  369. 

San  Domingo,  W.  I.,  articles  from,  424. 

Sand  Ridge,  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio, 
168,  196,  426. 

Sanford,  E.  J.,  199. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  California  Academy 

of  Science,  511,  .579. 
San  Ildefonso,  pueblo,  maize  bread,  504; 

pottery,  422. 
San  Martin  mountains,  Los  Angeles,  Co., 

Cal.,  cave,  541,  573. 
Santiago,  silver  crucifix,  apostle  spoon, 

pendant  and  ear  ornaments,  506. 
Santa  Domingo,  pueblo  of,  35. 
Saratoga,  New  York,  35. 
Sash,  Chippewa  Indian,  368. 
Saugerties,  N.  Y.,  quartz  point,  571. 
Saussure,  H.  de,  205. 

Saw,  made  of  bottle  glass,  King  George's 

Sound,  West  Australia,  31. 
Scalps,  human,  Omaha,  4-28. 
Scalp  used  in  sun  dance,  198. 
Sceptre,  carved,  stone  head.  Peru,  506. 
Schlesinger,  Mrs.  S.  B.,  58,  78,  195. 
Schmidt,  E.,  59,  62,  74,  81,  123,  205,  379, 

431,  511. 
Schumacher,  P.,  69,  77. 
Science,  379,  432,  579. 
Scientific  American,  80,  204,  378. 
Scioto  Valley,  Ohio,  earthworks  visited, 

348,  349;  stone  celt,  428. 
Scott,  B.  R.  A.,  88. 

Scraper,  bone,  Omaha,  574;  made  of  piece 

of  gun  barrel,  196. 
Scudder,  H.  E.,  81. 

Scudder,  S.  H.,  trustee,  46,  47,  48,  .54,  81, 
152,  l.o3,  154,  206,  334,  379,  388,  389,  391, 
392,  419,  432,  511,  512,  579;  remarks  upon 
explorations  by  Curator,  391,  472. 

Seats,  wooden,  Brazil,  32. 

Seeds,  burnt,  mound,  Ohio,  405;  charred, 
ashpits,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427,  Liberty 
mounds,  Oiiio,  426;  clitf  houses,  Salt 
River,  Arizona,  571 ;  mound,  Pike  Co., 
.508. 

Seira,  Mr.,  375. 
Sellers,  F.  II.,  571. 


Sergi,  G.,  379,  431.  511,  579. 

Serpent  mound,  Adams  Co.,  Ohio,  visited 

and  described,  349,  564;  objects  from 

field,  370,  576. 
Serpentine  pipe,  mound,  Grand  Rapids, 

508. 

Shaler,  N.  S.,  97,  420. 

Sharpies,  N.  P.,  379. 

Sharpies,  S.  P.,  206. 

Sharpies,  S.  S.,  127. 

Shattuck,  Mrs.  G.  O.,  158,  400. 

Shaw,  Mrs.,  G.  H.,  54,  158,  400. 

Shaw,  Q.  A.,  195. 

Sheath  and  knife,  Japan,  31. 

Shell  axe.  Yap  Island,  Caroline  group,  74. 

Shell  beads,  Anderson  Township,  Ohio, 
343;  cave,  Colorado  Terr.,  504,  Holston 
river,  Tenn.,  351,  Sullivan  Co.,  Tcnn., 
570,  caves,  Coahuila,  Mexico,  32 ;  Cayuga 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  572 ;  Costa  Rica,  75,  375;  Fort 
Stevenson,Dakota,  419;  Liberty  mounds, 
Ohio,  426;  Milton,  Ohio,  370,  mound,  22, 
mound,  Madison  Co.,  N.C.,370,  Turner 
group,  Ohio,  375,  Virginia,  29;  mounds, 
Arkansas,  18,  Kansas,  77,  Little  Miami 
Valley,  Ohio.  374;  New  Brunswick,  78; 
Nicaragua  375;  Richland  Co.,  S.  C,  375; 
St.  Johns  rivei-,  Florida,  34 ;  Sand  Ridge, 
Ohio,  196;  stone  graves.  Tennessee,  164, 
197 ;  Turner  mounds,  Ohio,  202,  375,  405, 
424,  425. 

Shell  bracelet.  New  Britain,  200. 

Shell  cup,  cave,  California,  541. 

Shell,  cut,  Walnut  Canon,  Arizona,  428. 

Shell  disk,  Kingsmill  Islands,  503,  Madi- 
sonville, Ohio,  426;  stone  grave,  Ten- 
nessee, 165. 

Shell  fish-hooks,  Hawaii,  503,  northwest 
coast,  194. 

Shell,  fossil  oyster,  shellheap,  Volusia, 
Florida, 507. 

Shellheaps,  Alabama,  186,  195;  Blenner- 
hassett's  Island,  396;  Bremen,  Me.,  508; 
Buttermilk  Bay,  Mass.,  674;  Calebra 
Bay,  Nic,  375;  Cambridge,  Mass.,  504, 
605;  Cambridge,  Md.,505;  Cape  Henlo- 
pon,  Del.,  78;  Chincoteague  Island,  Va., 
373;  Concord,  Mass.,  574;  Costa  Rica, 
375;  Cotuit,  Mass,  .572,  574;  Gushing, 
Me.,  428,  50k;  Damariscotta,  Me.,  201, 853, 
372,  575;  Damariscotta  River,  Me.,  153, 
201,428;  Delaware,  34,  78;  Doane's  Isle, 
Me.,  575;  Duxbui'v,  JNlass.,  199;  Florida, 
76,369,  423,  507;  Fort  Island,  Me.,  202; 
Friendship,  Me.,  .508;  Geoi'ge's  River, 
Me.,  575;  Goose  Island,  Me.,  575;  Hog 
Island,  Me.,  575;  Hodgdon's  island, 
Me.,  201 ;  Hull's  Cove,  Me.,  .575;  Ips- 
wich, Mass.,  574;  Japan,  360,  368;  Kings- 
ton, Mass.,  504;  Laguna,  Brazil,  420; 
Long  Island,  194;  Maine,  153,  160,  161, 
162,  197,  201,  202,  353,  372,  373,  375,  409, 
422,  428,  .508,  546,  575;  Marion,  Mass., 
421;  Massachusetts,  199,  421,  504,  505, 
572,  574,575;  Mt.  Desert  Island,  Me.,  197, 
575;  Newcastle,  Me.,  508;  Penobscot 
Bay,  Me.,  428;  Plum  Island,  Mass.,  .574, 
575;  Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  423;  Salisbury, 
Mass.,  674;  Volusia,  Fla.,  507;  Ware- 
ham,  Mass.,  574. 

Shell  implements,  burial  place,  Little  Mi- 
ami Valley,  Ohio,  345,  Costa  Rica  and 
Nicaragua,  375,  Madisonville  Cemetery, 
64,  mound,  Arkansas,  30,  Nicaragua,  17. 

Shell  necklace,  Oahu,  503. 

Shell  ornaments,  ashpits,  Madisonville, 
Ohio,  76,  burial  place,  Little  Miami  Val- 
ley, Ohio,  315,  cave,  Los  Angeles  Co., 


INDEX. 


607 


CaL,  573,  caves,  Coahuila,  Mexico,  32; 
cave  at  Cucirizna,  IS^icaragua,  31;  Uio- 
lula  76,  Edwards  mound,  Ohio,  344,  345, 
374,  Indian  burial  place,  Ohio,  376,  In- 
dian graves  and  village  sites,  Ohio,  427, 
Madisonville,  O.,  166,  427,  Mexico,  503, 
mound,  Tampico,  Mexico,  200,  mound, 
Arkansas,  18,30,  mound,  Ohio,  lil,  174, 
Peru,  36,  frogresso,  195,  pueblo,  Santo 
Domingo,  35,  Turner  mounds,  Ohio,  202, 
563.  .  , 

Shell  pendants,  mounds,  Arkansas,  lb; 
mound,  St.  Clair  Co..  111.,  571. 

Shell,  Placuna,  Philippine  Islands,  used 
as  window  glass,  302. 

Shell,  sacred,  Omaha,  428. 

Shell  spoons,  stone  graves,  Tenn.,  197. 

Shell  totem,  carved,  stone  graves,  ienn., 
197. 

Shells,  ashpits,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  167; 
burnt,  Edwards  mound,  Ohio,  374; 
carved  in  human  and  animal  form,  Cho- 
lula,  Mexico,  193;  carved.  Turner 
mounds,  202;  clam,  Edwards  mound, 
Ohio,  345;  fragments.  Serpent  mound, 
Ohio,  370;  Helix,  Turner  mounds,  Ohio, 
425;  Liberty  mounds,  Ross  Co.,  Ohio, 
426;  mound,  Fairlield  Co.,  O.,  34; 
mounds,  Florida,  32 ;  oy.-ter.  Cam  bridge, 
Mass.,  shellheap,  414,  504,  505;  oyster, 
ciam,  quahHug,  etc.,  shellheaps,  Maine; 
428,  mound,  Tampico,  Mexico,  200,  shell- 


heap.  Damariscotta,  Maine,  370;  pertor- 
;ed, "  '       '-'I-"  jn 


,  XVillllilJ.  lO'./i-'utJM,  I  - 

ated,  Madisonville  Cemetery.  Ohio,  30, 
375,   mound,  Madisorwiile  Cemetery, 
Ohio,  30,  375,  mound,  Madison  Co.,  N. 
C,  370,  New  Mexican,  pueblos,  504, 
Turner  mounds  202;  sea,  carved  and 
perforated,  Tuiner  mounds,  Ohio,  425, 
Madisonville,  Ohio,  426;  htone  covered 
mound,  Ohio,  203 ;  Turner  mounds,  Ohio, 
202;  Unio,  cave.  Hart  Co..  Ky.,  200, 
mound,  Brentwood,  Tenn.,  197,  mound, 
Wisconsm,  423,  stone-graves,Teiinessee, 
425 ;  Unio,  cut  and  perforated  mound,  St. 
Clair  Co..  111.,  571,  earth  circles,  Ohio, 
196,  mound,  Mandan,  5(4,  mound,  T;im- 
pico,  Mexico,  200,  mounds,  Pike  Co.,  III., 
421,  507;  Unio,  perforated,  ashpits,  Mad- 
isonville, Ohio,  324,  427,  mounds,  Ohio, 
Missouri  and  Arkansas,  427,  refuse  pile, 
Sand  Ridge,  Ohio,  426,  Turner  mounds, 
Ohio,  425;  Unio,  worked,  ashpits,  Madi- 
sonville, Ohio,  77. 
Shepard,  E.  E.,  379,  431. 
Shepherd,  K.  T.,  78. 
Shield,  rhinoceros  hide,  Arabia,  428. 
Shoes,  cave,  Hart  Co.,  Ky.,  Ib5,  200; 
wooden,   Holland,   36;  wooden  with 
leather  tops,  Manilla,  200. 
Sierra  Aucha,  Arizona,  cave  on  summit 
of,  571. 

Silver,  bird,  Lima,  Peru,  .506;  breast  orna- 
ment, mound.  Wis.,  573;  coins,  South 
America,  506;  crucifix,  apostle  spoon, 
pendant  and  ear  ornaments,  Santiago, 
Chili,  506;  disk,  Peru,  36;  mounds,  Flor- 
ida, 32;  nuggets,  mound.  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  .508;  ornament,  representm^i 
horse,  Mexico,  503;  ornaments,  Indian 
grave,  Kansas,  421,  Liberty  mounds, 
Oliio,  4215,  mound,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich., 
508,  Peru,  360,  369;  plating  on  beads. 
Turner  mounds,  405;  silver  plating  on 
copper,  mound,  Ohio,  171 ;  earrings,  426 ; 
ring  and  ornaments,  Araucanians,  506; 
tube  for  drinking  mate,  Montevideo, 
506;  tweezers,  Navajo  Indian,  428. 


Simpson,  T.  W.,  422. 
Simpson,  H.,  422.      ,  . 
Sioux  hunter,  oil  painting,  190;  Indians, 
skeletons.  Fort  Stevenson,  Dakota  Terr., 
373;  medicine  bag,  198;  war  club,  508; 
war  jacket,  574. 
Skeleton  in  armor,  543,  573. 
Skeletons  (see  human  bones.) 
Skewers,  wooden,  used  in  sun  dance,  178. 
Skull  of  deer  with  two  perforations,  Ed- 
wards mound,  Ohio,  426. 
Slade,  D.D.,  572.  t  . 

Slate,  carved  piece,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  504, 
ornaments,  broken,  Cheraw  Fort,  But- 
ler Co.,  Ohio,  370, 
Slings,  Peru,  36;  graves,  Peru,  506. 
Smelt  brook,  Damariscotta,  Maine,  arti- 
cles from  shellheaps,  201. 
Smith,  D.  A.  W.,  503. 
Smith,  E.  A.,  81,  329,  508. 
Smith,  F.,373.         .       ,  . 
Smith,  Miss  J.,  assistant  m  museum,  46, 
69,  71,  152,  190,  349,  366,  371,  388;  417,  494, 
567. 

Smith,  J.  W.,  .579. 
Snow,  D.G.,  371. 

Snow  shoes,  Chippewa  Indian,  74. 
Snyder,  A.,  421. 
Snyder,  J.  F.,  373. 

Soapstone,  cut  piece,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  .576; 

fragments  of  pots,  Millbury,  Mass.,  .506; 

fraudulent  dishes,  Millbury,  Mass.,  506, 

571 ;  pipe,  cave,  Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn.,  370 ; 

pot,  fragments,  cave,  Tenn.,  370;  pots, 

letter  in  relation  to,  59,  modern,  Italy,  59, 

74.   (See  Steatite.) 
Soniers  Point,  N.  J.,  372. 
Sophora,  seeds  of,  from  Mexico,  74. 
Soutli  America,  copper  and  silver  coins, 

506. 

South  Carolina,  human  bones,  375;  stone 
implements,  199,  375. 

Southern  India,  pottery,  33. 

South  Pasadena,  Cal.,  articles  from,  424; 

South  Sea  Islands,  Kappa   cloth,  194; 
sacred  axe,  420. 

Sparhawk,  Mrs.  J.  B.,  359.  368. 

Spearpoints,  copper,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  177, 
194,  195.  ^  ,  . 

Spindle  whorl,  wood.  Walnut  Canon,  Ari- 
zona, 50;i;  pottery,  Mexico,  503. 

Spoon,  wooden,  Japan,  31,  Manilla,  200. 

Squire,  E.  G.,  119,  120. 

Squire,  G.  H.,  415,  417,  423;  letter  m  regard 
to  mounds,  Trempealeau.  Wis.,  415. 

Stade,  Germany,  Verein  fiir  Geschichte 
uiid  Alterthiiiner  du  Hezogthiimer  Bre- 
men und  Verden  und  des  Landes  Had- 
eln,  205,  .579. 
Stamps,  pottery,  Teotihuacan,  Mexico, 
505. 

Stark  Co.,  Ohio,  mound,  articles  from, 
199 

Steamboat,  model  in  pith  by  Nubian  child, 

Steatite  dishes,  casts  of  those  in  Amherst 
Museum,  33;  fragments,  Pennsylvania, 
372;  fragments  of  i)Ots,  Greenville  Co., 
S.  C,  572;  jar,  fragment,  Danville, 
Penn.,  373;  pipe.  Fort  Tezon,  (Jal.,  .503, 
cave,  Holston  River,  Tenn.,  351,  Georgia, 
571,  mound.  Grand  Rapids,  .508;  pot, 
fragment.  New  Mexico,  368,  North  East- 
ham,  Mass.,  193,  Georgia,  572 ;  pots,  frag- 
ments, Granville  Co.,  N  C,  373,  420, 
mounds,  Ohio,  341,  374,  Oxford  Co.,  N. 
C,  33;  vessels,  fragment,  Arlington, 
Mass.,  424,  Enfield,  Mass.,  375,  Water- 


608 


INDEX. 


town,  Mass,,  424.  (See  also  under  soap- 
stone.) 

Stebbins,  A.,  495,  507. 

Stebbins,  Miss  A.,  412,  421,  422. 

Steel,  axe,Yucatan,3G9;  Mactiete,Yucatan, 
369. 

Stephens,  W.  H.,  201,  511. 
Sternberg,  C.  H.,  78. 

Stettin,  Germany,  Gesellschaffc  fiir  Pom- 
mersche  Gescliichte  und  Alterthums- 
kunde,  80,  204,  379,  431,  511,  579.  ' 

Stevenson,  Mrs.  T.  E.,  81. 

Sticks  notched  and  painted,  cave,  Cal., 
541.  573;  Mt.  Taylor.  New  Mexico,  33. 

Stiletto,  ivory,  Lima,  506. 

Stockings,  Japan,  20U. 

Stone  adze,  Fiji,  200;  New  Britain,  200; 
New  Guinea,  194;  Samoa,  200. 

Stone  amulets,  Japan,  31. 

Stone  beads,  cave,  Colorado,  504;  Chiri- 
qui,  201 ;  Cholula,  IMexico.  193;  Mexico, 
193,  194,  504;  Mitla,  Mexii-o,  194;  Nicara- 
gua, 419,  574;  Tampico,  Mexico,  504; 
Turner  mounds,  Oliio,  202. 

Stone,  carved,  cave,  Hart  Co.,  Ky.,  200; 
Madison  ville,  Ohio.  427  ;  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  505;  New  Jersey,  35;  Taylor's 
h  alls,  Minn.,  371 ;  Winthrop,  Mass.,  76. 

Stone  carvings,  animal  figures,  Maya^jan, 
Mex.,  193;  Washington,  Pa.,  201;  Yuca- 
tan, 193. 

Stone  carvings,  human  figures,  Cholula, 
Mex.,  58,  193;  Idalium,  32;  Mexico,  32, 
419;  Nicaragua,  58,  355,  374.  376;  Pueblo 
ofCochiti.35;  Pueblo  of  New  Pecos,  77; 
Vera  Cruz,  Mex.,  419;  Yucatan,  182, 193. 

Stone  cliips.  Annisqiiam,  Mass.,  369; 
Daraariscotta,  Me.,  409;  Marietta,  Ohio, 
425;  Massachusetts,  74;  pits,  Elgin,  III., 
.505. 

Stone  club-heads,  perforated  and  mounted, 
cave,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.,  541,  542, 
573. 

Stone-covered  mound,  Ohio,  described, 
175. 

Stone  cup,  Beach  City,  Ohio,  34. 

Stone  dishes  carved  in  shape  of  animals, 
Turner  mounds,  Ohio,  173,  202. 

Stone  disks,  Bales' Mills,  Lee  Co.,  Va., 
572;  Beardstown,  111.,  373;  Hardin.  111., 
507;  Indian  graves  and  village  sites, 
Ohio,  427;  for  pounding  corn,  Omaha 
Indian,  198;  stone  graves,  Tenn.,  197. 

Stone  gorgets,  Boone  Co.,  Ky.,  76;  Bucks 
Co.,  Pa., 572;  Delaware.  .56;  earth  cii'cle, 
Oiiio,  1(^7,  196;  Gomar,  Ohio,  425;  Little 
Miami  Valley,  Ohio,  425;  I>ongmeadow, 
]\Iass  ,  375;  Madisonville,  Ohio,  77; 
Mendliam,  N.  J.,  571;  Morrow,  Ohio,  196. 

Stone  graves,  Tennessee,  jirticles  from, 
163, 164,  l(i5,  197,  374.  425.  573;  described 
an(i  explored,  16:<,  351;  human  skele- 
tons, 164,  195;  several  bodies  in  one 
grave,  163. 

Stone  hemispheres  covered  with  silver, 
copper  and  meteoric  iron,  Liberty 
mounds,  Ohio,  426. 

Stone  implements,  Abbeville.  France  31; 
Adams  Co.,  Ohio,  370,  576;  Agawam, 
Mass..  423;  Alabama,  79;  Alderly  Edge, 
England,  31;  Alaska,  566;  Amsterd:im, 
N.  J.,428;  Ann  Arbor,  ftlich.,  507;  An- 
trim Co..  Ireland,  198;  Arizona.  36,  75, 
.503.  .571;  Arkansas,  19,  30,  33,  427;  Ar- 
lington, Mass..  424,  .506;  Ashpits,  Mad- 
isonville. Oliio,  76,  77,427:  Bainbridge, 
Ohio,  371;  Bales'  Mills,  Va.,  369,  572; 
Baraboo,  Wis.,  371 ;  Bar  Island,  Me., 


575;  Bai-nstable,  Mass.,  506;  Belmont, 
Mass.,  424;  Belvidere.N.  J.,  .571;  Bergen 
Co.,  N.  J.,  507;  Beverly,  Mass.,  423; 
Boon  Co.,  Ky.,  369;  Bradford,  Mass., 
194;  Brentwood,  Tenn..  197;  Brentwood, 
Tenn.,  log  structure,  197 ;  Bridge  Hamp- 
ton, N.  J.,  423;  Brooktield,  Ind.,  30; 
Brookfleld,  Mass.,  352,  369,  506;  Brown 
Co.,  Ohio,  576;  Butler  Co.,  Ohio,  369; 
Byfield,  Mass.,  572;  Calhoun  Co.,  Hi., 
499,  507;  California.  76,  424,  513,  541,  542, 
573;  Cambridge,  Mass.,  30,  199,  420; 
Cambridge  Cemeterv,  Mass.,  369;  Car- 
ter Co.,  Tenn.,  371 ;  Cave  dwelling,  New 
Mexico,  504;  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  J.,  572; 
Cedar  Bank  Works,  Ohio,  350;  Charles 
River,  Mass..  413;  Chester,  S.  C,  199; 
Cheyenne  River,  195;  Chillicotlie,  Oiiio, 
428;  Chiriqui,  Panama,  360,  3b9,  374, 
.573;  Cholula,  58,  76;  Clermont  Co..  Ohio, 
77,  576;  Coahuila,  Mex.,  H2;  Cochiti,  35; 
Columbia  river,  571;  Concord,  N.  H., 
428;  Connecticut,  29,  78,  199,  424;  Con- 
necticut river,  Mass.,  504;  Costa  Rica, 
375;  Cushing,  Me.,  428;  Dakota,  33,  36, 

193,  196,  423,  505;  Damariscotta,  Me., 
201,508;  Damariscove  Island,  Me.,  423; 
Darrtovvn,  Ohio,  369;  Dearborn  Co., Ind ., 
369;  Delaware,  34.  56,  76,  79.  413,  420, 
423;  Doe  Creek.  Tenn., 369;  Dover,  Del., 
34;  Durham  farm,  Ohio,  27,  426;  Dux- 
bury,  Mass.,  199;  earth  circles,  Ohio, 
169,  199;  East  Jaflfrav,  N.  H.,  29;  East 
Wareham,  Mass.,  423;  England,  31,56, 
75,  78;  Evanston,  111..  .507;  Fair  Haven, 
Mass..  195;  Fiji,  200;  Florida,  32.  220,  352, 
368,  .369,  373,  507;  Fort  Ancient,  Ohio, 
196;  Fort  Island,  Me.,  272;  Fort  Siseton, 
75;  Franklin  Co.,  Ohio,  423;  Freetown,. 
Mass.,  423;  Gabes,  Tunis,  420;  George- 
town, Texas,  32;  Glady  Run,  O  ,  576; 
Grafton  Co.,  N.  C,  376,  Granville  Co., 
N.  C,  373,  420;  Greece,  31;  Greenville 
Co.,  S.  C,  573;  Greenwich,  Conn.,  424; 
Groton,  Mass.,  575;  Hamilton  Co.,  O., 
197,  425;  Hardin,  111.,  507;  Hartford, 
Conn.,  78;  Hart  Co.,  Ky.,  cave,  200;  High 
Bank  works,  O.,  350,  371;  Holston  river, 
Tenn..  351 ;  Humphreys  Co.,  Tenn.,  198; 
Illinois,  29,  78,  413,  421,  422,  497,  4!)9,.507; 
India,  34;  Indiana,  30,  .36.  74,  78,  178,  199, 
369;  Indian  Hill,  Ky.,  76;  Iowa,  370,  .374; 
Ipswich,  Mass.,  573;  Ireland,  198;  Kan- 
sas, 77,  373.  423;  Kent  Co.,  Del.,  423; 
Kentucky,  29.  36,  .56,  74.  76,  78,  198,  200, 
351,  369;"  Lake  Champlain,  N.  Y.,  78; 
Lanesville.  Mass.,  423;  Lebanon  Co., 
Pa..  33;  Lee  Co.,  111..  421;  Lehigh  Isl- 
and, Pa.,  423;  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.,  33;  Lit- 
tl  Creek,  Del.,  34;  Little  Falls.  Minn., 
3.53,  424;  Little  Sioux  river,  la.,  374;  Lit- 
tle Mia:ni  vallev.  O.,  345,  425.  427,576; 
Long  Island,  193;  Long  Meadow,  Mass., 
375;  Long  View,  Texas.  32;  Los  Ange- 
les Co.,  Cal.,  513;  Madisonville,  O.,  30, 
66,76,  196,  199,  341,  375,  426.  427;  Madi- 
sonville, O..  ancient  cemetery,  64,  427; 
Maine.  36,  75,  76,  161,  193,  197,  201,  272. 
.370,  372,  373.  422,  423.  428,  .504,  .508,575; 
INIarietta.  O.,  425;  Marion  Co..  Cal.,  76; 
Marshfield.  Mass.,  194,  3.52,  373;  Mary- 
land, 78.  79;  Mashpee,  Mass.,  .506;  Mas- 
sachusetts. 4.  13,  24,  30,  32.  36,  76,  193, 

194,  195,  199,  352,  368,  369,  370,  373,  375, 
419,420,423.  424.  431.  .504,  .505,  .506,  .523, 
572,  573,  574,  .575;  McGregor,  la..  370; 
Meredith,  N.  H.,  420;  Mexico,  32.  .58,  76, 
193,  194,  503;  JNIichigan,  202,  507;  Middle- 


INDEX. 


609 


boro,  Mass.,  504;  Milton,  Mass., 370,  373; 
Minnesota,  353,  371,  373,  424;  Missouri, 
74  497-  Mitla,  194;  l\!ontezuma  Valley, 
571;  Monroe,  Fla.,  352,  373;  Moosehead 
Lake,  Me..  504;  Mosquito  Inlet,  Fla., 
3«8;  Nahant,  Mass.,  193;  Nantucket, 
Maps.,  506;  Nashville,  Tenn.,  425,  573; 
Natural  Bridge,  Va.,  42.^  ;  Nebraska,  36; 
Newark,  O.,  34;  New  Braintree,  Mass., 
369,  419;  New  Britain,  200;  Newbury 
Co  S.  C,  375;  Newburyport,  Mass., 
368;  New  Guinea,  194;  New  Hampshire, 
29.420,428;  New  Jersey,  34,  35.  36,  56, 
78,  176,  198, 1S9,  354,  368,  372,  419,  420,  424, 
504,507,547,  571,  576 ;  New  .Mexico,  35, 
200,  374,  504,  507;  New  Mexico,  pueblos, 
200;  Newton  Centre,  Mmss.,  575;  New- 
ton, O.,  371,  427,  576;  New  York,  33.  35, 
36,  78,  193,  194.  421,  423,  424,  428.  572; 
Nicaragua,  17,  31,  375,  574;  North  Amer- 
ica, 573;  North  Carolina,  33,  75. 194,  272, 
3.51.  370,  376,  420;  Oahu,  503;  Ohio,  16, 
27,  29,  30,  34,  35,  36,  .56,  64,  66.  67,  74,  76, 
77,  78,  167,  168, 175.  196, 197.  199,  202,  203, 
342,344,345,  347,  350,  364,  369,  370,371, 
374,  375,  376,  420,423,  425,  426,427,428, 
472,  506;  Ohio  Valley,  16,  67;  Oregon, 
571;  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  35;  Oxford  Co., 
N.C,  33;  Paddy's  Uun,  O.,  364;  Paint 
Creek,  O.,  370;  Patagonia,  .368;  Paza- 
rito,  N.  M.,  504;  Pennsylvania,  33,  35, 
.36,372,423;  Pike  Co.,  111.,  421,  422,497, 
507;  Pitcairn's  Island,  79;  Plattsburg, 
N,  Y.  194,421;  Popocatapetl.  19i;  Prai- 
rie du  Chien,  Wis.,  370;  Pueblo  of  San 
Domingo,  35;  Red  Bank,  Ohio,  472;  Eed 
Lake.  Minn.,  373;  Revere,  Mass.,  352, 

370,  373,  424;  Rhode  Island,  78;  Ross 
Co.,  Ohio,  420;  sag  Harbor,  N.  J.,423; 
Samoa.  200;  San  Domingo,  W.  I.,  424; 
Sand  Ridge,  Ohio,  168,  196,  426;  Santa 
Cruz  river,  Patagonia,  H68;  Saugus 
Mass  .  32;  Scioto  valley,  Ohio,  428; 
Somtr's  Point,  N.  J.,  372;  South  Caro- 
lina, iy9,  375,  573;  South  Pasadena,  CaL, 
424;  South  iS^ea  Islands,  420;  Stoneham, 
Mass.,  76;  Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn.,  371; 
Tennessee,  21.  30,  164,  197,  19^,  351,  369, 

371,  374,  425,  573;  Texas,  32.  74,  75;  Ti- 
cul,  Mexico,  193;  Tran.^ylvania  Co., 
N.C.  272;  Trenton,  N.  J  .  35,  176,354, 
368,372,419,420,  424,  504,  .547,  571,  576; 
Vera  Cruz.  Ohio,  576;  Virginia,  29,369, 
42.5,572;  Wakefield,  Mass.,  24,  76,  424; 
Watson's  Hill,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  504; 
Wellfleet,  Mass.,  572;  West  Virginia, 
194;  Williamson  Co.,  Tenn.,  197;  Wil- 
mington, Del,  in  peat,  420;  Wisconsin, 
4.  23,347,  370,  371,  409;  Wyoming,  193. 

Stone  implements  from  caves,  Coaliuila, 
32;  California,  513,  541, 542. 573 ;  England, 
:^1,  75 ;  Kentucky,  351 ;  Tennessee,  371. 

Stone  implements  from  the  drift,  Abbe- 
ville, France,  31;  Little  Falls,  353,  424; 
New  Jersey,  176,  354.  420. 

Stone  implements  from  graves,  Agawara, 
Mass..  423;  Ancient  Cemetery,  Madi- 
sonville,  Ohio,  66,  76,  196,199,  375;Chiri- 
qui,  360;  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio,  345, 
376,427;  Plymouth,  Mass.,  504;  Tennes- 
see, 164,  197.  374. 

Stone  implements  from  mounds,  Arkan- 
sas, 19,  30,  427;  Brentwood,  Tenn..  197; 
Devil  River,  Mich.,  202;  Durham,  Oliio, 
426;  Edwards,  Ohio,  344,  374;  Effigy, 
Baraboo,  Wis.,  371;  Fairfield  Co.,  Ohio, 
;^4;  Florida,  32;  Fox  River,  111.,  505; 
Illinois,  29,  421,  505,  507;  Kansas,  77, 


.373;  Kentucky,  29;  La  Crosse,  Wis.. 
347,  371;  Langdon,  Ohio,  203;  Liberty 
mounds,  Ohio.  426,  427,  428;  Lindshorg, 
Kansas,  373;  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio, 
202,  203,  342,  344,  374,  425,426;  McGregor, 
Iowa,  370;  Madison  Co.,  N.  C,  370;  Man- 
dan,  Dak..  505;  Missouri,  427;  New  An- 
duluRia,  111.,  29;  Nicaragua,  31;  North 
Carolina,  351,  370;  Ohio,  29,  34,  175,  199, 
202,  203,  342,  344,  374,  425,  426,  427,  428;  . 
Oswego,  N.  J.,  35;  Pike  Co.,  111.,  421, 
507;  Rivas,  Nic,  375;  Stark  Co.,  Ohio, 
199;  Stuart  Co.,  Tenn.,  21 ;  Trempealeau, 
Wis.,  4,  23;  Turner  group,  Ohio,  202, 
425;  Virginia,  29;  Wisconsin,  347,  371. 

Stone  implements  from  shellheaps.  Blen- 
nerhassett's  Island,  369;  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  4,  13,504;  Cape  Henlopen,  Del., 
79;  Carter  Co.,  Tenn..  371 ;  Cushmg,  Me., 
428;  Damariscotta,  Me.,  193,  201,  370, 
372;  Delaware,  56,79;  Fort  Gates,  Fla., 
369;  Kingston,  Mass.,  504;  Long  Island, 
194;  Maine,  161,  193,  197,  201,  370,  372, 
373,422.  428,  .508;  Massachusetts,  4.  13, 
504,  574;  Mt.  Desert,  Me.,  197;  Sag  Har- 
bor, N.  J.,  423;  Volusia,  Fla.,  507;  Wa- 
tauga River,  Tenn.,  351. 

Stone,  inscribed.  Egypt,  75. 

Stone-knives,  in  handle  of  antler,  Mar- 
riott mound,  Ohio,  425,  457;  in  handles 
of  wood,  caves  of  Coahuila,  Mexico.  32; 
semi-lunar,  Bradford,  Mass.,  194,  East 
Jalfray,  N.  H.,  29. 

Stone  metates,  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua, 
375. 

Stone  mortars.  New  Jersey,  35,  New  Mex- 
ico, 503. 

Stone  mortar  with  basket  top,  California, 
424. 

Stone  mounds.  Hamilton  Co.,  Ohio,  197, 
Nicaragua,  574;  Ohio,  196,345. 

Stone  nodules,  shellheap,  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  505. 

Stone  ornaments,  burial-place.  Little  Mi- 
ami Valley,  Ohio.  345,  376,  427;  Butler 
Co.,  Ohio,  369;  cave,  Tennessee,  370; 
Conestoga,  Pa.,  35;  Connecticut,  199; 
Delaware,  79;  Greenville  Co.,  S.  C,  572; 
Indiana,  199;  Jai)an,  31;  Kentucky,  29, 
198;  Little  Miami  Valley,  Ohio,  427,  576; 
Marshfleld,  Mass.,  194;  Massachusetts, 
194,  199;  Mexico,  182;  mounds,  Arkan- 
sas, 30;  mounds,  Ohio,  171,  198,  199,  202, 
341,  344,  374, 405,  425, 426 ;  New  Jersey,  34, 
198,  504;  Nicaragua.  31;  Ohio,  16,  29,  199, 
369;  Preble  Co..  Olno,  369;  shellheap, 
Cape  Henlopen,  Del.,  79;Trent(m,  N.  J., 
504;  Uxmal,  Mexico,  182;  West  Vir- 
ginia, 79. 

Stone  pipes.  Ancient  cemetery,  Madison- 
ville,  Ohio.  96;  ash-pits,  Madisonville, 
Ohio,  77,427;  Bainbridge  mound,  Ohio, 
370;  casts  of,  29;  Cullowhee,  N.  C,  194; 
earth  circles,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  196; 
Georgia,  572;  Indian.  198;  Iowa,  29; 
Isle  of  Wiglit  Co.,  Va.,  372;  Liberty 
mounds,  Ohio,  426 ;  Little  Miami  Valley, 
mounds.  374;  Madisonville,  Ohio,  166, 
427;  North  Carver.  Mass.,  32;  Ohio,  29, 
427  ;  Pomeroy,  Ohio.  35;  Tennessee,  199; 
Turner  mounds,  Ohio,  with  two  bowls, 
564. 

Stone  tablets,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  507; 
cast,  Ohio,  75;  Santa  Catalina  IsL,  CaL, 

Stone  tablet,  alterwards  used  as  a  mould 
for  lead  buttons,  Indian  grave,  Mass., 
79. 


610 


INDEX. 


Stone,  W.  E.,  199. 

Stone  yokes,  Mexico,  32. 

Stones,  burnt,  shellheap,  Damariscotta, 
Me.,  201;  earth  circles,  Ohio,  196; 
mounds.  Pike  Co.,  HI.,  421. 

Stones  natural,  resembling  artificial,  197, 
506,  507,  573. 

Stout,  A.  B.,  8! . 

Strahan,  J.  T.,  508. 

Straight,  H.  H.,  511. 

Straits  of  Magellan,  human  crania,  10. 

Strap,  carryinjr,  Omaha,  428. 

Studley,  Miss  C.  A.,  assistant  in  museum, 
46,  71,  76,  152,  190,  191,  233,  866,  388, 
413,  417,  421,  423,  440,  508;  aid  in  museum 
work,  190;  notes  upon  human  remains 
from  caves  in  Coahuila,  191,  233;  ser- 
vices in  the  museum,  366,  417,  withdraws 
from  the  museum,  568. 

Subscribers  to  Research  Fund,  201,  202, 
370,  374,  375,  376,  400,  528. 

Sullivan  Co.,  Tenn.,  cave,  articles,  371. 

Sullivan,  J.,  504. 

Sun  dance,  articles  used  in,  178, 198. 

Surinam,  36;  model  of  native  boat,  428; 
necklrtce  of  seeds,  428;  pottery,  wooden 
mortar  and  implement,  428;  upper,  arti- 
cles from,  202;  weapons  fi-om,  78. 

Susquehanna  River,  articles  Irom,  372. 

Sutton,  Geo.,  379. 

Sutton,  W.,  573. 

Swan,  J.  A.,  574,  575. 

Sweet,  G.  W.,  87. 

Sword  "With  scabbard  of  rawhide,  Africa, 
368. 

Table,  Carib,  Salibria,  34. 
Tampico,  Mexico,  articles  from,  504;  ar- 
ticles from  mound,  200. 
Tarr,  R.  S.,  423. 

Tatm;in's    Island,   Damariscotta  river, 

Maine,  201. 
Tattooed  ai  m,  Peru,  36. 
Taylor's  Falls,  Minn.,  carved  catlinite, 

371. 

Temporal  bone  with  exostosis  in  ear, 

mnund,  Michigan,  195. 
Ten  Kate,  H.  C,  431. 

Tent,  model  of,  Omaha,  198;  sacred,  of 

Omahas,  428. 
Teotihuacan,  Mexico,  articles  from,  194; 

clay  tigurine,  572;  pottery  stamps,  505. 
Terra  cotta  liKiirines,  mound,  Ohio,  173; 

heads,  Mexico,  423,  stone  graves,  Tenu., 

164. 

Teubner,  C,  879. 

Thaver,  J.  B.,  579. 

Thebes,  Egypt,  33. 

Thomas,  C,  379,  431,  oil. 

Thompson,  A.  H.,  77,  78,  400,  421. 

Thompson,  C.  O.,  431. 

Thompson,  E.  H.,  431.  528. 

Thread,  srrass,  Aino,  Japan,  56;  Peru,  35. 

Thurm,  E.  F.  Im,  511,  579. 

Thwing,  C.  81. 

Tibbies,  T.  H.,  74. 

Tierra  del  Fnego,  human  cranium,  34. 

Tileston,  E.  P.,  heirs  of,  189,  199. 

Tin  cup,  grave  of  Otoe  Indian,  198. 

Tlacolula,  Mexico,  193. 

Tobac<-o  pou(;li,   rawhide,  Mexico,  503; 

pouches,  Omaha, 428. 
Tobaco,  Island  of  Luzon,  ai tides  from, 

200. 

Tomahawk,  iron,  Greenwich,  Conn.,  424; 

pipe,  iron,  Nebraska,  30. 
Toner,  .J.  fil.,379. 
Tonga  Islands,  club,  419. 


Tokio  University,  205,  360,  368, 579. 

Tooker,  W.  W.,  194,  206. 

Toothacher,  Mrs.  M.  E.,  422. 

Tooth,  elephant,  fossil,  Durham  mound, 
Ohio,  426;  fossil.  Ancient  Cemetery, 
Madisonville,  Ohio,  426;  mastodon, 
Ferris  woods,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427. 

Topinard,  P.,  511,  579. 

Toronto.  Canada,  Canadian  Institute,  431, 
511,  579. 

Totem,  carved  shell,  stone  graves,  Tenn., 
197;  of  stone,  bird-shape,  peat  bog, 
Wakefield,  Mass.,  86. 

Toy,  Peubla,  Mexico,  200;  vessels  of  pot- 
tery, ashpits,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427. 

Toys,  pottery,  British  Guiana,  74,  mounds, 
Nicaragua,  81. 

Transylvania  Co.,  N.  C,  stone  implements 
and  chungkee  stone,  572. 

Treasurer,  Lowell,  Francis  C,  election 
of,  469;  Lyman,  Theodore,  election  of, 
6,  resignation  of,  48;  Phillips,  John  C, 
election  of,  48;  reports,  39,  49,  155,  8.35, 
397,  473,  .525;  Salisbury,  Stephen,  resig- 
nation of,  6. 

Trempealeau,  Wis.,  mounds,  human 
bones,  415. 

Trenton  Natural  History  Societv,  579. 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  34;  articles  from,  419; 
carved  piece  of  slate,  504;  clay  pipes, 
424;  gravel  beds,  age  of,  22;  mica,  576; 
pottery,  424, 504.  (See  stone  implements.) 

True,  N.  P.,  76. 

Trumpets  of  elephant's  tusks,  Africa,  359, 
868. 

Trustees,  4,  46,  152,  388,  516;  Adams, 
Charles  Francis,  resignation  of,  6; 
Lowell,  Francis  C,  election  of,  469; 
Phillips,  John  C,  election  of,  6,  death 
of,  392,  395;  Salisbury,  Stephen,  death 
of,  392,  895;  transmit  annual  rei)orts  to 
President  of  Harvard  College,  5,  47, 153, 
889,  517;  visit  the  Museum,  391. 

Tuckanuck,  Mass.,  stones,  natural  forms, 
573. 

Tufa  beds,  Lake  Managua,  Nicaragua, 
fossil  leaves  over  footprints,  574;  foot- 
prints in,  414,  505. 

Tufts,  S.,  419. 

Tunis,  Alrica,  stone  implements  from 

Gabes.  420. 
Turner,  E.  J.,  425. 

Turner  grouj),    Ohio,  earthworks,  170; 

explored,  404. 
Turner,  J.  M.,  425. 
Turner,  M.,  170,  403,  407,  449. 
Turner  mound,  large,  articles  from  and 

construction  described,  340. 
Turner  mounds,  Ohio,  339;  articles  from, 

202,  375,  405,  425,  563,  near,  425. 
Turner,  Wm.,  202. 

Turquoise,  ear  rings,  pueblo,  Santo  Do- 
mingo, 35;  ornaments,  Mexico,  508; 
pendant  and  beads,  cave,  Colorado, 
504. 

Tweezers,  silver,  Navajo  Indian,  428. 

Twitchell,  H.  E.,  370. 

Typha,  sandals  made  from,  Ky.  cave,  185. 

Udden,  J.  A.,  .373,  .505,  512. 
Ugarte,  M.,  375. 
Universitv  Bulletin,  G8. 
Upham,  W.,  353. 
Urn,  cineiary.  India,  503. 
Uiuguay,  earthen  wlii.etle,  .506;  Indians, 
bows  and  wooden  pointed  arrows,  506. 
Usher,  E.  B.,  347,  348,  371. 
Usher,  Miss  E.  B.,  371. 


INDEX. 


611 


Utah,  corn  cobs  from  ruined  pueblo,  202. 
Uxmal,  architectural  ornaments  in  stone, 
195. 

Valentine,  P.  J.  J.,  121,128,  131,  132,  136, 

137,  182,  200. 
Vance,  L.  J.,  205. 
Van  de  Sand,  D.  F.  G.,  183,  195. 
Van  Epps,  P.  M.,  379,  428,  512. 
Vase,  carved  bamboo,  Chma,  195;  eavtn- 

en,  in  shape  of  human  head,  mound, 

Arkansas,  18,  30. 
Vaux,  W.  S.,  147.  ^ 
Vera  Cruz,  Ohio,  stone  implements,  576. 
Victoria,  boomerang,  104. 
Vienna,  Austria,  K.  K.  Naturhistorisches 

Hofmuseum,  579. 
Village  site,  Calhoun  Co.,  111.,  507 ;  Dama- 

riscotta  River,  Me.,  409. 
Virginia,  stone  implements.  Bales  Mills, 

369,  mound,  29,  Natural  Bridge,  42o; 

stone  pipe,  372. 
Volusia,  Florida,  shellheap,  507. 

Wadsworth,  M.  E.,  171,  184,185,369,370; 
letter  about  the  fraudulent  cawed  stone 
from  Arkansas,  184. 

Wake,  C.  Staniland,  205,  379,  579. 

Wakefield,  Mass.,  36. 

Walker,  C.  J.,  421.  „^  ^ 

Wall,  J.  Sutton,  183,  206,  359,  379;  de- 
scription of  rock  inscriptions  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 358. 

Waller,  B.  F.,  512. 

Walnut  Canon,  Arizona,  articles  from 
clifif  dwellings,  503,  cord  made  of  Yucca 
571,  cut  shell  and  fragments  pottery,  428. 

Walthall,  W.  T.,  account  of  shellheap, 
Alabama,  186. 

Wampum  belt,  Mohawk,  369. 

War  club,  Sioux  Indian,  508. 

Ward,  C.  A.,54, 158,  400. 

Ward,  H.  A.,  59. 

Ward,  N.,  421. 

Ware,  C.  E.,  400,  512,  528. 

Ware,  J.  A.,  74. 

Ware,  M.  L.,  528. 

Waieham,   Mass.,  articles    from  shell- 
heaps,  574. 
Warner,  F.  O.,  419. 
Warren,  A.  S.,  507. 
Warren,  M.  D.,  572. 
Warren,  S.  D.,  54,  158,  400. 
Warren,  Mrs.  S.  D.,  158.  160. 
Warren,  W.  F.,  579. 

War  tent  of  the  Omahas,  contents,  410, 
428. 

Washburn,  L.K.,  88.  .    ,  ^ 

Washington,  D.  C,  Anthropological  So- 
ciety, 379,  511;  Army  Medical  Museum, 
446,  447,  448;  Bureau  of  Education,  579; 
Bureau  of  Ethnology,  431,  511;  Chief 
Signal  Office,  511;  Department  of  the 
Interior,  80,  204,  379;  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, 379,  431,  579;  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, 81,  190, 205,  379,  431, 511,579; U.  S. 
Geological  Survey,  431,  511,  579. 

Watauga  River,  Tenn.,  refuse  pile,  351. 

Water  bottle,  earthen,  Zuni,  78;  Mexico, 
32. 

Waterloo,  N.  J.,  Literary  and  Historical 

Society,  379. 
Watertown,  Mass.,  424. 
Watson,  J.  C,  79.  .  , 

Watson's  Hill,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  animal 


bone  and  antler,  571;  articles  from 
graves,  504. 

Wayland,  Mass.,  fragments  pottery,  424. 

Weapons,  Amazon  Indians,  359;  Batavia, 
195;  Java,  183. 

Wearing  apparel,  Japan,  31;  modern  In- 
dian, 198. 

Weatherby,  F.  H.,  495,  508. 

Weaver,  Capt.,  368. 

Weaver,  W.  A.,  428. 

Weeden,  W.  B.,  54, 158,  400. 

Weiskoff,  C,  jr.,  77. 

Wellfleet,  Mass.,  human  face  carved  in 

stone,  32;  stone  implements,  572. 
Welch,  H.,  431. 
Werson,  H.  W.,  79. 
West  Africa,  mats,  33. 
West  Australia,  31. 
Westervelt,  W.  D.,  571. 
West  Virginia,  stone  implements,  194; 

ornament,  79. 
Wheatland,  H.,  Secretary  of  Trustees,  46, 
47,  48,  54,  152,  153,  154,  334,  337,  388,  389, 
391,  392,  393,  399,  472,  475. 
Wheeler,  G.  M.,  69, 146. 
Whistles,  ashpits,  Madisonville,  Ohio,  427 ; 
cave,  Lios  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.,  573;  Chiri- 
qui,  573;  Tampico,  504;  Teotihuacan, 
193;  Uruguay,  506;  Yucatan,  195. 
White  Nile,  bracelet,  195. 
White,  W.  A.,  194,  423. 
Whitney,  W.  F.,  70, 158,  191,  244,  400,  417, 
433 ;  notes  on  the  anomalies,  injuries  and 
diseases  of  the  bones  of  the  native 
races  of  North  America,  433. 
Whittlesey,  C,  174,  379,  431. 
Whizzer,  Zuni,  422. 
Whorf,  E.  H.,  78,  200,  419,  423,  504. 
Wilcox,  J.,  420,  431. 
Wilder,  J.  T.,  197. 

Wilkes  Barre,  Pa.,  Wyoming  Historical 
and  Geological  Society,  379,  431,  511, 
579. 

Williams,  A.,  193. 
Williams,  J.,  422. 

Williamson  Co.,  Tenn,,  stone  implements 
197. 

Wilson,  D.,  82. 

Winchell,  N.  H.,  205,  511. 

Winnipisebgee  Lake  Cotton  &  Woollen 

Manuf.  Co.,  Directors  of,  62. 
Winsor,  J.,  579. 

Winthrop,  Robert  C,  Chairman  of  Trus- 
tees, iii,  4,  5,  6,  46,  47,  48,  54,  82,  152,  153, 
154,  158,  331,  336,  379,  388,  389,  391,  392, 
393,  395,  398,  400,  431,  469,  470,  511,  516, 
517,  519,  520,  526,  528,  534,  579;  on  the  re- 
lation of  the  Museum  to  Harvard  Col- 
lege, 334,  393,  470,  519,  520;  remarks 
upon  Museum,  391;  remarks  upon  the 
death  of  Stephen  Salisbury,  392;  re- 
marks upon  the  death  of  J.  C,  Phillips, 
392 :  remarks  in  regard  to  the  Peabody 
professorship  of  American  archaeology 
and  ethnology,  470,  519,  520;  review  of 
the  "conditions  of  the  Peabody  Trust 
and'duties  of  the  Trustees,  520. 

Wire  cloth,  Nijni,  Novgorod,  Russia,  31. 

Wisconsin,  articles  from,  371;  cave  at 
West  Salem,  figures  of  men  and  ani 
mals  cut  on  walls,  348;  effigy  mounds, 
346,  - 347;  mound  on  Lake  Butte  des 
Morts,  573;  mound  at  Trempealeau,  423; 
mounds.  La  Crosse,  articles  from,  371 ; 
pottery  from  cave.  West  Salem,  371; 
stone  implements,  370;  stone  imple- 
ments from  effigy  mounds,  371. 


REPORT  OF  PEABODY  MUSEUM,  III 


41 


612 


Wise,  T.  H.,  43,  511. 
Wool,  Peru,  351. 

Woman's  Educational  Assoc.,  160. 

Wood,  carved  paddle,  Hervey  Island, 
368;  carvings,  Africa',  36S;  carvings, 
southern  Africa,  359;  dish  and  bowls, 
Oahu,  503;  dish,  Hawaii,  503;  dishes, 
Kingsmill  Islands,  503;  handles  Avith 
copper  awls  in  them,  Edwards  Mound, 
Ohio,  345,  374;  ladle,  Mexico,  503;  lintel, 
Chichen  Itza,  195;  paddle.  Walnut 
Canon,  Arizona,  503;  pick,  Hawaii,  503; 
Cheath,  Luzon,  200;  shoes,  leather  tops, 
Manilla,  200;  spindle  whorl,  Walnut 
Caiion,  Arizona,  503;  spoon,  Manilla, 
200;  sugar  howl,  "Jucatan,  369;  tobacco 
pipe,  Oahu,  503;  turned  by  Mayas,  Yu- 
catan, 309. 

Wooden  implements,  Japan,  75. 

Wooden  mortar,  .Surinam,  Dutch  Guiana, 
428. 

Wooden  structure,  age  of  stone  graves, 
Tennessee,  165 

Woods,  G.,  351,374. 

Woodworth,  A.  C,  158, 

Worcester,  Mass.,  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  80,  203,  347,  349,  350,  379,  414, 
432,  511,  579 ;  Free  Institute,  384 ;  Society 


of  Antiquity,  511,  579;  Society  of  Nat- 
ural History,  573. 

Work  baskets,  Peru,  35. 

Worsaae,  J.  J.  A%,  205. 

Wright,  B.,  511. 

Wright,  F.  W.,  190. 

Wright,  G  F.,  74,  82.  190,  228,  432. 

Wright,  Harrison,  432. 

Wyeth,  J.  D.,76. 

Wyman,J..  46.53,  152,  353,  388,  417,  573, 
574, 575. 

Wyoming  Terr.,  stone  implements,  193. 


Yankton  Sioux,  medicine  bag,  198. 

Yates,  L.  G.,  512. 

Yellow  Stone  Park,  obsidian,  373. 

Yokohama,  Japan,  charms,  421. 

Young  Men's  Christian  Assoc.,  191. 

Yucatan,  architectural  ornaments,  193; 
articles  from,  195,  360,. 369;  chalcedony 
arrowheads,  fiom  Cliichen  Itza,  370; 
hennequin  sack  and  string,  194;  human 
and  animal  figures  carved  in  stone,  193. 


Zulu  pottery.  33. 

Zuni,  water  bottle,  78;  whizzer,  422.  • 


ERRATA. 

The  blocks  for  figures  14  and  18,  pages  464-5,  should  have  been  transposed.  There- 
fore on  page  464,  line  3,  for  Fig.  14  read  Fig.  18,  and  on  page  465,  line  4.  for  Fig.  18  read 
Fig.  14. 


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